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Unit 5 Substations and Bus Bar Arrangements

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71 views33 pages

Unit 5 Substations and Bus Bar Arrangements

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2023ee0732
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sub-station -Definition

• The assembly of apparatus used to change some


characteristic (e.g. voltage, a.c. to d.c., frequency, p.f.
etc.) of electric supply is called a sub-station.
Laying out a sub-station :

• Located at a proper site. As far as possible, it should be located at


the centre of gravity of load.
• It should provide safe and reliable arrangement.
• For safety, consideration must be given to the maintenance of
regulation clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs and
maintenance, abnormal occurrences such as possibility of
explosion or fire etc.
• For reliability, consideration must be given for good design and
construction, the provision of suitable protective gear etc. It
should be easily operated and maintained.
• It should involve minimum capital cost.
Classification of Sub-Stations
The two most important ways of classifying them are according to
•Service requirement and
•Constructional features.
1. According to service requirement.
A sub-station may be called upon to change voltage level or improve power
factor or convert a.c. power into d.c. power etc. According to the service requirement,
sub-stations may be classified into :
Transformer sub-stations
•Those sub-stations which change the voltage level of electric supply are called
transformer sub-stations.
•These sub-stations receive power at some voltage and deliver it at some other
voltage.
Switching sub-stations
•These sub-stations do not change the voltage level i.e. incoming and outgoing lines have the
same voltage. However, they simply perform the switching operations of power lines.
Power factor correction sub-stations
•Those sub-stations which improve the power factor of the system are called power factor
correction sub-stations.
•Such sub-stations are generally located at the receiving end of transmission lines. These
sub-stations generally use synchronous condensers as the power factor improvement
equipment.
Frequency changer sub-stations
Those sub-stations which change the supply frequency are known as frequency changer sub-
stations. Such a frequency change may be required for industrial utilisation.
Converting sub-stations
•change a.c. power into d.c. power are called converting sub-stations.
•These sub-stations receive a.c. power and convert it into d.c. power with suitable
apparatus (e.g. ignitron) to supply for such purposes as traction, electroplating,
electric welding etc.
Industrial sub-stations
Those sub-stations which supply power to individual industrial concerns are known
as industrial sub-stations.

2. According to constructional features


A sub-station has many components (e.g. circuit breakers, switches, fuses,
instruments etc.) which must be housed properly to ensure continuous and reliable
service.
According to constructional features, the sub-stations are classified as :
•Indoor sub-station
•Outdoor sub-station
•Underground sub-station
•Pole-mounted sub-station
Indoor sub-stations
• For voltages up to 11 kV, the equipment of the sub-station is installed indoor
because of economic considerations.
• when the atmosphere is contaminated with impurities, these sub-stations can be
erected for voltages up to 66 kV.
Outdoor sub-stations
• For voltages beyond 66 kV, equipment is invariably installed outdoor.
•It is because for such voltages, the clearances between conductors and the space
required for switches, circuit breakers and other equipment becomes so great that it is
not economical to install the equipment indoor.
Underground sub-stations
In thickly populated areas, the space available for equipment and building is limited
and the cost of land is high. Under such situations, the sub-station is created
underground.
Pole-mounted sub-stations
This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment installed overhead on H-pole or 4-
pole structure. It is the cheapest form of sub-station for voltages not exceeding 11kV
(or 33 kV in some cases). Electric power is almost distributed in localities through
such substations.
Transformer substation
Pole mounted substation
Underground substation
Symbols for Equipment substation
Symbols for Equipment substation
Symbols for Equipment substation
Symbols for Equipment substation
Equipment in a transformer substation
Equipment in a transformer substation
Equipment in a transformer substation
Equipment in a transformer substation
Equipment in a transformer substation
• Power transformer
• CT and PT
Bus-bar Arrangements in substation
• Single bus-bar system:
Single bus-bar with sectionalisation
Duplicate busbar system
66/11KV substation
11KV/400V indoor substation.

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