Unit 2.

1 - Basics of Data Literacy

Lesson Title: Basics of Data Literacy Approach: Session + Activity
Summary: In this module, students are familiarized with the concept of Data Literacy. Further, they
would be able to recognize the different categories of data and will be introduced to the culture of data
literacy.
Learning Objectives
Define data literacy and explain its importance with a real-world example
Relate to the impact created by data literacy in everyday life
Develop awareness about personal data, data privacy, and data security
Learning Outcomes
Define data literacy and recognize its importance
Understand how data literacy enables informed decision-making and critical thinking
Apply the Data Literacy Process Framework to analyze and interpret data effectively
Differentiate between data privacy and security
Identify potential risks associated with data breaches and unauthorized access.
Learn measures to protect data privacy and enhance data security
Pre-requisites: Basic knowledge of AI and data

Key-concepts
Understanding of data literacy
Identify the difference between Quantitative (Numerical) and Qualitative (Categorical) Data
Impact of data literacy with the help of case studies and scenarios
Best practices for Cyber Security

2.1.1 Introduction to Data Literacy

Data literacy means knowing how to understand, work with, and talks about data. It's about being able to
collect, analyze, and show data in ways that make sense.
Reference Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhO_t-c3yJY

Data Literacy

Ability to read, comprehend,

Raw Facts or Information and communicate in a
language

Data literacy is the ability to understand,

interpret and communicate with data.
Data Pyramid is made of different stages of working with data
Let us understand different parts of Data pyramid

Moving up from the bottom

Data is available in a raw form. Data in this form is not very useful.
Data is processed to give us information about the world.
Information about the world leads to knowledge of how things are happening.
Wisdom allows us to understand why things are happening in a particular way.

Rahul rated the 3 films he watched consecutively as bad, best and average respectively"
Can you filter the data from this statement? Are they of the same type?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
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2.1.2 Impact of Data Literacy

Activity: Impact of News Articles (Select any trending news)
Session Preparation Logistics: For a class of 40 Students [Pair Activity]
Materials Required:
ITEM QUANTITY
Online Data Sources Clues NA
Computers 20

Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to engage participants in various scenarios that involve collecting data
and analyzing its sources. Emphasizing the importance of validating data sources, the aim is to instill the concept
of data literacy. By understanding how authentic data sources contribute to reliable and unbiased decision-
making, participants will develop critical skills for navigating and interpreting data effectively.
Brief: [Pair Activity] Participants will search the internet for data sources, extracting key information to support
their decisions.

How was the situation Key figures in the

Author of the Source Weblink to the Source
described by the Source source

You have to rank the sources of the news articles from most accurate to least, state reasons for your
choice.

Rank Data Source Remarks

So, we can conclude that every data tells a story, but we must be careful before believing the story
Data literacy is essential because it enables individuals to make informed decisions, think critically, solve
problems, and innovate.
2.1.3 How to become Data Literate?
Every data tells a story, but we must be careful before believing the story. Data Literate is a person who
can interact with data to understand the world around them.

Scenario: Buying a Video game online

Data literacy helps people research about products while shopping over the
internet
How do you decide the following things when we are shopping online?
Which is the cheapest product available?
Which product is liked by the users the most?
Does a particular product meet all the requirements?

A data literate person can

Filter the category as per the requirement If the budget is low, select the price filter as low to high
Check the user ratings of the products
Check for specific requirements in the product

Data Literacy Process Framework

The data literacy framework provides guidance on using data efficiently and with all levels of awareness.
Data literacy framework is an iterative process.
2.1.4 What are Data Security and Privacy? How are they related to
AI?
Data Privacy and Data Security are often used interchangeably but they are different from each other.

What is Data Privacy?

Data privacy referred to as information privacy is concerned with the proper handling of sensitive data
including personal data and other confidential data, such as certain financial data and intellectual property
data, to meet regulatory requirements as well as protecting the confidentiality and immutability of the
data.

Here are examples of two things which may compromise our data privacy

Downloaded an unverified mobile Accepted the Terms of Service

application without reading

Why is it important?

A data breach at a government A breach at a corporation can A breach at a hospital can put
The following besttoppractices
agency can put secret can help you ensure data privacy:
put proprietary data in the personal health information in the
information in the hands of an hands of a competitor. hands of those who might misuse
enemy state. it.
 Understanding what data, you have collected, how it is handled, and where it is stored.
Necessary data required for a project should only be collected.
User consent while data collection must be of utmost importance.

What is Data Security?

Data security is the practice of protecting digital information from
unauthorized access, corruption, or theft throughout its entire lifecycle.

Why is it important?

Due to the rising amount of data in the cloud there is an increased risk of
cyber threats. The most appropriate step for such an amount of traffic being generated is how we
control and protect the transfer of sensitive or personal information at every known place.
The most possible reasons why data security is more important now are:
Cyber-attacks affect all the people
The fast-technological changes will boom cyber attacks

2.1.5 Best Practices for Cyber Security

Cyber security involves protecting computers, servers, mobile devices,
electronic systems, networks, and data from harmful attacks.

Reference Links:
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO858HyFbKI

CBSE Manual on Cyber Security:

https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/documents/Cyber%20Safety.pdf

Use strong, unique passwords with a mix of characters for each account.
Activate Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for added security.
Download software from trusted sources and scan files before opening.
Prioritize websites with "https://" for secure logins.
Keep your browser, OS, and antivirus updated regularly.
Adjust social media privacy settings for limited visibility to close contacts.
Always lock your screen when away.
Connect only with trusted individuals online.
Use secure Wi-Fi networks.
Report online bullying to a trusted adult immediately.
 Avoid sharing personal info like real name or phone number.
Don't send pictures to strangers or post them on social media.
Don't open emails or attachments from unknown sources.
Ignore suspicious requests for personal info like bank account details.
Keep passwords and security questions private.
Don't copy copyrighted software without permission.
Avoid cyberbullying or using offensive language online.

Revision Time:
1. Cultivating Data Literacy means:
a) Utilize vocabulary and analytical skills
b) Acquire, develop, and improve data literacy skills
c) Develop skills in statistical methodologies
d) Develop skills in Math

2. Data Privacy and Data Security are often used interchangeably but they are different from each other
a) True
b) False

3. The_____________________ provides guidance on using data efficiently and with all levels of awareness.
a) data security framework
b) data literacy framework
c) data privacy framework
d) data acquisition framework

4. _____________ allows us to understand why things are happening in a particular way

a) data
b) information
c) knowledge
d) wisdom

5.__________ is the practice of protecting digital information from unauthorized access, corruption, or theft
throughout its entire lifecycle.
a) data security
b) data literacy
c) data privacy
d) data acquisition
2.2 Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data

Lesson Title: Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data Approach: Session + Activity
Summary: You will get an understanding of data processing, data interpretation and keywords related
to data.
Learning Objectives
Familiarizing youth with different data terminologies like data acquisition, processing, analysis,
presentation, and interpretation
Discussing different methods of data interpretation like qualitative and quantitative.
Understanding the methods and different collection techniques
Critically think about their advantages and disadvantages
Identifying various data presentation methods with examples and interpreting them
Gain awareness about the advantages and impact of Data interpretation on business growth
Learning Outcomes
Determine the best methods to acquire data.
Classify different types of data and enlist different methodologies to acquire it.
Define and describe data interpretation.
Enlist and explain the different methods of data interpretation.
Recognize the types of data interpretation.
Realize the importance of data interpretation
Pre-requisites: Acquaintance with data and its different types.
Key-concepts
Familiarizing with different data terminologies like data processing, analysis, presentation, and
interpretation
Quantitative and Qualitative Data Interpretation
Types of Data Interpretation Textual, Tabular and Graphical with examples.

Activity
Session Preparation Logistics: For a class of 40 Students [Pair Activity]
Materials Required:
ITEM QUANTITY
Online Data Sources Clues NA
Computers 20

Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to engage participants in acquiring data from online sources. The ability
to locate and access relevant data sources is crucial for AI Projects.
Brief: [Pair Activity] Participants will be locating an online dataset suitable for training an AI model.
They will conduct a search for weather forecast related datasets on various online platforms and then
paste images or screenshots of the datasets found.
2.2.1. Types of data
Artificial Intelligence is crucial, with data serving as its foundation. We come across different types of
information every day. Some common types of data include:

Textual Data (Qualitative Data) Numeric Data (Quantitative Data)

It is made up of words and phrases It is made up of numbers

It is used for Natural Language Processing (NLP) It is used for Statistical Data
Search queries on the internet are an example Any measurements, readings, or values
of textual data would count as numeric data
Example: Cricket Score, Restaurant Bill

Numeric Data is further classified as:

Continuous data is numeric data that is continuous. E.g., height, weight, temperature, voltage
Discrete data is numeric data that contains only whole numbers and cannot be fractional
E.g. the number of students in the class it can only be a whole number, not in decimals
Types of Data used in three domains of AI:

2.2.2 Data Acquisition/Acquiring Data

Data Acquisition, also known as acquiring data, refers to the procedure of gathering data. This involves
searching for datasets suitable for training AI models. The process typically comprises three key steps:
Acquiring Data Sample Data Discovery

for a self-driving car

We will require pictures of roads and the objects on

roads
We can search and download this data from the
internet
This process is called data discovery

Acquiring Data Sample Data Augmentation

Data augmentation means increasing the amount of data

by adding copies of existing data with small changes
The image given here does not change, but we get data
on the image by changing different parameters like color
and brightness
New data is added by slightly changing the existing data

Acquiring Data Sample Data Generation

Data generation refers to generating or

recording data using sensors
Recording temperature readings of a building
is an example of data generation
Recorded data is stored in a computer in a
suitable form

Sources of Data
Various Sources for Acquiring Data:
Primary Data Sources Some of the sources for primary data include surveys, interviews,
experiments, etc. The data generated from the experiment is an example of primary data.
Here is an excel sheet showing the data collected for students of a class.
 Secondary Data Sources Secondary data collection obtains information from external sources,
rather than generating it personally. Some sources for secondary data collection include:

2.2.3 Best Practices for Acquiring Data

Checklist of factors that make data good or bad

Data acquisition from websites

Ethical concerns in data acquisition

While gathering data and choosing datasets, certain ethical issues can be addressed before they occur
2.2.4 Features of Data and Data Preprocessing
Usability of Data
There are three primary factors determining the usability of data:
1. Structure- Defines how data is stored.

2. Cleanliness- Clean data is free from duplicates, missing values, outliers, and other anomalies that
may affect its reliability and usefulness for analysis. In this particular example, duplicate values are
removed after cleaning the data.

3. Accuracy- Accuracy indicates how well the data matches real-world values, ensuring reliability.
Accurate data closely reflects actual values without errors, enhancing the quality and
trustworthiness of the dataset.
In this particular example, we are comparing data gathered from measuring the length of a small box
 in centimeters.

Kaggle assigns a usability score to the data sets that are present on the website based on scores
given by the users of that data.

What kind of data is more usable, according to you?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
If we have a lot of data which is not clean, is it good for AI?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Features of Data
Data features are the characteristics or properties of the data. They describe each piece of information in
a dataset. For example, in a table of student records, features could include things like the student's name,
age, or grade. In a photo dataset, features might be the colors present in each image. These features help
us understand and analyze the data.

In AI models, we need two types of features: independent and dependent.

Independent features are the input to the model they're the information we provide to make
predictions.

Dependent features, on the other hand, are the outputs or results of the model they're what we're
trying to predict.
2.2.5 Data Processing and Data Interpretation

Can you answer this?

Niki has 7 candies, and Ruchi has 4 candies
How many candies do Niki and Ruchi have in total?
We can answer this question using data processing
Who should get more candies so that both Niki and Ruchi
have an equal number of candies?
How many candies should they get?
We can answer this question using data interpretation

Data Processing
Data processing helps computers understand raw data.
Use of computers to perform different operations on data is
included under data processing.

Data Interpretation
It is the process of making sense out of data that has been
processed.
The interpretation of data helps us answer critical questions
using data.

Understanding some keywords related to Data More than 60% of

Students would be
Acquire Data- Acquiring data is to collect data from various data
interested in Sports!
sources.

Data Processing- After raw data is collected, data is processed to derive meaningful
information from it.
 Data Analysis Data analysis is to examine each component of the data
in order to draw conclusions.

Data Interpretation It is to be able to explain what these

findings/conclusions mean in a given context.

Data Presentation- In this step, you select, organize, and group ideas and
evidence in a logical way.

Acquire Process Analyze Interpret Present

Methods of Data Interpretation

How to interpret Data?

Based on the two types of data, there are two ways to interpret data-
Quantitative Data Interpretation
Qualitative Data Interpretation
Qualitative Data Interpretation
Qualitative data tells us about the emotions
and feelings of people

Qualitative data interpretation is focused on

insights and motivations of people

Reviews by customers
Pizza Qualitative data Jim and his
toppings friends are regular customers
here are so Veg Veg farmhouse
tasty! farmhouse pizza is a popular choice
pizza is the
best here!

Data Collection Methods Qualitative Data Interpretation

Record keeping: This method uses existing reliable documents and other similar sources of information
as the data source. It is similar to going to a library.
Observation: In this method, the participant their behavior and emotions are observed carefully
Case Studies: In this method, data is collected from case studies.
Focus groups: In this method, data is collected from a group discussion on relevant topic.
Longitudinal Studies: This data collection method is performed on the same data source repeatedly over
an extended period.
One-to-One Interviews: In this method, data is collected using a one-to-one interview.

Activity Trend Analysis

Purpose:
This activity will engage youth with longitudinal studies a study conducted over a considerable
amount of time to identify trends and patterns
The ability to identify trends and patterns in datasets allows us to make informed decisions
about different tasks in our lives

Activity Guidelines
 Visit the link: https://trends.google.com/trends/?geo=IN (Google Trends)
Explore the website
Check what is trending in the year 2022 Global
Make a list of trending sports (top 5)
Make a list of trending movies (top 5)
Check what is trending globally in the year 2022

List of trending athletes (top 5) List of trending movies (top 5)

5 Steps to Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Collect Data
2. Organize
3. Set a code to the Data Collected
4. Analyze your data
5. Reporting

Quantitative Data Interpretation

Counter Number of
Cumulative Grade Point website visit
Average (CGPA)
Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA)

The average height

Recording the
of students will be
height of students
important to build
in a class
suitable tables and
chairs for students

Quantitative data interpretation is made on numerical data

For example (how many) numbers of likes on the Instagram post

Data Collection Methods -Quantitative Data Interpretation
Interviews: Quantitative interviews play a key role in collecting information.
Polls: A poll is a type of survey that asks simple questions to respondents. Polls are usually limited to one
question.
Observations: Quantitative data can be collected through observations in a particular time period
Longitudinal Studies: A type of study conducted over a long time
Survey: Surveys can be conducted for a large number of people to collect quantitative data.

4 Steps to Quantitative Data Analysis

1. Relate measurement scales with variables
2. Connect descriptive statistics with data
3. Decide a measurement scale
4. Represent data in an appropriate format

Qualitative & Quantitative Data Interpretation

Qualitative Data Interpretation Quantitative Data Interpretation

Categorical Numerical
Provides insights into feelings and Provides insights into quantity
emotions
Answers how and why Answers when, how many or how often
Methods Interviews, Focus Groups Methods Assessment, Tests, Polls,
Surveys
Example question Why do students like Example question How many students
attending online classes? like attending online classes?

Types of Data Interpretation

There are three ways in which data can be presented:

Data Interpretation Types

Textual Tabular Graphical

Textual DI
The data is mentioned in the text form, usually in a paragraph.
Used when the data is not large and can be easily comprehended by reading.
Textual presentation is not suitable for large data.
Example:
In the Science Olympiad class of 45 Students, 3 students obtained the More than 60% of
perfect score of 50. 10 students got a score of 45 and above, 15 students scored more
students got a score of 40 and above, 8 students got a score of 30 and than 80% Marks in
above, 6 students got a score of 20 and above and 3 got 19 and below. Olympiad!
Tabular DI
Data is represented systematically in the form of rows and columns.
Title of the Table (Item of Expenditure) contains the description of the table content.
Column Headings (Year; Salary; Fuel and Transport; Bonus; Interest on Loans; Taxes) contains the
description of information contained in columns.

Graphical DI
Bar Graphs
In a Bar Graph, data is represented using vertical and horizontal bars.

Pie Charts
Pie Charts have the shape of a pie and each slice of the pie represents the portion of the entire
pie allocated to each category
It is a circular chart divided into various sections (think of a cake cut into slices)
Each section of the pie chart is proportional to the corresponding value
Distribution of Math Score

Perfect Score(=50)
7%7% 45 and Above(>=45)
13% 22%
18% 40 and Above(>=40)

33% Between 30-39

Between 20-29
19 and Below(<=19)

Line Graphs
A line graph is created by connecting various data points.
It shows the change in quantity over time.
Activity: Visualize and Interpret Data

Duration: 40 Minutes
Purpose
This activity will engage youth with data visualization and interpretation
visualization makes it easier for us to extract useful information contained in the dataset

Activity Guidelines
The table shows the details of a class consisting of 50 students and their scores ranging in the listed
categories for 5 subjects: Math, Physics, Chemistry, Social Science, and Biology

Student Performance
Marks Range Math Physics Chemistry Social Science Biology
Less than 20 6 3 1 0 0
Between 20-29 14 11 9 15 8
Between 30-40 17 20 21 22 19
Between 41-44 8 10 14 10 16
45 and Above 5 6 5 3 7
Total Students 50 50 50 50 50

Copy the table in an Excel sheet and create the following visualizations for the given data:
Make a bar graph showing the marks distribution for all 5 subjects
Make a pie chart showing the marks distribution for Physics
Make a line chart displaying the marks distribution for Chemistry
Importance of Data Interpretation

Informed Decision Making A decision is only as good as the knowledge it is based on

Remember the height example:

Since the average height of students is known, school can custom design the chairs and tables
according to the requirement of the class
 Reduced Cost Identifying needs can lead to reduction in cost

Remember the restaurant example:

have got bad reviews

Identifying Needs We can identify needs of people by data interpretation

Remember the restaurant example:

Veg Farmhouse Pizza is a popular choice among age group 8-10

Quiz Time: AI Quiz

Session Preparation
Logistics: For a class of 40 Students [Pair Activity]
Materials Required:
ITEMS QUANTITY
COMPUTERS 20

Brief:
The following are questions for the quiz. You can either go for a Pen/Paper Quiz or you can visit any
open-sourced, free, online portal; one of which is Kahoot, and create your quiz there. For Kahoot: Go to
https://kahoot.com/ and create your login ID on it. Then, add your own kahoot in it simply by adding all
the given questions into it. Once created, you can initiate the quiz from your ID and students can
participate in it by putting in the Game pin.

Quiz Questions
1. What are the basic building blocks of qualitative data?
a. Individuals
b. Units
c. Categories
d. Measurements
2. Which among these is not a type of data interpretation?
a. Textual
b. Tabular
c. Graphical
d. Raw data
3. Quantitative data is numerical in nature.
a. True
b. False
4. A Bar Graph is an example of?
a. Textual
b. Tabular
c. Graphical
d. None of the above
5. _____________ relates to the manipulation of data to produce meaningful insights.
a. Data Processing
b. Data Interpretation
c. Data Analysis
d. Data Presentation

2.3 Project Interactive Data Dashboard & Presentation

Lesson Title: Project Interactive Data Dashboard and Approach: Session + Activity
Presentation
Summary: In this module, you will reflect on your learnings from the previous units till learnt.
You will further engage in an activity on data collection and data visualization using the visual
data analytics platform, Tableau.
Learning Objectives
Demonstrating comprehension and retention of learnings from previous units
Apply acquired knowledge to select and employ appropriate data visualization methods
Learning Outcomes
Summarize the topics learned previously
Recognize the importance of data visualization
Discover different methods of data visualization

Pre-requisites:
Meet the learning outcomes of units till learnt
Basic computer skills.
Key-concepts
Mapping AI Project Cycle.
Data Literacy.
Sources of data.
Data acquisition.
Usability of data.
Data processing and interpretation.
Data visualization using Tableau.

Icebreaker Activity

Tic-Tac-Toe

Purpose:
 To initiate the concept of data collection

Material required:

Paper, Pen, A partner!

Instructions

Partner with a person to play the game.

There will be three rounds of tic-tac-toe. Take a piece of paper and draw three tic-tac-toe tables.
Play three rounds of tic-tac-toe.
After 3 rounds, answer the questions given on the next slide.
Now answer the following questions

Who won round one?

Who won round two?
Who won round three?

If you answered any of the above questions, you collected data!

Activity
Data Visualization Using Tableau
Your favorite songs
Think about songs! Which songs do you listen to? Which songs do you sing?
Do you have a favorite song, artist, album, or playlist?
Let's start thinking about the different aspects of a song, like instruments and lyrics.
Do your favorite songs have anything in common?

Maybe your favorite music falls within the same genre.

A genre refers to the different styles of music.
Common genres include hip-hop, pop, alternative, and rock.
Classifying songs by genre, and other traits allows us to see trends in our favorite music.
All of this information is valuable data that we can count, summarize, and present!
Instructions
Draw a grid with 6 columns as shown.
Title the first column Song Name, then write down the names of 5-10 of your favorite songs
 For this activity, we're going to collect data about the Album, Artist, Genre, Year, and Song Length.
Add those headings to your table.
Fill out the table by looking up each song on Google, Spotify, or Apple Music.

Count the number of songs that fall into each genre.

Make a bar chart to visualize the number of songs within each genre using your counting. Color each
bar a different color.
You will get a graph as shown in the image.
Looking at the data visualization, can you tell which genre has the most songs?

Instructions

Download Tableau public with the help of an adult using this link -
https://public.tableau.com/en-us/s/download
Install the package via the install wizard.
Once installed, double click the program to open the Tableau Public Desktop application.

Once open, this is what you should see.

Now we are ready to pull in our data!

If you haven't already, make sure to enter all of your song data into the "Song Data" Excel template
provided.
To pull in the data, click on Microsoft Excel in the top left corner.

Now drag the sheet with your data to Drag tables here section.

First, let's recreate the bar chart we made to visualize the number of songs per genre!
Click Sheet1 in the bottom left corner of the screen
 the right, releasing it next to the word Columns when a little
orange arrow appears.

orange arrow appears.

 Tableau made us a bar graph!

What if you want to make each bar a different color?

Tableau colored our genres for us!

First, we'll start by duplicating our current bar chart sheet. This will create an exact copy in a new
sheet.
You'll do this by right clicking "Sheet 1" and selecting "Duplicate".

In the upper right corner, click "Show Me

will see all of the different types of visualizations that Tableau can create using Genre and Sheet
Count 1. Packed Bubbles

Tableau quickly transformed our bar chart to a chart of bubbles.

Pop genre is the most popular because it is the biggest circle.

We can make the text a little more fun and easier to read.
To do that, click the label square.
This opens up a box that allows us to change the font and text size.
Let's change the font size to 12 and the font to "Chalkboard".
 We have our complete bubble chart now!

Useful Videos to watch

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLCzpPRCc7U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M8BnosAD78

Note: You may also use Ms Excel or Datawrapper (https://www.datawrapper.de/) for the data
visualization instead of Tableau.

Revision Time:

1. At which stage of the AI project cycle does Tableau software prove useful?
2. Name any five graphs that can be made using Tableau software
3. In the below excel sheet-

Is the Year qualitative or quantitative?

Is Song Length discrete or continuous?
Is the Genre discrete or continuous?
4. What is the importance of data visualization?

Unit 3: Math for AI (Statistics & Probability)