Properties of Fluids

CIE 121 – Hydraulics

Lesson 1
Fluid Mechanics
 Isa physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest
or in motion, and with application and devices in
engineering using fluids

FLUID MECHANICS CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO MAJOR

AREAS:
1. Fluid Statics
2. Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Statics
 Deals with fluid at rest.

Fluid Dynamics
 Concerned with fluid in motion.
Hydrodynamics
 Applied
to the flow of liquids or to low-velocity gas flows
where the gas can be considered as being essentially
incompressible.

Hydraulics
 Deals with the application of Fluid Mechanics to
engineering devices involving liquids, usually water or oils
Types of Fluids
1. Ideal Fluids
o Assume to have no viscosity
o Incompressible
o Have uniform velocity when flowing
o No friction between moving layers of fluid
o No eddy current or turbulence
Types of Fluids
2. Real Fluids
o Exhibit infinite viscosities
o Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing.
o Compressible
o Experience friction and turbulence in flow.
Real Fluid are divided into
a. Newtonian fluids
b. Non-Newtonian fluids
Formulas
For Properties of Fluid
Mass Density, ρ (RHO)
 Density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume.

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑀)

𝜌=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑉)

Unit:
English : slugs/ft³ 𝜌𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 𝜌𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑔
Metric : gram/cm³
SI : kg/m³
Mass Density, ρ (RHO)
 For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant
and ideal gas law:
𝑝
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
Where:
p = absolute pressure of gas in Pa. T = absolute temperature in ºK
R = gas constant Joule/kg-ᵒK ºK = ºC + 273
For air: ºK = ºF + 460
R = 287 J/kg-ºK
R = 1,706 lb-ft/slug-ºK
Table 1-1: Approximate Room –
Temperature Densities of common fluids
Fluid Ρ (kg/m³)
Air (STP) 1.29
Air (21ºF, 1 atm) 1.20
Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
Gasoline 720
Glycerin 1,260
Mercury 13,600
Water 1,000
Specific Volume, Vs
 The volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid.

1
𝑉𝑠 =
𝜌
Unit Weight or Specific Weight, 𝛾(Gamma)
 The weight of a unit volume of a fluid.

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑, 𝑊
𝛾=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑉
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
Unit;
English: lb/ft³
Metric: dyne/cm³
SI: N/m³ or kN/m³
Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠
 A dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s density to some standard reference
density.
 For liquid and solids, the reference density is water at 4ºC (39.2ºF).
𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 = =
𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Where:
𝛾 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 = 9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝜌 = 1.94 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 = 1,000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝐺𝑠 = 1.0
Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠
In gasses, the standard reference to calculate the specific
gravity is the density of air.

𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
Viscosity, 𝜇 (𝑀𝑈)
 The property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance
to shearing forces.

𝜏
𝜇=
𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑦
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝜏 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎
𝜇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑓𝑡 2 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑚
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑚/𝑠
Kinematic Viscosity, 𝜈 (NU)
 The ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid to its mass density.

𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌
Where:
𝜇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Table 1 – 2: Common Units of Viscosity
System Absolute, μ Kinematic, ν
lb-sec/ft²
English ft²/sec
(slug/ft-sec)
dyne-s/cm² cm²/s
Metric
(poise) (stoke)
Pa-s
SI m²/s
(N·s/m²)
Note:
1 poise = 1 dyne-s/cm² = 0.1 Pa-sec (1 dyne = 10 ˉ⁵)
1 stoke = 0.0001 m²/s
Pressure inside a droplet of liquid
4𝜎
𝑝=
𝑑
Where:
𝜎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑁/𝑚
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝑝 = 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎
Capillarity (Capillary action)
 The name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore
tube.
 The rise and fall of a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by
surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of the
cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the
walls of the containing vessel.
 Capillary is important when using tubes smaller than about 3/8
inch (9.5 mm) in diameter.
Capillarity (Capillary action)
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ=
𝛾𝑑
For complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the angle θ is 0º. Hence the
formula becomes
4𝜎
ℎ=
𝛾𝑑
Where:
ℎ = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝛾 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑁/𝑚3 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎
Table 1 – 3: Contact Angle θ
Materials Angle, θ
Mercury – glass 140º
Water – paraffin 107º
Water – silver 90º
Kerosene – glass 26º
Glycerin glass 19º
Water – glass 0º
Ethyl alcohol – glass 0º
Compressibility, β
 Also known as the coefficient of compressibility if the fractional
change I the volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure in a
constant temperature process.
∆𝑉
− 1 𝑑𝑉/𝑉
𝛽= 𝑉 = =−
∆𝑝 𝐸𝐵 𝑑𝑝
Where:
∆𝑉 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑉
∆𝑝 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (%)
𝑉
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity, 𝐸𝐵
 Expresses the compressibility of the fluid.
 It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to the
corresponding volume change per unit of volume

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝐸𝐵 = = =−
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑉/𝑉 𝑑𝑉/𝑉
Pressure Disturbances
 Imposed on a fluid move in waves. The velocity or celerity of
pressure wave (also known as acoustical or sonic velocity) is
expressed as:

𝐸𝐵 1
𝑐= =
𝜌 𝛽𝜌
Property changes in ideal gas
For any ideal gas experiencing any process, the equation of state is
given by:
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Boyle’s law: When temperature is held constant
𝑝1 𝑉1 =𝑝2 𝑉2
Charle’s law: When temperature is held constant
𝑉1 𝑉2
= (𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑇1 𝑇2
For Adiabatic or Isentropic Condition
(no heat exchange)
𝑘 𝑘 Where:
𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 𝑝1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑝2 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑉1 𝑘 𝑝2 𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
( ) = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑉2 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑉2 𝑝1
𝑇1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛
𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑘−1 º𝐾 (º𝐾= º𝐶 + 273)
=( ) 𝑘 𝑇2 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛º𝐾
𝑇1 𝑝1 𝐾 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡.
Problem 1 – 1:
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume of
0.952 cu.m. Find its:
a) Weight, W
b) Unit Weight, 𝛾
c) Mass Density, 𝜌
d) Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠
Problem 1 – 1:
A reservoir of glycerin has a
Given:
mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find M = 1,200 kg
its: V = 0.952 cu.m
a. Weight, W
b. Unit Weight, 𝛾
c. Mass Density, 𝜌
d. Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠
 Given:

Problem 1 – 1: M = 1,200 kg
V = 0.952 cu.m
A reservoir of glycerin has a
a. Weight, W
mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find 𝑊
its: 𝛾=
𝑉
a. Weight, W
b. Unit Weight, 𝛾 𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
c. Mass Density, 𝜌
d. Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠 𝑀
𝜌=
𝑉
 Given:

Problem 1 – 1: M = 1,200 kg
V = 0.952 cu.m
A reservoir of glycerin has a
a. Weight, W
mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find
𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
its:
a. Weight, W 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚
b. Unit Weight, 𝛾 𝑊 = (1,200 𝑘𝑔)(9.81
𝑠2
)

c. Mass Density, 𝜌 𝑊 = 11,772 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2

d. Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 1 𝑁 = 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2

∴ 𝑾 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟕𝟐 𝑵
∴ 𝑾 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵
 Given:

Problem 1 – 1: M = 1,200 kg W = 11.772 kN

V = 0.952 cu.m
A reservoir of glycerin has a
b. Unit Weight, 𝜸
mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find
𝑊
its: 𝛾=
𝑉
a. Weight, W
b. Unit Weight, 𝛾 𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
c. Mass Density, 𝜌
d. Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠 𝑀
𝜌=
𝑉
 Given:

Problem 1 – 1: M = 1,200 kg W = 11.772 kN

V = 0.952 cu.m
A reservoir of glycerin has a
b. Unit Weight, 𝜸
mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find
𝑊
its: 𝛾=
𝑉
a. Weight, W
b. Unit Weight, 𝛾 𝛾=
11.772 𝑘𝑁
0.952 𝑚3
c. Mass Density, 𝜌
𝒌𝑵
d. Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠 𝜸 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝟑
𝒎
 Given:

Problem 1 – 1: M = 1,200 kg
V = 0.952 cu.m
W = 11.772 kN
γ = 12.366 kN/m³
A reservoir of glycerin has a
c. Mass Density, 𝝆
mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find
𝑊
its: 𝛾=
𝑉
a. Weight, W
b. Unit Weight, 𝛾 𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
c. Mass Density, 𝜌
d. Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠 𝑀
𝜌=
𝑉
 Given:

Problem 1 – 1: M = 1,200 kg
V = 0.952 cu.m
W = 11.772 kN
γ = 12.366 kN/m³
A reservoir of glycerin has a
c. Mass Density, 𝝆
mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find
𝑀
its: 𝜌=
𝑉
a. Weight, W
b. Unit Weight, 𝛾 𝜌=
1,200 𝑘𝑔
0.952 𝑚3
c. Mass Density, 𝜌
𝒌𝒈
d. Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠 𝝆 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝟑
𝒎
 Given:
M = 1,200 kg W = 11.772 kN
Problem 1 – 1: V = 0.952 cu.m γ = 12.366 kN/m³
ρ = 1,260.504 kg/m³
A reservoir of glycerin has a
d. Specific Gravity, 𝑮𝒔
mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find
𝛾 = 𝜌𝐺𝑠
its:
a. Weight, W
𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠
b. Unit Weight, 𝛾 𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
c. Mass Density, 𝜌
d. Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠
𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Given:
M = 1,200 kg W = 11.772 kN
Problem 1 – 1: V = 0.952 cu.m γ = 12.366 kN/m³
ρ = 1,260.504 kg/m³
A reservoir of glycerin has a
d. Specific Gravity, 𝑮𝒔
mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find 𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
its: 𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a. Weight, W
b. Unit Weight, 𝛾
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1,000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

c. Mass Density, 𝜌 1,260.504 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝐺𝑠 =
d. Specific Gravity, 𝐺𝑠 1,000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑮𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟏
Problem 1 – 2:
The specific gravity of certain oil is 0.82. Calculate its
a) Specific weight in 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
b) Mass Density in 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Problem 1 – 2:
The specific gravity of
Given:
certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
its 𝐺𝑠 = 0.82
a) Specific weight in
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
b) Mass Density in
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
 Given:
Problem 1 – 2: 𝐺𝑠 = 0.82

The specific gravity of

a.1) Specific Weight in 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
its 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a) Specific weight in
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
b) Mass Density in
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝛾𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Given:
Problem 1 – 2: 𝐺𝑠 = 0.82

The specific gravity of

a.1) Specific Weight in 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
its 𝐺𝑠 =
𝛾𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a) Specific weight in
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3

b) Mass Density in 0.82 =

𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑙𝑏 𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑏
0.82(62.4 3 ) = (62.4 3 )
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡
62.4 3
𝑓𝑡
62.4𝑙𝑏
𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 0.82( 3
) = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑓𝑡
 Given:
Problem 1 – 2: 𝐺𝑠 = 0.82

The specific gravity of

a.2) Specific Weight in 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
its 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a) Specific weight in
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
b) Mass Density in
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝛾𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Given:
Problem 1 – 2: 𝐺𝑠 = 0.82

The specific gravity of

a.2) Specific Weight in 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
its 𝐺𝑠 =
𝛾𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a) Specific weight in
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

b) Mass Density in 0.82 =

𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑘𝑁 𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑘𝑁
0.82(9.81 3 ) = (9.81 3 )
𝑚 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
9.81 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑁 𝒌𝑵
𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 0.82(9.81 3 ) = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟒𝟒 𝟑
𝑚 𝒎
 Given:
Problem 1 – 2: 𝐺𝑠 = 0.82

The specific gravity of

b.1) Mass Density, 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔/𝒇𝒕𝟑
certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
its 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a) Specific weight in
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
b) Mass Density in
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝛾𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Given:
Problem 1 – 2: 𝐺𝑠 = 0.82

The specific gravity of

b.1) Mass Density, 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔/𝒇𝒕𝟑
certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
its 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a) Specific weight in
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.94 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3
b) Mass Density in 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
0.82 =
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 1.94 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
0.82(1.94 ) = 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 (1.94 )
𝑓𝑡 3 1.94 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑓𝑡3

𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔
𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 0.82(1.94 ) = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏𝟗
𝑓𝑡 3 𝒇𝒕𝟑
 Given:
Problem 1 – 2: 𝐺𝑠 = 0.82

The specific gravity of

b.2) Mass Density, 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
its 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a) Specific weight in
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
b) Mass Density in
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝛾𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝛾𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Given:
Problem 1 – 2: 𝐺𝑠 = 0.82

The specific gravity of

b.2) Mass Density, 𝐤𝐠/𝒎𝟑
certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
its 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐺𝑠 =
𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a) Specific weight in
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1,000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
b) Mass Density in 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
0.82 =
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 and 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 1,000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑘𝑔
0.82(1,000 ) = 𝑘𝑔 (1,000 )
𝑚3 1,000 3 𝑚3
𝑚

𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈
𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 0.82(1,000 3 ) = 𝟖𝟐𝟎 𝟑
𝑚 𝒎
Problem 1 – 3:
A liter of water weighs about 9.75 N. Compute its
mass in kg.
Problem 1 – 3:
A liter of water weighs
Given:
about 9.75 N. Compute
its mass in kg. W = 9.75 N

Find:
M=?
Problem 1 – 3: Find the mass in kg.

A liter of water weighs 𝑊

𝛾=
about 9.75 N. Compute 𝑉
its mass in kg.
𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔

Given: 𝑀
𝜌=
W = 9.75 N 𝑉
Problem 1 – 3: Find the mass in kg.
𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
A liter of water weighs
about 9.75 N. Compute 𝑊 = 𝑀𝑔
its mass in kg. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚
9.75 𝑁 = 𝑀(9.81 2 )
𝑠
1 𝑚 1
Given: ( 𝑚 )9.75 𝑁 = 𝑀(9.81 2
)(
𝑠 9.81 𝑚 )
9.81 2
𝑠 𝑠2
W = 9.75 N 𝑚
𝑚 9.75 𝑁 9.75 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 2
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 1 𝑁 = 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 2 𝑀= = 𝑠
𝑠 𝑚 𝑚
9.81 2 9.81
𝑠 𝑠2
𝑴 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝒈
Problem 1 – 4:
If an object has a mass of 22 kg at sea level,
a. What will be its weight at a point where the acceleration
due to gravity 𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2 ?
b. What will be its mass at that point.
Problem 1 – 4:
If an object has a mass of
Given:
22 kg at sea level,
a. What will be its weight
𝑀 = 22 𝑘𝑔
at a point where the 𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2
acceleration due to
gravity 𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2 ?
b. What will be its mass at
that point.
 Given:
𝑀 = 22 𝑘𝑔
Problem 1 – 4: 𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2
If an object has a mass of
a. Weight
22 kg at sea level,
a. What will be its weight 𝑊
at a point where the 𝛾=
𝑉
acceleration due to
gravity 𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2 ? 𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
b. What will be its mass
at that point.
𝑀
𝜌=
𝑉
 Given:
𝑀 = 22 𝑘𝑔
Problem 1 – 4: 𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2
If an object has a mass of
a. Weight
22 kg at sea level,
a. What will be its weight 𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
at a point where the 𝑚
acceleration due to 𝑊 = 22 𝑘𝑔(9.75 2 )
gravity 𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2 ? 𝑠
b. What will be its mass
𝑊 = 214.5 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚
at that point. 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 1 𝑁 = 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙
𝑠2
𝑊 = 214.5 𝑁
 Given:
𝑀 = 22 𝑘𝑔
Problem 1 – 4: 𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2
If an object has a mass of
b. Mass
22 kg at sea level,
a. What will be its weight 𝑀=0
at a point where the
acceleration due to 𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
gravity 𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2 ?
b. What will be its mass 𝑀 = 22 𝑘𝑔
at that point.
Problem 1 – 5:
What is the weight of a 45 – kg boulder if it is bought to a
place where the acceleration due to gravity is 395 m/s per
minute?
Problem 1 – 5:
What is the weight of a
Given:
45 – kg boulder if it is
bought to a place 𝑀 = 45 𝑘𝑔
where the acceleration 𝑚/𝑠ൗ
𝑔 = 395
due to gravity is 395 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
m/s per minute?
Find:
𝑊 =?
 Given:
𝑀 = 45 𝑘𝑔
Problem 1 – 5: 𝑔 = 395
𝑚/𝑠ൗ
𝑚𝑖𝑛.
Find:
What is the weight of a
45 – kg boulder if it is 𝑊
bought to a place 𝛾=
𝑉
where the acceleration
due to gravity is 395
𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
m/s per minute?

𝑀
𝜌=
𝑉
 Given:
𝑀 = 45 𝑘𝑔
Problem 1 – 5: 𝑔 = 395
𝑚/𝑠ൗ
𝑚𝑖𝑛.
Find:
What is the weight of a
45 – kg boulder if it is 𝑊 =𝑀∙𝑔
bought to a place 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑚/𝑠 2
where the acceleration 𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑔 = 395 /min( ) = 6.583 𝑚/𝑠 2
due to gravity is 395 𝑠 60 𝑠
m/s per minute? 𝑊 = 45 𝑘𝑔 (6.583 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

𝑊 = 296.235 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 1 𝑁 = 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 2
𝑠
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟗𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝑵
Problem 1 – 6:
If the specific volume of a certain gas is 0.7848 m³/kg, What is
its specific weight?
Problem 1 – 6:
If the specific volume of a
Given:
certain gas is 0.7848 m³/kg,
What is its specific weight? 𝑚3
𝑉𝑠 = 0.7848
𝑘𝑔

Find:
𝛾 =?
 Given:
𝑚3
𝑉𝑠 = 0.7848
𝑘𝑔
Problem 1 – 6:
Find the Specific weight, 𝜸
If the specific volume of a
certain gas is 0.7848 𝑊
𝛾=
m³/kg, What is its specific 𝑉
weight? 𝛾 = 𝜌𝐺𝑠

𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
 Given:
𝑚3
𝑉𝑠 = 0.7848
𝑘𝑔
Problem 1 – 6:
Find the Specific weight, 𝜸
If the specific volume of a 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
certain gas is 0.7848
𝑊𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝜌
m³/kg, What is its specific
𝑀
weight? 𝜌=
𝑉
1
𝑉𝑠 =
𝜌
𝜌 = 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ∙ 𝐺𝑠
 Given:
𝑚3
𝑉𝑠 = 0.7848
𝑘𝑔
Problem 1 – 6:
Find the Specific weight, 𝜸
If the specific volume of a
certain gas is 0.7848 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
m³/kg, What is its specific 𝑊𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝜌
weight? 1
𝑉𝑠 =
𝜌
𝑚3 1
0.7848 =
𝑘𝑔 𝜌
𝜌 𝑚3 1 𝜌
( )0.7848 = ( )
0.7848 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝜌 0.7848 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
∴ 𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
 Given:
𝑚3
𝑉𝑠 = 0.7848
𝑘𝑔
Problem 1 – 6:
Find the Specific weight, 𝜸
If the specific volume of a
certain gas is 0.7848 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
m³/kg, What is its specific 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒; 𝜌 = 1.274 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
weight? 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚
𝛾 = 1.274 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝑚
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 2
𝛾 = 12.498 𝑠
𝑚3
𝑚
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 1 𝑁 = 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 2
𝑠
𝑵
𝜸 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝟑
𝒎
Problem 1 – 7:
What is the specific weight of air at 480 kPa absolute and 21ºC?
Problem 1 – 7:
What is the specific weight
of air at 480 kPa absolute Given
and 21ºC? 𝑝 = 480 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇 = 21℃

Find
𝛾 =?
 Given
𝑝 = 480 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Problem 1 – 7: 𝑇 = 21℃

What is the specific weight Specific Weight, 𝜸

of air at 480 kPa absolute 𝑊
𝛾=
and 21ºC? 𝑉
𝛾 = 𝜌𝐺𝑠

𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
 Given
𝑝 = 480 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Problem 1 – 7: 𝑇 = 21℃

What is the specific weight Specific Weight, 𝜸

of air at 480 kPa absolute 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
and 21ºC? 𝑊𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝜌
𝑀
𝜌=
𝑉
𝑝
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
𝜌 = 𝜌𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ∙ 𝐺𝑠
 Given
𝑝 = 480 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Problem 1 – 7: 𝑇 = 21℃
Specific Weight, 𝜸
What is the specific weight
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
of air at 480 kPa absolute
𝑊𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝜌
and 21ºC? 𝑝
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑇 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℃ 𝑡𝑜 °𝐾
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; 𝑇 = ℃ + 273
𝑇 = 21℃ + 273 = 𝟐𝟗𝟒 °𝑲
𝑅 = 287 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ °𝐾
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 1 𝐽 = 1 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑚3 1000 𝑃𝑎
480 𝑘𝑃𝑎( )
𝜌= 1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑚3
287 (294 °𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ °𝐾
 Given
𝑝 = 480 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Problem 1 – 7: 𝑇 = 21℃
Specific Weight, 𝜸
What is the specific weight
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
of air at 480 kPa absolute
and 21ºC? 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 = 5.689 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝛾 = 5.689 3 (9.81 2 )
𝑚 𝑠
𝑚
𝛾 = 55.809 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 2 /𝑚3
𝑠
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 1 𝑁 = 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝜸 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟎𝟗 𝑵/𝒎𝟑
Problem 1 – 8:
If 9 m³ of an ideal gas at 24 ºC and 150 kPa is compressed to
2 m³. Determine:
a. The resulting pressure assuming the isothermal condition.
b. What would have been the pressure and temperature if
the process is isotropic. Use k = 1.3
Problem 1 – 8:
If 9 m³ of an ideal gas at 24 ºC
and 150 kPa is compressed to Given:
2 m³. Determine: 𝑉1 = 9 𝑚3
a. The resulting pressure 𝑇1 = 24 ℃
assuming the isothermal 𝑝1 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
condition. 𝑉2 = 2 𝑚3
b. What would have been
the pressure and
temperature if the process
is isotropic. Use k = 1.3
 Given:
𝑉1 = 9 𝑚3

Problem 1 – 8: 𝑇1 = 24 ℃
𝑝1 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉2 = 2 𝑚3
If 9 m³ of an ideal gas at 24 ºC
and 150 kPa is compressed to a. The resulting pressure in
2 m³. Determine: Isothermal condition
a. The resulting pressure 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
assuming the isothermal =
𝑇1 𝑇2
condition.
b. What would have been 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2
the pressure and
temperature if the process (𝑝1 𝑉1 )𝑘 = (𝑝2 𝑉2 )𝑘
is isotropic. Use k = 1.3
 Given:
𝑉1 = 9 𝑚3

Problem 1 – 8: 𝑇1 = 24 ℃
𝑝1 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉2 = 2 𝑚3
If 9 m³ of an ideal gas at 24 ºC
and 150 kPa is compressed to a. The resulting pressure in
2 m³. Determine: Isothermal condition
a. The resulting pressure 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2
assuming the isothermal
condition. 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 9 𝑚3 = 𝑝2 (2 𝑚3 )
b. What would have been 1 3 3
1
( ) 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 9 𝑚 = 𝑝2 (2 𝑚 )( )
the pressure and 2 𝑚3 2 𝑚3
temperature if the process 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 9 𝑚3
is isotropic. Use k = 1.3 𝑝2 =
2 𝑚3
𝑝2 = 675 𝑘𝑃𝑎
 Given:
𝑉1 = 9 𝑚3

Problem 1 – 8: 𝑇1 = 24 ℃
𝑝1 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉2 = 2 𝑚3
If 9 m³ of an ideal gas at 24 ºC
and 150 kPa is compressed to b. Pressure and Temperature in
2 m³. Determine: Isotropic condition
a. The resulting pressure 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
assuming the isothermal =
𝑇1 𝑇2
condition.
b. What would have been 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2
the pressure and
temperature if the process (𝑝1 𝑉1 )𝑘 = (𝑝2 𝑉2 )𝑘
is isotropic. Use k = 1.3
 Given:
𝑉1 = 9 𝑚3

Problem 1 – 8: 𝑇1 = 24 ℃
𝑝1 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉2 = 2 𝑚3
If 9 m³ of an ideal gas at 24 ºC
and 150 kPa is compressed to b. Pressure and Temperature in
2 m³. Determine: Isotropic condition
a. The resulting pressure 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑘 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 𝑘
assuming the isothermal
condition. 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 9 𝑚3 1.3 = 𝑝2 (2 𝑚3 )1.3
b. What would have been 3 1.3
1 1.3 3 1.3
1 1.3
(150 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(9 𝑚 ) ( ) = 𝑝2 (2 𝑚 ) ( )
the pressure and 2 𝑚3 2 𝑚3
temperature if the process
is isotropic. Use k = 1.3
150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (9 𝑚3 )1.3
𝑝2 = 3 1.3
= 𝟏, 𝟎𝟓𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂
(2 𝑚 )
 Given:
𝑉1 = 9 𝑚3

Problem 1 – 8: 𝑇1 = 24 ℃
𝑝1 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉2 = 2 𝑚3
If 9 m³ of an ideal gas at 24 ºC
and 150 kPa is compressed to b. Pressure and Temperature in
2 m³. Determine: Isotropic condition
a. The resulting pressure 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
assuming the isothermal =
𝑇1 𝑇2
condition.
b. What would have been
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
the pressure and 𝑇1 𝑇2
temperature if the process 𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑘−1
is isotropic. Use k = 1.3 =( ) 𝑘
𝑇1 𝑝1
 Given: 𝑉1 = 9 𝑚3
𝑇1 = 24 ℃
𝑝1 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Problem 1 – 8: 𝑉2 = 2 𝑚3
b. Pressure and Temperature in
If 9 m³ of an ideal gas at 24 ºC
and 150 kPa is compressed to Isotropic condition
2 m³. Determine: 𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑘−1
=( ) 𝑘
a. The resulting pressure 𝑇1 𝑝1
assuming the isothermal 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝2 = 1,059.906 𝑘𝑃𝑎
condition.
𝑇2 1,059.906 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.3−1
b. What would have been =( ) 1.3
the pressure and 24 ℃ 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
temperature if the process (24
𝑇
℃) 2 = (
1,059.906 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.3−1
) 1.3 (24 ℃ + 273)
is isotropic. Use k = 1.3 24 ℃ 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1.3−1
1,059.906 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.3
𝑇2 = (24 ℃ + 273) = 𝟒𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝟗 °𝑲
150 𝑘𝑃𝑎