DC CIRCUITS – OHM’S LAW AND NETWORK LAWS

DC CIRCUITS - a circuit where electric current flows through in one direction. DC (Direct Current) is commonly found in many low- EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE TO RESISTANCE
voltage applications, especially where these are powered by battery. • The effect of rise in temperature…
1. Increases the resistance of pure metals.
RESISTANCE/OHM’S LAW/NETWORK LAWS and THEOREMS 2. Increases the resistance of alloys though the increase is relatively small and/or irregular
3. Decreases the resistances of electrolytes, insulators, and partial conductors such as carbon.
Resistance (R): The property of the material that opposes the flow of electric current.
1
R =
L R 2 = R1 1 + 1 ( T2 − T1 )  2 = 1 1 + 1 ( T2 − T1 ) 2 =
A 1 1 + ( T2 − T1 )
@ constant temperature
R = resistance, Ω L = length of conductor, m Where: R1 = resistance at temperature T1 R2 = resistance at temperature T2
A = cross-sectional area of conductor, m2  = specific resistance or resistivity of conductor, Ω-m 1 = resistivity at temperature T1 2 = resistivity at temperature T2
1 = temperature coefficient of resistance at T1 2 = temperature coefficient of resistance at T2
If the volume of the conductor is constant with regular shape (cylindrical or bars).
OHM’S LAW states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two
L2 V points. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.
R = = 2
V A
@ constant temperature I  V
V = volume of the conductor, m3 V V where: V = applied voltage I = current R = resistance
I= R= V = IR
R I
Specific Resistance () and Temp. Coefficient of Resistance () of common materials
MATERIAL  (x 10 – 8 Ω-m) @ 20C  (x 10 – 4 per C) @ 20C
Copper (Annealed) 1.72 39.3 ELECTRICAL POWER
Copper (Hard-drawn) 1.77 39.3 • Rate at which electric energy is expended
Aluminum 2.83 40.3
Iron 9.8 65
Silver 1.64 38 V2
P = VI P = I2R P=
Tungsten 5.5 47 R
Gold 2.44 36.5
Platinum 9 – 15.5 36.7 Where: P = power (watts) I = current (A) V = applied voltage (volts) R = resistance (ohms)
German Silver (84%Cu, 12%Ni, 4%Zn) 20.2 2.7
Manganin (84%Cu, 12%Mn, 4% Ni) 44 – 48 0.15 ELECTRICAL and HEAT ENERGY
Constantan or Eureka 49 +0.1 to – 0.4 • The capacity to do work
Nichrome (60%Cu, 25%Fe, 15%Cr) 108.5 1.5
W = Pt Q = 0.24Pt Q=mcT
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
For round conductors For bar conductors Where: W = electrical energy (Joules) Q = heat energy (calories)
P = electric power (watts) t = time (seconds)
m = mass of substance (grams) c = specific heat of substance (cal/C – 1)
d h
T = change of temperature (C)
b
Some useful unit equivalencies
If d is in cm, A is in cm2
1 calorie = 4.186 Joules
 d2 1 KW-hr = 3,600,000 Joules
A= If b and h are in cm, A is in cm2
4 1 BTU = 1055.06 Joules
A = bh 1 electron volt = 1.6022 x 10 – 19 Joule
If d is in mils, A is in CM (circular mils) 1 lb-ft = 1.35582 Joules
1 N-m = 1 Joule
A = d2

NOTE: 1 inch = 1000 mils

R.A.A. CEERS-Cebu 1|Page
 DC CIRCUITS – OHM’S LAW AND NETWORK LAWS

SERIES CONNECTED RESISTORS PARALLEL CONNECTED RESISTORS

- The resistances are connected end-to-end and each resistor carries a common current. - The resistors are connected across each other and each resistor has common voltage

1 1
1 1 GT = G1 + G2 + G3 = R1 =
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3 = R1 = RT G1
GT G1
1 1
1 1 IT = I1 + I2 + I3 R2 = R3 =
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 R2 = R3 = G2 G3
G2 G3
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 V1 = I1R 1
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 V1 = I1R 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 = + + = GT V2 = I2R 2
= + + = RT V2 = I2R 2 R T R1 R 2 R 3
GT G1 G2 G3
VT = ITR T V3 = I3R 3
VT = ITR T V3 = I3R 3

CURRENT DIVIDER THEOREM

VOLTAGE DIVIDER THEOREM

R1 R2 R2 R1
V1 = V V2 = V I1 = IT I2 = IT
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2

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 DC CIRCUITS – OHM’S LAW AND NETWORK LAWS

DELTA and WYE CONNECTED RESISTORS Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)

• This law is also called Kirchhoff's second law, Kirchhoff's loop (or mesh) rule, and Kirchhoff's second rule.

The principle of conservation of energy implies that

• The directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed network is zero, or:
• More simply, the sum of the emfs in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop,
or:
• The algebraic sum of the products of the resistances of the conductors and the currents in them in a closed loop
is equal to the total emf available in that loop.

KVL @ loop abcda

−I1R1 + I2R 2 − V3 + V4 = 0
Delta to Wye Transformation Wye to Delta Transformation Kirchhoff's Second Law
R abR ac R aR b + R bR c + R cR a
Ra = R ab =
R ab + R bc + R ac Rc
B. MAXWELL’S MESH ANALYSIS
R abR bc R R + R bR c + R cR a • Maxwell’s Mesh analysis (or the mesh current method) is a method that is used to solve planar circuits for the
Rb = R bc = a b currents (and indirectly the voltages) at any place in the electrical circuit. Planar circuits are circuits that can be
R ab + R bc + R ac Ra drawn on a plane surface with no wires crossing each other.
R bcR ac R aR b + R bR c + R cR a
Rc = R ac =
R ab + R bc + R ac Rb

NETWORK LAWS and THEOREMS

A. KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff's current law (KCL)
• The current entering any junction is equal to the current leaving that junction.
• This law is also called Kirchhoff's first law, Kirchhoff's point rule, or Kirchhoff's junction rule.

The principle of conservation of electric charge implies that:

• At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, C. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal The total current in any part of a
to the sum of currents flowing out of that node linear circuit equals the algebraic
or equivalently sum of the currents produced
by each source separately.
To evaluate the separate
• The algebraic sum of currents in a network of
currents to be combined, replace
conductors meeting at a point is zero.
all other voltage sources by short
circuits and all other current sources
by open circuits.

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 DC CIRCUITS – OHM’S LAW AND NETWORK LAWS

D. NODAL ANALYSIS G. MILLMAN’S THEOREM

• In electric circuit analysis, nodal analysis, node-voltage analysis, or the branch current method is a method of • The Millman’s Theorem states that – when a number of voltage sources (V1, V2, V3……… Vn) are in parallel
determining the voltage (potential difference) between "nodes" (points where elements or branches connect) in an having internal resistance (R1, R2, R3………….Rn) respectively, the arrangement can be replaced by a single
electrical circuit in terms of the branch currents. equivalent voltage source V in series with an equivalent series resistance R.

Assume: Node C as the reference node. Thus, VC = 0.

Nodal equation at node A.
VB − VA VC − VA + 40
−5+ + =0
2 1
Nodal equation at node B. H. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION METHOD
• Source transformation is simplifying a circuit solution, especially with mixed sources, by transforming a voltage
VA − VB VC − VB VC − VB − 20
5+ + + =0 into a current source, and vice versa. Finding a solution to a circuit can be difficult without using methods such as
2 4 8 this. This method is used to make the circuit appear simpler.

E. THEVENIN’S THEOREM v = IR
• Any combination of batteries (and/or current sources) and resistances with two terminals can be replaced by a
single voltage source Eth and a single series resistor Rth. The value of Eth is the open circuit voltage at the v
terminals, and the value of Rth is Eth divided by the current with the terminals short circuited. I=
R

I. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

F. NORTON’S THEOREM
• Any collection of batteries and resistances with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source IN
in parallel with a single resistor RN. The value of RN is the same as that in the Thevenin equivalent and the current
IN can be found by dividing the open circuit voltage by RN.

<AdMajoremDeiGloriam>

R.A.A. CEERS-Cebu 4|Page

 CEERS REVIEW CENTER REE REVIEW AUGUST 2024
Doña Esperanza Village, Tisa, Cebu City DC CIRCUITS
Tel. No. 261-2244 email add: ceers.philippines@yahoo.com

EXERCISES: D. The area of cross-section of the 1.00 g of copper. If the wire is to value at 20oC. What is the
conductor have a resistance of 0.50 ohm, operating temperature?
REE – May 2009 and if all the copper is to be used, A. 56.8oC C. 52.5oC
1. A conductor has an area of 40,000 REE – Oct. 2000 what will be the diameter of this B. 83.1oC * D. 78.3oC
circular mils. What is the 5. A copper bar has a length of 20 ft, wire? Resistivity of copper is 1.70
diameter of this conductor in width of 4 inches and thickness of × 10-8 Ω-m. Mass density is 8.92 REE – April 2004
inches? 0.5 inch. If the resistivity of × 103 kg/m3. 12. What is the value of Rx in Kohms
A. 0.60 C. 0.50 copper is 10.37 Ω-CM/ft, what is A. 270 µm C. 290 µm to be connected in parallel to a 75
B. 0.20 * D. 0.40 the resistance of the bar? B. 260 µm D. 280 µm * Kohms to reduce the value of total
A. 81.4 µΩ * C. 814 µΩ resistance to 10 Kohms?
REE – April 2011 B. 8.14 µΩ D. 0.814 µΩ 9. A kilometer of wire having a A. 11.7 * C. 7.5
2. What is the area in circular mils diameter of 11.7 mm and a B. 15.7 D. 12.7
(CM) of a conductor whose REE – May 2008 resistance of 0.031 ohm is drawn
diameter is 0.25 inch? 6. A piece of wire 1 foot long with a down so that its diameter is 5 REE – April 2011
A. 65,000 C. 70,000 cross sectional area of 10-5 square mm. What does its resistance 13. A wire having a resistance R is
B. 62,500 * D. 67,500 inch has a resistance of 0.75 ohm. become? divided into three equal parts.
What is the resistance of 200 ft of A. 0.013 Ω C. 0.170 Ω What is the equivalent resistance
REE – May 2010 wire of the same material with a B. 0.928 Ω * D. 0.72 Ω if the three parts are connected
3. Find the resistance of 50 m of cross-sectional area of 3 × 10-5 side by side to form a new wire?
tungsten (ρ = 5.5 ×10-8 Ω-m) square inch? REE – April 2012 A. 3R C. R/3
wire having a diameter of 0.8 mm A. 100 ohms C. 150 ohms 10. A wire having a resistance of 7 B. R D. R/9 *
at 20 degree centigrade. B. 200 ohms D. 50 ohms * ohms at 0 degree centigrade has
A. 4.38 Ω C. 4.92 Ω a resistance of 8 ohms when its REE – May 2010
B. 5.47 Ω * D. 5.91 Ω REE – Sept 2010 temperature increases to 50oC. 14. A series circuit consists of three
7. If 750 m of 3.0 mm diameter wire What is the temperature resistors R1, R2 and R3 which are
REE – Sept 2006 have a resistance of 27.6 ohms, coefficient of the wire at 0oC? connected to a 240 V source. If
4. The specific resistance depends what length of similar wire 5.0 A. 0.00286/oC * the voltage drop across R1 is 60 V
upon mm diameter will have the same B. 0.00385/oC when the current is 4 A and R2 =
A. The area of cross-section and resistance? C. 0.00428/oC 1.5 R3, what is the ohmic
the length of the conductor A. 1,250 m C. 125 m D. 0.00485/oC resistance R3?
B. The material of the conductor, B. 208 m D. 2,083 m * A. 15 ohms C. 27 ohms
its area of cross-sectional and REE – Sept. 2011 B. 18 ohms * D. 28 ohms
length REE – May 2010 11. A copper wire whose resistivity is
C. The nature of the material of 8. Suppose that you wish to 0.0043/oC at 0oC has its resistance
the conductor only * fabricate a uniform wire out of increases by 25% of its initial
Prepared by: Engr. Rommel Acosta [1/2]
 CEERS REVIEW CENTER REE REVIEW AUGUST 2024
Doña Esperanza Village, Tisa, Cebu City DC CIRCUITS
Tel. No. 261-2244 email add: ceers.philippines@yahoo.com

REE – April 2007 the power source. What is the REE – April 2011
15. Three resistors of 3, 6 and Z supply voltage if the diameter of 22. A 360 kilojoules per minute output
ohms, respectively are connected copper wire is 0.25 inch? at 4oC from the refrigerator is
in parallel across a constant A. 119 C. 121 obtained. What is the energy
current source of 10 A. Find the B. 117 D. 115 * efficiency ratio (EER) if the
value of Z if this resistor draws 2 required input is 2 kW?
A current? 19. A power station supplies 60 kW to A. 10.24 * C. 13.62
A. 3 C. 4 a load over 2,500 ft of 000 2- B. 11.73 D. 15.42
B. 6 D. 8 * conductor copper feeder the
resistance of which is 0.078 ohm
REE – Sept. 2008 per 1,000 ft. The bus-bar voltage
16. A voltage divider circuit of two is maintained constant at 600
resistors is designed with a total volts. Determine the maximum
resistance of the two resistors power which can be transmitted.
equal to 100 ohms. If the output A. 60 kW C. 120 kW
voltage is 20% of the input, what B. 230.7 kW * D. 150 kW
are the values of the two resistors
(ohms) in the circuit? REE – Oct. 1998
A. 15 and 85 C. 10 and 90 20. How many calories does an
B. 20 and 80 * D. 2 and 98 electric heater of 100 watts
generate per second?
REE – Sept. 2012 A. 10 C. 23.88 *
17. Two equal resistors when B. 1,000 D. 42.25
connected in series across a
supply draws a total power of 20 REE – April 2003
watts. What is the total power 21. In a certain process water is
drawn when the two resistors are heated at a rate of 2 liters per
connected in parallel across the minute. The water enters an
same supply? electric heater at 25oC and exits at
A. 20 W C. 60 W 50oC. Assuming no heat loss,
B. 40 W D. 80 W * calculate the wattage of the
heater.
REE – April 2007 A. 2420 C. 6520
18. A 110 v DC motor draws a current B. 3488 * D. 5125
of 30 A and is located 500 ft from
Prepared by: Engr. Rommel Acosta [2/2]