HYDROLOGY REVIEWER Snowmelt Runoff:

- Major component of the global movement of

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE water
Water Occurrence in Compartments: - in colder climate: attributable to melting snow
Ocean - 96.5% and ice
Atmosphere - 0.001%
Ice & Snow - 1.74% Surface Runoff:
Surface Water - 0.014% - precipitation runoff over the landscape
Groundwater - 1.72% * With moderate rain and pervious soil,
all water infiltrates
Evaporation: * when the soil is full of water
- water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapour (saturated) runoff starts. 
- requires much heat 2,500 J/g (c.f. heat capacity *Development (urban or agricultural)
of water 4.2 J/g/°C) increases runoff:
- depending on temperature, humidity and wind - impervious roads
speed, those are dependant on solar energy - roofs
- drives the hydrologic cycle - drainage
- soil compaction
Condensation:
- water vapour in the air is changed into liquid Streamflow:
water. - the amount of water flowing in a river, brook,
- takes place continuously creak, canal, etc…
- decreasing temperature the evaporation rate - “Water seeks its own level”, stream flow is due
decreases more than the condensation rate to gravity.
- When the temperature reaches the dew point,
the air is saturated with water (humidity 100%). Watershed:
- Further cooling may result in formation of - the area of land where all of the water that: 
clouds, fog or eventually precipitation. falls in it and drains off of it, goes to the same
place (outflow point)
Sublimation: - The size is depending on the choice of the
- conversion between the solid and the gaseous outflow point.
phases of matter, with no intermediate liquid - The boundary of the watershed is the
stage. water divide
- Takes a lot of heat
Subwatershed:
Desublimation: - part of watershed
- conversion between the gaseous and solid - usually determined by outflow point of a
phases the of matter, with no intermediate liquid tributary to the main river.
stage
Hydrograph:
Precipitation: - chart of the stream flow
- water released from clouds in the form of rain,
freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. Aquitard:
Processes: - Less Permeable; loam, clay, granite, basalt
1. Condensation on particles Aquifer:
2. Growth by condensation or desublimation - Permeable; gravel, sand, sandstone, limestone
3. Growth by collisions
4. Fall velocity increase with size RECAP GROUNDWATER:
5. Fall velocity larger than updraft speed Infiltration - Recharge - Groundwater Flow -
- Large raindrops (>4.5 mm) fall apart Discharge - Unsaturated Zone - Groundwater
Table - Saturated Zone -Aquifire - Aquitard
Evapotranspiration:
- the water lost from the ground surface to the
atmosphere by evaporation and by transpiration
of groundwater by plants
- Depending on:
Humidity, Wind, Temperature, Soil Moisture
Availability, Type of Plant.
WEATHER & HYDROLOGY CYCLE NW Moonsoon:
Radiation of Sun and Earth: - October to March
- Temperature of Sun higher than Earth - Locally known as “Amihan”
- Wavelength of Sun shorter - cold, dry air mass but gathers moisture
- Energy density higher - affects eastern portion of the country
- characterized by widespread cloudiness
Absorption of Radiation: with rains and showers.
- Atmosphere hardly absorbs visible light
- Water, CO2, CH4, N2O absorbs infrared light SW Moonsoon:
- Green House absorbs Infrared - July to September
- Locally known as “Habagat”
El Niño: - very humid and warm
- warm phase - characterized by heavy rainfall that may last
- migration of warm surface waters from the for a week.
western equatorial Pacific Basin to the eastern - brings rainy season to western portion of the
equatorial Pacific region, along the coasts of country
Peru and Ecuador
- occurs in the Pacific basin 2 to 9 years Affected Provinces by the El Niño effect in the
Philippines:
Abnormalities; 1. Ilocos Norte
- delayed onset of rainy season 2. Cagayan
- early termination of rainy season 3. Oriental Mindoro
- weak moonsoon activity 4. Palawan
- weak or erratic tropical cyclone activity 5. Camarines Sur
6. Masbate
Drought Impact: 7. Zamboanga Sibugay
- Environmental 8. Bukidnon
▪ degradation of soil 9. Lanao del Norte
▪ effect on water quality like salt water 10. Misamis Oriental
intrusion, 11. Davao del Sur
▪ high forest/grass/bus fire risk, 12. Davao del Norte
▪ domestic water supply shortages, etc. 13. Davao City
- Social 14. Compostela Valley
▪ disruption of normal human activities 15. North Cotabato
▪ migration to urban communities, 16. Sout Cotabato
▪ human and health problems, etc. 17. Sarangani
- Economic 18. Agusan del Sur
▪ unemployment, 19. Sultan Kudarat
▪ food shortages,
▪ significant reduction in the This situation is expected to worsen in the near
productivity and revenue of various future given the rising population that results in
industries, an increasing demand for the country’s already
▪ hydro-electric power generation, etc. dwindling water supply

La Niña:
- cool phase
- develops over the central and eastern equatorial
Pacific.
Impact
- anomalies in rainfall
- temperature
- tropical cyclone activities

- favour tropical cyclone formation over the

western Pacific which tend to increase the
number of tropical cyclones

Moonsoon:
- a seasonal reversing wind
- NW Moonsoon & SW Moonsoon
PRECIPITATION LAPSE RATE:
- All types of moisture reaching the surface of - rate of decreased with height for an
earth from atmosphere atmospheric variable
dT
Comes in forms of: γ =−
dz
- Rain - Fog
- Sleet - Dew
- Snow - Mist
γ = lapse rate given in units
- Hail T = Temperature
z = altitude
Rain:
Light -I = 2.5mm/hr Weighing:
Moderate - I = 2.8-7.6 mm/hr W =W 1 − W 2
Heavy - I > 7.6 mm/hr
Weight Volume Relationship:
“Himawari” -> Republic of China (ROC) Γ =weight /volume
Detecing Rain: Rain Volume:
1. Sattelite Rain Volume=Pavg x A
2. Radar -> “Doppler”
3. Auto Rain Gauges A = Area
4. Water Level Sensor
Precipitation Average:
AGRO-MET: Agrometeorological Station
AWS: Automatic Weather Station -> a+b+ c+...
Pavg =
Meteorological Parameters n
RG: Rain Gauges (Rainfall)
Precipitation Trend:
PRECIPITATION FORMATION: - Varies geographically
1. Moisture source - Varies from season to season
2. Lifting and Resultant Cooling
3. Phase Change occurs with condensation into Rainfall Measurement:
small nuclei in air (1.0u - 10u) “Why?”
4. Droplets grow large enough to overcome drag - Water resource planning (annual)
and evaporation - Urban drainage (hourly)

LIFTING MECHANISM: Point Measurement:

1. Convective: - Rainfall gage network
- occurs when warm, moist air rises in the - Methods of representation
atmosphere. - Rainfall intensity vs time (“Hyetograph”)
- intense heating of ground -> expansion
- “dynamic cooling” Point Rainfall:
- Cooling and Condensation Process - can be plotted as accumulated total rainfall or
- Growth Droplet Process as rainfall intensity at a particular gage.

2. Cyclonic: Measurement of Rainfall:

- occurs when warm, moist air is drawn into a - Recording gage
low-pressure cold front.
- movement of large air (Typhoon) Cumulative Rainfall -> Rainfall Intensity
- Front: boundary between air masses with - precipitation p (inch) per interval
different pressures - intensity I (inch per hour)
- Warm Front: Warm air moves over Cold air - maximum intensity (inch per hour)
- Cold Front: Cold air moves under Warm air - duration of rainfall (hour)
- total rainfall (inch)
3. Orographic:
- Mechanical lifting of moist air masses For an interval i & interval length ΔT:
- moist air forced upwards over rising terrain - Precipitation p (inch) per interval
- occurs windward side of barrier pi= pi − pi − 1=¿∆ pi
- when mass of air pushed by wind are forced by
a topographic barrier. - Intensity I (inch per hour)
 p i ∆ pi
I i= =
∆ T ∆T
The rainfall intensity is the time derivate
(slope) of the cumulative rainfall.

The cumulative rainfall is the time integral

(area) of the rainfall intensity.

Areal Precipitation:
- average depth of precipitation over a specific
area (watershed)
- use point measurement to determine avg.
- Three Methods
* Arithmetic mean
* Thiessen Polygon Method
* Isohyetal Method