A Micro Project report on

TEMERATURE SENSOR
APPLIED PHYSICS
OF

I-B. Tech I-semester in

FRESHMAN ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Submitted by
B. RANVITHA 24R01A6672

B. SHASHANK 24R01A6673

B. NIKHIL 24R01A6674

B. UDAY 24R01A6675

B. SRINIVAS 24R01A6676

B. CHAITHRA 24R01A6677

B. VARUN 24R01A6678

Under the Guidance of

Dr. T. KAMAKSHI

(Associate Professor, Freshman Engineering Dept.)

CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(UGC AUTONOMUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU
Hyderabad) Kandlakoya, Medchal road, Hyderabad.

2023-2024
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 CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(UGC AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad) Kandlakoya, Medchal Road, Hyderabad.

DEPARTMENT OF FRESHMAN ENGINEERING

Certificate

This is to Certify that a Micro Project Entitled with “TEMPERATURE SENSOR” is

being submitted by,
B. RANVITHA 24R01A6672

B. SHASHANK 24R01A6673

B. NIKHIL 24R01A6674

B. UDAY 24R01A6675

B. SRINIVAS 24R01A6676

B. CHAITHRA 24R01A6677

B. VARUN 24R01A6678

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for completion of the basic electrical and electronic
engineering of I-B.Tech,II-semester is a record of a bonafide work carried out under guidance and
supervision.

Signature of Faculty Signature of HOD

Dr. T. Kamakshi Dr.M.Radhakrishna Reddy
(Associate Professor) (Head of the department)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely grateful to Dr. M. Janga Reddy, Director, Dr. C.V. Madhusudhan Rao
Principal and Dr.M. Radhakrishna Reddy, Head of the Department, Freshman
Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology for their during entire duration.
We are extremely thankful to our Dr.T. Kamakshi, Associate Professor, Freshman
Engineering department, CMR Institute of Technology for her constant guidance,
encouragement and moral support throughout the project.
We express our thanks all staff-members and friends for all the help and coordination
extended in bringing out this micro project successfully in time . Finally, we are very
much thankful to our parents and relatives who guided directly or indirectly for successful
completion of the project.

B. RANVITHA 24R01A6672

B. SHASHANK 24R01A6673

B. NIKHIL 24R01A6674

B. UDAY 24R01A6675

B. SRINIVAS 24R01A6676

B. CHAITHRA 24R01A6677

B. VARUN 24R01A6678

3
 CONTENT PAGE.NO

S.NO

1. ABSTRACT 5

6
2. INTRODUCTION

7
3. COMPONENTS

8
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

9-12
5. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

13
6. WORIKING

13-14
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

15
8. APPLICATIONS

16
9. CONCLUSION

16
10. RESULT

11 REFERENCE 17

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 ABSTRACT

The project "TEMPERATURE SENSOR" is a device that is designed to measure the degree of
hotness in an object. The working of a temperature meter depends upon the voltage across the circuit. These
sensors measure a physical property that changes as a function of temperature. Temperature sensors are
widely applied in industrial automation, healthcare, environmental monitoring, consumer electronics, and
automotive systems. Modern temperature sensors are increasingly integrated with microcontrollers and
wireless communication systems. Advances in material science and miniaturization continue to enhance
their performance, reliability, and versatility, making them critical components in the advancement of smart
systems and sustainable technologies.

This Temperature Sensor gives us signal when the surrounding temperature is increased, it quickly
gives us a signal with the help of Thermistor. It can be used in various applications such as microwave
ovens, fridges, air conditioners, and water temperature monitoring. There are so many advantages with this
sensor, It is a simple circuited device which helps in our daily routine life.

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INTRODUCTION:
Temperature is one of the most commonly measured physical quantities in
scientific, industrial, and everyday applications. A temperature sensor is a device
designed to measure and monitor temperature by detecting heat energy and converting it
into an electrical signal or readable output. The significance of temperature sensors spans
a wide range of fields, from industrial automation and climate control systems to
healthcare devices and consumer electronics. In recent years, the integration of
temperature sensors with advanced microelectronics. These systems can monitor and
control temperature remotely, offering solutions for smart homes, environmental
monitoring, and industrial processes. Furthermore, ongoing research and development in
sensor technology aim to enhance sensitivity, reduce power consumption, and improve
reliability.

This introduction highlights the importance, operational principles, and evolving

applications of temperature sensors, showcasing their critical role in modern technology.

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COMPONENTS

 9V Battery
 LM358 IC ( low-power dual operational amplifier integrated circuit)
 10KΩ Potentiometer
 10K Thermistor
 4K Resistor
 LED
 Buzzer
 Bread Board
 Connecting Wires

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TEMPERATURE SENSOR CIRCUIT

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 Components description

1. 9V Battery

The 9-volt battery, is an electric battery that supplies a nominal voltage of

9 . Actual voltage measures 7.2 to 9.6 volts, depending on battery chemistry. Batteries of
various sizes and capacities are manufactured; a very common size is known as PP3,
introduced for early transistor radios. The PP3 has a rectangular prism shape with rounded
edges and two polarized snap connectors on the top.

2. LM358
The LM358 is a dual operational amplifier, or op-amp amplifier, that is
specifically made for automotive and battery-powered applications. It is designed for single-
supply operation. It can also function with two power supplies, like ±15V, which gives
circuit designers flexibility.

3. 10KΩ Potentiometer
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 A potentiometer is a three-terminal circuit element that consists of a resistor
and a moving contact. They can be used as a voltage divider, which splits an input voltage
into two voltages that add up to the input voltage, or a variable resistor. Potentiometers can
be classified as linear or rotary.

4. 10k Thermistor

A 10k Thermistor is a temperature-sensitive resistor with a resistance of

10,000 ohms (10kΩ) at a specified standard temperature, typically 25°C (referred to as the
thermistor's nominal resistance). Thermistors are typically made of ceramic or polymer
materials and come in two main types: NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) and PTC
(Positive Temperature Coefficient).

5. 4K Resistor
A 4k resistor is a fixed resistor with a nominal resistance of 4,000 ohms (4
kΩ). It is a basic electronic component used to limit or regulate current flow, divide voltages,
or set time constants in circuits.

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 6. LED

An LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light

when an electric current flows through it. LEDs are widely used in various applications due
to their energy efficiency, long lifespan, and versatility.

7. Buzzer

A Buzzer typically refers to a buzzer that operates at or emits a sound

frequency. These buzzers are designed to produce an audible tone at this frequency, which is
within the range easily heard by the human ear.

8. Bread Board
A breadboard is a reusable, solderless platform used for building and testing
electronic circuits. It allows easy prototyping of designs without permanent connections,
making it a versatile tool for beginners and professionals alike.

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 9. Connecting Wires

Connecting wires are crucial components in electrical, electronic, and communication

systems, allowing the transfer of electrical current or signals between different elements.

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Working of Project

A Simplest Project Temperature sensors, When the surrounding Temperature increases, it

observed by Thermistor and with the help of 4K Resistance it travels through LM358 IC and 10KΩ
Potentiometer then the signals are passed to LED and Buzzer then they starts working.

Temperature Sensors work by providing readings via electrical signals. Sensors are composed of
two metals that generate an electrical voltage or resistance when a temperature change occurs by measuring
the voltage across the diode terminals. The working of a temperature meter depends upon the voltage across
the diode. The temperature change is directly proportional to the diode's resistance. The cooler the
temperature, the lesser will be the resistance, and vice-versa.

Advantages
Temperature sensors have a wide range of advantages across various applications. Here are some of the key
benefits:

1. Precision and Accuracy: Many modern temperature sensors provide high accuracy in measuring
temperature changes, which is crucial in scientific research, industrial processes, and consumer
electronics.
2. Real-time Monitoring: Temperature sensors allow for real-time monitoring of temperature, which is
essential in applications such as climate control, medical devices, and industrial processes. This helps
in ensuring safety and optimal functioning.
3. Automation: In systems like HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), temperature sensors
enable automation, adjusting heating or cooling without manual intervention based on preset
temperature thresholds.
4. Energy Efficiency: By monitoring temperature continuously, these sensors help improve energy
efficiency in buildings, manufacturing plants, and vehicles by ensuring that systems only operate
when needed, avoiding unnecessary power consumption.
5. Safety: Temperature sensors are crucial for safety in various environments, such as detecting
overheating in machines, preventing fires in industrial settings, and ensuring that sensitive materials
are stored at safe temperatures in the food or pharmaceutical industries.
6. Wide Range of Applications: They are used in diverse fields like healthcare (fever detection,
incubators), automotive (engine temperature monitoring), environmental monitoring (weather
stations), and consumer electronics (smart thermostats).
7. Durability
8. Cost-effectiveness.

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Disadvantages

While temperature sensors offer many advantages, they also have some limitations and potential
disadvantages:

1. Limited Measurement Range: Different types of temperature sensors have specific temperature
ranges. For example, thermistors and RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors) might not work
effectively in extremely high or low temperatures. Choosing the wrong type for an application can
lead to inaccurate readings or sensor damage.
2. Accuracy Limitations: While many temperature sensors are accurate, they can still experience drift
over time or under certain conditions, especially in harsh environments. Calibration is necessary
periodically to maintain accuracy, which can be time-consuming and costly.
3. Environmental Sensitivity: Some temperature sensors are sensitive to environmental factors like
humidity, vibration, or electromagnetic interference. These can lead to incorrect readings or sensor
failure if not properly shielded or compensated.
4. Power Consumption: Some temperature sensors, especially those with digital output or those
designed for high precision, may consume relatively higher power, which could be a concern for
battery-operated systems, such as wearable devices or remote sensors.
5. Cost: While basic temperature sensors can be inexpensive, high-precision or specialized sensors (like
thermocouples for extreme temperatures) can be costly. Additionally, the need for accessories, like
signal conditioners or calibration equipment, can increase the overall cost.

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APPLICATIONS

Temperature sensors have numerous applications across a wide range of industries. Some key applications
include:

Industrial Automation and Control: Temperature sensors are crucial for monitoring and
controlling temperatures in manufacturing processes, ensuring that equipment operates within safe
and efficient temperature ranges. They are used in industries like food processing, chemical plants,
and metal manufacturing.
Automotive Industry: Temperature sensors are used in vehicles to monitor engine temperature,
coolant temperature, exhaust gas temperature, and cabin temperature. These sensors ensure optimal
vehicle performance, prevent overheating, and improve fuel efficiency.

Medical Devices: Temperature sensors are used in various medical applications, including monitoring body
temperature in thermometers and in medical equipment like incubators, where maintaining a specific
temperature is critical for patient safety.

Consumer Electronics: Temperature sensors are found in devices like smartphones, laptops, and gaming
consoles to monitor the internal temperature of the components, preventing overheating and ensuring proper
functioning.

Environmental Monitoring: Temperature sensors are used in weather stations and environmental
monitoring systems to measure air, water, and soil temperatures. This data is essential for climate research,
agriculture, and natural resource management.

Energy Management: Temperature sensors help optimize energy use in buildings, power plants, and
renewable energy systems like solar panels. By monitoring the temperature of various components (e.g.,
batteries, solar panels, or power generators), they help in maximizing efficiency and preventing failures.

Food and Beverage Industry

Home Appliances

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the project “TEMPERATURE SENSOR” has successfully achieved its objectives of creating
its functional process and providing participants with valuable knowledge and hands-on experience in this
field. Throughout the project, we gained a comprehensive understanding of the principles and working
mechanisms of Temperature Sensor. In conclusion, temperature sensors are essential components in a wide
range of applications, from industrial systems to everyday consumer electronics. They work by detecting
temperature changes and converting them into electrical signals that can be processed and analyzed.

There are various types of temperature sensors, including thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs), and semiconductor-based sensors, each with its advantages and disadvantages.

RESULT:

In this way we made a simple TEMPERATURE SENSOR for daily uses.

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REFERENCES
In this micro-project, we will deal with the development of the actual circuit that is to be
implemented. This project information is collected from YouTube, Wikipedia, Google,
chat gpt some of the links as follows:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFU7Lr-cd2M

https://www.encardio.com/blog/temperature-sensor-probe-types-how-it-works-
applications#:~:text=What%20do%20temperature%20sensors%20do,proportional
%20to%20the%20diode's%20resistance.

https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/

https://www.wikipedia.org/

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