ABN 523

Feed Formulation Techniques

Omidiwura, B.R.O (Ph.D.)

(Nutritional Biochemist & Phytochemist)
https://sites.google.com/view/richie-digold-
e-portfolio
Learning Objectives

To make you the Animal Nutritionist that you

should be in feed formulation

– Understand necessary requirements for feed

formulation for various livestock
– Describe and discuss methods of animal diet
formulation
– Identify the purpose of a premix, how it can be
formulated and included in a diet

Monday, April 12, 2021 2

 My expectation
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
• know and utilize the rudiments of feed formulation
• identify various feed ingredients in Nigeria and their
classification
• identify various species of poultry that you want to
formulate feed for at day old
• use difference feed formulation techniques to formulate
your own feed
• formulate premix and even own a premix plant

3
Monday, April 12, 2021
 This module

– To Describe and discuss methods of animal diet

formulation (1)

Pearson square
(Simple and
double)

The ratio
method
Algebra
method
Monday, April 12, 2021 4
Feed Formulation Techniques
• The Pearson square: Simple and Double

• Simple Algebra

• Trial and error method

• Premix formulation
 Let us do this together

With Sorghum (9% CP), Fishmeal (64% CP)

available on a poultry farm, formulate broiler starter
diet of 23% Crude protein.
 Calculations
Given:
Sorghum = 9% Fishmeal = 14 X 100 Check
Fishmeal = 64% 55 CP =
Target CP = 23% = 25.45% 6.71 + 16.29
= 23.00% CP
S9 41
Check for accuracy
23 9
Sorghum = X 74.55
14 100
FM64
55 = 6.71% CP
Sorghum = 41 X 100
64
55 Fishmeal = X 25.45
100
= 74.55%
= 16.29% CP
 Try this too
With Maize (8.5% Crude protein), Soya bean meal
(43% Crude protein) available on a poultry farm,
formulate broiler starter diet of 23% Crude protein
 Calculations
Given:
Maize = 8.5% SBM = 14.5 X 100 Check
Soyabean meal = 43% 34.5 CP =
Target CP = 23% = 42.02% 4.93 + 18.07
= 23.00% CP
M8.5 20
Check for accuracy
23 8.5
Maize = X 57.97
14.5 100
SBM43
34.5 = 4.93% CP
Maize = 20 X 100
43
34.5 SBM = X 42.02
100
= 57.97%
= 18.07% CP
 Try this too

• With Maize (3350 Kcal/Kg ME), Soya bean

meal (2230 Kcal/Kg ME) available on a
poultry farm, formulate broiler starter diet
of 3200 Kcal/Kg ME
 What about this with variable and fixed
ingredients

With Maize (8.5% Crude protein), Soya bean meal

(43% Crude protein) and other fixed ingredients
available on a poultry farm, formulate broiler starter
diet of 23% Crude protein assuming:
a) No fixed ingredient
b) Fixed ingredients contribute 12.1% quantity with
no protein contribution
c) Fixed ingredients contribute 11.5% quantity and
3.2% Crude protein
 Calculations (a)
Given:
Maize = 8.5% SBM = 14.5 X 100 Check
Soyabean meal = 43% 34.5 CP =
Target CP = 23% = 42.02% 4.93 + 18.07
= 23.00% CP
M8.5 20
Check for accuracy
23 8.5
Maize = X 57.97
14.5 100
SBM43
34.5 = 4.93% CP
Maize = 20 X 100
43
34.5 SBM = X 42.02
100
= 57.97%
= 18.07% CP
 Calculations (b)
Given:
Maize = 8.5%
Soyabean meal = 43%
Target CP = 23%
Fixed ingredient = 12.1%
Variable ingredient = 100 – 12.1
= 87.9%
CP in PS (Must be graded to 100% always)
87.9 = 23
100 = x
x = 100 X 23
87.9
= 26.17% CP
Use CP in PS for
calculation here: SBM = 17.67X 87.9 Check
34.5 CP =
= 45.02% 3.64 + 19.36
= 23.00% CP
M8.5 16.83
Check for accuracy
26.17 8.5
Maize = X 42.88
17.67 100
SBM43
34.5 = 3.64% CP
Maize = 16.83
X 87.9 43
34.5 SBM = X 45.02
100
= 42.88%
= 19.36% CP
 Calculations (c)
Given:
Maize = 8.5% CP in PS (Must be
Soyabean meal = 43% graded to 100% always)
Target CP = 23% 88.5 = 19.8
Fixed ingredient = 11.5% 100 = x
Variable ingredient = 100 – 11.5 x = 100 X 19.8
= 88.5% 88.5
= 22.37% CP
Fixed CP = 3.2% CP
Variable CP = 23 – 3.2
= 19.8% CP
Use CP in PS for
calculation here: SBM = 13.87X 88.5 Check
34.5 CP =
= 35.58% 4.50 + 15.30 + 3.20
= 23.00% CP
M8.5 20.63
Check for accuracy
22.37 8.5
Maize = X 52.92
13.87 100
SBM43
34.5 = 4.50% CP
Maize = 20.63
X 88.5 43
34.5 SBM = X 35.58
100
= 52.92%
= 15.30% CP
 Assignment
Formulate 17% CP diet for layers using the following
ingredient:
Variable ingredients – Maize (8%CP) and GNC (48%
CP)
Fixed ingredients – Salt, methionine, lysine, Dicalcium
phosphate and Fishmeal

• Fixed ingredients contribute 11.5% but no protein

• Fixed ingredients contribute 11.5% and 1.3% CP
 Feed formulation using ratio
• Formulate a 18% CP ration using the following
ingredients: Corn (10% CP), Guinea corn (11%
CP), Groundnut cake (48% CP), Fish meal (65%
CP) and Blood meal (80% CP)
1. Assume the following:
2. Corn and Guinea corn in the diet are in ratio 1:1
3. Groundnut cake, Fish meal and Blood meal in ratio
4:1:1
4. The proportion of fixed ingredients is 13.5% and
contributes no protein
 Let us try this in class
• Formulate a 18% CP ration using the following ingredients:
Corn (10% CP), Guinea corn (11% CP), Groundnut cake
(48% CP), Fish meal (65% CP) and Blood meal (80% CP)
1. Assume the following:
2. Corn and Guinea corn in the diet are in ratio 1:2
3. Groundnut cake, Fish meal and Blood meal in ratio 3:2:1
4. The proportion of fixed ingredients is 13.5% and
contributes 2% crude protein
 Feed formulation using algebra
• Formulate a 18% CP diet for weaner pigs
using cotton seed (40.9% CP) and Maize
(8.9% CP). Calculate the quantity of cotton
seed meal in the diet using simultaneous
equation.
 Try this using algebra

• With Maize (3350 Kcal/Kg ME), Soya bean

meal (2230 Kcal/Kg ME) available on a
poultry farm, formulate broiler starter diet
of 3200 Kcal/Kg ME
 CLASS PROJECT

• Let’s form groups

• Review and learn how to develop a computer-

based feed calculator
• http://animalfeedsoftware.com/
• Each group will present
 Assignment

Formulate a 20% CP diet for rabbit using a commercial

concentrate (40% CP) and hay (15% CP). Calculate quantity:
1. The amount of concentrate and hay in the diet using
simultaneous equation
2. Fixed ingredient contributes 13.5% quantity no protein
3. Fixed ingredient contributes 11.5% quantity and 3%
crude protein
4. The proportion of fixed ingredients is 10.5% and
contributes 2.1% CP if Corn (9%) and Guinea
corn(10.5%) are added to the diet are in ratio 1:1 and
concentrate (40% CP) and hay (15% CP) in ratio 2:4
What did we achieve?

You can describe

what Feed
formulation is

You now know

what is required

You know the

steps to balance
a ration

Monday, April 12, 2021 24

QUESTIONS