PHILLIPS SEMINARY STYLE GUIDE

FOR

RESEARCH PAPERS

Revised Summer 2018

 CONTENTS

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Why Use This Guide ................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Three Basic Resources ..............................................................................................................7
1.3 How This Guide Differs from Turabian 8th.............................................................................8

2. Book Formats ……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….....9

2.1 Books ............................................................................................................................................9
2.1a Footnote: A Book ................................................................................................................9
2.1b Short Form Footnote: A Book ........................................................................................10
2.1c Bibliography: A Book …………………….............................................................................. 11

2.2 Editions Other Than the First................................................................................................. 12

2.2a Footnote: An Edition other than the First ................................................................... 12
2.2b Short Form Footnote: An Edition Other Than the First .............................................12
2.2c Bibliography: An Edition Other Than the First ...........................................................12

2.3 Article, Essay or Chapter in an Edited Volume ................................................................. 13

2.3a Footnote: Article, Essay, or Chapter of an Edited Volume ..................................... 13
2.3c Short Form Footnote: Article, Essay, or Chapter in an Edited Volu.me ….…..….…14
2.3b Bibliography: Article, Essay, or Chapter in an Edited Volume ……….…………........ 14

2.4 Article in a Single-volume Scholarly Dictionary or Encyclopedia ................................ 15

2.4a Footnote: A Single-volume Scholarly Dictionary or Encyclopedia Article …..…...15
2.4b Short Form Footnote: A Single-volume Dictionary or Encyclopedia Article …... 16
2.4c Bibliography: A Single-volume Scholarly Dictionary or Encyclopedia Article ....16

2.5 Comments in a Study Bible .................................................................................................. 17

2.5a Footnote: A Comment in a Study Bible .......................................................................17
2.5b Short Form Footnote: A Comment in a Study Bible ............................................... 17
2
 2.5c Bibliography: A Comment in a Study Bible ............................................................... 18

2.6 Books in a Series (Sacra Pagina) ........................................................................................ 19

Sidebar: Series vs. Multivolume Works ……………………………………………..…….…………… 19
2.6a Footnote: A Book in a Series ..................................................................................... 19
2.6b Short Form Footnote: A Book in a Series ............................................................... 20
2.6c Bibliography: A Book in a Series ...............................................................................20

2.7 Chapter in a Series Treated as a Multivolume Work (Storyteller’s Companion) .…..21

2.7a Footnote: Chapter in a Series Treated as a Multivolume Work ...........................21
2.7b Short Form Footnote: Chapter in a Series Treated as a Multivolume Work .….21
2.7c Bibliography: Chapter in a Series Treated as a Multivolume Work ....................22

2.8 A Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work (Anchor Bible) .......................................................22

2.8a Footnote: A Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work ………........................................22
2.8b Short Form Footnote: A Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work ...........................23
2.8c Bibliography: A Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work ......................................... 23

2.9 Dictionary Article in a Multivolume Work (Anchor Bible Dictionary) ….…………….….… 24

2.9a Footnote: A Dictionary Article in a Multivolume Work ..........................................24
2.9b Short Form Footnote: A Dictionary Article in a Multivolume Work ....................24
2.9c Bibliography: A Dictionary Article in a Multivolume Work ...................................25
.
2.10 Multivolume Works: Article (New Interpreter’s Bible) .................................................. 25
2.10a Footnote: An Article in New Interpreter’s Bible .................................................. 25
2.10b Short Form Footnote: An Article in New Interpreter’s Bible …………..…...…….. 26
2.10c Bibliography: An Article in New Interpreter’s Bible ........................................... 26

3. Journal Articles ............................................................................................................................ 27

3.a Footnote: A Journal Article ……............................................................................................ 27

3
 3.b Short Form Footnote: A Journal Article ............................................................................ 28
3.c Bibliography: A Journal Article ........................................................................................... 28

4. Lecture Notes…………………………………………………………………………………………….……..……………30
4.a Footnote: Lecture Notes………………………………………………………………………..…………..……30
4.b Short Form Footnote: Lecture Notes………………………………………………………..…..………..30
4.c Bibligraphy: Lecture Notes………………………………………………………………………..…..……….30

5. A Website Article ...........................................................................................................................31

5.a Footnote: Website Article.....................................................................................................31
5.b Short Form Footnote: Website Article ............................................................................. 31
5.c Bibliography: Website Article ............................................................................................ 32
..
6. A Blog ............................................................................................................................................. 33
6.a Footnote: A Blog ..................................................................................................................... 33
6.b Short Form Footnote: A Blog ................................................................................................33
6.c Bibliography: A Blog .............................................................................................................. 34

7. Social Media ...................................................................................................................................35

7.a Footnote: Social Media…………………………………………………………………………………..………..35
7.b Short Form Footnote: Social Media………………………………………………………….….………….35
7.c Bibliography: Social Media……………………………………………………………………..……….………36

8. Audiobooks and Recordings of Lectures and Literature …………..…………..…….….…..……… 37

8.1 E-Reader Audio ……………………………………………………………………………………..………..……..37
8.1a Footnote: E-Reader Audio ……………………………………………………………..………………..37
8.1b Short Form Footnote: E-Reader Audio ………………………………………..………………… 37
8.1c Bibliography: E-Reader Audio ……………………………………………..…………..………….….38

8.2 Podcasts and Moodle Audio Lecture Recordings……………………………………….….….…38

8.2a Footnote: Podcast ……………………………………………………………….…………….…..……. 38
4
 8.2b Short Form Footnote: Podcast ……………………………………………….…….…………….. 39
8.2c Bibliography: Podcast …………………………………………………………..….…..…………….. 39

8.3 Audio CD ……………………………………………………………………………………………..………….……. 40

8.3a Footnote: Audio CD ………………………………………………………………….………..….…..….. 40
8.3b Short Form Footnote: Audio CD ……………………………………..………….….……………… 41
8.3c Bibliography: Audio CD ……………………………………….………………..…………………..….. 41
.
8.4 LP …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….………..…….…… 41
8.4a Footnote: LP ……………………………………………………………………………………...…….……..41
8.4b Short Form Footnote: LP ……………………………………………………..………..….……………41
8.4c Bibliography: LP ……………………………………………………………….……….……..…………….42

8.5 Audio Cassette ……………………………………………………………….…………………….……….……… 42

8.5a Footnote: Audio Cassette …………………………………………………………….….......……….. 42
8.5b Short Form Footnote: Audio Cassette ……………………..…………….…….……..………… 42
8.5c Bibliography: Audio Cassette ………………………………………………..…….…….………….. 43

9. Video Formats………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..44
9.1 Movies……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………44
9.1a Footnote: Movies………………………………………………………………………...………….…….. 44
9.1b Short Form Footnote: Movies…………………………………..……….……………………….… 44
9.1c Bibliography: Movies……………………………………………….……….………………………….. 45
9.2 Videos and Moodle Video…………………………………………………………………………………..……45
9.2a Footnote: Videos………………………………………………………………………………...……….. 45
9.2b Short Form Footnote: Videos…………………………………..……….……………….………… 46
9.2c Bibliography: Videos……………………………………………….……….………………..….…….. 46

10. How to Cite Books of the Bible ............................................................................................... 47

5
 10.1 When to Use the Full name of the Biblical Book ........................................................ 47
10.2 When to use the Abbreviation of the Biblical Book ................................................ 47
10.3 Punctuation of Abbreviation of the Biblical Book ................................................... 48
10.4 SBL Abbreviations for Biblical Books ...................................................................... 48-9

11. Avoiding Plagiarism ................................................................................................................... 50

11.1 Using Exact Phrases without Quotation Marks .......................................................... 50
11.2 Overusing Direct Quotations from the Original .......................................................... 51
11.3 Appropriate Use of Source Material .............................................................................51

6
 INTRODUCTION 1.3 How This Guide Differs from Turabian 9th

While Turabian is the primary resource for this

1.1 Why Use this Guide guide, we have adapted and supplemented Turabian
at points:
This guide shows citation examples that
commonly occur in paper writing in Phillips • At Phillips, we only use the “notes-
Seminary courses. It also gives you the basics on bibliography” style rather than the “reference
avoiding plagiarism. It is based on Turabian’s 9th list” style. Turabian shows both styles.

edition, which in turn is based on the Chicago • We use footnotes rather than endnotes
Manual. Chicago pulls biblical reference (sometimes an instructor will use endnotes
information from the SBL Handbook, 2nd edition instead for a specific purpose).
(these are listed below).
• For the short title form, we use “author-title
notes” rather than “author-only notes”
The table of contents lists different citation
(Turabian 16.4.1, p. 164).
situations. Section three covers common
online/electronic cases. • The use of “ibid.” is discouraged at Phillips;
instead we suggest always using the short
Not everything is covered in this guide – it is title form. “Ibid” can get unanchored from its
meant to be a simplified resource. For more true reference by adding a new footnote above
detailed citation samples look at the resources it, rendering it useless.
the guide is based on (below) or call or email a
• The forms given here for “Article in a
librarian.
Scholarly Dictionary or Encyclopedia” and for
“Comment in a Study Bible” are adapted from
the Turabian form for 17.1.8, “Chapters and
Other Parts of a Book.”
1.2 Three Basic Resources at Phillips
• The forms for “Book in a Series” are adapted
The following three resources are the core from SBL 6.2.24, “A Work in a Series.”
sources for citation style used at Phillips: • The forms given here for the various
“Multivolume Works” entries (2.8-2.11) are
1) Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of adapted from options presented in SBL 6.2.20-
Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 9th 24.
ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
• The forms given here for “Online Sources” are
Turabian is considered the primary style guide adapted from the various options presented in
Turabian 9th.
at Phillips. It is based on The Chicago Manual
of Style. As Turabian has been revised, you • At Phillips, we prefer that online sources be
must use the ninth edition of Turabian (2018). listed in the bibliography as well as in
Chapters have been rewritten and footnotes. (Turabian makes bibliography
renumbered. listings of some kinds of internet sources
optional.)

• A new section on audio resources is a mixed

adaptation from Turabian and Chicago.
7
• At Phillips, we prefer the abbreviations from
SBL for the books of the Bible.
2) Chicago Manual of Style Online

Turabian in turn is based on this searchable online style guide. It can be accessed
through the Phillips Library website.

3) Collins, Billie Jean. The SBL Handbook of Style: For Biblical Studies and Related
nd
Disciplines. 2 ed. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2014.

The SBL Handbook also provides a style guide for footnotes, and the Phillips Style
Guide will draw on it for a very few references. Students should use
Turabian/Chicago Manual as the default style guide. The SBL Handbook may be
used as the guide to capitalization of technical terms and abbreviations of biblical
books and other ancient literature related to the study of early Christianity.

1.3 What’s New in the Summer 2018 PTS Style Guide

1) Access dates are no longer required for most internet citations unless an
electronic resource’s database does not include a “last modified” date., or if a
website article, blog, or social media entry has not date.

2) Electronic citations are included in their respective media section.

3) Social Media citations.

4) Common video formats including Moodle video.

5) Lecture notes.

6) Moodle audio, video, and lecture citations.

8
 2. BOOK FORMATS: A SUMMARY OF THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF REFERENCES

2.1 Single Author Books (Turabian 16.1, 17.1)

The basic reference data for a book consists of the following divisions in this order:

1. AUTHOR: Full name of author, as shown on the title page;

2. TITLE OF BOOK: Complete title as shown on title page, including subtitle if present
(every once in a while the title is different from the spine or cover);
3. PUBLICATION DATA (see Turabian 17.1.6): City, publisher, and date of publication;
The city and publisher are normally given at the bottom of the title page. The date is
normally found on the back of the title page and is often the copyright date,
indicated by the symbol ©. If more than one date is given, use the latest one;
4. Online ebooks require a URL or commercial database name.

Note:
Words like “Press” and “Publishers” are normally left out of the name of a
publisher, with the exception of university presses which are always listed with the
term “press” included, as in “University of Chicago Press.”

2.1a How to Cite a Book in a Footnote:

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

1. John L. Thomas, Voices in the Wilderness: Why Black Preaching Still Matters
(Eugene: Cascade Books, 2018), 25-28.

An electronic book is cited similarly. If it comes from a commercial database you will
add that name at the end; if there is a URL instead, use that. There is no longer a need to
include an internet accession date.

3. W.E.B. Du Bois and Robert Wortham, W.E.B. Du Bois and the Sociology of the
Black Church and Religion: 1897-1914 (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2018), 14, EBSCOhost.

Here a more electronic book citation examples:

5. Mark Juergensmeyer, etc., The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2006), 103-4,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195137989.001.0001.

9
 8. Phyllis Trible, God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978),
288-90, Kindle.

Note:

Punctuation of a footnote must follow these formatting requirements:

• The indentation of the first line;
• The comma after the AUTHOR’s name;
• TITLE in italics (no comma after);
• PUBLICATION DATA in parentheses, followed by a comma;
• PAGE NUMBERS being referenced in the paper, ending with a period and without a
“p;”
• If an ebook has no page numbers, use a sectioning reference, like a chapter;
• A footnote reference follows the model of a sentence; that is, it contains no periods
within the reference itself but only at the end of the reference.

2.1b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for a Book:

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above (see Turabian 16.4, 16.4.1). All subsequent citations should use the short
title form as follows:

10. Thomas, Voices in the Wilderness, 42-45.

Ebooks sometimes do not have page references. In those cases, use chapter or
sectioning numbers.

14. Henry Sloane Coffin, Some Christian Convictions, chap.1.

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE in a shortened form
of 1 to 3 or 4 key words; PAGE NUMBERS being referenced in the paper;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used. Turabian figure 16.4 provides two versions of the “short title”
form; we use “author-title” notes rather than “author-only” notes;
• While “ibid.” is allowed by Turabian, at Phillips we recommend that you not use
it. Instead, it is simpler to use the short title form for all citations of a source
after the first full citation of that source.

10
2.1c How to List a Book in a Works Cited List or Bibliography:

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the
paper, it takes this form:

Thomas, John L. Voices in the Wilderness: Why Black Preaching Still Matters. Eugene:
Cascade Books, 2018.

An electronic book is cited similarly. If it comes from a commercial database you will
add that name at the end; if there is a URL instead, use that. There is no longer a need to
include an internet accession date.

Du Bois, W.E.B. and Robert Wortham. W.E.B. Du Bois and the Sociology of the Black
Church and Religion: 1897-1914. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2018. EBSCOhost.

Juergensmeyer, Mark, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195137989.001.0001.

Trible, Phyllis. God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978. Kindle.

Note:
The data is presented in the same order as the footnote with four changes:

• AUTHOR is given last name first, because the bibliography will be arranged in
alphabetical order by last name;
• Punctuation is different: periods, rather than commas, are used after AUTHOR
and after TITLE. PUBLICATION DATA has no parentheses but otherwise
maintains the same punctuation as in the footnote;
• No page numbers are listed in the bibliography when the reference is to an
entire book;
• The formatting is with hanging indentation.

11
 2.2 Edition Other Than the First

The basic reference data will be presented in the same form as 2.1 above.

2.2a How to Cite an Edition other than the First in a Footnote

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

3. Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and

Dissertations, 9th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018), 17.1.3.

Note:
• Edition number is listed after the title, separated by a comma;
• Turabian can be cited either by paragraph number or page number;
• Observe the footnote indentation and comma punctuation.

2.2b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for an Edition Other Than the First

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

4. Turabian, Manual for Writers, 172.

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE in a shortened form
of 1 to 3 or 4 key words; PAGE NUMBERS being referenced in the paper;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

2.2c How to List an Edition Other Than the First in the Bibliography

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the paper,
it takes this form:

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 9th
ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.

12
 Note:
• AUTHOR is given last name first, because the bibliography will be arranged in
alphabetical order by last name;
• Punctuation is different: periods, rather than commas, are used after AUTHOR
and after TITLE. PUBLICATION DATA has no parentheses but otherwise
maintains the same punctuation as in the footnote;
• The formatting is with hanging indentation.

2.3 Article, Essay, or Chapter in an Edited Volume (Turabian 17.1.8)

The basic reference data consists of the following divisions in this order:

1. AUTHOR OF CHAPTER/ARTICLE: Full name of author, as shown at the

beginning or end of the article and/or in the table of contents of the book;
2. TITLE OF CHAPTER/ARTICLE: Complete title as shown at the beginning of the
article, including subtitle if present;
3. TITLE OF BOOK: Complete title of book, as shown on its title page, in italics;
4. EDITOR OF BOOK: Be sure to distinguish between “author” of the article being
cited and “editor” of the book where the article is found;
5. PUBLICATION DATA: Use the same form as for any book;
6. PAGE NUMBERS OF CHAPTER/ARTICLE: Since the article is only a portion of
the total pages of the book, the page numbers of the article must be listed.

2.3a How to Cite an Article, Essay, or Chapter in an Edited Volume in a Footnote

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

2. Nancy Claire Pittman, “The Epistolary Tradition: James, 1-3 John, 1-2 Peter,
Jude,” in Chalice Introduction to the New Testament, ed. Dennis E. Smith (St. Louis:
Chalice, 2004), 257-59.

The following forms are incorrect:

2. Dennis E. Smith, Chalice Introduction to the New Testament (St. Louis:

Chalice, 2004), 257-59.
2. Dennis E. Smith, “The Epistolary Tradition: James, 1-3 John, 1-2 Peter,
Jude,” Chalice Introduction to the New Testament (St. Louis: Chalice, 2004), 257-59.

13
 Note:
• Always cite by the author of the article being cited, not by the editor of the book;
• AUTHOR is followed by comma;
• TITLE OF ARTICLE/CHAPTER followed by comma, all in quotations marks;
• TITLE OF BOOK is in italics;
• EDITOR OF BOOK is accompanied by the abbreviation for editor;
• PUBLICATION DATA for book is enclosed in parentheses followed by comma;
• PAGE NUMBERS refer only to those being in the paper;
• The entry is indented.

2.3b How to Give the Short Form Footnote of An Article, Essay, or Chapter in an Edited
Volume

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

9. Pittman, “The Epistolary Tradition,” 260.

Note:
• AUTHOR is listed by last name only;
• TITLE of article in a shortened form;
• PAGE number(s) being cited in the paper;
• The entry is indented like a regular footnote

2.3c How to List an Article, Essay, or Chapter in an Edited Volume in a Bibliography

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the
paper, it takes this form:

Pittman, Nancy Claire. “The Epistolary Tradition: James, 1-3 John, 1-2 Peter, Jude.” In
Chalice Introduction to the New Testament, edited by Dennis E. Smith, 254-280. St.
Louis: Chalice, 2004.

Note:
• AUTHOR OF ARTICLE is given last name first, because the bibliography will be
arranged in alphabetical order;
• Punctuation is different: Periods, rather than commas, are used after AUTHOR
and after TITLE OF ARTICLE. Because periods are used, each line of text must
begin with a capital, thus “In” is capitalized;
14
 • “Edited by” is written out rather than abbreviated;
• PAGE NUMBERS are given after the name of the editor. Note that the complete
page numbers for the article must be provided in the bibliography;
• PUBLICATION DATA has no parentheses but otherwise maintains the same
punctuation as in the footnote;
• The format is with hanging indentation.

2.4 Article in a Single-volume Scholarly Dictionary or Encyclopedia

The basic reference data will be presented in the same form as a chapter in an edited
volume – see 2.3 above.

2.4a How to Cite a Scholarly Dictionary or Encyclopedia Article in a Footnote

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

14. John Imbler, “The Louisville Plan,” in The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell
Movement, ed. Douglas A. Foster et al. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004), 497.

The following is incorrect:

14. Douglas A Foster, et al., “The Louisville Plan,” in The Encyclopedia of the Stone-
Campbell Movement (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004), 497.

Note:
• Dictionary authors should be cited by the author of the article, not the editor of
the dictionary;
• The citation form uses “et al.” when there are more than three EDITORS or
AUTHORS. The abbreviation “et al.” stands for et alii, which means “and others.”
Since “al.” is an abbreviation, it is followed by a period. No comma is used
between the name of the first author and “et al.” If there is no “et al.” present
there will be no period after the editor’s name;
• PAGE NUMBERS refer to the material being cited in the paper;
• A full list of AUTHORS is usually included in a scholarly dictionary or
encyclopedia, normally as part of the front matter;
• If no author for the article is provided, then you will have to list the EDITOR in
the position of the author followed by a comma and the abbreviation “ed.”

15
2.4b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for a Single-volume Dictionary or Encyclopedia
Article:

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

15. Imbler, “Louisville Plan,” 497.

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE in a shortened form
of 1 to 3 or 4 key words; PAGE NUMBERS being referenced in the paper;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used.

2.4c How to List a Single-volume Scholarly Dictionary or Encyclopedia Article in the

Bibliography

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the paper,
it takes this form:

Imbler, John. “The Louisville Plan.” In The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement,
edited by Douglas A. Foster et al., 496-97. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004.

Note:
• Complete PAGE NUMBERS for the article are given, and placed before the
publication data;
• AUTHOR is given last name first, because the bibliography will be arranged in
alphabetical order by last name;
• Punctuation is different: periods, rather than commas, are used after AUTHOR
and after TITLE. PUBLICATION DATA has no parentheses but otherwise
maintains the same punctuation as in the footnote;
• The formatting is with hanging indentation.

16
 2.5 Comment in a Study Bible

The basic reference data will be presented in the same form as in 2.4 above.

2.5a How to Cite, in a Footnote, a Comment in a Study Bible

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

16. Dennis C. Duling, “Matthew 6:16,” in The HarperCollins Study Bible, New
Revised Standard Version, ed. Harold W. Attridge et al., rev. ed. (New York:
HarperCollins, 2006), 1,678.

The following is incorrect:

16. Harold W. Attridge, “Matthew 6:16,” in The HarperCollins Study Bible, New Revised
Standard Version (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 1,678.

Note:
• Study Bible comments should be cited by the AUTHOR of the comments, not the
EDITOR of the study Bible;
• AUTHORS of comments are usually listed in the introduction to each biblical
book. Sometimes they are listed in full in the front of the book, and only their
abbreviations are given with the actual article itself.

2.5b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for a Comment in a Study Bible

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

18. Duling, “Matthew 6:16,” 1,678.

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE in a shortened form
of 1 to 3 or 4 key words; PAGE NUMBERS being referenced in the paper;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

17
2.5c How to List a Comment in a Study Bible in the Bibliography

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the
paper, it takes this form:

Duling, Dennis C. “Matthew 6:16.” In The HarperCollins Study Bible, edited by Harold W.
Attridge et al., 1,678. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.

Note:
• AUTHOR is given last name first, because the bibliography will be arranged in
alphabetical order by last name;
• Punctuation is different: periods, rather than commas, are used after AUTHOR
and after TITLE. PUBLICATION DATA has no parentheses but otherwise
maintains the same punctuation as in the footnote;
• The formatting is with hanging indentation.

18
 What Is This?

Multivolume works are titles

2.6 Book in a Series (Sacra Pagina) (SBL 6.2.24)
published in more than one
physical volume and are not
open-ended in nature. In other
“Series” is an arbitrary designation for a set of books
words, there is a finite amount
that have different titles and subtopics but address an
of information and a planned
overall goal set by the authors and publisher. Biblical
end to the project. (By contrast,
commentaries are often published in a series.
a monographic series is open-
ended with no foreseeable end.)
Series editors are often not included in citations
(Turabian 17.1.5). Publisher’s websites often have
A monographic series is a
additional information about series.
group of separate items related
to one another by the fact that,
The basic reference data for a book in a series consists
in addition to its own individual
of the following divisions in this order:
title, each item also bears a
1. AUTHOR: Full name of author, as shown collective title applying to the
on the title page; group as a whole. Monographic
2. TITLE OF BOOK: Complete title as shown series are open-ended in nature
on title page, including subtitle if and do not have a foreseeable
present; end. (By contrast, a multivolume
3. SERIES TITLE; set is not open-ended in nature
4. VOLUME NUMBER (if applicable); and there is a planned end to
5. PUBLICATION DATA. the project.)
The items of the series may or
may not be numbered as part of
the series. A separate item in the
series may itself be a
2.6a How to Cite a Book in a Series in a Footnote multivolume set.1
When the reference data is presented in a footnote For both a series and a
within the paper, it takes this form: multivolume work (MVW) there are
different levels to choose in citing:
23. Raymond F. Collins, First Corinthians, For a MVW you can cite the whole
Sacra Pagina 7 (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, set, a volume in the set (the volume
might be titled or simply
1999), 425-31.
numbered), a chapter in a volume
in the set… All these methods are
Note:
different! Series volumes will
• The TITLE is in italics, but the SERIES TITLE always have a title. With a series a
is not ; single volume or a chapter in the
• Sometimes, but not always, there is a book (if the book has chapters by
volume number with the series title; different authors) would be cited –
citing a series in itself would occur
• The SERIES TITLE is often identified on the
only in a rare circumstance.
back side of the title page of the book at the
bottom of the page under “Library of 1“Frequently Asked Questions,”

Library of Congress, Preassigned Control

19 Number Program, accessed July 10, 2017,
http://www.loc.gov/publish/pcn/faqs/.
 Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data,” or you can find it identified in the
Phillips library online catalog in the listing for the book;
• Sometimes “Press” may be included with the name of the publisher, as here,
since “Liturgical” in this case is an adjective and seems awkward when it stands
alone;
• In some cases, as here, it may be necessary to include both city and state for
the publisher whenever the city alone is not sufficient for clear identification of
the location (Turabian 17.1.6).

2.6b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for a Book in a Series

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

26. Collins, First Corinthians, 432.

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE in a shortened form
of 1 to 3 or 4 key words; PAGE NUMBERS being referenced in the paper;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

2.6c How to List a Book in a Series in the Bibliography

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the
paper, it takes this form:

Collins, Raymond F. First Corinthians. Sacra Pagina 7. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press,
1999.

Note:
• AUTHOR is given last name first, because the bibliography will be arranged in
alphabetical order by last name;
• Punctuation is different: periods, rather than commas, are used after AUTHOR
and after TITLE. PUBLICATION DATA has no parentheses but otherwise
maintains the same punctuation as in the footnote;
• The formatting is with hanging indentation.

20
 2.7 Chapter in a Series Treated as a Multivolume Work (Storyteller’s Companion to
the Bible) (SBL 6.2.23)

This unusual set/series variation follows the multi-volume work pattern. None of its
volumes has a single over-arching author; it is a collection of edited chapters that work as
a whole. There is a series editor. To identify the AUTHOR of the portion of the book you are
citing, you may have to consult the editor’s comments at the beginning of the book, look at
the end of the article, or look for a list of contributors in the table of contents.

The basic reference data for this type of book consists of the following divisions in this
order:

1. AUTHOR OF THE CHAPTER: Full name of author, as found at the end of the
article;
2. TITLE OF THE CHAPTER: In quotes;
3. TITLE OF BOOK: Complete title as shown on title page, including subtitle if
present;
4. VOLUME NUMBER;
5. SERIES TITLE;
6. SERIES EDITOR(S);
7. PUBLICATION DATA.

2.7a How to Cite a Chapter in a Series Treated as a Multivolume Work in a Footnote

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

19. Jo-Ann Jennings, “Luke 1:26-55: Comments on the Story,” in Stories About
Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels, vol. 9 of The Storyteller’s Companion to the Bible, ed.
Dennis E. Smith and Michael E. Williams (Nashville: Abingdon, 2005), 41.

Note:
• Both the TITLE and SERIES TITLES are in italics;
• Observe the footnote indentation and comma punctuation.

2.7b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for a Chapter in a Series Treated as a
Multivolume Work

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

20. Parsons, “Luke 1:26-55,” 40.

21
 Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE of the chapter in a
shortened form of 1 to 3 or 4 key words and in quotes; PAGE NUMBERS being
referenced in the chapter;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

2.7c How to List a Chapter in a Series Treated as a Multivolume Work in the Bibliography

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the
paper, it takes this form:

Jennings, Jo-Ann. “Luke 1:26-55: Comments on the Story.” In Stories about Jesus in the
Synoptic Gospels. Vol. 9 of The Storyteller’s Companion to the Bible, edited by
Dennis E. Smith and Michael E. Williams, 40-42. Nashville: Abingdon, 2005.

Note:
• AUTHOR is given last name first, because the bibliography will be arranged in
alphabetical order by last name;
• Both the TITLE and SERIES TITLES are in italics;
• Punctuation is different: periods, rather than commas, are used after AUTHOR
and after TITLE. PUBLICATION DATA has no parentheses but otherwise
maintains the same punctuation as in the footnote;
• The formatting is with hanging indentation.

2.8 Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work: Book (The Anchor Bible) (SBL 6.2.21)

This MVW is, well, the Bible. The basic reference data will be presented in the same form as
2.1 above.

2.8a How to Cite a Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work in a Footnote

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

8. Raymond E. Brown, The Gospel According to John XIII-XXI, vol. 29a of The Anchor
Bible, William Foxwell Albright and David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1970),
569.

22
 Note:
• The footnote lists both volume and page number cited;
• Both the book title and the multi.

2.8b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for a Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

12. Brown, John XIII-XXI, 570.

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE in a shortened form
of 1 to 3 or 4 key words;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

2.8c How to List a Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work in a Bibliography

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the paper,
it takes this form:

Brown, Raymond E. The Gospel According to John XIII-XXI. Vol. 29a of The Anchor Bible.
Edited by William Foxwell and David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1970.

Note:
• Hanging indentation;
• Period punctuation;
• Both volume and larger work titles are italicized.

23
 2.9 Multivolume Works: Dictionary Article in a Multivolume Work (Anchor Bible
Dictionary) (SBL 6.2.22)

The basic reference data will be presented in the same form as 2.3 above. You will see the
“volume number:page range” pattern for citing the article’s location here.

2.9a How to Cite a Dictionary Article in a Multivolume Work in a Footnote

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

6. Dennis E. Smith, “Table Fellowship,” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel
Freedman, 6 vols. (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 6:303.

Note:
• The footnote lists both volume and page number cited;
• Volume and page are separated by a colon – 6:303 refers to volume 6, page 303;
• The period after vols. is there as part of the abbreviation of volumes, not as a
separator for the citation;
• Footnote indentation.

2.9b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for an Article in a Multivolume Work

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as given
above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

8. Smith, “Table Fellowship,” 6:302.

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE in a shortened form of 1
to 3 or 4 key words; VOLUME and PAGE separated by a colon – 6:302 refers to
volume 6, page 302;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

24
2.9c How to List a Dictionary Article in a Multivolume Work in the Bibliography:

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the paper, it
takes this form:

Smith, Dennis E. “Table Fellowship.” In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel
Freedman, 6 vols., 6:302-04. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Note:
• The bibliography reference provides the complete range of page numbers for the
article cited;
• Hanging indentation;
• Volume and page are separated by a colon – 6:303 refers to volume 6, page 303;
• Period punctuation.

2.10 Article in a Multivolume Work: Article in New Interpreter’s Bible (SBL 6.2.22)

The preferred style at Phillips, as illustrated below, is to cite The New Interpreter’s Bible in
the style we use for a dictionary article, in which the author of the article and title of the
article are listed as the lead author and title. Both volume and page number must be
provided; thus 8:215 refers to volume 8, page 215.

2.10a How to Cite, in a Footnote, an Article in New Interpreter’s Bible

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

20. M. Eugene Boring, “The Gospel of Matthew,” in The New Interpreter’s Bible, ed.
Leander E. Keck, 12 vols. (Nashville: Abingdon, 1995), 8:215.

Note:
• The footnote lists both volume and page number cited;
• Volume and page are separated by a colon – 6:303 refers to volume 6, page 303;
• Footnote indentation;
• The period after vols. is there as part of the abbreviation of volumes, not as a
separator for the citation.

25
2.10b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for an Article in New Interpreter’s Bible

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

8. Boring, “Gospel of Matthew,” 8:201.

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE of the article in a
shortened form of 1 to 3 or 4 key words; VOLUME and PAGE are separated by a
colon – 6:302 refers to volume 6, page 302;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

2.10c How to List, in the Bibliography, an Article in New Interpreter’s Bible

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the paper,
it takes this form:

Boring, M. Eugene. “The Gospel of Matthew.” In The New Interpreter’s Bible, edited by
Leander E. Keck, 12 vols., 8:87-505. Nashville: Abingdon, 1995.

Note:
• The bibliography reference provides the complete page numbers for the article
cited – 8:87-505 refers to volume 8, pages 87-505, which are the page numbers
for the complete article;
• The bibliography reference provides the complete page numbers for the article
cited;
• Hanging indentation;
• Period punctuation.

26
 3. JOURNAL FORMATS

3. Journal Articles (Turabian 7.2)

The basic reference data for a journal article consists of the following divisions in this
order:

1. AUTHOR: Full name of author, as shown on the title page of the article;
2. TITLE OF ARTICLE: Complete title as shown on title page, including subtitle if
present;
3. TITLE OF JOURNAL: Complete title of journal as shown on the journal cover page;
4. PUBLICATION DATA: A journal will normally have a volume number and/or issue
number and a month and/or year of publication;
5. PAGE NUMBERS OF ARTICLE: Since the article is only a portion of the total pages of
the journal edition, the page numbers on which the article is found must be listed;
6. ELECTRONIC journal articles are cited the same as traditional articles with the
addition of a database source or a URL. Accession dates are not required unless a
website source has no recency data.

3.a How to Cite a Journal Article in a Footnote

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

3. Ellen Blue, “When Feminist Theology Becomes Practical Theology: Some

Reflections on its Use in the Pastorate,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 17, no. 2
(Fall 2001): 132-33.

The same article cited as an online resource:

3. Ellen Blue, “When Feminist Theology Becomes Practical Theology: Some
Reflections on its Use in the Pastorate,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 17, no. 2
(Fall 2001): 132-33, ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost.

An example of an article retrieved from the publisher’s website.

12. Jodi Magness, “Ossuaries and the Burial of Jesus and James,” Journal of
Biblical Literature 124, no. 1 (2005): 122-23,
http://jbl.metapress.com/content/R7167865224774M1.

Note:
• The footnote is indented;
• AUTHOR is followed by comma;
• TITLE OF ARTICLE is followed by a comma and is in quotation marks;
27
 • TITLE OF JOURNAL is in italics;
• PUBLICATION DATA includes the volume and issue number of journal separated
by a comma, then the month (or season) and year of issue in parentheses
followed by colon, and finally the page numbers being referenced in the paper.
• DATABASE source is listed at the end. Accession dates are no longer required.

3.b How to Give the Short Form Footnote of a Journal Article

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form. The form is the
same for hard-copy and electronic journals:
4. Blue, “Feminist Theology,” 135.

Note:
• AUTHOR’s last name only;
• TITLE, in a shortened form of 1-3 key words;
• The ARTICLE title, not journal title, is used, and is placed in quotation marks;
• PAGE NUMBERS being referenced in the paper;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as the footnote.

3.c How to List a Journal Article in the Bibliography:

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the
paper, it takes this form:

Blue, Ellen. “When Feminist Theology Becomes Practical Theology: Some Reflections
on its Use in the Pastorate.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 17, no. 2 (Fall
2001): 131-42.

Same article cited as an online resource:

Blue, Ellen. “When Feminist Theology Becomes Practical Theology: Some Reflections
on its Use in the Pastorate.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 17, no. 2 (Fall
2001): 131-42. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost.

An example of an article retrieved from a publisher’s website:

Magness, Jodi. “Ossuaries and the Burials of Jesus and James.” Journal of Biblical
Literature 124, no.1 (2005): 122-23.
http://jbl.metapress.com/content/R7167865224774M1.
28
Note:
• The data is presented in the same order as in a footnote with three changes:
o AUTHOR is given last name first, because the bibliography will be
arranged in alphabetical order;
o Punctuation is different: periods, rather than commas, are used after
AUTHOR and after TITLE;
o The bibliography includes COMPLETE PAGE NUMBERS for the article, not
just the pages cited in the paper, are listed in the footnote;
o The formatting is with hanging indentation.
o DATABASE source is listed at the end as either a name or URL.

29
 4. HOW TO CITE LECTURE NOTES OR TEXT (Turabian 17.7.2)

The order of references:

1. Name of speaker/instructor;
2. Title of lecture/presentation;
3. Document format (lecture, lecture notes);
3. Sponsorship/location;
4. Date;
5. Electronic location if other than personal notes.

4.a How to Cite a Lecture in a Footnote:

24. Susanna Southard, “Third Week: Lecture on Moabitic Mathematical Models

Found in Women’s Red Tents,” lecture, Phillips Theological Seminary, Tulsa, Oklahoma,
April 20th, 2016, Moodle.

Note:
• Indentation;
• Use of comma punctuation;
• Hanging indentation.

4.b How to Give the Short Form Footnote of a Lecture

29. Southard, “Third Week.”

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only if present; TITLE in a
shortened form of 1 to 3 or 4 key words;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

4.c How to List a Lecture in the Bibliography:

Southard, Susanna. “Third Week: Lecture on Moabitic Mathematical Models Found in

Women’s Red Tents.” Lecture. Phillips Theological Seminary, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
April 20th, 2016. Moodle.

Note:
• Use of period punctuation;
• Hanging indentation.
30
 5. HOW TO CITE A WEBSITE ARTICLE (Turabian 17.7.1)

Some of the facts of publication are occasionally missing in website publications:

The order of references:

1. AUTHOR of the entry if available;
2. TITLE of article (in quotation marks);
3. NAME/TITLE of the website that is publishing/posting the article;
4. Owner/Sponsor of the website if different from the name;
5. DATE of posting;
6. ACCESSION date – needed only if there is no way to determine the posting or last-
modified date;
7. URL.

5.a How to Cite a Website Article in a Footnote:

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

12. “Poor Peoples’ Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival,” Christian
Church (Disciples of Christ), accessed June 5, 2018,
https://disciples.org/resources/justice/poor-peoples-campaign/.

16. “Phillips Theological Seminary to Assume Operations of Mid-America Center

for Ministry,” Phillips Theological Seminary, Spring 2017,
http://ptstulsa.edu/ministrycenter.
Note:
• The footnote is indented;
• Some facts of publication are missing (no AUTHOR’s name is given to cite);
• Observe the comma punctuation;
• TITLE OF ARTICLE is in quotation marks;
• Accession date is included in the case of the absence of an article posting date;
• The URL is listed;
• The “h” in “http” is not capitalized.

5.b How to Give the Short Form Footnote of a Website Article

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

31
 11. “Phillips to Assume Operations.”

14. “Poor Peoples’ Campaign.”

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only if present; TITLE in a
shortened form of 1 to 3 or 4 key words;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

5.c How to List a Website Article in the Bibliography

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the
paper, it takes this form:

“Poor Peoples’ Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival.” Christian Church
(Disciples of Christ). Accessed June 5, 2018.
https://disciples.org/resources/justice/poor-peoples-campaign/.

“Phillips Theological Seminary to Assume Operations of Mid-America Center for

Ministry.” Phillips Theological Seminary. Spring 2017.
http://ptstulsa.edu/ministrycenter.

Note:
• Observe the hanging indentation;
• Observe the period punctuation;
• AUTHOR, if present, is listed by last name;
• TITLE OF ARTICLE is in quotation marks;
• TITLE OF WEBSITE is in italics;
• Accession date is included due to the absence of the article posting date;
• URL is listed;
• The “h” in “http” is not capitalized.

32
 6. HOW TO CITE A BLOG (Turabian 17.5.2)

Blogs are less formal and treated in a manner similar to newspaper articles.

The order of references:

1. AUTHOR of the entry;
2. TITLE of article (in quotation marks);
3. NAME/TITLE of the blog (in italics);
4. DATE of posting;
5. DATE accessed only if there is no posting or last-modified date;
6. URL.

6.a How to Cite a Blog in a Footnote:

When the reference data is presented in a footnote within the paper, it takes this form:

9. Guest [Sarah Morice Brubaker], “Guest Blog (Sarah Morice Brubaker): Enter
the Tenthers,” Oklahoma Policy Institute, February 12, 2013,
http://okpolicy.org/guestblog-sarah-morice-brubaker-enter-the-tenthers/.

Note:
• The footnote is indented;
• Observe the comma punctuation;
• If not listed in the byline, real AUTHOR name is put in brackets if known;
• TITLE OF ARTICLE is in quotation marks;
• TITLE OF BLOG is in italics;
• The DATE the blog was posted;
• URL is listed;
• The “h” in “http” is not capitalized.

6.b How to Give the Short Form Footnote of a Blog:

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as
given above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

11. Morice Brubaker, “Enter the Tenthers.”

Note:
• The short title will contain: AUTHOR, last name only; TITLE in a shortened form
of 1 to 3 or 4 key words;
• Each time the work is cited with a short title, the same version of the short title
33
 should be used;
• The indentation is the same as a regular footnote.

6.c How to List a Blog in the Bibliography:

When the reference data is presented in the bibliography located at the end of the
paper, it takes this form:

Morice Brubaker, Sarah. “Guest Blog (Sarah Morice Brubaker): Enter the Tenthers.”
Oklahoma Policy Institute. February 12, 2013. http://okpolicy.org/guestblog-
sarah-morice-brubaker-enter-the-tenthers/.

Note:
• Phillips prefers a bibliography listing of such items, even though Turabian
17.5.2 says it is optional;
• Observe the hanging indentation;
• Observe the period punctuation;
• AUTHOR is listed by last name;
• TITLE OF ARTICLE is in quotation marks;
• TITLE OF BLOG is in italics;
• The DATE the blog was posted;
• URL is listed;
• The “h” in “http” is not capitalized.

34
 7. SOCIAL MEDIA (Turabian 17.5.3)

7.a How to List Social Media in a Footnote:

According to Turabian 9th social media posts should only appear in footnotes, not in the
bibliography, unless they are critical to the argument made.

Include as much as possible:

• Author (if known);
• Screen name in parentheses;
• Text of post (up to 160 characters);
• Social networking service;
• Date, down to the time-stamp if necessary;
• URL

32. Phillips Theological Seminary, “We’ve had lots of people at Tulsa Pride
today signing our ‘What does pride mean to you?’ banner, Facebook, June 2, 2018,
4:24 p.m., https://www.facebook.com/PhillipsSeminary/.

47. Phillips Seminary, (@phillipstheosem), “An Iconic Moment – ELCA Synod

Elects First Female African-American Bishop,” Twitter, May 8, 2018,
https://twitter.com/phillipstheosem?lang=en.

Note:
• The indentation of the first line;
• 160 characters of CONTENT in quotes;
• Comma punctuation.

7.b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for Social Media:

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as given
above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

36. Phillips Seminary, “We’ve had lots of people.”

49. Phillips Seminary, “An Iconic Moment.”

Note:
• Only the AUTHOR’s last name (if available) is listed;
35
 • The CONTENT is shortened to the first 3-4 words and placed in quotation marks.

7.c How to List Social Media in a Bibliography:

Phillips Theological Seminary. “We’ve had lots of people at Tulsa Pride today
signing our ‘What does pride mean to you?’ banner. Facebook, June 2, 2018,
4:24 p.m. https://www.facebook.com/PhillipsSeminary/.

Phillips Seminary. (@phillipstheosem). “An Iconic Moment – ELCA Synod Elects

First Female African-American Bishop.” Twitter, May 8, 2018.
https://twitter.com/phillipstheosem?lang=en.

Note:
• Hanging indentation.
• Author’s last name is listed first if it is a personal name;
• CONTENTS of the communication is in quotes;
• Social networking service;
• URL;
• There is period punctuation between elements (with the exception of between
networking service and date).

36
 8. AUDIOBOOKS AND SOUND RECODINGS OF LECTURES AND LITERATURE

Some audio citations will have the possible addition of crediting a performer; otherwise
the citation will be similar to corresponding works in print or text in electronic format. The
general type of media is included in the citation, for example: podcast, cassette, CD, or LP.
There is no need to report technical format details such as MP3, AAC, or WMA as files are
often converted. Keep in mind the purpose of a citation is to lead your reader back to the
work that you have used.

8.1 E-Reader Audio

Audio on an e-reader (such as Kindle) is robotically converted, so there is no need to be

concerned with citing a performer. Please include locator designations – they function
similarly to page numbers – in footnotes.

8.1a How to Cite E-Reader Audio in a Footnote

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote:

3. Phyllis Trible, God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality (Philadelphia: Fortress,

1978), 288-90, Kindle, 56-68.
Note:
• The indentation of the first line;
• The comma after the AUTHOR’s name;
• TITLE in italics (no comma after);
• PUBLICATION DATA in parentheses, followed by a comma;
• PAGE NUMBERS/LOCATOR NUMBERS – if applicable – being referenced in the
paper, ending with a period and without a “p;”
• A footnote reference follows the model of a sentence; that is, it contains; no periods
within the reference itself but only at the end of the reference.

8.1b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for E-Reader Audio

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as given
above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

3. Trible, God and the Rhetoric, 56-69.

37
Note:
• Only the author’s last name is listed;
• The title is shortened to 3-4 significant words;
• No publication data is listed, just the locator data.

8.1c How to List E-Reader Audio in a Bibliography

Trible, Phyllis. God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978.
Kindle.

Note:
• The AUTHOR name is listed last name first;
• There is period punctuation between elements;
• Hanging indentation.

8.2 Podcasts, Moodle Audio, and Streaming Audio (17.10.3.3)

8.2a How to Cite a Podcast etc. in a Footnote

1. Luke Norsworthy, host, “Barbara Brown Taylor: Learning to Walk in the Dark,”
Newsworthy with Norsworthy Podcast, April 21, 2014, podcast,
https://lukenorsworthy.com/2014/04/21/barbara-brown-taylor-learning-to-walk-in-the-
dark/.

14. Susanna Southard, “Hebrew Language Distinctions Between Hard-Scrabble and

Hard Scrabble from the Controversial Game Scroll Fragment,” Phillips Theological
Seminary, Tulsa, OK, April 20, 2016, audio lecture, Moodle.

Southard, Susanna. “Hebrew Language Distinctions Between Hard-Scrabble and Hard

Scrabble from the Controversial Game Scroll Fragment.” Phillips Theological
Seminary, Tulsa, OK. April 20, 2016. Audio lecture. Moodle.
Note:
• The addition of the podcast host, if present, to the author section;
• The episode/lecture title in quotations;
• Podcast name not in italics or quotes;
• Institutional host location if relevant;
• Posting date;
• Expression (podcast, audio lecture)
• URL or platform (Moodle);

38
 • The indentation of the first line;
• The comma punctuation;
• Period at the end.

8.2b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for a Podcast

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as given
above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

3. Norsworthy, “Barbara Brown Taylor.”

17. Southard, “Hebrew Language Distinctions.”

Note:
• The indentation of the first line;
• The use of only the host’s last name;
• The comma punctuation;
• 3-4 words for the title of the episode (still in quotations);
• Episode/lecture title, not podcast title, is used;
• Period at the end.

8.2c How to List a Podcast in a Bibliography

Norsworthy, Luke. Host. “Barbara Brown Taylor: Learning to Walk in the Dark.”
Newsworthy with Norsworthy Podcast. Podcast.
https://lukenorsworthy.com/2014/04/21/barbara-brown-taylor-learning-to-walk-
in-the-dark/.

Southard, Susanna. “Hebrew Language Distinctions Between Hard-Scrabble and Hard

Scrabble from the Controversial Game Scroll Fragment.” Phillips Theological
Seminary, Tulsa, OK. April 20, 2016. Audio lecture. Moodle.

Note:
• The podcast host, if present, to the author section last name first;
• The episode/lecture title in quotations;
• Podcast name not in italics or quotes;
• Institutional location if relevant;
• Posting date;
• Expression (podcast, audio lecture);

39
 • URL or platform (Moodle);
• Hanging indentation of the first line;
• The period punctuation.

8.3 Audio CD

Audio CDs can come as single or multiple discs. Some players can report run-time, others
can only report tracks.

8.3a How to Cite Audio CD in a Footnote

4. Bart Ehrman, The New Testament (Springfield, VA: The Teaching Co., 2001), 12
CDs, disc 2.

Note:
• The indentation of the first line;
• The comma after the AUTHOR’s name;
• TITLE in italics (no comma after);
• PUBLICATION DATA in parentheses, followed by a comma;
• LOCATOR NUMBERS here refer to the discs;
• A footnote reference follows the model of a sentence; that is, it contains no periods
within the reference itself but only at the end of the reference.

8.3b How to Give the Short Form Footnote of an Audio CD

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as given
above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

8. Ehrman, The New Testament, disc 2.

Note:
• Only the AUTHOR’s last name is listed;
• The TITLE is shortened to 3-4 significant words;
• No publication data is listed, just the locator data.

40
8.3c How to List an Audio CD in a Bibliography

Ehrman, Bart. The New Testament. Springfield, VA: The Teaching Co. 2001.
12 CDs.

Note:
• The AUTHOR name is listed last name first;
• There is period punctuation between elements;
• Hanging indentation.

8.4 LP

8.4a How to Cite Audio LP in a Footnote

Mission Singers, Disco-Teach, performed by The Mission Singers (Abingdon Press,

1971), 33⅓ rpm, 6 LPs, LP 1.

Note:
• The indentation of the first line;
• The comma after the AUTHOR’s (performer’s here) name;
• The use of the vocal group as the AUTHOR;
• TITLE in italics (no comma after);
• The addition of the performer(s) after the TITLE;
• PUBLICATION DATA in parentheses, followed by a comma;
• LOCATOR NUMBERS here refer to the discs;
• A footnote reference follows the model of a sentence; that is, it contains; no periods
within the reference itself but only at the end of the reference.

8.4b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for an Audio LP

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as given
above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

Mission Singers, Disco-Teach, LP 1.

Note:
• The performer-as-author is listed;
• The TITLE is shortened to 3-4 significant words;
41
 • No publication data is listed, just the locator data.

8.4c How to List an Audio LP in a Bibliography

Mission Singers. Disco-Teach. Performed by The Mission Singers. Abingdon Press,

1971. 33⅓ rpm. 6 LPs.

. Note:
• The performer-as-author name is listed without reversing any words;
• There is period punctuation between elements;
• Hanging indentation.

8.5 Audio Cassette

8.5a How to Cite Audio Cassette in a Footnote

8. Pheme Perkins, The Parables of Jesus (Kansas City, MO: National Catholic
Reporter Publishing Co., 1980), 5 audio cassettes, cassette 2.

Note:
• The indentation of the first line;
• The comma after the AUTHOR’s name;
• TITLE in italics (no comma after);
• PUBLICATION DATA in parentheses, followed by a comma;
• LOCATOR NUMBERS here refer to the cassettes;
• A footnote reference follows the model of a sentence; that is, it contains; no periods
within the reference itself but only at the end of the reference.

8.5b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for an Audio Cassette

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as given
above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

12. Pheme Perkins, The Parables of Jesus, cassette 2.

Note:
• Only the AUTHOR’s last name is listed;

42
 • The TITLE is shortened to 3-4 significant words;
• No publication data is listed, just the locator data.

8.5c How to List an Audio Cassette in a Bibliography

Perkins, Pheme. The Parables of Jesus. Kansas City, MO: National Catholic Reporter
Publishing Co., 1980. 5 audio cassettes.

Note:
• The AUTHOR name is listed last name first;
• There is period punctuation between elements;
• Hanging indentation.

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 9. VIDEO FORMATS

9.1 Movies

Include as much as possible in this order:

• TITLE of the work;
• Director;
• Production or distribution STUDIO;
• DATE created or published;
• MEDIUM or URL

9.1a How to Cite a Movie in a Footnote

14. The Mission, Directed by Roland Joffé (Warner Brothers, 1986), DVD (2003).

3. Gran Torino, Directed by Clint Eastwood (Matten Productions, 2008),

https://www.netflixmovies.com/gran-torino-2008.

Note:
• The indentation of the first line;
• TITLE in italics
• Director listing after the title;
• Production company and copyright date in parentheses;
• PUBLICATION DATA in parentheses, followed by a comma;
• Medium or URL for online source;
• Copyright date of the medium production if different from the movie itself.

9.1b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for a Movie:

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as given
above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

12. Gran Torino, Eastwood.

Note:
• Title, director order.
44
 9.1c How to List Movie in a Bibliography

You can choose whether or not to list the movie by title or director.

The Mission. Directed by Roland Joffé. Warner Brothers, 1986. DVD, 2003.
or
Joffé, Roland, dir. The Mission. Warner Brothers, 1986. DVD 2003.

Gran Torino. Directed by Clint Eastwood. Matten Productions, 2008.

https://www.netflixmovies.com/gran-torino-2008.
or
Eastwood, Clint, dir. Gran Torino. Matten Productions, 2008.
https://www.netflixmovies.com/gran-torino-2008.

Note:
• Hanging indentation.
• Director’s last name is listed first if the director is the main listing element;
• There is period punctuation between elements;

9.2 Videos and Moodle Video

9.2a How to List a Video in a Footnote:

16. “Christianity’s Betrayal of Jesus-Brandon Scott,” LivingtheQuestions,
September 3, 2008, video interview, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBYQ1zIqCVw.

22. Karen Armstrong, “My Wish: The Charter for Compassion,” filmed March 2008,
TED video,
https://www.ted.com/talks/karen_armstrong_makes_her_ted_prize_wish_the_charter_fo
r_compassion.

2. Susanna Southard, “Evidences of Iron Age Baseball from the Negev” Phillips
Theological Seminary, April 20, 2016, video of lecture, Moodle.

Note:
• The indentation of the first line;
• Author of the episode/lecture;
• TITLE of the episode/lecture in quotes;
• Sponsoring institution;
45
 • Filming or posting date;
• Format (lecture video, TED Talk);
• URL, commercial database, or platform.

9.2b How to Give the Short Form Footnote for a Video:

The first citation of a source in the footnotes should contain the full footnote form as given
above. All subsequent citations should use the short title form:

“Christianity’s Betrayal.”
Armstrong, “My Wish.”
Southard, “Evidences of Iron Age Baseball.”
Note:
• Only the AUTHOR’s last name (if available) is listed;
• The TITLE is shortened to 3-4 significant words;
• No publication data is listed.

9.2c How to List a Video in a Bibliography:

“Christianity’s Betrayal of Jesus-Brandon Scott.” LivingtheQuestions. September 3, 2008.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBYQ1zIqCVw.

Armstrong, Karen. “My Wish: The Charter for Compassion.” Filmed March 2008.
TED video. https://www.ted.com/talks/karen_armstrong_makes
Her_ted-_prize_wish_the charter_for_compassion.

Southard, Susanna. “Evidences of Iron Age Baseball from the Negev.” Phillips Theological
Seminary. April 20, 2016. Video of lecture. Moodle.

Note:
• Hanging indentation.
• Author’s last name is listed first;
• TITLE of the lecture in quotes;
• Sponsoring institution;
• Filming or posting date;
• Format (lecture video, TED Talk);
• URL or commercial database;
• Period punctuation.

46
 10. HOW TO CITE BOOKS OF THE BIBLE

When giving a direct quotation from the Bible, the book, chapter, and verse should be
given in the body of the paper, in the following order:

1. The quotation itself; but if the quotation includes a period at the end of the
sentence, do not include it yet;
2. Closing quotation marks;
3. The biblical reference in parentheses, including the abbreviated name of the
translation;
4. The period at the end of the sentence: the biblical reference should be outside the
quotation, but within the sentence which ends with a period.

Below is an example of a correct biblical reference:

“For all who eat and drink without discerning the body, eat and drink judgment
against themselves” (1 Cor 11:29 NRSV).

10.1 When to use the full name of the biblical book:

Use the full name of the biblical book in the following two instances:

• When you refer to the book without chapter and verse;

• When the name of the biblical book comes at the beginning of a sentence.

The following is correct:

First Corinthians 11:29 is a crucial text.

The following is incorrect because the name of the biblical book comes at the
beginning of a sentence:

1 Corinthians 11:29 is a crucial text.

10.2 When to use the abbreviation of the biblical book:

Use the abbreviation of the biblical book:

• In all instances (except at the beginning of the sentence) when chapter and verse

47
 are given;
• In all instances of citations in parentheses and footnotes;
• When more than one translation is cited in a work, indicate with an abbreviation
which translation is being used.

10.3 Punctuation of abbreviations of the biblical book:

Note that abbreviations for biblical books do not require a period and are not
italicized.

The following examples are correct:

The passage in 1 Cor 11 is often considered crucial.
The passage, 1 Cor 11:29, is often considered crucial.

The following example is incorrect, because the reference occurs at the beginning of the
sentence:

1 Cor 11:29 is a crucial text.

10.4 SBL Abbreviations for Biblical Books:

These abbreviations differ from Turabian 24.6. They are the abbreviations
recommended by Phillips.

Genesis Gen Micah Mic

Exodus Exod Nahum Nah
Leviticus Lev Habakkuk Hab
Numbers Num Zephaniah Zeph
Deuteronomy Deut Haggai Hag
Joshua Josh Zechariah Zech
Judges Judg Malachi Mal
Ruth Ruth
1-2 Samuel 1-2 Sam Matthew Matt
1-2 Kings 1-2 Kgs Mark Mark
48
1-2 Chronicles 1-2 Chr Luke Luke
Ezra Ezra John John
Nehemiah Neh Acts Acts
Esther Esth Romans Rom
Job Job 1-2 Corinthians 1-2 Cor
Psalms Ps (plural=Pss) Galatians Gal
Proverbs Prov Ephesians Eph
Ecclesiastes Eccl Philippians Phil
Song of Songs Song Colossians Col
Isaiah Isa 1-2 1-2 Thess
Thessalonians
Jeremiah Jer 1-2 Timothy 1-2 Tim
Lamentations Lam Titus Titus
Ezekiel Ezek Philemon Phlm
Daniel Dan Hebrews Heb
Hosea Hos James Jas
Joel Joel 1-2 Peter 1-2 Pet
Amos Amos 1-3 John 1-2-3 John
Obadiah Obad Jude Jude
Jonah Jonah Revelation Rev

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 11. AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

The following passage is a direct quotation from Chalice Introduction to the New Testament,
page 58:

Scholars often explain the connection between Paul’s theology and its
practical, ecclesiological application by using the terminology of “indicative” and
“imperative.” The “indicative” refers to the present, already-accomplished status of
the believer – what he or she has come to by virtue of baptism and incorporation
into the body of Christ. The “imperative” refers to what remains to be done, to the
life of discipleship as it is to be lived out. For Paul, the former (“indicative”)
grounds or gives rise to the latter (“imperative”). The shape of discipleship is in
large measure determined by one’s new Christian status. This heuristic model is
by no means unambiguous. As Paul’s letters attest, there were substantive
disagreements among early Christians about the nature of the indicative, with
subsequent divergence on the character of discipleship. With many different
answers to “What has God done?” (Depending on one’s perspective and social
location) there were many ideas about “What shall we do?”

In this section, you will see two examples (11.1 and 11.2) where this passage is used in ways
that constitute clear plagiarism, followed by one example of an appropriate use of this
passage.

11.1 Using Exact Phrases Without Quotation Marks

In the example below, the author uses exact phrases from the original without quotation
marks:

The connection between Paul’s theology and its practical application is explained
by using the terminology of “indicative” and “imperative.” The “indicative” refers to
the present status of the believer. The “imperative refers to the life of discipleship
1
as it is to be lived out. For Paul, the “indicative” gives rise to the “imperative.”

Note that this author is practicing plagiarism, even though the source is footnoted:

1. Rod Parrott, “Paul as Missionary/Pastor: Corinthian Correspondence,

Philippians, Philemon,” in Chalice Introduction to the New Testament, ed. Dennis E.
Smith (St. Louis: Chalice, 2004), 58.

50
11.2 Overusing Direct Quotations from the Original

In the following example, the author overuses direct quotations from the original, to the
point that the paragraph contains little, if any, work by the supposed writer of the paper.
Note that this author is practicing plagiarism, even though the source is footnoted.

“Scholars often explain the connection between Paul’s theology and its
practical, ecclesiological application by using the terminology of ‘indicative’
and ‘imperative.’ The ‘indicative’ refers to the present, already-accomplished
status of the believer -- what he or she has come to by virtue of baptism and
incorporation into the body of Christ. The ‘imperative’ refers to what remains
to be done, to the life of discipleship as it is to be lived out. For Paul, the
2
former (‘indicative’) grounds or gives rise to the latter (‘imperative’).”

31. Rod Parrott, “Paul as Missionary/Pastor: Corinthian Correspondence,

Philippians, Philemon,” in Chalice Introduction to the New Testament, ed. Dennis E.
Smith (St. Louis: Chalice, 2004), 58.

11.3 Appropriate Use of Source Material

The passage below is an example of correct form and style, because the gist of the
original source is presented, but it is in the words of the writer of the paper:

According to scholars, Paul’s “imperative,” which refers to his instructions for

Christians on how to live, was seen by Paul to be derived from the “indicative” of God’s
grace.31

31. Rod Parrott, “Paul as Missionary/Pastor: Corinthian Correspondence,

Philippians, Philemon,” in Chalice Introduction to the New Testament, ed. Dennis E. Smith (St.
Louis: Chalice, 2004), 58.

51