ELECTIVE-I

TOWN PLANNING

BY
1
Mr. S.P.SHARMA
ASST. PROF.
SYCET, AURANGABAD
 UNIT 1
HISTORY OF TOWN
PLANNING & PRINCIPLES
OF PLANNING

2
1. Planning Age:
 Defence planning –National level
 Regional, Urban, Rural planning- State level
 Family planning- Domestic level
12th Five Year Development Plan (2012-2017)
1. To create 50 million new work opportunities in the non-farm
sector.
2. To remove gender and social gap in school enrolment.
3. To enhance access to higher education.
4. To reduce malnutrition among children aged 0-3 years.
5. To provide electricity to all villages.
6. To ensure that 50% of rural population have accesses to proper
drinking water.
7. To increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year
8. To provide access to banking services to 90% households. 3
2. Planning:

 Planning means pre-thinking and pre-arranging

things before an event takes place so has to achieve
good results in health, convenience, comfort and
happiness of all living beings
 Can eradicate the mistakes of the past & be wiser in
future

4
 What is Town Planning?
 A process concern with the,
-Use of land
-Connectivity between various land uses
-Use of the environment and natural resources
 Why –
-Development of any city requires lot of time and effort
 Also known as –
-Urban & regional planning
-City planning 5

-Rural planning
 Town Planning
The term ‘Town Planning’ is indicate arrangement of
various components or units of town in such a way that
the town as such attains the significance of living
organism.
Or
It is considered as an art of shaping and guiding the
physical growth of town creating buildings and
environments to meet the various needs such as social,
cultural, economic and recreational etc to provide
healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to work
and to play or relax, thus bringing about social and
economic well being for majority of mankind. 6
 It also includes ways and means to be adopted for
improvement/extension of the existing towns
 It helps in achieving the best possible advantages of
situation of town w.r.t its land and surrounding
environment
 “A city should be built to give its inhabitants
security and happiness” - Aristotle
 “A place where men had a common life for a noble
end” – Plato 7
 Town Planning demands Active imagination
 Understanding of various needs of society
 Town planner has to Carry out researches
 Prepare layout plans
 Converting the town from an inert & lifeless object
to a complex organic body that pulses with life
 Final results shall be in such a way that, it should be
appreciated by all the sectors of public
 A well planned town carries out its activities in 8a
normal way like a living organism
Ancient Art & Science

9
 What Town Planning involves...
 Research & Analysis
 Strategic planning
 Architecture
 Design
 Public and stakeholder consultation
 Implementation
 Management
10
You can become...
 An Town/urban planner
 A transport engineer
 A traffic engineer
 Professional in the city – focused firm
 Skill set you need
 GIS
 Transport & Traffic principles
 Planning philosophies
11

 Laws & by-laws

 Developing job opportunities

 Smart Cities
 AMRUT
 Housing for all......

12
 Objectives of any Town Planning
 To achieve development is an orderly fashion
 Segregates incompatible land uses
 Account for future needs
 Shaping city through effective land and ecosystem
development

13
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF TOWN PLANNING

AIM
To create a liveable, healthy, smart and self sufficient
place (environment ) to live, work and enjoy.

The four essential objectives are,

1. Beauty
2. Convenience
3. Environment
4. Health 14
1.Beauty:

 Is achieved by taking advantages of natural

conditions,
 Includes preservation of trees and natural greenery
 Architectural control on public as well as semi-public
buildings, ancient architectural buildings, temples,
Churches, Mosques, building of cultural and historical
significance
15
2. Convenience:
 Provisions of basic amenities for public consummation
 Such as Social, Economical, Cultural and Recreational
amenities
 Water supply, Sanitation, Electricity, Post, Telegraph,
gas
 Industrial, commercial, business enterprises to
encourage them with in trade with cheap power,
transport services, drainage, waste management, etc
 Recreational amenities: Open spaces, parks, gardens,
and playgrounds for children & town halls, stadiums,
community centres, cinema houses, theatres for adults
16
3. Environment:

 Man can go for his normal activities with least amount

of strain
 Complex problems of modern society such as tiresome
travel to work, long hours of work, limited time spent
within the community etc
 Town planning is mainly concerned with bringing
better relation between man and his environment
17
4. Health:

 To create & promote healthy conditions and

environments for all people
 To make right use of land for right purpose
 Providing parks and playgrounds
 Minimizing pollution
 Proper zoning such as Residential, Commercial,
Institutional & Recreational, Industrial... etc
18
 Principles of Town Planning
1. Housing
2. Public Buildings
3. Recreation Centers
4. Road systems
5. Transport facilities
6. Zoning
7. Green Belt
19
 There should be no haphazard (laissez faire) method
in planning process
1. Housing
 Provide housing accommodation to various
categories (Classes) of people
 Discourage creation of slums
2. Public Buildings
 Should be well balanced grouping and distribution of
various public buildings
 Distribution of public buildings throughout the town
20
4. Recreation Centres

 Depending upon size of town, enough space should

be reserved for the development as recreation centres

5. Road System

 Efficiency of any town is measured by layout of its

roads
 Faulty road system proves to be too difficult & costly
to repair and to re-arrange in future
21
6. Zoning
 Town should be divided into suitable zones such as
residential, commercial, industrial zones, etc with
suitable rules & regulations

7. Green Belt

 Provide green belt on the periphery of town result

in the limitation of its size & hence, the final size of
the town can well be anticipated
22
 Necessity of Town Planning
In the absence of town planning, a town has to face
many evil situations
 Defective road system resulting in the formation of
narrow street & lanes
 Heavy traffic congestion
 Development of slums & squatter settlement
 Inadequate of open spaces such as park and grounds
23
 Uncomfortable journey from place of residence to
place of work
 Lack of essential amenities such as electricity, water
supply, drainage, sanitation
 Haphazard location of industries
 Noisy atmosphere disturbing the piece of city dwellers
 Uncontrolled development of town
 Unhealthy living conditions

24
 Distribution of Land Use
Any town possesses the following 5 distinct parts
1. Town Centre
2. Industrial area
3. Residential area
4. Open space
5. Town periphery

25
1. Town Centre
 It indicates central area containing commercial and
administrative blocks, theatres, big temples,
principal library, museum…etc
2. Industrial Area
 The manufacturing industries of goods are located
3. Residential Area
 For providing residential accommodation to
inhabitants of town
 It contains small shops, primary schools, gardens,
26

small service industries

4. Open Spaces
 It is allotted to a network of roads, parks and
playgrounds and in fact it indicates land which is
substantially left in its natural state for the benefit of
people
5. Town Periphery
 It indicates the land which is located on the boundary of
town and which is directly influenced by a town
 It is not considered as a part of town
 The town periphery includes market, gardens, Nurseries,
27

golf courses…etc
Fundamental of Town and Country Planning

According planning authority, there are five forms of

planning:
1. Local planning (town planning)
2. Country planning
3. Regional planning
4. National planning
5. International planning
28
1. Local planning (town planning)

 Development of plan of city or town is prepared by

keeping in view of local conditions
 Aims at proper distribution of Population densities,
Regulation of traffic, location of Shopping &
Recreation centres, provision of Green belts, suitable
division of area in various Zones
 Local planning influenced by economic conditions &
finances available for the development of town 29
2. Country planning
 Area surrounding a town cannot be allowed to develop
in haphazard way
 Rural planning is necessary for proper functioning of
town
 Linked with suitable transport facilities
 Encouragement should be given for the growth of
various village industries such as Dairy, Poultry
farming, Basket and rope making, weaving on
manually operated looms
 Industries supplemented by mechanical aids
 Proper balance between agriculture & industry
 Country planning & town planning are
30
complementary to each other
3. Regional planning

 Planning of much larger unit than a town called

‘Region’
 Same principles of planning
 Region includes territory lying within easy reach of
15 to 50 km & containing no of villages & township
 Helps to develop region in co-ordinated manner
 Deals with planning of regional highways, regional
transport, regional water supply, drainage...etc
 Overall development of town, villages, in the region
& provides site for new town for rehabilitation for
displaced persons from main city
31
4. National planning
 Planning process is done on National level
 It considers the resources, potentialities in different
fields of nation as whole
 Helps to utilize the national resources in best
possible way for development of nation
 Works of national importance such as Railways,
Irrigation, Heavy-industries, Hydro-electric
works
32

 Five years plan

5. International planning
 Establishment of United Nations Organization
(UNO)
 Various agencies appointed by UNO conduct surveys
in various fields of human life such as education,
health, housing, food...etc
 Study of such surveys helps in finding out remedies
& solution at international level

33
34
 DUTIES OF TOWN PLANNING
OFFICER
 Conduct surveys & collect data for carrying future
development schemes
 Public place demarcation
 Plot distribution
 Estimating and costing
 Compensation against acquisition
 Cess against benefits
 Act as expert valuator and financial advisor
 Guard interest of citizen
35
 Origin of Towns
1. Stone age
2. Bronze age
3. Iron age
Savage –rock caves

36
37
Types of Towns
 If a survey is carried out regarding the origin of some
of the important exiting towns and cities of the world,
it can be easily established that any town or city has
originated because of certain specific causes.
 The contributing forces for the origin of towns and
cities can be broadly divided into two categories,
namely, topographical and functional.
38
The factors distinguish one from another are;
1. Location (Topographical features)
2. Function
3. Shape
4. Size

39
1. Location of Town (Topographical Features)
The topographical features contributing to the origin
of towns are as follows:
1. Conditions favourable for industrial units
2. Hilly areas to achieve the object of defence
3. Plain areas useful for business activities
4. River banks, and
5. Sea or oceans fronts.
40
2. Function of Town
The functional aspects responsible for the origin od
towns are as follows:
1. Education
2. Health resorts
3. Political, and
4. Religious
5. Pilgrim towns
6. Religious
7. Industrial
8. Commercial
9. Fishing
41
3. Shape of Town
According to Road system;
1. Linear
2. Rectangular
3. Radial
4. Star
5. Circular (Spider’s web)
4. Size of Town
It is fixed by population such as community;
Name Population
Town 5000 to 100000
City 100000 to 1000000
Metropolitan City More than 1000000
42
Stages in the Town Development or in Growth of
Town
A town is classified into various categories according to different stages of
development;

43
 1. Sir Patrik
Geddes
(1854-1932)

Primary Secondary Tertiary

It produce mainly It provides

Human It function as a
residential,
centre of
Necessities e.g. educational &
exchange such as
Agricultural Recreational
Village Marketing Town
Facilities

44
2. Lewis Mumford

1. Eopolis
2. Polis
3. Metropolis
4. Megalopolis
5. Tyrannopolis
6. Necropolis

1. Eopolis
 Town grows as a one entire unit
 Economy based on Agriculture

2. Polis
 It grows into a small urban unit of self contained community
 It has commerce & Industry 45
3. Metropolis (Mother City)
 It indicates town serving as capital of state or region
 City grows to its full stature with,
a. High population density
b. Large Potentialities
With all facilities like water supply, drainage, electricity, transport,
commerce & industry...etc
e.g. London, Bombay, Calcutta

4. Megalopolis
 Overgrown city
 It indicates first stage of decline

46
5. Tyrannopolis
 The city shows further decay in all the fields like trade,
commerce, military, power...etc

6. Necropolis
 The city is in worst stage & unfit for dwellings
 It is the city of deads where one finds disease, famine,
economic breakdown (e.g. Persepolis, babylon etc)
 Town may recover or re-establish after an interval of time
47
3. According to Griffith Taylor

1. Infantile
 Town is distinctly divided into separate distinct zones

2. Mature
 Town is distinctly divided into residential, commercial &
industrial zone

3. Juvenile
 Shops are separated from houses and there are few factories

4. Senile
 It indicates the physical decay of most of portions of the town
48
Indian villages can be grouped under following categories
1. Basic village
2. Rural town
3. Service town
4. Town

1. Basic village

 Population: 400 to 500

 Primary Occupation: Agriculture
 Stability of settlement can be increased by providing ,
a primary school, open well for potable water, murum roads,
mobile dispensary, live stock breeding centre...etc

49
2. Rural Town

 Population: 2000 to 3000

 It surrounds 10 to 15 basic villages
 Serve as a cultural, commercial & administrative
centre
 Its stability increased by taking various steps such as
tube well, open drains, secondary school, mobile
library, community hall, murum roads, agricultural
seeds research & development centre... etc 50
3. Service town
 Population: 5000 to 7000
 It accommodates adequate level of amenities, service &
economic activities to cater about 25 to 30 basic villages
 It grants employment in small scale industries over and above
agricultural employment
 It contains cinema halls, community halls, industrial estate,
electricity, macadam roads, piped water supply, health
centre...etc

4. Town
 Last level of settlement
 It depends upon its location and its size
 It ultimately convert into big city possessing all amenities and
services
 Town indicates the smallest urban community & it represents 51

greater impact of rural character

On the basis of population, the cities are classified as,

Name Population
City 5000 to 100000
Great-City 100000 and over
Metropolis More than 1000000
Megalopolis 5000000 and above

52
 Growth of Towns and Cities

Growth of
towns

Growth Growth
according to according to
origin direction

Natural Planned Horizontal Vertical

growth growth growth growth

Concentric Ribbon Satellite Scattered

spread development growth growth

53
Growth According to origin:
The growth of town or city according to origin
a) Natural Growth
b) Planned Growth

a) Natural Growth
i. without future planning
ii. Developed as a matter of chance than design
iii. For immediate comfort & convenience of residents
iv. Provision of various essential amenities are made irregular way
without any consideration for future expansion of the town
Natural growth of town may be in the form following four types
1. Concentric spread
2. Satellite Growth
3. Ribbon Development
4. Scattered Growth 54
1. Concentric Spread

55
Satellite Growth

56
57
Ribbon Development

58
59
60
61
62
History of Town Planning
in India

63
History of Town Planning in India
 Town planning is not new idea or science in India.
 It is as old as its rich culture and tradition.
Following are the development stages of town planning
in India.
 Ancient India
 Indus Valley civilization (3000 B.C.)
 Vedic Period (up to 400 B.C.)
 Buddhist Period (up to 320 A.D.)
 Medieval Period (up to 14th century)
 Moghul Period (1526 to 1707 A.D.)
 Pre-independence or British Period (till 1947)
 Post Independence Period. 64
65
66
Town Planning in Ancient India

67
1. Indus Valley Civilisation
 The Indo- Gangetic region formed the cradle of Indus valley
civilization nearly 5000 years ago.
 The details of this was not known till 1920’s.
 Excavation carried out in the Mohenjo –Daro (Hill of the
Dead) covering an area of 260 hectors and Harappa (on the
river Ravi) now in Pakistan.
 Kaligangan in Rajasthan.
 Lothal, Sukortada and Dhoulavira in Gujarat.
 Rakhigadhi in Hariyana.
 This all sites indicates the existence of Indus valley civilization
68

between 4000- 3000 BC.

 The civilization had greatly developed as that of ancient
Mesopotamia
 The cities had highly advanced system of Town Planning
 The city was built systematically
 The streets were 9m wide divided the city in 12 blocks each
365m x 244m. The layout was based on Grid-Iron plan
 The various size and number of storeys of the housing.
 No direct opening on the main street
 Houses with open central court
 No windows towards the subsidiary walkways
 Provision of roof lighting and ventilation 69
 Houses were built of Kiln bricks
 Bathing establishment
 A common well
 Effective drainage system. Which was laid under the walkways
and finally connected to main sewers laid under the main roads.
 Provision of Manhole and inspection chambers.
 System of Great Bath 7m wide and 12m long 2.4 m deep,
Watertight, surrounded by toilets and private baths.
 The Indus valley culture collapsed due to the natural
catastrophe.
 After centuries later it was occupied by the Aryan invaders 70
in
1500 -1000 B.C.
71
Ancient India : Mohenjo –Daro

72
Ancient India : Mohenjo –Daro

73
Ancient India Mohenjo –Daro

74
Ancient India Lothal

75
Ancient India Lothal

76
Ancient India Harappa

77
Ancient India Dholavira

78
Ancient India Dholavira

79
Ancient India vedic period (up to 400 B.C.):
 The principles of town planning are mentioned in some sacred
book like ‘Viswa Karmaprakashan’ It is mentioned ‘First
Layout Towns and then Plan the houses’
 The principle holds good even today
 Mansara Shilpshastra deals with many aspects of town
planning
 The importance of studies like study of soil, climatic
condition, topography, fixing orientation to get maximum
advantage of sun and wind and layout of various town plans
such as Dandaka, Swastika, Padmaka, Nandyavarta,
80

Prastara, Chaturmukha, Karmuka etc.

 The general principle was to lay main streets (Raja Marga) were
aligned East-West to get the roads purified by the Sun’s rays.
 Short streets were aligned North – South.
 Roads running around the village called ‘Mangal Vithi’ were
reserved for Priests.
 These books also refer to the qualification and moral qualities of
the town planner emphasizing that he must have mastery over
the science of planning. And thorough knowledge of culture,
social and religious conditions.
 In Ramayana and Mahabharata we come across the descriptions
of the cities of Ayodhya and Indraprastha respectively that the
cities had neatly laid out houses, palatial buildings, spacious
81

thoroughfares, tanks, lakes gardens parks etc.

Ancient India Buddhist Period (up to 320 A.D.)
 During the period of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya (321
B.C. – 185 B.C.), Kautilya a.k.a. Chanakya was the chief
minister who wrote the famous ‘Arthshastra’, a treatise
(formal writing) on Town Planning.
 It states the regulation of zoning depending on communities,
highways to be parallel to the main cardinal direction i.e. grid
iron pattern.
 Width of Rajmarg to be not less than 30ft.
 It clearly shows that the art of Town Planning had made much
progress as long back as third century B.C. 82
 The excavations carried out at Patliputra (modern Patna) the
capital of Magadha, show evidence of advance knowledge of
town planning.
 The capital was laid on grid-iron pattern consisting of 16
sectors.
 Most of the houses had gardens with wells and ponds.
 Waste water was carried out by means of underground
drainage.
 The city as long as 16 km and 3.5 km wide was surrounded by
a deep moat 180m wide and further protected by ramparts
stretching more than 40 km long studded with 64 gates and 570
83

towers.
 The four main gates were oriented to the cardinal points of the
compass and were wide enough for the elephants to pass
through easily.
 Taxila (Taksa-sila) and Nalanda were also founded in this
period.
 Nalanda was a renowned place of learning.
 The site Nalanda measured about 487m long and 244m wide
and contained three main essentials –stupas, temples and hostels
for monks.
 It had 300 halls accommodating more than 10000 pupils.
 The libraries were nine storeyed high. 84
Ancient India Buddhist Period 85

Taxila or Takshashila
Ancient India Buddhist Period

Nalanda 86
Medieval Period (14th Century):
 There was gradual development of trade and commerce.
In this period we have the famous cities such as.
– Dhaka for malmal
– Krishnanagar for clay models.
– Agra for marble and perfumery.
– Murshidabad for Silk.
– Jaipur for palatial buildings or artistic excellence.

Medieval Period (14th Century): Jaipur

87
Medieval Period (14th Century): Jaipur

88
Moghul Period (1526 – 1707 A.D.)
 Cities like Agra, Delhi were re-developed
 Fatehpur-Sikri was entirely planned
 Fortification strengthened Bijapur, Lucknow
 Other important thing started in this period was laying
of gardens and parks
 It was a new trend in planning many ornamental
gardens of Moghul period (some of them are still in
good conditions)

– Kabul Bagh at Panipat by Babar

– Shalimar Bagh or Garden of Bliss and Nishat Bagh a Kashmir by
Shah Jahan.
– Lal Bagh at Bangalore by Haider Ali. 89
 Pre-Independence Period or British
Period (till 1947)
 When the Britishers first settled in India they found most of the
condition s of the towns to be unhealthy
 So they started independent colonies on the outskirts of the
existing towns
 These extensions were known as ‘Cantonments and Barracks’
for the military occupied area and ‘Civil Lines’ for the
residence of civilians and well-to-do people
 Next they took to street planning 90
 They adopted straight roads regardless of the cost or damages
to social structure of the town
 No large town planning scheme were taken till the end of 19th
century.
 In the first decade of 20th century they took up the outstanding
work of building New-Delhi.
 The plan was prepared on modern town planning principles by
eminent town planner Edwin Lutyens assisted by Baker
 The capital group of buildings like Government House,
Council Hall, Secretariat has been designed with their
91
monumental architecture, industrial buildings are separated
from residential
 sector, and arranged around the commercial and civic
buildings
 It was more a planning and designing of
Administrative centre than a new town as such.

92
Pre-Independence Period or British
Period

93
Pre-Independence Period or British Period

94
Post Independence Period (After 1947)
• Many industrial towns were planned after post-independence

period.
• A few of these can be mentioned below.
– Steel Towns:
• Durgapur – West Bengal
• Bhilai – Madhya Pradesh
• Rourkela - Orissa
– Industrial Towns:
• Jamshedpur – Bihar
• Bhadravati – Karnataka
• Chittaranjan – West Bengal
– Capitals:
• Gandhinagar – Gujarat 95

• Chandigadh – Punjab (Now a union territory)

96