7 Linear Equations in One Variable LINEAR EQUATIONS An equation is a statement of equality which contains one or more unknown quantities or variables. An equation involving only a linear polynomial ts called a linear equation. suwples Some examples of linear equations are given below: 3 1 @) 7x4+3=5 Es — (ii) putt 7 z 5 iii) —(¢+3)-2t =5 oe uy 5 (iv) gut 7 Solution of alinear equation The value of the variable which makes the equation a true statement ts called the solution or root of the equation. To solve an equation is to find a value of the variable which satisfies the equation. BUAMPLE Verify that x = 2 ts a root of the equation 5x -12 = -2. Solution’ Substituting x = 2 in the given equation, we get LHS = 5 x2-12 =10-12 =-2 =RHS. is a solution of the equation 5x 12 x= Rules for solving an equation (i) The same quantity can be added to both sides of an equation without changing the equality. (ji) The same quantity can be subtracted from both sides of an equation without changing the equality. (ii) Both sides of an equation may be multiplied by the same nonzero number without changing the equality. (iv) Both sides of an equation may b changing the equality. ¢ divided by the same nonzero number without n from one side to the other with a Tran be take 'sPosition Any term of an equation may quality of the statement. This process change in its sign. This does not affect the e is called transposition. 107108 EXAMPLE 1. Solution CHECK: EXAMPLE 2. Solution CHECK: EXAMPLE 3. Solution ‘Mathematics for Class 7 SOLVED EXAMPLES Solve: 5x ~6 = 4x -2. ‘We have: [transposing 4x to LHS and -6 to RHs} is a solution of the given equation. Substituting x = 4 in the given equation, we get LHS =5x 4-6 =20-6 =14, and RHS = 4x4-2=16-2 <. LHS = RHS. Hence, x = 4 is a solution of the given equation. Solve: Bx+Z=2-x. We have: [transposing -x to LHS and zt RHS] [multiplying both sides by 4 9 Thus, x = 57 is a solution of the given equation. : 9 Substituting x = >> in the given equation, we get 92127 1 31 LHS = 3x — —+y5=— 20 96208 Rego oS! 20 20 LHS = RHS, 9 Hence, x = 57 is a solution of the given equation. de Solve: 2y +— == y 4°3 yt2. (transposing *y to Lis and Tito Ras]CHECK: EXAMPLE 4. Solution SHECK: XAMPLE 5, folution Linear Equations in One Variable 109 3 (-3 3 = anes (multiplying both sides by =] -9 = uy: =—2 Thus, y = 55 18 a solution of the given equation. -9 Substituting y = +— in the given equation, we get -9 7 } 11_-911_ 37 410" 4-20 = ei (; seat? 37 20 20 20° LHS = RHS. -9 Hence, y = 5; is a solution of the given equation. sowe: +x+hx=4x43 4a "6 2 a ‘The LCM of the denominators 4, 6, 2 and 4 is 12. Multiplying both sides by 12, we get 6x+9 => x=-9. Thus, x = ~9 is a solution of the given equation. Substituting x = -9 in the given equation, we get 1 1 -9 3-15 =—x(-9)+=x(-9) — LHS = 5 x(-9) + 6 x( pop grand Secon 1 =5x(-9)+= RHS = 5x(-9)4 => 455] LHS = RHS. Hence, x = -9 is a solution of the given equation. Bx-4 x-3_x+6 Solve: 8 4 We have: Bx-4 x-3_x+6_ 8 5 4 Multiplying both sides by 40, the LCM of 8, 5 and 4, we get 5(5x - 4) - B(x 3) = 10(x +6) 25x -20 - 8x +24 =10x +60 => 17x+4=10x +60 > 17x-10x =60-4 [transposing 10x to LHS and 4 to RHS] => 7x=56 = x= ix 56=8 {multiplying both sides by 21. Thus, x = 8 Is a solution of the given equation.110 ‘Mathematics for Class 7 CHECK: EXAMPLE. Solution CHECK: EXAMPLE7. Solution Substituting x = 8 in the given equation, we get Hence, x = 8 js a solution of the given equation. Solve: x -( We have: 3x-4 x-(ae-254) Removing the brackets, we get Multiplying both sides by 21, the LCM of 7 and 3, we get ~21x +3(8x — 4) = 7(4x -27)-63 = -21x+9x-12 = 28x -189-63 = -12x-12 =28x-252 = -12x-28x =-252+12 [by transposition} = -40x =-240 > x=6 (on dividing both sides by -40}. X =6 is a solution of the given equation. Substituting x = 6 in the given equation, we get tis =6-(2x6-S*5-4) (1a!) -6 02-2) =6-10=-4.an 4x6-27 3 gg = EAE gS ge gle RH 5 3 1-3=-4. LHS = RHS. Hence, x = 6 is a solution of the given equation. 2 1 Solve: =(x —5)-1(x -2) solve: = (x —5)-—(x 2) We have: 2 1 gX-5)- glx -2)= Multiplying both sides by 12, the LCM of 8, 4 and 2, we get 8(x-5)-3(x-2)=54 8x-40-3x +6 =54 5x-34=54 5x =54+34 = 88 bugLinear Equations ‘in One Variable = 8 =" {Sa solution of the given equation. 88 cneck Substituting x = = in the given equation, we get ws -5 (5-5) 4(B-2)- 2. 78 3\5 4 5 3°95 4°55 RHS. LHS = RHS. 88 Hence, x = = 1s a solution of the given equation. puns. Solve: 0.3x +0.4 =0.28x +1.16 solution We have: 0.3x+0.4=0,28x 41.16 0.3x-0.28x =1.16-0.4 [by transposition] = 0.02x =0.76 y x = 38 is a solution of the given equation. CHECK: ‘By substituting x = 38 in the given equation, we get LHS = 0.3x38+0.4 =11.4+0.4 =11.8, and RHS = 0.2838 +1.16 = 10.64 +1.16 =11.8. LHS = RHS. Hence, x = 38 is a solution of the given équation. EXERCISE 7A Solve the following equations. Check your result in each case. 1. 3x-5=0 2, 8x-3=9-2x 8, 7-5x=5-7x 4. 342x=1-x 5. 2x-2)43(4x-D=0 | 8. 5(2x -3)-3(8x-7) =5 7, Wg EX 1 eee . Bx +2 (x +2) = 20- (2x -5) ode sebtte 9. 245 10. 3x+2(x +2) (2x-5) 2 am+5 1. 13(y~ 4)-3(y-9)-5(y +4) =O 12. 5 =8m-10 18. 6 (3x +2) —5 (6x -1) = 3(x -— 8) -5(7x -6) + 9x 1. t~(2t +5)-5(1-2t)=2(8 +4t)-3(t-4) 16. ae, 8¥-1_ x a7. ax-8= FZ (Gx-12) 18,12 ‘Mathomaties for Class 7 20, 2x 2 22, 24, 26. 27, 25 +7 28. 0.18(5x- 4) = 0.5x +0.8 29, 2.4(3~x)-0.6(2x -3)=0 90. 0.5x - (0.8 - 0.2x) =0.2-0.3¢ x42_7 2x45 _ Se ras 9% 3x44 PROBLEMS BASED ON LINEAR EQUATIONS EXAMPLE. Nine added to thrice a whole number gives 45. Find the number. Solution Let the required number be x. Then, 3x +9 = 45 = 3x=45-9 = 3x=36 36 =—=12. = xe% Hence, the required number is 12. BAMPLE2 —Four-fifths of a number is greater than three-fourths of the number by 4 Fé the number. Solution Let the number be x 4 3 Then, =x -—x = 4. jen, Bx Bx Multiplying both sides by 20, the LOM of 5 and 4, we get 16x ~15x = 80 > x= 80. Hence, the required number is 80. EXAMPLES. The sum of two consecutive multiples of 3 ts 69. Find them. Solution Let the two consecutive multiples of 3 be 3x and 3(x +1). ‘Then, 3x +3(x +1) = 69 = 8x+3x+3=69 = 6x =66 Hence, the required multiples of 3 are 3 x11 and 3 x12, that is, 33 and 36earls solution EXAMPLES solution EXAMPLE 6. Solution EXAMPLE, Solution Linear Equations in One Variable ue length of a rect wie lt 143 mat ft dso ps earner Let the breadth of the plot be x metres, ‘Then, the length +5) metres, perimeter = 2(length + breadth) (x +5 +x) metres = (4x +10) metres, 4x +10=142 = 4x=182 = x=182_ 4 ‘Thus, breadth = 33 metres. And, length = (33 +5) metres = 38 metres. Hence, length = 38 metres and breadth = 33 metres. Anumber has two digits whose sum ts 9. If 27 ts added to the number, its digits get interchanged. Find the number. Let the digit in the units place be x. ‘Then, the digit in the tens place = (9 - x). Number = 10x (9 ~ x) +x = 90 -10x +x = (90-9). ‘The number with its digits interchanged = 10x +(9 -x) = (9x +9). (90 -9x)+27=9x+9 = 117-9x=9x+9 ‘Thus, the digit in the units place = 6 and the digit in the tens place = Hence, the number is 36. The numerator of a fraction is 4 less than the denominator. If 1 is added to both its numerator and denominator, it becomes 3-Fina the fraction. Let the denominator of the required fraction be x. ‘Then, its numerator = (x - 4). (x-4)+1_1 “xt 2 x-3 1 ell 2 => Ax-3)=x+1 = 2x-6=x+1 = Qx-K=641 = x=7. denominator = 7 and numerator = (7 — 4) 3 Hence, the required fraction is >- Rahul's father ts thrice as old as Rahul. After 12 years he will be just twice his son. Find their present ages. Let Rahul's present age be x years. Then, his father's present age = 3x years. Rahul's age after 12 years = (x +12) years. His father's age after 12 years = (3x +12) years.cl ‘Mathematies for Class 7 (8x +12) = 2(x +12) => 8x412=2x+24 = 3x-2x=24-12 = x=12. Rahul's present age = 12 years. His father's present age = (3 x12) years = 36 years. EXAMPLES. A dealer earned a profit of 5% by selling a radio for € 714. Find the Cost pig the radio. y Solution _Let the cost price of the radio be € x. Profit = 5%. 105 at selling price = 5° 100 Now 8 x=714 = x= nate 680. 100 105 Hence, the cost price of the radio is = 680. EXAMPLES. 50 kg of an alloy of lead and tin contains 60% of lead. How much lead must ty melted into it to make the alloy contain 75% of lead? 60 Solution Quantity of lead in 50 kg of alloy = 60% of 50 kg = (s0 x io ) ME =30kg. Let the required quantity of lead to be added be x kg. ‘Then, weight of lead = (30 +x) kg. And, weight of new alloy = (50 +x) kg. Percentage of lead in new alloy (B0+x) 100 =75 (60+x) <1 (804+x)_ 75 (0+x) 3 0+x) 100 ~ o+x) 4 = 4(80+x)=360+x) = 120+4x=15043x = 4x-8x=150-120 + x=30. ‘quantity of lead to be added = 30 kg EXERCISE 7B 1. Twice a number when decreased by 7 gives 45. Find the number. 2. Thrice a number when increased by 5 gives 44. Find the number. e Four added to twice a number yields % Find the fraction. A number when added to its half gives 72. Find the number. A number added to its two-thirds is equal to 55. Find the number. A number when multiplied by 4, exceeds itself by 45. Find the number. A number is as much greater than 21 as it is less than 71. Find the number. Hint. (x-21) =(71~x) soe 210. ue 12. 13. Ma 16 16. a7. 18. 19. 20. 21. 2. 23, 24. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, a1. 32, Linear Equati Equations in One Variable us 2 ofa number is less than the original number by 20. Find the number. Q tH ri 1 r is = Umes another number, x ¢ numbers. mber Is 2 Umes another nt ber. If their sum ts 70, find s ‘two-thirds of a number ts greater than one-third of the number by 3. Find the number. The fifth part of a number when increas the number. Find two consecutive natural numbers whose sum is 63. Find two consecutive positive odd integers whose sum Is 76 Find three consecutive positive even integers whose sum is 90. Divide 184 into two parts such that one-third of one part may exceed one-seventh of the other part by 8. int. Let the (wo parts be x and (184—x). ‘Then, ‘ed by 5 equals ils fourth part decreased by 5. Find 1 1 7ll84—x)=8. 3 Asum of © 500 is in the form of denominations of 5 and 10. If the total number of notes is 90, find the number of notes of each type. Sumitra has € 34 in 50-paise and 25-paise coins. If the number of 25-paise coins Is twice the number of 50-paise coins, how many coins of each kind does she have? Raju is 19 years younger than his cousin. After 5 years, their ages will be in the ratio 2 : 3. Find their present ages. A father is 30 years older than his son. In 12 years, the man will be three times as old as his son. Find their present ages. The ages of Sonal and Manoj are in the ratio 7 : 5. Ten years hence, the ratio of their ages. will be 9 : 7. Find their present ages. Five years ago a man was seven times as old as his son. Five years hence, the father will be three times as old as his son. Find their present ages. After 12 years Manoj will be 3 times as old as he was 4 years ago. Find his present age. In an examination, a student requires 40% of the total marks to pass. If Rupa gets 185 marks and fails by 15 marks, find the total marks, Anumber consists of two digits whose sum is 8. If 18 is added to the number its digits are reversed. Find the number. ‘The total cost of 3 tables and 2 chairs is 1850. Ifa table costs € 75 more than a chair, find the price of each. ‘Aman sold an article for 7495 and gained 10% on it. Find the cost price of the article. The length of a rectangular field is twice its breadth, If the perimeter of the field is 150 metres, find its length and breadth. ‘Two equal sides of a triangle are each 5 metres less than twice the third side. If the perimeter of the triangle is 55 metres, find the lengths of its sides. ‘Two complementary angles differ by 8°. Find the angles. ‘Two supplementary angles differ by 44°. Find the angles. In an isosceles triangle the base angles are equal and the vertex angle is twice of each base angle, Find the measures of the angles of the triangle. 1 1 Aman travelled 2 of his Journey by rail, “7 by a taxi, & by a bus and the remaining 2 km on foot. What Is the length of his total journey? Hint, Let the length of his total journey be x km. Then, EM &, Xs 4Q=x, Find x 54*86 33. 34, 35. oo’ ‘Mathematics for Class 7 Alabourer is engaged for 20 days on the condition that he will receive € 120 for each da Works and will be fined € 10 for each day he is absent. If he receives € 1880 in al, for many days did he remain absent? Hari Babu left one-third of his property to his son, one-fourth to his daughter the remainder to his wife. If his wife's share is % 18000, what was the wor an th of i total property? Hint, Let the worth of the whole property be ® x. Then, £45418000 =. Find x ana How much pure alcohol must be added to 400 mL of a 15% solution to Make jis strength 32%? EXERCISE 7C OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS: Mark (/) against the correct answer in each of the following: (c) 36 @ 36 . 12248-1245, then 304 3 fa) 3 (b) 4 {c) = (d) > 4 - If (2n +5) = 3(3n -10), thenn =? (a) 5 (b) 3 () 2 (a) = x-1_7 ae =? sai 7g’ thenx=? (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 10 If 8(2x ~5)-6(Sx 7) =1, then x =? 1 1 2 b) 3 o i (a) (b) (c) 2 (a) 3 +4, then x =? (a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (a) 30 2X) xy then x =0 3 fa) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 The sum of two consecutive whole numbers is 53. The smaller number is (a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 29 (a) 23a Linear Equations in One Variable 117 | ¢, The suum of two consecutive even numbers is 86. The larger ofthe two is (a) 46 (b) 36 () 38 (d) 44 yo. The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is 36. The smaller one is (a) 15 (b) 17 () 19 (a) 13 11. On adding 9 to the twice of a whole number gives 31. The whole number is (a) 21 (b) 16 (©) 17 (a) 11 4, Thrice a number when increased by 6 gives 24. The number Is (a) 6 (b) 7 ©) 8 (@) 11 Fs. of @ number 4s less than the original number by 10. The original number is (a) 30 (b) 36 (©) 45 (a) 60 14, Two complementary angles differ by 10°, The larger angle is (a) 60° (b) 50° (c) 64° (a) 54° 15, Two supplementary angles differ by 20°, The smaller of the two measures (a) 60° (b) 80° (c) 100° (a) 120° 16. The ages of A and B are in the ratio 5 : 3. After 6 years, their ages will be in the ratio 7 : 5. The present age of A is (a) 5 years (b) 10 years (c) 15 years (d) 20 years 17. Anumber when multiplied by 5 is increased by 80. The number is (a) 15 (b) 20 (©) 25 (d@) 30 18. The length of a rectangle is three times its width and its perimeter is 96 m. The length is (a) 12m (b) 24m (©) 36m (@) 48m Things to Remember 1. An equation {s a statement of equality which contains one or more unknown quantities (or vartables). 2. Any vale of the variable which makes the equation a true statement is called the solution or root of the equation. 8. Without changing the equality, we may () add the same quantity to both sides of the equation. (i) subtract the same quantity from both sides of the equation. (i) muttipty both sides of the equation by the same nonzero quantity. tv) divide both sides of the equation by the same nonzero quantity. 4. Transposing a term means changing tts sign and taking it to the other side of the equation.118 Mathematics for Class 7 TEST PAPER-7 . Evaluate x° +y° +z° -8xyz when x =-2, y =-land z=3. 2. Write the coefficient of x in each of the following: () -8xy (i) 2xy2z (uy ~Sabx Subtract x? -2xy +5y* —4 from 4xy -5x? -y? +6. How much less is x? -2xy +3y? than 2x? - 3y? + xy? 8. Find the product @ abe) (Bar). (-8b°0). 6. Simplify: (8a + 4)(2a-3)+(5a -4)(a+2). 7 Solve: 3% 4 2% . 7 , 29. “10° 5 ~ 25° 25 8. Solve: 05x+~ =0.25x+7. 9. The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is 68. Find the numbers. 10. Reenu’s father is thrice as old as Renu. After 12 years he will be just twice his daugh Find their present ages, : Mark (V) against the correct answer in each of the following: a. 2x42 2) 44, then x=? 304 3 4 8 ay 4 (b) 4 oz Ms 12, 5, then x=? (c) 24 (a) 30 13. (a) 2 (b) 4 (6 (a) 8 14. A number when multiplied by 4 is increased by 54. The number is (a) 21 (b) 16 () 18 (@ 19 18. Two complementary angles differ by 14°. The larger angle is (a) 50° (b) 52° (c) 54° (a) 56° 16. The length of a rectangle is twice its breadth and its perimeter is 96 m. The length ofthe rectangle is (a) 28m (b) 30 m (c) 32m (4) 36 m 17. The ages of A and Bare in the ratio 4: 3. After 6 years, their ages will be in the ratio 11:8 A’s present age is (a) 12 years (b) 16 years (c) 20 years (d) 24 years C. 18. Fill in the blanks. (i) -2a*b isa (i) (a? -2b") isa... (iii) (a+2b-3c) isa (iv) In -5ab, the coefficient of ais ...... (v) In x? +2x—5, the ...... term is -5. D. 19. Write ‘Sor true and ‘F' for false for each of the following: (1) In -x, the constant term is -1 (ii) The coefficient of xin x? -3x +5185 (i) 6x -7)-@x-5)=2x-12. (iv) (8x +5y)(8x—Sy) = (9x? -25y"- (v) fa=2and b= g’ then the value of ab(a*+b*) sat.