AlgebraicEauations

LearningOutcomes
chapter, you will be able to:
After studyingthis equation is.
with examples what an algebraic equation.
Explain
glven statement into an algebraic approach.
t Convert a using a systematic
Solve algebraic equations

INTRODUCTION
statement equating Look at the scales of the balance in figure 9.1.
An equation is a mathematical
ormore variables.
hwo quantities imvohing one
of the equal to
The expressionson either side equation.
sign (-) are called members of the
quantity which is
In an equation, the value of theunknown member
not known is referred to as the
or the unknown. Here are some examples of
equations.
x-3=8, y+3 = 21
2x +3 = 11,
+3 is the
In the equation 2x +3 = 11, note that 2x Fig. 9.1
left-hand side member and 1l1 is the right-hand side balance and
member of the equation. Do you find any similarity between the
an equation?
Inother words, in an equation, the terms on the scales. Both
left-hand side (L.H.S.)of the "equal to' sign are An equation is like a balanced pair of
equal to the terms on the right-hand side (R.H.S.) of sides of on eguation are balanced in the same
the 'equal to' sign. manner as the scales of a balance.
Consider the following equation: In order to maintain the balance, we need to
5x +3= 7x-7 remember the following rules:
balance, a
Here, left-hand side (L.H.S.) = 5x +3 1. If any mass is added to one side of the
Corresponding mass should also be added to the
Right-hand side (R.H.S.)= 7x -7 other side.
An equation is like a weighing balance having Z. If any mass is taken awayfrom one side of the
equal weights on each pan of the balance. balance, a corresponding mass should also be
5x +3= 7x-7 taken away from the other side.
or
J. If the mass on one side is doubled, tripled,
mustalso be
L.H.S. =R.H.S. multiplied by any number, the same
The equation, x- 3=8, means that when 3 is taken
done to the other side. dividedinto
4. If the mass on one side is halved or
away from the unknown numnber x, we are left with parts, the same has to
8 a certain number of equal
be done on the other side as well. 127
 Equations also follow these four principles of a Make a chart as follows.
balance.
If we add, subtract, multiply, or divide any one side L.H.S, = 4x+3
R.H.S. =23
of the equation by any number, we have to do the 1 4x1 +3 =7
23
same on the other side of the equation and by the
same number, to keep the equation balanced. 4x 2+3-11 23
3 4x3+ 3 -15 23
Solving an Equation 4 4 x 4 +3 - 19
23
To solve an equation is to determine the value(s) 5 4x5+3- 23
of the variable (or unknown) that will make the 23
equation true.
When x= 5, 4x +3 =23, so the root off
The vaue(s)of the unknown that balances an or the solution of the equation 4x +3 = t23heie
ey
equation is called the root(s) of the equation or the Example 2: Determine if 3 is the root of the
solution ofthe equation. equation 5x- 10 = 5.
Example l: Solve: x +7 = 15. Solution: If we put x = 3, then
Solution: We have to find the value ofx that will L.H.S. = 5x- 10
satisfy the equation. This may be written as =5x3- 10= 15 - 10=5
+7=15; here the box stands for x. R.H.S. =5
To fill this box with a number that will satisfy the .:. L.H.S. = R.H.S
equation, we may ask 'What must be added to 7 to Thus, 3 is a root of the given equation.
get 15?" or "What must be taken away from 15 to
get 7? or 'What do we get when we take away 7 Try This!
from 15?
Find out if3 is the root of the equation 3x -6 =1
In allthese cases the unknown or x gives us the
value 8as the answer. When we substitute this
value x =8, the equation is satisfied and the Translating Statements into Algebra
solution is verified.
Equations
Therefore, x = 8 is the solution or the root of the Example 3: Express the following as algebra:
equation x+ 7 = 15. equations and solve.
If the root is substituted forthe unknown quantity in a. Twice a number increased by 7 is 13. What s
the equation and the equation is balanced, then the the number?
root is said to satisfy the equation. b. Seven times a number decreased by 4is 10.F
the number.
Once this is done, the answer (root) is said to have
been verified. Solution:
a. Let the number be x.
Solution of an Equation by Trial and Error .:. Twice the number = 2x
One of the simplest ways of solving an equation is .. 2x +7 = 13
by the trial-and-error method. In this, a guess is
LH.S, 2x +7 R.H.S. = 13
made about the value ofx, and this value is then
substituted in the equation to check if it is the root 1 2x1 +7 =9 13
of the equation. 13
2 2 x 2+7 - 11
Consider the following example: 13
4x+3= 23. 3 2 x3+7- 13

Our equation is 4x +3 = 23. So we substitute Thus, for x=3, L.H.S. =R.H.S.

different values for xand try to find out which value
of x will satisfy the equation. So, the required number is 3.

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b. Let the number be x. Solution: Let us suppose that x is the unknown
number.
.. Zx-4 = 10 Then x-20 stands for 20 subtracted from the
X LH.S. =7x-4 R.H.S. 10 number x. This is equal to 45.
1 7x1-4-3 10 Hence, x- 20 = 45.

2 7x 2 - 4 - 10 10 Once you convert a statement into an algebraic

equation, it is easier to solveand find the root.
Here for x=2, L.H.S. - R.H.S. Example 5: Suresh is twice as old as Manoj.
Convert this statement into an algebraic equation.
. The required number is 2.
Solution: Let Suresh's age be s and Manoj's age be
Example 4: If20 is subtracted from a number, the m. Twice Manoj's age is 2m.
result is 45. Convert this statement intoan algebraic
equation. Hence, the equation is s=2m.

Exercise 9A
1. Determine by substitution, if:
a. 2 is a root of 5x - 10 = 0. b. 4 is a root of2-3 =5.
2 Write algebraic equations for the following statements. Youdo not need tosolve them.
a. The cost of agel pen is 7 more than that of a ball pen. If the ball pen costs 8, what is the cost of
the gel pen?
b. Daisy studies &hours a day. If she studies for 6 hours in school and uses the remaining time todo
her homework, how much time does she spend on her homework?
c. Five less than a number x is 12. What is the number?
d. Six more than a number r is 13.What is the number?
e. The sum of 15 and a number u is 25. What is the number?
f. 18 less than a number pis 20. What is the number?
g. Anumber k plus 5 is 21. What is the number?
h. 16plus a number c is 22. What is the number?
i Seven more than a number is 11. What is the number?
/. Eight less than a number is 10. What is the number?
k. The sum of 7 and a number a is 12.What is the number?
L Six less than a number p is 2. What is the number?
3. Write algebraic expressions for the following.
a. Choose a number b. Choose a number
Multiply it by 4 4 Add 3
Add 8 Multiply by 4 40
Divide by 4 Subtract 4 -I-4
Subtract1 Divide by 4 -X4
Subtract theoriginal number =I-X Subtract the original number = I
Application-Based Question
4. Express the following as algebraic equations and solve.
a. Bunty bought notebooks at 30 per notebook. He bought notebooks worth 960. How many
notebooks did he buy? (Hint: Let the number of notebooks be n.)
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 b. 17 mangoes are added to a basket of mangoes to make the total 100, How many
there in the basket before the addition?
c. From two packets of crayons, having same number of crayons, totalfive five mangoes
removed and now there are 15 crayons in all. How many crayons were there in craeachyons
packe)
SYSTEMATIC METHOD x-5 +5=7+5 (5 added to boy
x=12
Amuch better method of solving an equation is the
systematicmethod as the trial-and-error method Example 7: Solve: x-7=-8
could take a lot of time. Solution: x-7=-8
Let us again consider the example of the balance.are ’ x-7+7=-8 +7 (7 added to both
In figure 9.2, one big cube and two small cubes x=-1
balanced by 6 small cubes.

Using Subtraction
If the same number or quantity is subtractea
both sides of an equation, the equation remain
Example 8: Solve: x+5 = 20
Fig. 9.2 Solution: x+5=20
Look at the second balance (Fig.9.3). How many x+5-5= 20 - 5 (5 is subtractl
small cubes have balanced the big cube? X=15 both
If we remove two small cubes from the left-hand Example 9: Solve:x+ 13 =-2
side of the first balance, a big cube willbe left
there. To balance this, we have to remove two Solution: x+13=-2
smallcubes from the right-hand side. Then there x+ 13 13 =-2- 13 (13 is subtractei
will be four small cubes balancing the big cube X=-15 both
(Fig. 9.3).
Using Multiplication
Ifthe same number or quantiy is multiplied on
sides of an equation, the equation remains tra.
Example 10: Solve: =8
2
Solution: =8
2

Fig. 9.3 x2=8x2 (Multiplied by 2on bots

2
Solving the Equations using the 3x=16
Principle of Balance Example ll: Solve:=-3
2
Using Addition
If the same number or quantity is added to both
Solution: 2
3
sides of an equation, the equation remains true.
Example 6: Solve:x-5=7 ,x2=-3x2 (Multiplied by 2on boli
Solution: x-5 =7 X=-6

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 3x
Using Division both sides of Example 16: Solve: -2 =7
quantity divides 4
If thesame mumber or zero), the equation remains Solution: 3x -2=7
an equation (except by 4
true.
3x
Example 12: Solve: 5r=25 4
-2+2 = 7+2 (Adding 2 on both sides)
Solution: 5x= 25
3x
5x 25 (Divided by 5) 4
=9
5 5 3x
x4=9x4 (Multiplying by 4)
4
Example 13: Solve:-3r-90 3x =36
Solution: -3r=-90 3x 36
-3* -90 (Divided by-3) (Dividing by 3)
3 3

X=12
X30
Example 17: The length of arectangular table is
Example 14: If the perimeter of a square is 32 3 metres more than its breadth. If the perimeter of
metres, find the length of its side. the table is 26 metres, find its length and breadth.
Solution: Let the length of the square be x metres. Solution: Let the breadth of the table be x metres.
Therefore, perimeter of the square = 4 x the length Then, its length = (r+3) metres.
of side = 4x metres.
So, 4x =32’ x=8.
Therefore, perimeter of the field = 2(1 + b)
=2(x+3 +x) = (4x + 6) m
Hence, length of thesquare =8metres.
So, 4x + 6=26’ 4x+6-6=26 6
Solving Equations using Combination ’ 4x =20’ 4x +4=20+4’r=5
of Operations Hence, breadth of the table=5metres, and
Example 15: Solve: =8 length of the table =x+3 =8 metres.
3

Solution: 3 =8 Remember

An equation is a mathematical statement equating

x3=8x3 (Multiplying by 3) two quantities.
2x=24 The root of anequation is the value that satisfies the
equation when substituted for the unknown.
2 2
24 (Dividing by 2) An equation can be solved using the operations
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
X=12

Exercise 9B
1. Fillin the blanks.
a. 3x +2= 11 b, *+2
=13
3x +2-2= 1| -2 2

3x=9 x+2 =2x3

x+2=

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 2. What will balance the other side?

Ta-15 2a+ 10

3. Solve.
a. x-3=4 b. k-24 =- 50 C. x+7= 14 d. x+ 100 =50

e. =11 f. 1 g. 2x= 50 h. 1.2y = 144

7 21
4. Solve the following equations.
c. &r-23 =-7
a. 4x +5 =17 b. 3x + 17=32
9m 5r 75
d. =14 e. =18 f.
14 42
8 11
Application-Based Questions
5. Six times a number increased by 7 is 19. Find the number.
6. The product ofa numberxand 7 is 56. Findx.
7. A number y divided by 8 is 10. Find y.
8. I am an integer. When you subtract 4 from value?
the result is 16. What is my
me, playgroun
9. The length of a square hall is 7 metres. Find the perimeter of the hall.
the
10. 56The length of arectangular playground is thrice its breadth. If the perimeter of
metres, find its dimensions.

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 ChapterCheck-Up
solution of theequation, 3x = 15 is C. -5 d. 5
1. The b. 45
a. 45
following equations hasx=-2 as a solution?
2. Which of the b.x-2 =0 C. 2x+l=0 d. x+3=6
a. x+7=5
algebraic equations for each of the following.
3. Write olderthan Jaya. If the
sum oftheir ages is 30, what are their ages?
a. Jayant is 6years consecutive
oftwo numbers is 61.What are the numbers?
b. The sum
multiplied by 4 and then decreased by 7, we get 29. Find the number
c. Ifanumber is more than its breadth. The perimeter of the rectan gle is 60
d. The length of a rectangle is 6 metres
metres. Findits length and breadth.
4. Solve the following equations. C. 2x = 48 d. 5 (x-1) +3 = 23
a. x-5=7 b. 3x + 18 = 48
e. 7x-4= 10 f. 96 +x= 300 g. 4x + 3 =2x+ 11
5. Solve the following. c. 5x+3 = 4x +8 d. 36 =6
a. 2a +4=a+5 b. 4x = 3x +7
e. 2r-5=x-9 . 3p-6p-8
6. Solve the following. c. 2(1+ 1) + 15 =3 d. y+ 46 = 32
a. 5x+ 8= 23 b. 2y 4=-8
e. 2r+3 =3 f. 2y-3 =3
7. Write the algebraic equations for the following statements and solve.
a. A number x plus 7 is equal to 16. What is x?
b. 36 less than a number p is 20. What is p?
c. Anumber x decreased by 3.4 is 6.6. What is the number x?
d. 20 plus a number b is 26.3. What is b?
e. Thrice a number yis 21. What is y?
L. Anumber multiplied by 3is 36. What is the number?
g. Twicea number pplus 3 is 17. What is the number?
h. Twice a number c less 2 is 36. What is c?
i Anumber multiplied by 3and increased by 5is equal to the same number multiplied by 7and
decreased by 15. What is the number?
j. A
number divided by 3 and decreased by 5 is 15.What is the number?
8. Solve to find the value of the unknown.
a. +3r = 27 b. 8= +t4x C, +2x =1 d. 5t=+15 e. +2y =+32 f. -2r = 1
g. 5x=75 h. =5 i. =-3 1. =3
6 2 +3 k.=2.6
7 +7
9. The length of a rectangular field is thrice its breadth. Its perimeter is 400 metres., Find its length and
breadth.
Case-Study Based Question
10. An exam consists of multiple choice questions. Two marks are awarded for every correct answer
while 1mark is deducted for every wrong answer. Meera knew answers to some of the questions.
Rest of thequestions she attempted by guessing. She answered 100 questions and got 140 markS.
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 a. If answer to all questions she
she answer correctly?
attempted by guessing were wrong, then
how
b. If answer to all questions she
attempted by guessing were wrong and
then how many marks did she get?
many que
Everyday Maths
answered 15 coms
11. The number of boys in a school is 120 more than the
numbers of
school, find the number of boys in the school. girls. If there are 980
12. Roy is 1l years old and his uncle is 59 years old. How
many years ago was
stu
as Roy? [Hint: Let x be the years for which the equation will be true. Therefore. Roy's uncle
Being Indian
As the world faces an increasingly critical need to address climate
(59-)=7(11 -r])
conservation has on asustainable environment is undeniable. change,the impact that
Rainwater
which rainfall is gathered and stored for future usage. RWH also harvesting is asimplwaetets
reduces soil
collecting rainwater and reducing the flow of storm water to prevent urban erosion and e
In a small town, there are 8 water tanks to
flooding.
collect rain water. On a particular day, m litres of
collected per tank and 100 litres of water was already there in one of the tanks.
a. Write an algebraic expression for total amount of water in the tanks on
that day,
b. If the total amount of water on that day was 1300liters, then
how much water was collected
each tank.
c. What steps do you take for water conservation?

Mental Maths
What is my value?
a. Iam an integer. When you add 21 to me, the result is -10.
b. lam an integer. When you decrease me by -20, the result is -50.
C. lam an integer. When you decrease me by -15, the result is the sum of -10and -7.
d. Iwas 27 years old 8 years ago. How old am I now?

Higher Order Thinking Skills

than double
1. Merin and Sarin together had collected 550 foreign stamps. Sarin had 40 stamps more
the numnber of stamps Merin had. Find the number of stamps each one collected.
Write an algebraic equation with the number of stamps of Merin as x and then soive doublethea
mother be
years will his
2. Sushil is 5 years old and his mother is 28 years old. In how many
of Sushil? had 6ten-rup
notes. She andte
3. Jaya had 220 in her purse. They were in five-rupee, ten-rupee, and two-rupee many five-rupee
notes. How
more than that of the five-rupee notes, and she had 5two-rupee coins
notes did she have? value ofthe
coins. The total
4. Priya had two five-rupee coins more than the number of ten-rupee 100)
? 100. How many coins of each denomination does she have? 5(x +2) +
100r=
coins - x+ 2. And
[Hint: Let the number of ten-rupee coins be -x, then the number of five-rupee

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