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Nucleic Acids

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3 views20 pages

Nucleic Acids

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Natkotchaporn1108
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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3.

5 Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
• Elemental composition: C, H, O, N, P

1
Three varieties of nucleic acids
● RNA: a polymer
– for reading info
– for sending info
– for translating info
● DNA: a polymer for
storing info
● ATP (for energy supply)

ATP
2
Three varieties of nucleic acids:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
– Stores genetic
information
– Specify the order in
which amino acids are to
be joined to make a
protein
– Primarily found in the
nucleus of the cell
3
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
•Perform a wide range of
functions within cells

•Temporary immediate
between DNA and
proteins

•Found in nucleus and


cytoplasm
4
Another type of nucleic acid
Special nucleic
acid that stores
large amounts of
energy needed for
cell reaction

5
Structure of a Nucleotide
• Each nucleotide is composed of three parts:
– A phosphate group
– A pentose sugar
– A nitrogen-containing
(nitrogenous) base

6
Nucleotides
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

phosphate nitrogen-
P C
containing
O base
5'
4' S 1'
3' 2'
pentose sugar
2 types of pentose sugar:

RNA DNA

8
9
• There are five types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids.
– DNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
– RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
• Nucleotides are joined together by a series of dehydration synthesis
reactions to form a linear molecule called a strand.

10
Structure of DNA and RNA
– The backbone of the
nucleic acid strand is
composed of alternating
sugar-phosphate
molecules.
– RNA is predominately a
single-stranded molecule.
– DNA is a double-stranded
molecule.

11
12
Nucleotides to Nucleic Acid
Building up Monomers to
Form Polymers
13
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

DNA is composed of two strands


held together by hydrogen bonds
between the nitrogen-containing
bases. The two strands twist
around each other to form a
double helix.
–Adenine hydrogen bonds
with thymine
– Cytosine hydrogen bonds
with guanine
The bonding between
the nucleotides in DNA is
referred to as
complementary base
© Photodisk Red/Getty RF
pairing.
Double and Triple Hydrogen Bond
Adenine and Thymine have
double hydrogen bond

Guanine and Cytosine have


triple hydrogen bond
15
Base-Pair Practice
• Write the complementary base pair for the
following base. Which one is DNA, Which one
Is RNA? How can you tell?

– A, T, G, T, A, C, G, T, C, C, A, A

– U, C, G, A, U, U, C, A, G, G, A, C
16
A Special Nucleotide: ATP
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of adenine, ribose,
and three phosphates.
• ATP is a high-energy molecule due to the presence of the last
two unstable phosphate bonds.

2 unstable
phosphate

18
ATP – similar to charged battery (can be use)

ADP – uncharged battery – used already 19


Questions to Answer!
1. What is the elemental composition of nucleic acids?
2. What, specifically, are the functions of DNA?
3. What, specifically, are the functions of RNA?
4. What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
5. What are the polymers of nucleotides?
6. What are two examples of nucleic acids?
7. What 3 molecules make up a nucleotide?
8. What is a pentose sugar? List 2 examples. Which type is for RNA? Which is for DNA?
9. List 5 examples of nitrogenous base.
10. What two categories can nitrogenous bases be divided into?
11. List 2 examples of purines.
12. List 3 examples of pyrimidines.
13. How do purines and pyrimidines differ regarding their molecular structure?
14. What nitrogenous bases can be found in DNA?
15. What nitrogenous bases can be found in RNA?
16. Is DNA a double or single strand? Is RNA a double or single strand?
17. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
18. The nitrogenous bases on each of the double stranded DNA are paired together by what kind of bond?
19. Where does the nitrogenous base connect to in the “ladder”
20. What is complementary base-pairing? Which base pairs with what base?
21. Which base pair have stronger hydrogen bond?
22. Why is ATP considered a nucleic acid too? How is their nucleotide different from DNA and RNA’s nucleotide?
23. What makes ATP stores high-energy? 20

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