_ | has three points of digeontinuity . R=-4, ¥=0 and X= 4 Ex. 7. Show that the finetion FC) = [&H+ Ex], where Lk] denotes the qreates+ integers not exeoeding % hag removable discontinuity fore infegnal » values of 2.Ex. 8. Let Fx) be a gontinaous Seolion lay ' and 9 (2) be a di ; thot Pee)+ pee) an inuous fare ion. Feo Linetion. MuOuUS B\r=s Lot We L(8)+ pa)» where PE) is a continuous and a(x) is > discontinuous function. Tf possible « lot \y C2) be a aontinuors Lanction Bae» 1) 19 0 continuous &enetion, Wlx)- FB) id algo Qa aontinuwous Renation a(x) 1g a gon ‘nuous funelia Out this vrontradiats the given condition. So, We)» frx)+ p(2) mugt be o dig aon tinuous function.Claggifiaotion ot Funetong : @® Even and odd Functions - Lot Fie) be a finetion dofned ina domajy D(ER) where D is such thot X EDD-#ED The finetion £@) ig gaid to be an even Lnction Pf £(-2) = £t2). fore all LED and £8) ig called to be an odd finetion HP fC-2) =~ £(x) for all x ED. (ID Poniodia functions - A function f(x) defined ina domain D S$ said to be a peniodio function of pertal for be the leagt positive neal numbers such thet F(e+p) = 2) fore all ZED. (TIT) Explicit and Implicit Funetiong — If p (< R) be the domain of o« fined £, we ean expless the function ag y=. 2ED —TP og funation can bee 7 fain (4) the funetion ig ee de be nme expres ged expliaity and we gay thot the: funetion. 18 explieit: Example : ‘ Pa) = L420 4 10Ly RE Row iS. a” P oxpliait function. Keo dn <% as Now. let xa che two « varziableg. where the -sclaton behoeon L and y iS OXpree © | by! ar equattions 809 pled then i+ 13 ealled an impliai “tuneon lag’ de thon PERE) = Ha ‘gan implelt fnations’ os. Ww Paiao mene Funation - . Let £-f(D and y= alt) be two Feta of the varid lob in the intoraval ac tS By aleminating & fom the relations R= £(H)n ge a(t) we 8 all have relation connecting xand yo 4 feeqande aS a Rinetion 0tn easily ‘gee that y= ae: a Jax=0, whith #8 an implier Ran Yt", Horeey wt atay= gab gt eonsti & paramietiic Funct on. G bei parameter. oe “thal: £02) = leg -txntaia) is , faoken Ey. 4s Show an odd funation ee : | So)M fe) +(-%) = loge Tre) + log CAH = = llr fle eer) = |p 4 this) - 4 “a A+ e) = Ig 4 =O| Thus F&) ig an odd Puneton _ “}EX.2, Rove that any function of %y defined Bia all vecal Values of a, ean be. expreesse 08 tke gum’ 6f an even and odd function of &. , \ phe go: Let Cx) be ‘ang funelion of & defined fn all ‘weal valued of R, so on onthe Fea)= pha) 608) + 4 6pte)-FLD 5 = ple) +y@8% Now, a8 O(a) = + § Pla)+ ~e)t - OR) = Lo Peet pc) } =p) 30» pe) 1g an even notion oF x. [atte athe reat (2) = 4S PCX) -f(£ r ye 24 « Fe A Q i to0 WR TS an odd Aunerion ore - us any function £R) of the real variable x ean be. expressed as 7e * | Sum of an even tunction and oN odd function x. oo of Be 9.0) Find the [ae if any «0 the following funetions: @ sin ox) Longa () feogel. © 2085 (e-m) (sitet eose W ans fe) = sinok “gin Fo (z+ 2) A sin e+ 2n) os gine: anak 18 a periodie function of Te period qh~~ ](H Sol” : Fa)- nel ose Since the “Ault ag 2k. iS ae with period 30 = Tr, FE (14002%) = cost is algo a periodic Rinredion with period 7 (9 Sol": L(x) = 2008 4 5 (e- 7) = 2t08 (3 -5) = 2f 08% 08S + seo aes G8 : 00 0s ® Koy sink Caio ig % period i@ “Fon Sol": Pex) = sind A+ aos 9. py “(aire Ki+ 008 2) - 2sinrx oose —_~ Oe Qeikvoose — je a- ax 2airkkeos RX |= a ~ bei? ee . wai-t Jey 2airt oR ~4- 4 (4- 108%) J ~1-duBeeste with powied Z a $5.cosde “48 og te ga pe iodi a Panetion vit “period =a Be iS 0 peraiodie fieneti Ex. 4. Fin the domain P deka of following Funolione: or sere A | Pe) ea Hee Sols Since f(x) is real » the volues of Ro must ‘be euch that beth aa | quanti fies, wh land Ve-# ane rearequires That ya>0 and PRE > £21 and RSF C99" 304 domain of definition of Fe) is 18%. Og [19h] Wi) 8 fC) = (et) 2) Slt: fe) = eee. Tn onder thet Plz). mag. be ab (eA) (F- -%). must be ea + nego: (t-4) (7-930 orhen B¥-1>0 an Oren Be “AZo and ¥-¥ £0. =-@ From (4) » es £.%5 ’ ‘Again Ban | ), € O45 and: we But these two aelationg eanndt hold simultaneously 8, the domain 6 dfiton of PH) 8 Aen <% | 7xZ20.+-—-OWii) PR) = Verze— Bae Solh: Pla) = VOI Bee For P(e) to be defined, MF Gree Seo Ohen G+ 6x~ Je 9% So 3.2(4t92) -2(44+9%)>0 (44-92%) (QBS 0. : either, qt9k>0 and. = Ofe4 44-5RL 0 cand Q2-¥# <0 —2 Feom (4) 9 “4 ZRS 2! Again from @ oy, ¥<-1 ond €X2 But these’ relations aannot hold gimublw wl of definition of ee) is aBy)": oe) log (a ea P(x) is defined . fore all veal values of x that make, x het 60 35 $ HX-WAGSO 3 x(RB= 2-99” = (R-O)(R 2)>0 This inequali ty of X except those ie ie 2 and Bq inclu ing, & and & So, domain of deh tion. of Eee | 'g al ibeal voles af a eer 2 22RD. w Fee) = {leg ee Sol": Fee) ig fe) 1g defined Bs thege ¥alues-of ay if log A®E"S 0 olde ps all - eal values Haiieenj rr | 0» 4x-¥2N% or | OP, XX 4+ 40. sxtoeepeo | = xl %)- 4 (#8) 20 ', (&- m)@e4+)< 0 This inequall he ig ‘gatiatied Posey “Domain fe) i) 0h ek <4 Vd, Pl@) = log eee Sol” : f(z) = ig REE £64) 19 defined for, those values of & whieh Make bx-#= x(R-X)SO . Domain of He) iS 00 of, when (4-2) <0n and (44%) <0 These two sets of inequalities are golistied fon -1 0 ~-*X when &<0 “Ine ange 0 Son when @>0, P (0) =-4 and £(-¢) =-4and |P(a) —PCa)} = |4+tl= 2 —O Again. when «40, f(a) =-4 and fee)- 1 - | Soalf(-PE OL = |-4-1) = 2 —@ Combining (4) and (2). if o (+0) ke ary reeal © number » |P0)- f(-0)]=2 Ex.9, IP P&) = eke find F(2) ond C9). Ay rl Sol” FR) = tel f(a) = B+ |9) =O4S=6 £9) =-94 9] =-9+= Oo Ex.40- TP 2P 4). Pa)= we» find thew os of Perey els We hove, af ( (4) Peeler a we 3 t(q)-7P =re a P(x) - PB — @Q_ Freom Wt) and (2) 1. 1) ~ $8.4 286) - -Gg)- He “ated _ ag 1 a > bone @ > ote CHEB: ~ BR 4 ADO = #8) + agri 8 (ate) coe 104 ofeig“B (Re) co) _ nes) +40 - a (eg) = AL +3) 429 a >(e+4, Ex. 14. (i) The function £7 altelies the equation £ (ety) = ee) +f(q). Show that «: (e) F(0) =o Ww Fe) ig an ol “Boral Q|% Given thet Plety) = Pee)+ Pq) (@) Putting R=Ya0 on both sides of w) Plo) = Flo) + Flo) P(o) = 9flo) = Fle) + PCR) * (0) =. P(e) + PC) PAR = fx) “: Plo) =0 » PR): ig anvcodd fimnation, Ex, 4%. Tf. Pe) = cos. 5 (lg) then show that £(@).- F(a) - % {PCB) 4 af -o sol": P(e) = wa (i) Py) 08 (legal) f(x) f(x) = ds (log 26) 068 Ce) ond Bi (SH Pc (xg) = 003 § log (4)5 + waft = 2008 al hele), lel)- legge 2 ~ bane (uate) calbef) —_—= 2008 SFE jos MEE ro = - dos(- 22%) ws(% log é). > = 20s (slog ‘eos ( (Aig) = 2008 (loge) wos fax 2) "4 3 = 2008 (loge) e08 Clog) = 2008 (log) 08 (logg) ft A468 ef) ea) a «08 Log z) coslg) a Q eo(| bg) easly = 0cx.14, TP P@+B)= Be eet Find — Per) galt ees) = FE 240) = 2 VEO ~Q)44 > ote etd) BRT 2 ER CREE BRET oo Og Le AR Ex. 4h» Find the, aang? of the following Lunations area) awe galt {= PO" eee Y= 20s 9% A = ang OX = 27 e 4K 0S ORK 1 ~1S2-$S4On - 9 <- F d 4 Oh, 3 4 oe od ! and’ -Zslaha te if 2) 4-|21<0 and 2-l#il&o- i w P41dlel rand 2rtahe then -122%< 2 and 24 2<2 RE Fay] and x 6 E2x3} (-22) ee Eid] C29) KE [e404 —— (7) If 4-lal 2 Ohon RK-2RE (-00 4 -9) U Qn od 4) Now (2) holdg if lalse0 Piet+ 2-0) From (2) 9(4): and (¥) the reequiroed dome 1g. Fava U C2009) U (260) Ex. 48. Find the domain of the fine ion Pe) = gig hPa en): Pe) i8 defined iP x= O%-40>0-8 and 2-0" at BFL peat e Reloion rc holda if + Ok-10D0 > ei e+ Ze-L0>0 => £(6-B)+ 2UR-B)SO i. te) (242) if cithera, x-#S0, and P4250 ore if 2 hL0 and LH2L0. PL XS and X>~2 nvan (RRL and S@.R<-2 5 Lf LLG Oe KK Bo vaelotion (4) 18 valid’ if Zelired U - 00-2) @) ° . Again, elation (2) holds if xs 8 and 243 if 2 E (#00) ~£ 99 ¥~ -- 1 Honi@e “the yaoquireed - domain ‘a the aornmoh » poration oF O and @ ; (fo 0) d the range e ie * Benelion Ex.19. Fin ‘s sree ie "te L4ONZ ni Let q= log a achgane ted Napsxt3 V2 on. & ~ eB nk 108 F- Sing— Oke 4 a Pre ae Delues. ofe -14 94 2< gtaqe gz hee pay ere Honae the veange is [ito +} Bx. 90. Find. the peraiod the followng fine rons! i) cor 9 (i): Hsin% +4 008% (i) ql" 2"! aot (74%) = = cot, vole (ga , pewiodic Raneton of peniod TI Son 0 ee 'g algo a pene finetion | the period being = 2 pereioc being “ae . gine “the lageig 24 2] of éach ofUi) Sal” s Sin (2M) =91n F180 STAR is a periiddia Linction of dhe. petalod: Qn and honce-sin Lig. .periodie, funetion of the peed SH 4%. Again ose ig a pen finghion of \ period =f = em Since SIT Fe Qa roafional rultiple of 4M; ( asin + 4o0s% , 18 a. periodic neti the period being the. yi 47 and @7: ST ne Ey. 24°) ‘Show that’ gineX +s? k 1S % peroiodi¢ fune Hot Find the period: Slt: sin bei aos = fant _ gin Bx)t 4 (ws okt Qu0s®) _ginge)+ (0s okt =t +f maine -On9g.2)Poth amex and cogx aver perwiodin perriodi-of each of the erm being a Again eos Bx and ginde ae algo, perdi. functions , porsiod of each of mem being oh oy Now 1-@m-of 20 and ig on Henee £(%) ig a pariodi a funation oF poroiod Qn: 6 SBA Ex. 22. Find the inverse of the furehon P(g) = ng, Cevnie) gt Lely = log (eV), dion ef = Xt year OY04 et k= Ve or. (e-2) = eA nrar (8) ~28 ea =Trea bi # x ola 4 we have £" (2) = _ er. on 4) . EXAMPLES — IT 1 %, Give fe) = 102+, find PCo) and £(-2) . Salt: Fe) = 2% eS f(0) = (0 - 40x0+ 9 = ®£62) = (-2P- 190 C9)+8 = 442048 sc SHOX 4. Tf fe) = Seox+ cog Xa than ghow that fe) = P(-8)- > : Sol”: FC2) = goort0osek : (Sx) = geo.) bese)" geet | “ Seocet cose » [cast 20) 08 Me ey See + $C6) = FER), (Showed) elf fees ae +Q — a then “| ghow thot fe) + Pb) = pean) gin: f(x)= ba 4 a SS Bf le b Fae. 40 ack S7005. If f(e= ee okt Fo then show that C past) POS = o¢—9+hSol": F(a) = eh Oe+y Pet+h) = (ehy oo eth) +¥ =P ahh pe Bh4k ceterh) BOOS/A = Poh gh-OhtF B98) hk o¢hth- Oh 7 hs _ h(Qkth-8) i —{ = 2"- oth0 oer an of ai eh “eta) = ra tear) = (He Then freom definition, P@= Lt ee a PAR a td Z\ : x A peeos 24 # [aint nied ee 8 Lt ase de ee he oe= 2%" >, LG [n e+e ao44—] 5 af fh Me) 8 4-3 a Vs / ne ‘ =, ne “4 Thus -4,(a') =r LB all rational ‘values: n. ii) Di iP evortial cok ficient of e& gg: Let Pte) = &* Then £ (+h) = a 7 mM defini iON» ra i , LC in ~fle “p30 = liv ein " oThus 4(e 2) = ti) Differential i » alter of a a aa Lol (= a® + Pleth) = thTren, d Atel ia Flaeth) Fle) h t= p Pa a C(t Dd ho nk he _ lin oa OS - mei = hoo h © 6 Air hotna-t He Uns) 0 ix lim Epa hth = a fim {Sno (dna) 9) ind 4 -~ &lna Tus 4, (a8) = otha? (iv) Difforaontial coeffaient oof lege ane Let Px) = loge « Peth) = log@+h) Ten *(@) = {fale lage _ VL gg 24 hy “ela oof de x = be log (4 au epy snk 1P. = pe 1 2 2 1B PI\v) . : ‘alae of Sine Sols Let fte)= ink a | 7 » (kth) =in(@+h) Kor delivenl --pteth) Pee) Ton GR | HRA Be lena) = lr rm Brig) sin | “ty 2eos (SF) inte h{ ral) XS wh lim 00s og fb : ; Shey hoy a a) hsp = 00s (+2) x 4. = wget = (sine) = -lasge. Ee ait, wi) en cooffietent ofc wsh agin, Let Re) = cose _ » Peth) = rete ot . Tren 40901 | he ses) fe. “Ha (9H) - i toh>0 i La ~aain(er ain) . . __ Lt sin(gph)y Eb Sint hSo nt ax 2 ~ —ginet2) Xd ee = ating to (os%) = - sink ; el ps (vil): Differeential coefhietent of dane aI": Lot Ceci . eth) = tan(&hh) we “ape = tig eolim sinltthensie-snveose “hk eoatehiexe "amy Sin litth-x) ho eee eae im . gink lim = RSS RSD aa | 1 cose = AX Wogfeto) cos% oe cosh > Sex z (ton) = secaSol Let i) : aot | f(eth) = wok beth)” Then tft im 4 (epbx) = I! lie “elt. ole eth) Seth He estou” wse “z tim so ho ; ho nk 608 Geb) — ensuite = lim 3 “ 0s airdeth) sine clin BIR RA) hoo h sin (&+th) sink ginch = lim ho hgin(&+h) sink2) ae cos (eit) et— lim. _e08k- 03 (th). r30 feos (ethos e — him ggin(eeh in(SBhBE hoo eos (aeth)eos 2, lim 23in (er) sinh hoo hy eos(aeth) a0 St elim sine) fim, SRE ho eps(¥th)OoS¥ hoo) = _ ane* ~ "apg kX Cosk © = = tan geak 4 sock) = = acox lane‘erential coetricien f(y) = eoseck h)= cogee (2+) ra) lin pHi hoo eG ) dose if eoSseck lint Bick ak a e0$e: Fie Ce ie ee ¢) = 7 of ag = lim ae ae ry vhpo ee a ito A “hoo. ona sind. lim 9a (284) sin 4) hee, hsinfeth) sink = ig See) i ieee hgin@eth)sine 2 lirn cog (+4) lim ae These “Bingseanyein ho och-_ » tose SiN Sink =~eolKaogeee , ee “heat bat ._d “de Qi vA. LHD = ie #9 Hlo-h)~ RO) Ri Hed: = Le hie fo+h)~fO) A function ig. diPBwentiable if LHD is seul lo fy fer able Ht affemoda le fy on LH-D= PGe+h) Plath) “Fe hee RED = Lt “aexuh) 6) £0 h LH. OS % 4.0 = 0ifferetiable funotion gh Page: fae)= 4) for X<0 s4 ne = 148in® fop 064% Bm ans* é a+ (€- show at Pd evels at ¥= aa bod does nf.S,\Re LR) = 14 8ink PUN FB) Pes “4H. D= ' LH ok 0 h FG) er 4400gh2 _ bo (a DO Ye! tein wah-4 » sie08 h “EePe) = 24 (k- Q £(8) - i y 548) at ( asa a RD = re 2+h= 2 he & :2" ah wet tp. 2 F.V A Q v Lette Le - QHL's FV we @) "BO, rch Lateton ab eat4 foge Keyes cp Ex. 4. ine Pao the fret principle» she dereivative PEED yt: Let F@=VE” 1 pe Ut fe ho. Meer ho hve +e) yy Cm’ x hee hie We Lf Beth eH hab cc era) Lt ~ ho Tak jek WeA e &. vend from the fragt mini. the difRreential efficient of tant x: aytie lot fat =y and» fag eh) = 34K Then, a8 h20n K-64 Algo, @= tang » seth = tnt) hz (eth)-% = Apelie “at © 1 alba) 4 4 see ie | re ne Ak eo GENES = 0 fonttis)- int ee = ko ws Fan L} “atte GL hoo nk 284 uvaL Ree Koo Sint BF int = sind a wey U8 veh b . RK “ my, 1 Keo. “gnwakt isaysin ‘aint. ‘ BGC “Big oad ub kK . Ko ain ale)” 8d oe Pee kop nee) cosy esa ang 4 SN 8g Ks ko, SAK ay Malt) mayoes or ade rj! nee A noe pe BA Ex. 9. Finds the) fraora, definitions the dsFfeenha coefficient of log eos 2 4 a ro Let ug pub eos = Uo cos (Rth) = Uk 1K = a08 (&th)- cose and 80, when h-30» K-30 | : log cog (eth) — logeose «ellie Fo “ “ pp log (UK) = togue -x K h ~ k30_ Lt K30 a log t oY) | _ ut aw, i K ~ K30 log on A LK > As K-20 p30 2, limit bt 7 fein LE eS as KO 4 h-x6 eS Bink, Algo, u= u tos (log wz) ~ = Sine ~ fondEx, A ony): $e): ih fe) = % ts A: “ay ag Ky As Oly 0% at. PO) does not xis ‘ aus F0)- u PCH) any 1 £0 “hoo h Now, Ds “ # hooto < Loi . = how = Tand LHD ye 2001 o t Les sh ~ h30- o. Re nf Chard deri votive iS not equal Binee the “ah jo the lef-hand derivative the derivative~fR=0 does nok -exist - ERA Lmotion fe “debe in the ili Plad= eainss, fore L409 £(0)=0. Rae ‘ ann that £00) doog nor et ns f ‘0) = iS Poa PB) ty hein nam, * ho A+0¢ hl! = ‘Lf ang ho A whieh does not ox £0) does nok. exist: Ex. c.f P= xin 4) when ze 0, and f(0)= On Pind fo) ain: £'(0) = Le Po ote £0) a =-(; Hinge wt a feo h "[*2 when h is not oxadlly ZoRd» BIN & iS finite» not execeding 4 imumereically | “ “to. @ FW= 2% fom oR-. Ts fe) continuous at #=4 and 2 @ Doos (x) exist for these vakes ? @,\": When X= 4% DL = + P@) LO4 ~W & KolLHL = By L= PY is oh 4 sothot 2) 18° when k= a LHb=\ 1 #8) Xo5 ato hy Lt (2 ws) ~ ¥32 5 = 9-2 RH eee 46) = bt |