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Oro 9 a eee! dx es (4) 2 J el ap ade aay? a? ote yt a) ov Bete Nase te Cc 3 each 4 ce pena ee a 9? * wey oe IOUS ae cOM GRE OU: ayo on dy oy 3X ev C-R equator: an ralkdicd. but ews Logz wy deo t as t ny Wo leq @ & nek dy eeotabl. ah £20 wo +legt & On analyte function enept ab Z10Ge he he a "x77" « bor “5 ) jGapert 6 SITET gee gee) a q a analy bie. bel Gun, f(t) 1 uriv & Oo analgte functkfoo 71 BF satutds ¢-Q equalem and du real, frm ag tang (Okla, of) ECE) Gta Ponieatt. CeO 5 ou ov oe dy Oy Grrr me ee du iy oy a, | EEO) a as veo = CBy) | Sea Te ean a? 2 lies + Sy? J 1 Roos tor cP a Ot wey Aig) «ru a) ot oe Cc aan 3 2 dat ou ge a 2d fau. du ax ox ee 8 wd 39 om GU) ee secre ttel 2 oy? eae 1 a @ Klow ee Oe® . we icePe tee (as ae oy! : a, “ey ] afu.du ,, 3 oy? ea (B-B)4 1h 8) wal Ee iaeenie rae ce + re Ca By equ Ob ®) ate coe bine FB), 4% 4) +t vin y) Be de, ty, ou oe one ow pte 2 me Ea a 1ée)1 : ae een nte naan 2a a Hou © af 2? , a? ] | Rea) feof? s a 1é'Cel [sa2 oy?4, Show that f(z) = z + 2Z is not analytic in the complex plane. Solution: Given f(z) = z+ 22 =x + iy + 2(x— iy) = 3x—iy u = 3xandv =—y ou ox au av , 5 = Oand 5 = 0, Since = # a the C-R equations are not satisfied. Hence (2) is not analytic. 5. Find whether f(z) = sinxsiny —icosxcosy is analytic or not. Solution: Given f(z) = sinxsiny —icosxcosy u = sinxsiny and v = —cosxcosy du a du i. we ny, = si d 5 = cosxsiny, 5° = sinxcosy an av av : < = sinxcosy,— = cosxsin ax Vay a Since Pa # —% the CR equations are not satisfied. Hence f(z) is not analytic. 6. Find whether f(z) is analytic or not. ine pete Ta Deo ea Y ass Solution: Given f(2) = 55 = Salata Bath eee u= a, andv= ay? ou _ @4y?)=x(n) __y@on®@ gu aay Ox 4y2)2 Gy)?” Oy (Ay?) ao Ov xy v(x? +?) - y(2y) ox G@ty?'dy SO y2P x? + 7)? re nt SP eC Ren i Since 5 = G and 5) = — 5p the C-R equations are satisfied. Hence f(z) is analytic. 7. Find the value of k such that f(z) = e*(cos ky + isin ky) is analytic. Solution: Given f(z) = e*(cos ky + isin ky)u = e* cos kyand v = e*sinky 2 = eX cosky, eS = —ke* sin ky and ‘Ox av av — = e*sinky,— =ke* 2x sinky, a e*cosky : : au _ avy du_ _ ay, Since f(z) is analytic, the C-R equations (52 = 5° and = —F) are satisfied. Therefore, using x = ze e&cosky = ke*cosky > k = 1. Example 10.6. Show that z"(nez*) is analytic. Hence find its derivative. Solution. Let f(z) = 2" =(re’)" =r"e™” "(cosnd +isinnd) =u(r,0)+iv(r,0),... (1) where w= * B= nr™eosne, 8h. =—nr*sinnd, 2 = nr""sinnd and = nrcosnd "cosn8, v=r"'sinn We have 2 = nr™'cosné = L{nr*cos ng} = 1 22 and B= nr™'sinng =—1{-nr'sinno} = 16 Clearly, C-R equations are satisfied. Moreover, the partial derivatives &, %, &, & are continuous. Hence z"is analytic for nez* Derivative of fi: Differentiating (1) partially w. r. t. r.we get £@-E= B® ie, f(2)-6 =nr"™'cosnd+i(nr™ sin nd) @ are? => &= ea) = {'(2)= "5 (cosnd-+isin nd) Pind apt, gilt SEL gi ppl gor9 en(re®JOO chow tar tos folios nso ottows apundhens © mek analy tie sry ae wks = w fea52 1Zz17 Gls CD Giver f2r= 2 Bre we knew Athol et tten ZB aay. Now, diene Zl Compoie wath Pd=ucuyrtivery ws eemrgd= 7 veugo= -4 portray Ry ical W owerts cand tt OW PCR ty qu - abo wm OF “ y Panbialty Digerereating Vo ows a ond ay atpee, Bee2ED = tl yen C2 dene 2S ® Gun BEF (zie (222974) oy fare [ety (led ay 442) = Ve” aa a ive pore fez Comper oh oe en ee Poortially Deprertaney e ee te 2 gu eaiety) 2 5 Ee Mj oe eeu Pexhity chifenetiobng ‘Ecole ome i) DY. ato=0 8. Ns Died=o Ie Dy Hen cleanlg, mt om OU. Dp (ono ferlitic ay. Ba® Prove shed the CR eguations fn 2 Ss Petar aoc ub 24Us, ee ecto : &) Selz- We Know hak Gt2re UIMBI4F VERB) CD or uel pee a aD wre iat 2 #lup e@s = they a tnel®) ES ee? pee an ID = |e Un): © a Or Poottally dé coa| qo tc. (epness at . Sltz) #10299 (ne®)= nFlend ie zine tex) ob ae a6 ao. tndHeed 28. oe leans 3 =r |PUp= aye a ao equating EOord &® ial tn = 3 Pees ew qu in 30) ® ie a os Pouny Aupsttaterq & E40) wegtt Qturv) 2 1 aluriv) jn 00 a Tr maton > dy By + 9 e a on Tr tay. 1 tant rz) ar Da in 90 x20 od pis Late 2 36© f(z? fe an analytic forcien fz, them Drove thal — ae =~) [429 [7 at lesa\™ @ pale Lee fade Utiw [eel = fer | #2) *2 (frre) =a wv 7=gearg) Sag) Sine fox amaligte be 2 = BN, aD ond OU s wre parting differtiatcg ys itl vapect 4, at 2 auaL raved eae posal afer above ey waliery wrls ¥ a ao oy (2) pay ay +o (2) ony, = a[ oes viet “Ey? (ea yo Jers y . fase eificaaee | gray ad. gue av | ae > oe | ae a +8 (ay fav ey a) | eos -ae(gr gy] © na ad AO sort x Bee re =afe prey es of (24 | per ck steer ea, 2 2 oro + @2) "4 J (RIF =] OF Be y3 >a [aQzy +(2y| 2 (ep - (BY ] = aus she)” ie (ce + a.) Uttaalh> 4 [flea |13. Prove that (2 +) |Real f(2)|" = 2|f(z) where f(z) is analytic. Baan a Solution : Let f(z) = u + iv = Real f(z) =u f(z) =u, + ivy = |f/@)? = u2 + v2 Now 2 (u2) = 20% = Ser =2((2 +uz) > (1) ox? ox? ay ay? Adding S and (2), we get a ear +0 = = 2() +u53)+ 2(( " (4 2) 2 af) 4 (2) 4 (OH a2 yz) = (5) (&) (ae Since f(z) is analytic, u satisfies the Laplace equations. 2 Similarly, 4 (u2) = 2u% > Sw) = 2(() aw Then (2 +3) =0. zeae du)? | du” Ruse ee (eee ale eo ene (= =) eae (&) 4 (5) ) pore) Since f(z) is analytic, we have C-R equation uy = —v, Gl & (s+ Fa) = 208 + vg) = 208+ 14.Show that (Ss + 3) log |f(z)| = 0, where f(z) is an analytic function. Taking x = = and y = Weave a2 OK alos) ag age) ic And 55 ae (an) + oy Ge Multiplying (1) and (2), we get (@-2) a z(t) > +iZ)>@Gras) (+H) Coste @) = 45, Coste’ = 4325 Fost’ OI?) = once [since |zl? = 22] (log f(z) + log f(2)) me ap f(z) 0zf'(z) = 2[0+0] =0 ae) at@) _ [since = 9 = 9) sx2Gutiy) 17. Show that f(z) = | ays! is not analytic at z = 0 although C-R 0, z equations are satisfied at the origin. : pualatin)y z#0 Solution: Givenf(z) =} *+7 0, z=0 ‘dw ety (ae 0) #0 ees au ._ u(0,y)—u(0,0)_,, 0-0 (F) = tg EEE = tim = 0 Pod cnpeatee O ye av __ v(x,0)-v(0,0) ._ 0-0 ) = lin = im — = 0 Sen 0 ee =o x ‘av v(O,y) -v@,0)_- 0-0 () =p SER = lim“ = 0 I¥ 9) ¥00 yO yoy Since Se = oe =- = the C-R equations are satisfied. Hence f(2)is analytic.® For verifying analytic functions, we have to verify differentiability. xy? (x + iy) | 0 FZ) —f@) "x? +y# xy(Qxtiy) xy? Z-% x+iy—-0 G@+y)(x+iy) x? +y* Case-1: Let us take the limits on a straight line y = mxto “22 Feta) etn ee emg e exCu)s See pO Fy) 0x7 + Gm? Case-2: Let us take the limits on a straight line y = mx?to fetal imi =#@0) _ tees ee Coes ae mec ea % x0 GP Fy4) yooxe + (mye yom ST yomx? =0 Case-3: Let us take the limits on a straight line x = my2to <2=%o) =a Fe Cen vee doe ee re ee 20 Z—% yO G@+yy yooGny)?+y* yume +1 aye “m+ Since the limits are not unique, given function is not differentiable. Hence f(z) is not analytic at (0,0). ty (yin) 19. Show that the function | iy? ?” 7 “is not differentiable at the 0, origin, peylyeb)) PAO Solution: Givenf(z) = | aye 0,6 “y= _ 9 f(z) — fo) _— xe +y? x°y(y — ix) Za xtiy x6 + y2)(x + iy) Case-1: Let us consider the limit on the straight line y = mx to 2s) “9 imi D=!Go) _ x*y(y — ix) Et) Gay Ek OFF VEF I) x3(mx)(mx — ix) = UM e+ Gm) ime) = im Xd anx — is) ORE Oxy) EF Im) x?m(m — i) —— (x* + m?)(1 + im) =0 Case-2: Let us take the limits on a straight line y = mx?to 2s) = x*y(y — ix) x3 (mx?) (mx! 1 G+ Gx)? )( + mx?) re xm(m? + i) ee (x? + m4) (1 + im) ~ Ler yDaTH) Case-3: Let us take the limits on a straight line y = mx°to ann 12) = fo) lim ——_—* 790 Z—Z {@=f26) 2g xy(y— ig) x88) (mx? — ix) = aus KE VCR IY) x00 (KO + (mx?)2) GR + mx?) m3(m x? — i) im? see ear) (een) +m Since the limit in case-3 is varies with m, the limits are not unique. Hence f(z) is not differentiable at (0,0).© Prove that the 7 ue sctveo . a ee se er ’ : a5 42d aan %4 fede EPC“ 4 1D (0220 / Continuout omd the ah a pr ree lat _aotestied etho Gan Rel Ol eimann puck ae @ BE- bin Lez de £1 C0) Aver net eis a cece = fe, oe cs it 70 ancl lin fizde kin wert- PCr. km wD = fam Ket)=0 Z-70 yO at 4470 es 4 ee Ato fezr=0 Wy gee : That, we te Lim £t2= #09 =p pieee oy oe te 170 2 vey te Mow tas wa Lond eo mnattansersly along pt Pane Nae open aecret) 420-17 2 hen a2 CUD me 1-2 Ee car eutieg Bee Cit mye SC terete) 20 170 Ciam) Lim fizico = #0) ee ae Delete te eer fe Coitio vk abr2zto cto ge She e ae = Ge qeoL uD) ne ee (25 x we Qu peo wid 02D efew -S. = Cao ge? ee 4 NOENGS: = 28 ae ey Kk Cp a ‘ov Sola veo ¥- egesees ) (309° ye ey ye 0 2 hs toon MaNe me ay end 30. BE Menu Camnan Quemano quaker are cole OA onyin - Now-f'co = Lz Hd 2 Km $02) 2 him Corgi Corp) zo z eee ned ares Ub 2-70 long ts path gem, ton flee) = [em eiC 4m) oe Camcit =o a tae on mand Aine ie net Urvguee _ flcz) doa rae eng IED).© chow that tHe treo Had= Jing], Hee CR: epuching are Aobfed at dhe orgia. a ut £2) = wey) +iverg +) eshere ubuy= JPA) ond vom =o Thin at te onigia Ula) 2 Roy Ose =O 20 Lim Ute) poe A nt ——— x aro x ee. 2Y = bw atay)-uloed - > -O 7 gre 4 meee av = bw OF = “on AFO0 sed of tae Origine Firs low ‘4 cS19.Find the analytic function whose real part is x a aay way b, * x2? x Solution: (@) Given w= > = o-alay) __=2ay eadly = aga)! = Ge? _ @ty?)-xe2x) p= Semen pam (x2+y2)2 Let f(z) =utiv = f'(z) =u, + iv, uy — uy [Using C-R equations] 2 5 y? xy yee ame cy, (Oey (Ga) wa Ga) Using Milne-Thomson method, take x = z and y = 0 in f'(z), we get renee “Zt f@= Zz Integrating on both sides, we get f(z) constant. 2 ; 2 + ¢, where c is a complex mee! (©) Givenu = —* ea pasted ee 2h = CttyDev(ey) = ae Ux = Gaay2yt — Gaye and Uy = (tty)? @eay2e Let f(z) = ut iv = f(z) = uy + ivy = uy — uy [Using C-R equations] : ~2xy xtay? (@= Grp (aa Using Milne-Thomson method, take x = z and y = 0 in f(z), we get f@= Integrating on both sides, we get f(z) = 2 (£) + ¢, where c is a complex constant. 20. Show that u(x, y) = e2* (x cos 2y — y sin 2y) is harmonic and find its conjugate. Solution: Given u = e?*(x cos 2y — y sin 2y)Uz = 2e**(xcos2y —y sin 2y ) + e**(cos2y), uy = e?*(x(—2 sin 2y) — sin 2y — y(2 cos 2y)) Ure = 4e?* (x cos 2y — y sin 2y) + 2e”* cos 2y + 2e™* (cos 2y) Uyy = e?*(—4x cos 2y — 2. cos 2y — 2.cos 2y + 4y sin 2y) feat ye = e**[4x cos 2y — 4y sin 2y + 2.cos2y + 2.cos2y — 4x cos 2y — 2 cos 2y — 2cos2y + 4ysin2y] = 0 Hence u is harmonic. Let f(z) =utiv = f'(2) = uy + ivy = uz — iuy [using C-R equations] f'@) = 2e*(xcos2y — y sin 2y) + e**(cos2y — ysin2y) — ie**(x(—2 sin 2y) — sin 2y — y(2 cos 2y)) Using Milne Thomson method, take x = z and y = 0 in f"(z), we get f'(2) = 220% + Integrating on both sides we get, f(z) = 2 eS = c, where c is a complex constant. 21.Find the conjugate harmonic of u = e tems of z. Solution: Given u = e**-” cos 2xy uz = e*"-)" (2x) cos 2xy + e**-”" (—2y sin 2xy) = 2e**-* (x cos 2xy — y sin 2xy) uy = e*-” (—2y) cos 2xy + e*”-9*(—2x sin 2xy) = —2e*"-Y* (x cos 2xy + y sin 2xy) Let f(z) =u tiv = f'(z) = uy + ivy = Uy — itty [using C-R equations] f'@ = 2e* >” (x cos 2xy — ysin 2xy) — i(—2e**-Y" (x cos 2xy + ysin 2xy)) tao Using Milne Thomson method, take x = z and y = 0 in f"(z), we get f'(@) = 2ze”* + i2ze”* = 2(1 + ze”Integrating on both sides, we get f(z) = (1 + i)e”’ +c, where c isa complex constant. 26.Find the analytic function f(z) ifu — v = cosx+sinx-e% Solution: Given u— v = = 2eosx-e Let f(z) =utiv > if(z)=iu-v f@)+if@ = (ut iv) + (u-v) > (14+ Df(Z) = (uv) + i(ut v) F(z) =U +iV, where F(@) = (1+) f(@), U=u—v,V uty +(cosx+sin, _ (Cosy +e7¥)(2 cosx — e” — e~”) + (cosx + sinx —e)(-e? te) Hy (2cosx —e¥ —e)? Now F'(z) = Uy + iy F'(@) _ (sinx + cosx)(2 cosx — e” —e~”) + (cosx + sinx — e~”)(—2 sin x) a (2cosx — ey —e-¥)? (cosy +e~”)(2 cosx — e” — e~¥) + (cosx + sinx — e~”)(-e” + e~) i (2cosx—e¥ —e)? U, — iUy [Using C-R equations] Using Milne-Thomson method, take x = z and y = 0 in F'(z), we get (-sinz + cosz)(2 cos. (cosz+sinz F'() i 2(2cosz — 2) (cosz Fa) _ r2sinzcosz + 2cos*z +2sinz—2cosz+2sinzcosz + 2sin*z—2sinz— i2(cosz — 1) - 2(cosz — 1)? 2(1 — cos z) — 2i(cosz — 1) i +i preg = Aco) ~2A(cose— 1) _ AE 2(cosz — 1)? cosz—1 at 1 +t Be ea re @Since F(z) = (1+ FG), we get (1+ Df) =H cosec? (2) = f'(Z) = dcosec? (2) Integrating on both sides, we get f(z) = —cot @ + ¢, where c is a complex constant. Since f (2) =0,c=1.Then f(z) =1- cot (2) . yey ising 27.Find f(z) = u + iv given thatu+v SoaNey=aaeaa , sinzx Solution: Given u + vy = ———=—_ cosh 2y-cos2x Let f(z) =u+iv >if(Z) =iu-v f@)+if@) =(utiv) +(u-v) > 4 0f@) =(u-v) ti(ut v) F(z) = U+iV, where F(z) = (1+ f(z), U=u—v, V=utv V, = 2c082x(cosh 2y-cos 2x)+sin 2x(2 sin 2x) fe, = 2 COS DaKCosh Bymcos 2x) sin 2x(@ sin2s) (cosh 2y—cos 2x)? Me sin 2x (—2 sinh 2y) (cosh 2y — cos 2x)? y= Now F(z) = U, + ivy = Vy + iy [Using C-R equations] 105) x (_Sin2x(c2sinh2y)) |. /2c0s2x(cosh 2y~cos2x)-sin 2x(2 sin 2x) P@=( ease) ( (cosh 2y-cos 2x)? ) Using Milne-Thomson method, take x = z and y = 0 in F(z), we get FQ) =i ( cos 2z (1 — cos 2z) — 2 sin? 22) (l= cos2z)? 2.cos2z — 2 cos? 2z — 2 sin? 2z Si (1 = cos 2z)? Pree) wi ( 260822 = 208? 2a = 2sin? 22) _ 12(cos2z- 1) EZ) ee sa eA ot (1 —cos2z) (= cos 2z)? 2i 1-cos2z i ee oa 2 @) = yyy = ~leosec*zSince F(z) = (1+ df (2), we get (1+ d)f'(2) = —icosec?(z) > f'(Z) = = cosec*(z) Integrating on both sides, we get f(z) = ++ cot(z) + c, where c isa complex constant. ae f@ = cota) + 28.Determine the analytic function f(z) = u + iv given that 3u + 2v = y®—x? + 16x. Solution: Given 3u + 2v = y? — x? + 16x Let f(z) =u+iv = 2if(z) = 2iu— 2v and 3f(Z) = 3ut i3v 3f(2) — i2f (2) = (Bu t 3iv) — (2iu — 2v) = (3 - FZ) = (Bu + 2v) + i(—2u + 3v) F(z) =U +i, where F(z) = (3 —2i)f(z), U = 3u+2v, V =—2u + 3v Uy = —2x +16 and Uy = 2y Now F’(z) = U, + iv = Uy — ill, [Using C-R equations] F(z) = -2x + 16 -i(2y) Using Milne Thomson method, taken x = z and y = 0 in F'(z) Fig) = -22 +16 Since F(z) = (3 — 2i) (2), we get (3 — 21)" = -22 +16 = : —22 +16 Saas n22+162 3-21 Integrating on both sides, we get f(z) = constant. +c, where c is a complexeS a, Cees eee actin, flatter aaty ‘ hormonte, but ative net onalytic ® ge Given We ata amd v==d — co yu = - ag —( ee wt 2 2( ty) = ea] So wv caylee aka 2 afcrind = exp" ew) fee DOD 2-H le rae) * eH cme) : 2 cm Ce) = CHE 8D REI IEN ayes fee re ) Mee 2a ave cleat Tee ° ee 2% =0 fyenee ket womd ¥ dolisfes tte Lecplaut eyualcvo We we Obbowe Hoot” BS 4 BV ond) 22, BY Re alent, Sime ond vdeo ast £abichy th Comory ~ Reimann put sta oe Uriu fs pete am anatgie Vases T s@) a & @Proe tat userary2 aay Bay) te henrnent’€ Oma pir he anolyte uilioo See ot ee $ thy Give Uz et(cre qu) ag tenga? ee Peat anysing) + et(antery + my) andl i eer ee hig)— yey ed cag af 22 Ces 2 Now, av 2 atom pended soy] Bo iene dae yr) 2 cena ety vyeyd pet[resy] = een a +7 eq ad pone eo ang] 2) Cts) 4 PY cayd-alleeg gp eae aan Cesd 4 fray and ey. alot * a a'[- (14 S| uy Boy roc laty 294 any aay] cleat 4+ co, pene ie oe oo Nowe te Ayek e anol oon wwe Us él oq) Cay soxqey] Cp equations B= 4) plow, we ur f= adtiv fla) = Be ates awe - 13% Ley = t|-oe) A = 2x y sing attend 4 ty | ot EX - 0G? 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