I.

Introduction:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the mass percentage of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) in a commercial cleaning solution through volumetric
titration using hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a concentration of and the
bromothymol blue indicator.

II. Theoretical Background:

II.1. Definitions:
a. definitions for acids and base:
- Arrhenius Definitions:
Arrhenius Acid:

An Arrhenius acid is a substance that yields hydrogen ions (H⁺)

when dissolved in water.

• Example of Strong Acid: 

• Example of Weak Acid: 

Arrhenius Base:

An Arrhenius base is a substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH⁻)

when dissolved in water.

• Example of Strong Base: 

• Example of Weak Base: 
Each example demonstrates a substance dissociating in water to
form ions, either completely (strong acids and bases) or partially
(weak acids and bases).

- Brønsted-Lowry Definitions:

Brønsted Acid: Brønsted acid is a substance capable of donating a

proton (H⁺).

Brønsted Base: Brønsted base is a substance capable of accepting

a proton (H⁺).

-Acid-Base Pairs:

In the Brønsted-Lowry theory, every acid has a conjugate base, and

every base has a conjugate acid. These pairs are related by the
transfer of a proton.

Example of an Acid-Base Pair:

When hydrochloric acid (HCl) donates a proton to water (H₂O), the

conjugate base (Cl⁻) and the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) are formed.

A proton (H⁺) never exists freely in solution; for an acid to release a

proton, there must be a base to accept it. Often, this base is water,
which then forms the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺).

- Lewis Definitions:
Lewis Acid: A Lewis acid is a substance that can accept an electron
pair.

Lewis Base: A Lewis base is a substance that can donate an

electron pair.

b. Neutralization Reaction:
A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and a base react with
each other to form water and a salt. This reaction typically results in
the neutralization of the acid and base properties.

• General Equation:

c. Titration:
Titration is a laboratory technique where a solution of accurately
known concentration (titrant) is gradually added to another solution
of unknown concentration (analyte) until the chemical reaction
between the two solutions is complete. This process helps
determine the unknown concentration of the analyte.

• Steps in Titration:
o Preparation: A known volume of the analyte is placed in
a flask.
o Addition: The titrant is slowly added from a burette to the
analyte while mixing.
o Indicator: An appropriate indicator is used to signify the
endpoint of the reaction.
 o Calculation: The volume of titrant used is measured to
calculate the concentration of the analyte.

d. Volumetric Methods of Analysis:

These methods are based on the measurement of the amount of
reagent that combines with the analyte. Specifically, volumetric
analysis involves determining the volume of the reagent solution
needed for a complete reaction with the analyte.

e. Volumetric Titrimetric:
This method requires the use of a reagent solution of known
concentration, also called a standard solution or titrant. The titrant
is gradually added to the analyte until the reaction is complete.

f. Self-Ionization of Water:
Water (H₂O) is a molecular compound that can undergo self-
ionization. This process occurs when two water molecules collide,
resulting in the transfer of a hydrogen ion (H⁺) from one molecule to
the other. The products of this reaction are a positively charged
hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) and a negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH⁻).

• Self-Ionization Equation:
 II.2. Concept of pH:

pH measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.

pH = -log10 [H3O+].

For an acid solution, [H3O+] > [OH-];

therefore, pH < 7.

For a basic Solution, [H3O+] < [OH];

therefore, pH >7.

For a neutral solution, [H3O+] = [OH];

therefore, its pH = 7.

II.2.1 pH Measurement:

Methods of Measuring pH:

1. pH Meter:

- A pH meter is an electronic device that measures the hydrogen

ion concentration in a solution. It provides a precise and accurate
pH reading.

- Principle: The pH meter measures the voltage difference between

two electrodes (a reference electrode and a glass electrode)
immersed in the solution. This voltage difference is converted into a
pH value.

- Application: pH meters are commonly used in laboratories,

industry, and environmental monitoring.
2. pH Paper:

- pH paper (litmus paper) changes color when dipped into a

solution, indicating its pH level.

- Principle: The paper contains pH-sensitive dyes that change

color based on the acidity or alkalinity of the solution.

- Application: pH paper is convenient for quick and approximate pH

measurements in fieldwork, education, and home testing.

3. Color Indicators:

- Chemical substances known as color indicators change color at

specific pH levels.

- Principle: Indicators are added to a solution, and their color

change indicates the pH range of the solution.

- Application: Indicators are used in titrations and other chemical

analysis processes where a visual representation of pH is needed.

Each method has its advantages and is chosen based on the

required precision, convenience, and context of the measurement.

II.3. Acid-Base Dosage (Titration):

Acid-base titration is a quantitative analytical technique used to

determine the concentration of an acid or base in a solution by
adding a titrant of known concentration until the reaction reaches
an endpoint. It must be:
 - specific: (unaffected by any other reaction that might involve the
same reactants but produce different products)

- complete: (with at least one of the

reactants fully consumed)

- rapid: (reaching completion instantly or within a very short time

frame). An acid-base titration is a titration in which the reaction is
an acid-base reaction.

Recall that at the equivalence point, the reactants are present in the
stoichiometric proportions of the titration reaction, given by:

For a monoprotic acid and a monobasic base, this

relationship simplifies to:

II.4. Acid-Base Reactions:

II.5. Drain Cleaner:

Drain cleaner is an aqueous solution based on sodium hydroxide

(NaOH), commonly known as caustic soda. Sodium hydroxide is
an ionic solid (in the form of pearls, flakes, etc.) composed of
sodium cations (Na+) and hydroxide anions (OH).
 III. Experimental part:
1. Materials and Equipment:
Materials:
- Commercial cleaning solution
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl),
- Bromothymol blue indicator
- Distilled water
- Equipment:
- Conical flask
- Burette
- Graduated pipette (10 mL)
- Volumetric flask (100 mL)
- Digital balance
2. Steps of the Experiment:
2.1. Density Measurement:
Measure the mass of an empty beaker ().
Add of the commercial solution to the beaker and weigh it ().
Calculate the density of the solution using the formula:
Rho {solution} = (m – m_0)/(V)
2.2. Preparation of the Diluted Solution (S2):
Use a pipette to transfer of the commercial solution (S1).
Dilute the solution to with distilled water in a volumetric flask.
2.3. Titration:
- Fill the burette with HCl.
- Transfer of the diluted solution (S2) into a conical flask.
- Add a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.
-Titrate with HCl while swirling the flask until the color changes at
the equivalence point (from blue to yellow).
- Record the volume of HCl used at the equivalence point.
2.4. Repeat the Experiment:
Repeat the titration three times for more accurate results.
3.Diagrams:
3.1. Density Measurement Setup:
(Diagram showing the use of a graduated cylinder and a balance to
measure the mass of the solution)

3.2. Titration Setup:

(Diagram showing a conical flask with solution and indicator under
a burette)
4.Calculations:
4.1. Average Volume of HCl at Equivalence Point:
4.2. Moles of HCl:

n(HCl)= 0.1×{10.37}×{1000} = 0.001037 mol

4.3. Moles of NaOH:

4.4. Mass of NaOH:

M(NaOH)= 0.001037 / 40 = 0.04148 g/mol

4.5. Mass of the Commercial Solution:

M(solution) = 1.164 / 10.0 = 11.64 g

4.6. Mass Percentage of NaOH:

%{NaOH} = {0.04148}×{11.64} / 100 = 0.36%

Answers to Questions:

1. Complete the Table:

Test Titrated volume (ml) Volume of HCL at equivalence

(ml)
1 10.5 10.5

2 10.3 10.3

3 10.3 10.3

2. Reaction Equation:

3. Concentration of the Diluted Solution (S2):

4. Moles in the Commercial Solution:

5. Mass of the Commercial Solution:

6. Mass Percentage:

Conclusion:
The experiment determined that the mass percentage of NaOH in
the commercial cleaning solution is approximately 0.36%. The
procedure using volumetric titration with bromothymol blue as the
indicator was successful in achieving accurate results suitable for a
first-year university chemistry course.