Suez University

Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering

Petroleum Engineering Department

2.09"

2.09"

A Study On
 Declaration
This is to certify that the group members:
• Hisham Ashraf Mohamed Genedy
• Mohamed Fahim Abd-Elmaksoud Mohamed
• Abd-Elrahman Abd-Elsalam Mohamed
• Karim Mahmoud Ebrahim Ahmed
• Ahmed Moataz Mohamed Abd-Elhamid
• Mohamed Elsyed Ahmed Hwash
• Mahmoud Nasser Farouk Ali

have produced this work entirely on their own and that this is not of any other
person or institution, unless explicitly acknowledged. The work has not
previously been submitted in any form from the Suez University or from any
other institution(s) for assessment or for any other sole purpose.

Students: Signed Date:

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Supervisors: Signed Date:

•
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 Signature Page
The Thesis committee for:
• Hisham Ashraf Mohamed Genedy
• Mohamed Fahim Abd-Elmaksoud Mohamed
• Abd-Elrahman Abd-Elsalam Mohamed
• Karim Mahmoud Ebrahim Ahmed
• Ahmed Moataz Mohamed Abd-Elhamid
• Mohamed Elsyed Ahmed Hwash
• Mahmoud Nasser Farouk Ali

Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis

"A Study on Balayim Marine Field"

APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE:

Supervisor :
 Acknowledgement
We would like to dedicate this page to express our sincere gratitude and respect
for the fascinating staff members who spare no effort in teaching, supporting,
and inspiring us through our college years. Special thanks are due for our
parents for their endless effort and unconditional support in all phases of our
lives, especially through our way up to this point in education.

Teaching Staff
Assistant Engineers
Group Members
 Abstract
Belaim Petroleum (Petrobel)
History
It was established under Law No. 16 of 1978 as an Egyptian
joint stock company between the Egyptian General Affiliate companies
Petroleum Corporation and IEOC - International Egyptian
• Petrobel
Oil Company. It is the fruit of joint cooperation that began
• Nidoko
in the fifties between the governments of the Arab Republic
• Petrosaid
of Egypt and the Italian government to manage the Sinai oil
fields and Abu Madi natural gas fields. The company's • Petrodelta
activity began in 1953 under the name of the National • midgas
Petroleum Company, which was modified in 1957 to the • petro crocodile
Eastern Petroleum Company, and then took its current name, • Petroshorouk
Belaim Petroleum Company, in 1978 . The area of concession areas for these companies is about
4,080 square kilometers.
Activity
The company is engaged in the exploration and production Environment
of petroleum. The company pioneered the exploration of
the first offshore oil field ( Balaim Bahri ) in the Gulf of Several projects have been implemented to protect
Suez in 1961 , and the first gas field in Egypt ( Abu Madi against pollution, such as ballast water treatment
field ) in 1967 in the Abu Madi region of the Nile Delta .
projects and the disposal of water associated with
The company, on behalf of the Egyptian General
petroleum products through treatment and re-injection
Petroleum Corporation and partners, manages the activities
related to exploration, development and operation for 6 into the ground, in addition to the disposal of drilling
companies residues and to maximize the benefit of the products
associated with crude oil. In addition to its use in
Fields
managing turbines and cars instead of diesel and
The company's crude oil producing fields are located in
gasoline.
South Sinai and the Gulf of Suez , extending between Abu
Zenima in the north and Ras Gara in the south. As for the
natural gas producing fields , they are located in the Nile
Contributors
Delta and under the waters of the Mediterranean Sea (Zohr Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation
field).
AIOC - International for Egyptian Oil
1.1. Location
4.1. Introduction
1.2. SUBSURFACE MAPS
4.2. Reservoir Description.
1.3. TYPES OF SUBSURFACE MAPS
4.3. Types of reservoir fluids.
1.4. Belayim Marine Field Case Study
4.4. Reservoir fluid properties.
1.5. References
4.5. Reservoir rock properties.
4.6. Drive mechanism determination and
2.1. Introduction OOIP Estimation .
2.2. Rig type & its components 4.7. Future performance Prediction.
2.3. Average penetration rate 4.8. References.
2.4. Depth vs Rotating Time
2.5. Depth vs Trip time
2.6. Depth vs total trip time 5.1. Introduction
2.7. Well planning 5.2. Types of Subsurface Maps
2.8. Drilling problems 5.3. Pressure Build-up for Simian-Dm and
2.9. Drill String Design Simain-Ds
2.10. Number of casing strings 5.4. References
2.11. Casing grade
2.12. Cementing
2.13. Intelligent well completion
2.14. Cost 6.1. Nodal Analysis
2.15. References 6.2. Selection of optimum tubing size
6.3. Well completion
6.4. Artificial Lift
3.1. Introduction 6.5. ESP Design
3.2. Given data 6.6. Separators
3.3. Procedure 6.7. Well stimulation
3.4. Quantitative interpretation 6.8. References
3.5. Qualitative analysis
3.6. References

7.1. Introduction
7.2. Project Funds
7.3. Project Efficiency Determination
7.4. References
Exploration and Petroleum Geology
Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

BELAYIM PETROLEUM COMPANY

PETROBEL
The company started at 1953 and after that the Co-operation Company of oil gave it permission
for exploration, drilling, and production of oil in 16 region in Sinai. The Italian Agip (
representing the international oil company ) has been established in 1955 and bought-hares of
petrolena and the group of banks in the national company where its shares reached 5 0% of the
capital cost. In 1961, the company discovered the first marine field and put it on production in
1962.

GULF
OF N
S.E.ABU
SUEZ ZENIMA
ZOHR RUDEIS
/ SIDRI
SINAI

FEIRAN

BELAYI
Nile M
DELTA
MEDITERRANEA
N R.GARRA
ABU
RUDIES

0 10Km.

Gulf Of Suez Area

The Gulf of Suez is the most prolific oil province in Egypt. It exceeds northwesterly from the
Red Sea for 215 miles between the Red Sea Hills and the Sinai massif. Structurally it is a
complicated elongate, rift-type graben, which was initiated during Oligocene time. The
associated tensional faulting produced serial of Pre-Miocene titled fault blocks within the major

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

graben. In the northern and southern portions of the Gulf, these blocks are titled predominantly
to the south-west; in northeast. Post-rifting differential erosion was followed by transgression in
Miocene time over the eroded blocks. Marine sediments were deposited on a variety of older
formation ranging in age from the Precambrian basement to late Eocene. Thickness variation in
the Pre-Miocene sequence occurs gradually in the Gulf area. The Pre-Miocene comprises an
average of 3,000 feet of Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous Nubian sandstone capped by late
Cretaceous to Eocene carbonates and minor elastics. The overlaying Miocene sediments are
represented by two major lithological units, a lower clastic sequence overlain by series of
evaporities. This section shows considerable variation in thickness, and when deposited in
tectonically active, structurally low areas, reaches over 12,000 feet of combined thickness. The
Miocene clastic unit is believed to contain the source rocks for the majority of the oil in the
Gulf. It also provides some excellent pay horizons.The evaporitie sediments from the seal, in
some cases in the individual structures. Unfortunately, this evaporities also create severe
seismic interpretation problems in mapping the structures at the Pre-Miocene levels contrast,
the blocks of the middle portion have general tilt to the

LOCATION
Belayim marine field is located in the eastern side of the Gulf of Suez, 165 kms south of Suez
City. The field is about 9 kms to the west of Sinai shoreline.

Gulf of Suez Area:

The Gulf of Suez is the most prolific oil province in Egypt. It exceeds northwesterly from the
Red Sea for 215 miles between the Red Sea Hills and the Sinai massif. Structurally it is a
complicated elongate,rift-type graben, which was initiated during Oligocene time.
The associated tensional faulting produced serial of Pre-Miocene titled fault blocks within the
major graben. In the northern and southern portions of the Gulf, these blocks are titled
predominantly to the south-west; in contrast, the blocks of the middle portion have general tilt
to the northeast. Post-rifting differential erosion was followed by transgression. In Miocene
time over the eroded block. Marine sediments were deposited on a variety of older formation
ranging in age from the Precambrian basement to late Eocene. Thickness variation in the Pre-
Miocene sequence occurs gradually in the Gulf area. The Pre- Miocene comprises an average of
3,000 feet of Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous Nubian sandstone capped by late Cretaceous to
Eocene carbonates and minor elastics. Two major lithological units represent the overlaying
Miocene sediments; a lower clastic sequence overlain by series of evaporates. This section
shows considerable variation in thickness, and when deposited in tectonically active,structurally

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

low areas, reaches over 12,000 feet of combined thickness. The Miocene clastic unit is believed
to contain the source rocks for the majority of the oil in the Gulf.It also provides some excellent
pay horizons. The evaporate sediments from the seal, in some cases in the individual structures.
Unfortunately, this evaporates also create severe seismic interpretation problems in mapping the
structures at the Pre-Miocene levels.

BELAYIM MARINE FIELD (ZONE II);

Zone II is one of the oil reservoirs
composing Belayim Marine field;
from the stratigraphic point of view it
belongs to the upper portion of
Belayim formation. Zone II was
discovered by well 113M-1 in 1962
and production started in 1963
through wells 113M-1 & BM- 2, by
Dec. 1996, Zone II had produced a
cum. of 10.3*106 STD m3 of oil and
the production rate was 1910 STD
m3/d. The geological structure of
Zone II was reconstructed on the
basis of the data of all the wells
drilled as far as Sep. 1995; it is
composed of sand bodies mainly
deposited in the west south-west
flank of an anticline with a north-
west south-east trend. The sand
thickness reduces along the crest of the structure and is interrupted by a fault along the west
flank. Two aquifers have been identified on the basis of the different original OWC depths. The
OWC of the main aquifer is identified on the basis of the log analysis of well 113M-25, the
secondary aquifer is present only in an isolated area and well 113M-31identified it.

STRATIGRAPHY:
The stratigraphic column for the field is shown in the following figure. It represents the normal
central Gulf of Suez stratigraphic Succession.

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

GEOLOGY OF THE FIELD:

From the first view of structural map and lithological column and section we find that: Belayim
marine fields is a complex multi layer reservoir, with several producing horizons ranging in
depth from 2000 to 2356 m SSL (SSL=SUB SEA LEVEL).
Geological column

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

SUBSURFACE MAPS
The purpose of subsurface mapping in the geology of petroleum Is to find traps that contain oil
and gas pools and the information obtained from wells forms the heart of the data upon which
subsurface geology depends, other information are obtained from :
• Geophysical surveys
• Pressure and temperature surveys
• The production history of producing oil and gas pools

Geologic maps uses:

• Show the geologic history of the region
• Predict the location of petroleum pools of the new geologic data uncovered.

TYPES OF SUBSURFACE MAPS

1. Structural Maps and Sections;
Subsurface structures may mapped on any formation boundary, unconformity, or producing
formation that can be identified and correlated by well data. Structure may be shown by contour
elevation maps or by cross-sections.

2. Isopach Maps:
Isopach maps show by means of contours the varying thickness of the rock intervening between
two reference planes commonly bedding planes or surfaces of unconformity. Isopach maps
offer a simple method of showing the distribution of a geological unit in threedimensions (3D)
thickness of individual formations of reservoir rocks of groups of formations of intervals
between unconformities and a normal stratigraphic contact or formation boundary, may be
mapped in this manner.

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Isopach Maps are Used To:

• Determine the time of faulting and folding
• Determine the type of traps formation in regional studies.
• Development of a pool,especially in showing the thickness of the pay formation.

3. Facies Maps;
Facies maps are of several kinds, but those most used in the geology of petroleum are
lithofacies maps.

Paleogeologic and Subcrop Maps;

Paleogeology may be defined as the science that treats the geology as it was during various
geologic periods. A map in the past that shows the paleogeology of an ancient surface is called
a paleogeologic map. A subcrop map is a paleogeologic map in which the overlying formation
is still present where as a paleogeologic map shows the formation boundaries projected in part
into the area from which the overlying formation has been eroded.

Internal Property Maps;

Maps detect the characteristics of a single unit and its shape. It includes many types:
• Iso-porosity maps.
• Iso-volume or iso-vol. Maps.
• Iso-concentration maps.
• Iso-hydrocarbon maps.
• Iso-bar maps.
• Iso-potential maps.
• Water- encroachment map.
Geophysical Maps;
These maps depend on geophysical anomaly (such as local variations or irregularity in the
normal pattern) which after correction may be attributed to some geologic phenomena.

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Geochemical Maps:
These maps are used for mapping various kinds of chemical analysis of rocks and their fluid
contents.It may show the surface distribution of hydrocarbons where those hydrocarbons are
found at the surface in large amounts than normal indicating that there is a seepage of oil or gas.

Isoparic Maps:
They show by contours the reservoir pressure in a pool

Geological Cross-Sections:
They represent the geologic data as maps but in the vertical view.There are several types of
cross-sections but the most common in Petroleum Geology are as follows:
• Correlation Cross-Sections They are the first figures to be drawn in the first phase of
exploratory drilling and they enable the geologist to decide stratigraphic equivalences
between the wells.
• Structural Cross-Sections They show the present structural aftitudes of rocks in relation
to sea level as a horizontal datum.
• Stratigraphic Cross Section They show the correlation of strata with respect to one of
the selected as a horizontal datum

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Belayim Marine Field Case Study

Contour Maps

Structure Contour Map for TOP of Zone II

Structure Contour Map. For bottom of Zone [I

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Isopach contour map for netpay zone

Initial oil in place using volumetric method:

The mathematical expression for the original oil in place by volumetric method can be written
as the following:-

7758𝐴ℎ∅(1 − 𝑆𝑤 )
𝑂𝑂𝐼𝑃 =
𝛽𝑜𝑖

Where:
• N = Original oil in place,STB.
• Vb = A * h = Bulk volume, acre-ft.
• ∅= Average porosity.
• Sw = Connate water saturation.
• 𝛽𝑜𝑖 = Initial oil formation volume factor, bbl / STB.

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Now to calculate the bulk volume, there are three methods:

Trapezoidal method
The bulk volume is calculated by the following equation:
ℎ
𝑉𝐵 = (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑛 + 2(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛−1 ))
2 𝑜
Where
• A = area enclosed by every two contour lines.
• h = thickness between every two contour lines.
• VB = bulk volume.
ℎ
𝛥𝑉𝐵 = [𝐴 + 𝐴𝑛+1 ]
2 𝑛

Pyramid method
The following equation is used:-
ℎ
𝑉𝐵 = [𝐴 + 𝐴1 + √𝐴𝑜 𝐴1 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + √𝐴1 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛+1 + 𝐴𝑛 + √𝐴𝑛−1 𝐴𝑛 ]
3 𝑜
𝐴
𝑖𝑓 𝑛+1⁄𝐴 > .5
𝑛

This method is characterized by:

1. More accurate than Simpson method.
2. It is used in calculation of the volume of a body bounded irregular surface such as reservoir.
This method is used when the trapezoidal method can't be used.

Simpson method
This method is used with an odd number of areas by the following Equation:-
ℎ
𝑉𝐵 = [𝐴 + 4(𝐴1 + 𝐴3 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛+1 ) + 2(𝐴2 + 𝐴4 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 )]
3 𝑜
Where number of areas are odd

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Using Golden Surfer 21

Isopach map:

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Exploration and Petroleum Geology B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Results and Calculations

From Isopach Map

By using bulk volume calculated by surfer from trapezoidal & pyramid and simpson methods
and using Average values for Porosity & Water Saturation &Boi=1.59 BBL/STB
Calculated Bulk Volume Using SURFER@
Trapezoidal Rule 1255439341.7511 789648042.4
Simpson's Rule 126658739.3923 796659912.3
Simpson's 3/8 Rule: 1257506777.0264 7909483731

N= 312.26 MMSTP

NOTE:
(OOIP from maps is smaller than OOIP from material balance, because we ignore part from
reservoir by extending shale barrier to OWC line). "To get the most accurate values of porosity
and saturation, cores should be taken from each foot in the reservoir laterally and
vertically".So,the most accurate one is the material balance equation, but also it has a limitation,
although it

References
• Prof. Dr. Shouhdi E.Shalaby, "Petroleum Geology Maps and Cross Sections", Suez Canal
University,Faculty of Petroleum & Mining Eng.
• Prof. Dr. Hamed Khatab, "Reservoir Engineering ", Suez Canal University, Faculty of
Petroleum & Mining Eng.
• I. Leverson and Frdreick A. F. Berry. "Geology of petroleum ", University of California,
Barkly, W. H. Freeman and Company.

13
Drilling Engineering
Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

1. Introduction
Drilling is the process of making holes in the earth crust. Many methods can be used for drilling
wells. Drilling methods can be classified in accordance with various principles.
Selection of suitable drilling method:
Any method of drilling involves formation disintegration machine which can be used for
drilling, disintegrate and excavate rock by four basic mechanisms.
They are:
1. Mechanically induced stresses.
2. Thermally induced stresses.
3. Fusion and vaporization.
4. Chemical reactions.

From all the principles mentioned only mechanical drillings widely used for drilling oil and gas
wells.
Industrial methods of mechanical drilling can be further subdivided according to the character
or rock design tools motion into:
• Drilling methods with rotary motions of the tool.
• Drilling methods with reciprocating motion of the tool.

Hence Rotary Drilling is the most important method of making bore holes in petroleum
industry, and it is the method that should be mainly considered in our selection and design.
Selection of drilling rig:
The complexity of the drilling operation determines the level of sophistication of the various rig
components. However, even with the considerable variety of rig types, the basic components
described under with only a few exceptions are similar and common to each.

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

jacknife
Mobile
onshore Portable
Conventional
Barge

Rigs Sefl-contained
Bottom supported Platform
Tender
Jack-up
Offshore

Drill ship
Floating
Semi-submarine

Figure 2-1:Types of Drilling Rigs

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Drilling Rigs
Components of drilling rigs:
1. Drilling fluid circulating system & Slush pumps.
2. Rotary equipment system.
3. Hoisting system.
4. Prime movers & transmissions (power system).
5. Well monitoring system.
6. Well control system.
7. Special equipment for marine operations.

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Figure 2-8 : Rig Components

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2. Rig selection

2.1. pipe set back capacity

16 12.25 8.5
Wsb (lb) =W D.C +W D.P+WB 'in
air'
in 122041.5 177439.5 187960.5
(lb)
in 55.3571 80.4852 85.2575
(ton)
Where:
• Wb, Bit weight (assume: 500 lbs.)
• Fc, factor to compensate fraction (1.35)
• Max weight of drill string = 223738.421 Ib

2.2. The maximum casing capacity

13 3/8" 9 5/8 7
377060 411436.411 270794.615
Ib = Ib = Ib
171.409 186.624 =122.830
Ton Ton Ton
2.3. Kelly selection
The most popular size of Kelly in use today is the 5 1⁄4” hexagonal Kelly. From the previous
table we prefer to use a hexagonal type and since we have drill pipe with 5 in, so we select 5 1⁄4
in Kelly. From the tables select the specifications of the Kelly:
HEX. Kelly 5 1⁄4 in.
Lower pin NC50 (4
connection, 1⁄2 IF)
lb. (style and
size)
Length, ft 40
Outside 5 1⁄4
diameter, in

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Inside 3 1⁄4
diameter, in
Minimum 6 5/8
recommended
casing OD, in
Internal 153.1
pressure @
yield stress,
psi
Tensile yield, 1162000
lb
Calculation of Kelly weight:
The kelly weight = volume × density = 1815. 5 lb

2.4. Swivel selection

Maximum swivel rated dead load capacity:
Dead Load Capacity = Wb + Wds + Wk
= 225553.921 Ib
= 102.310 ton
From Drilling Data Handbook, Brantly, based on the maximum swivel rated dead
load capacity we will select the following rotary hydraulic swivel
Depth 5000
Capacity ft
Main 12 ½
bearing dia. in
Rated dead 150
load ton
capacity
Fluid 2.25
passage dia. in
Bail pin dia. 3.5
in

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Bail 4 in
diameter at
bend
Net 1480
approximate lb
weight
2.5. Hook selection
a. For total hook load during drilling, b- For total hook load during casing,
weight =Drill String wt. + Swivel wt. weight = Csg weight + Swivel wt.
= 187960.5 + 1480 = 304767 + 1480
= 189440.5 lb = 85.9 ton = 856.2 KN = 306248 lb = 138.2 ton = 1377.4 KN
We will select the hook depending upon the highest load. From Sovonex Tech (A supplier
provides Hooks and Blocks) we will choose HK170:
Hook specification
Maximum Hook load (kN) 1700
Weight (lb) 4413.65
Dimensions (L x W x H) 2450 x 750 x 630

2.6. Hoisting system selection:

For traveling block design
For maximum traveling block load:
Max. Weight =Hook Load. +Hook wt.
= 306651.552 Ib = 139.1 ton
From Drilling Data Handbook, we will select the following Travelling Block:

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Rating 140
(ton)
No. of 4
sheaves
Sheave 36
outside
diameter
(in)
Line size 1
(in) 1/8 ,
1
1/4
Overall 69
length 1⁄2
(in)
Weight 5470
with no
hook (lb)
Overall 38
width (in)
Thickness 20
(in) 3⁄4
Clevis 5 1⁄2
width (in)

2.7. Selection of Hoisting Cable

For hoisting cable design: From (Dr. M. S. Farahat)’s book
Total load supported by hoisting cable = T.B. load + T.B. weight it self
= 306651.552 + 5470
=312121.552 lb = 141.6 ton
Consider the maximum tension in the line in pounds, which expected for the drilling operation
TF.L = H. L. / (N * E)
assume N = 8 & E = 0.842
= 312121.552 / (8*0.842) = 46336.335 lb

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Multiply this tension by (3) as safety factor to obtain the safe ultimate strength of the required
cable = 139009 lb = 63.053 ton
From Drilling Data Handbook, select the cable which has the closest ultimate strength and has
the suitable diameter for hoisting sheaves. Select 6 x 19 classification wire rope, bright
(uncoated) or Drawn Galvanized wire independent wire rope core.
Nominal Approximate Nominal strength
diameter mass (lb / ft) Extra Improved
(in) improved plow steel
plow
steel
1.25 2.89 159800 175800

Dead line load is given by:

TD.L = (Total load supported by hoisting cable × KN)/(N × E)
Where:
K : Block and tackle efficiency = 0.9615
TD.L = 33846.673 Ib = 15.353 ton

2.8. Crown Block Design:

The number of sheaves of crown block will increase by one over the number of sheaves of the
travelling block. So, the number of sheaves of crown block equals 5 sheaves.
Total crown block load T.H.L = T.B. load + T.B. weight + F.L tension + D.L.
= 33846.673 lb = 177.946 ton
From Drilling Data Handbook, Brantly, based on the total crown block load we will

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

select the following crown block:

API working load strength (tons) 175
No. of sheaves 5
Drilling line (in) 1
1/8
Sand line (in) 5/8
Catline (in) 1
1/2
Weight complete (lb) 4580
Length “I” Beams (in) 90
Main sheaves diameter (in) 36
Sand line sheaves diameter (in) 24
Diameter of catline sheaves (in) 15

2.9. Draw Works Design:

As a rule of thumb, the draw works should have 1 hp for every 10 ft drilled. In another words,
for drilling 8000 ft, draw works should have 800 hp.
Drum output power = 1324.343 hp
So, we will select a motor with 1500 hp rating.
From Drilling Data Handbook, Brantly, we will select the following draw works:
Model 34-
8.5
FE
Size break rims 54 in
Drum length 35 in
Drum dia. 26 in
Size line 1 1/8
in
weight 35000
lb
Fast line speed = 10 × hook speed
= 10 × 120
= 1200 ft/min

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Drum speed = 1200/ (7.374) = 162.7 rpm

Ton miles of drilling line: The following gives equations for calculating the work done on the
drilling line
𝐶
𝐷(𝐿𝑠 + 𝐷) ∗ 𝑊𝑒 𝐷(𝑀 + 2 )
𝑇𝑟 = +
10560000 264000
Where:
M: Mass of traveling assembly (lb)
Ls: length of each stand (ft)
D: hole depth (ft)
We: effective wight per foot (or master) of drill pipe in mud (lb/ft)
C: (WDC * LDC – WDP*LDC)*BF

2.10. Maximum Ton-Mile During Tripping:

Tr = 185.48 Ton.Miles

1 𝐷(𝐿𝑠 + 𝐷) ∗ 𝑊𝐶𝑆𝐺 𝐷𝑀
𝑇𝑆 = +
2 10560000 264000
Where: Wcsg: effective wight per unit length of easing in muc

2.11 Maximum Ton-Mile During Casing:

Ts = 135.93 Ton.Miles
From Drilling Hand Book, we select the following specifications
Nominal Depth 16,000
ft
Drum diameter (D) 32 in
Drum length (B) 57 in
Drum Height 25 in
Approximate Shaft Diameter 1.2 ft
Length of skid (A) 25 in
Rope Diameter (d) 1.25

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2.12. Determination of total length of the rope:

N = 20 coils
n = 45.6 = 50 coils
Average length of one coil:
L = 13602.48 ft
The total length of the rope:
Ltotal = 13602480 ft – 13.6 × 106

2.13. Derrick efficiency factor DEF:

It is the measure of the degree of distribution of the loads on four legs and it is obtained by
dividing the actual crown block load by the maximum equivalent load for each leg.
Position of dead line anchor:
Static crown block load = fast line load + hook load + dead line load
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝑭. 𝑳 + 𝑯𝑳 + 𝑫. 𝑳
𝑯𝑳 𝑯𝑳
= + 𝑯𝑳 +
𝑵 𝑵
𝟐+𝑵
=( ) 𝑯𝑳 = (𝟐 + 𝑵)𝑻
𝑵
Where: T: tension in line
API safe load capacity: is the gross load that derrick support without failure.

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Load Leg Leg Leg Leg

A B C D
HL NT/4 NT/4 NT/4 NT/4
F.L 0 0 T/2 T/2
D.L T/2 T/2 0 0
Position
1
Position T 0 0 0
2
Position T/2 0 T/2 0
3
Position 0 0 T 0
4

DEF

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑁 + 2) + 𝑇

𝐷𝐸𝐹 = =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 4 ∗ 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑔
Position Position Position Position
1 2 3 4
We use N=8
DEF = DEF = DEF = DEF =
(8+2) / (8+2) / (8+2) / (8+2) /
(8+2) (8+4) (8+4) (8+6)
DEF = DEF = DEF = DEF =
100% 83.33% 83.33% 71.43%

2.14. Selection of drilling rig:

The weight supported by crown block
Max. weight = drill string weight + kelly weight + swivel weight + Travelling block
Then, 35% is a safety factor added due to friction and drag forces
WMax = (187960.5 + 1815.5 + 1480 + 5470) × 1.35
WMax = 265580.1 Ton

From Drilling Engineering A Complete Well Planning Approach N. J. Adams, we

select derrick size no. 18A:
Parameter Value of
parameter
Derrick size No. 18 A
Height (ft) 136
Base square (ft) 30
Water table opening (ft) 5.5
Casing capacity (lb) 300000
Pipe size (in) 5
Total length (ft) 8900
Pipe weight (lb/ft) 22.5
Wind load area (ft2) 510

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2.15. Mud Circulation System:

The mud circulation system plays an important
role in the drilling process. Th e main function
of mud and mud system is to:

1. Maintain downhole pressure greater than the

formation pressure.
2. Clean the wellbore from cuttings.
3. Lubrication.
4. Run the downhole mud motor.

Surface connection losses:

Pressure losses in surface connections (P1) are
those taking place in standpipe, rotary hose,
swivel and Kelly. The task of estimating surface
pressure losses is complicated by the fact that
such losses are dependent on the dimensions
and geometries of surface connections. These
dimensions can vary with time, owing to
continuous wear of surfaces by the drilling
fluids. The following general equation may be
used to evaluate pressure losses in surface
connections:

𝜟𝑷𝒔 = 𝑬 ∗ 𝝆𝟎.𝟖
𝒎 ∗𝑸
𝟏.𝟖
∗ 𝑷𝑽𝟎.𝟐
Where:
• ΔPs: Pressure losses in surface connections (psi)
• E: A constant depending on the type of surface equipment used
• ρm: mud weight (lb/gal)
• Q: volume rate (gal/min)
• PV: Plastic viscosity (CP)

Note
In practice, there are only four types of surface equipment; each type is characterized
by the dimensions of standpipe, Kelly, rotary hose and swivel.

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Selection of mud pump

Total pressure loss (Psi) 6002.485882
Total Pressure loss in surface 36.09424716
connection (Psi)
Total pressure loss inside the drill 544.281193
pipe (Psi)
Total pressure loss inside drill 233.5640733
collar (Psi)
Total pressure loss inside HWDP 365.0625873
(Psi)
Total pressure loss in the outside of 273.5895377
drill pipe (Psi)
Total pressure loss in the outside of 4420.625593
drill pipe in cased hole (Psi)

Total pressure loss in the outside 15.33714183

HWDP (Psi)
Total pressure loss in the outside of 13.12637755
drill collar (Psi)

Total pressure loss across the bit 100.81

(Psi)

2.16. Mud Pump Horse Power

Mud Pump Horse Power

HP 1926.118574
Brake Horse Power 2266
Rated Horse Power Calculated 3646

Rated Horse Power 1500

We suppose to use two pumps to give the needed horse power in the manner
that one on Operations and one standby.
If one pump is not sufficient to give the required horse power, we are
supposed to three pumps to make one standby.

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2.17. BOP Selection

Using Cameron Ram Type
Mode N.size Working Fluid Volume Ratio
pressure To open To close To open To close
(gal.) (gal.) (gal.) (gal.)
Type U 13 5/8 3000 : 10000 5.4 5.8 7 2.3
3. Average penetration rate
Formation Thickness ROP (m/hr) H (m) R Avg (m/hr)
10 50
Zeit 910-1740 16 170 8.843373494
8 230
6 380
6 230
South Gharib 1740-2300 12 280 8.678571429
2.4 50
Belayim 2300-2590 6.667 70 9.195482759
10 220

4. Depth vs Rotating Time

Depth Rotating Cum
(m) Time Rotating
(hr) Time
(hr)
0 0 0
910 37.917 37.917
960 5 42.917
1130 10.625 53.542
1360 28.75 82.292
1740 63.333 145.625
1970 38.333 183.958
2250 23.333 207.291
2300 20.833 228.124
2370 10.499 238.623
2590 22 260.623

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Depth vs rotating time

Depth vs cum rotating time

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

5. Depth vs Trip time

Depth Trip Total
(m) Time (hr) Trip
Time (hr)
0 0 0
1150 5.409270 5.409270
1470 6.914458 12.323728
1470 6.914458 19.238186
2280 10.724466 29.962652
2294 10.790318 40.752970
2350 11.053726 51.806696
2370 11.147800 62.954496
2370 11.147800 74.102296
2590 12.182617 86.284913
Depth vs trip time

6. Depth vs total trip time

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 Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

7. Design the well trajectory by applying horizontal drilling technology

7.1. Design of Horizontal Well Trajectory by simple tangent method 113-M-97H

cluster 18 slot « D »
Assumed Data:
✓ Kick Off Point (KOP) = 150 m = 492.126 ft
✓ Build Up Rate ( BUR) = 3°/ 100 ft
✓ First curvature angle I1= 0°
✓ Tangent angle I2=38
✓ Target angle I3=90°
✓ Tangent length= 150 ft
Given Data :

Well Head Co-ordinates X 824652.00 M E

Y 654852.49 m N
Main Target Co-ordinates X 825011.00 m E
Y 654966.00 m N
Delta X 359.00 m
Delta Y 113.51 m
Displacement 376.52 m
Azimith 72.45 deg

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

1) radius of the first- build arc: 4) The height of the second build arc:

R = 5730/BUR = 5730/3 = 1910 ft D3 =R (Sin l3 - Sin l2) = 1910*(sin 90 –

2) The height of the first-build arc: sin 38 )=734.087 ft

D1 = R (Sin l2 - Sin I1) = 1910*(sin 38 – 5) The length of the first section of horizontal

sin 0 )=1175.900 ft well KOP:

3) The height of the straight tangent: KOP = 150 m = 492.126 ft

D2 = L2 Cos l2 = 150*cos 38 = 118.202 ft 6) The displacement of the first build arc:

H1 = R (Cos I1 - Cos l2)=1910*(cos 0 –

cos 38 )= 404.899 ft

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

7) The displacement of the straight tangent: MD2= MD1+ L2 = 1758.793+150

H2=L2Sin l2=150* sin 38 = 92.349 ft =1908.793 ft

8) The displacement of the second build arc: 13) The measured depth at the end of the

H3= R (Cos l2- Cos l3)= 1910*(cos 38 – second build arc:

cos 90 )=1505.101 ft MD3=MD2+L3 = 1908.793+1733.333=

9) The length of the first build arc: 3642.126

L1 = 100(l2-l1)/BUR = 100*(38-0)/3 14) The length of second sections:

=1266.667 ft L1+ L2+ L3 = MD3- KOP= 3642.126-

10) The Length of the second build arc: 492.126= 3150 ft

L3 = 100 (l3 - l2) / BUR=100*( 90-38)/3= 15) The length of horizontal section or third

1733.333 f section:

11) The measured depth at the end of the H= (5000*R)/2000= (5000* 1910)/2000=4775

first build arc: ft

MD1= KOP + L1 = 492.126 + 1266.667 16) Total Measured Depth:

=1758.793 ft TMD = MD3+ H = 3642.126+4775=

12) The measured depth at the end of 8417.126 ft

straight tangent:

113-M-97H cluster 18 slot « D »

TVD 2083 m = 6833.990 ft

BUR 37100 ft
KOP 150 m = 492.126 f
R 1910.000 ft
D1 1175.900 ft

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

D2 118.202 ft
D3 734.087 ft
H1 404.899 ft
H2 92.349 ft
H3 1505.101 ft
L1 1266.667 ft
L2 150.000 ft
L3 1733.333 ft
The measured depth at the end of the first build arc MD1 1758.793 ft
The measured depth at the end of straight tangent MD2 1908.793 ft
The measured depth at the end of the second build arc MP3 3642.126 ft
H 4775.000 ft
Total Measured Depth TMD 8417.126 ft

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

7.2 Design of Deviated Well Trajectory by simple tangent method BM-

106H (FREE Slot from MWP-3Cluster)
Well Head Co-ordinates X 820373.19 m E
Y 659889.57 m N
T.V.D 2070 m = 6791.339 ft
MD 2950 m = 9678.478 ft
Inclination angle 62.32 @ 1928 m = 6325.459 ft
Main Target Co-ordinates X 821350 m E
Y 658582 m N
Delta X 976.81 m
Delta Y -1307.57 m
Displacement 1632.145 m

Azimith 143.183 deg

Assumed Data:
Kick Off Point (KOP) = 150 m =492.126 ft
Build Up Rate ( BUR) = 1.1°/ 100 ft

Given Data
α 62.32
MD2 = = = 5833.333 ft
𝐵𝑈𝑅 𝐵𝑈𝑅
BUR = 1.06 deg/ 100 ft

Using type 1 profile (BUILD-UP & HOLD

DESIGN )

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

✓ Vertical section
TVD1 = V1 = MD1 = 150 m = 492.126 ft
✓ Bulid Up Section
1) Radius of curvature:
180
R= where BUR is in ( deg / 30 m )
𝜋∗𝐵𝑈𝑅
180
R= = 5405.262 ft
𝜋∗1.06/100

2) Maxmium inclination angle αmax :

𝑽 𝟑 − 𝑽𝟏 𝑹 𝑽𝟑 − 𝑽𝟏
𝜶𝑿 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ) − 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ))
𝑹 − 𝑫𝟐 𝑽𝟑 − 𝑽𝟏 𝑹 − 𝑫𝟐
αmax = 62.32°
3) Measured Length Of Build Up Section:
α
MD2 = = 5833.333 ft
𝐵𝑈𝑅

4) Vertical length of build up section :

V2 – V1 = R * sin α = 5405.262 sin(62.32)= 4786.661 ft
5) Horizontal Departure At the End of Build up Section:
D1=R*(1-cos α )= 5405.262 *(1-cos(62.32))=2894.340 ft
✓ Tangent Section:
6) Measured length of tangent section MD3 :
𝑉3−𝑉2 6791.339−5278.787
MD3 = = = 3256.070 ft
𝐶𝑂𝑆 𝛼 𝐶𝑂𝑆 62.32

While V2 – V1 = 4786.661 ft , V2= 4786.661 + 492.126=5278.787 ft

7) Vertical length of tangent section:
V3 - V2 = MD3* cos α =3256.070 * cos 62.32 = 1512.552 ft
8) Horizontal displacement at end of tangent section
D2 = D1 + MD3 * sin α =2894.340 +3256.070 *sin 62.32 = 5777.771 ft
9) Total measured depth for type I wells

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

TMD= MD1 + MD2 + MD3 = 492.126+5833.333 +3256.070 =9581.529 ft

Measured Depth T.V.D (ft) α (deg) Horizontal

(ft) Departure (ft)
KOP 492.126 492.126 0 0
End of 6325.459 5277.787 62.32 2894.340
Build
Target 9581.529 6791.339 62.32 5777.771

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

8. Drilling problems:
8.1. Mud Losses 8.3. ROP Dropping
Seepage losses are expected while drilling ROP drop through surface hole in abrasive
through the unconsolidated sand of post sand and anhydrite strikes
miocene & zeit formations.
Key: Commence drilling surface hole with
Key: Spud mud properly premixed, with high rock bit till ROP start to decrease below 7
content of gel to efficiently seal the porous mph or when reach max bit revs (Expected +/-
sand levels with good quality filter cake. 1050 then circulate, sweep the hole and
POOH to change BHA then P/U PDC bit.
Losses in zone II
Key: continuous run of efficient solid control 8.4. Accidental Sidetrack
equipment (de-sander and de-silter) is a key Key: It is recommended for this matter to
issue to have mud in good shape and keeping extend circulation time and sweep hole W/ HI-
mud weight as low as possible to minimize VIS mud to keep the hole clean and avoid
mud losses potentiality and reduce mud overcharging the formation, also an efficient
maintenance costs. surface solid control system will be very
8.2. Bit Balling helpful for cutting removal and mud cleaning

Problems with sticky shale have been noted in 8.5. Well Control
the area while drilling the post miocene & top - Proper selection of your BOP Stack.
of zeit formations.
- Test your equipment.
Key: Mud engineer has to closely monitor
mud properties for increases in MBT, PV, YP - Competent, well educated, well trained crew.
and other properties. - Perform FIT at CSG shoe with suitable value
- keep high cleaning parameters, keep yield considering kick tolerance.
point in high range to get maximum hole 8.7. Hole Cleaning: Short Trips And Back Reaming.
cleaning & good hydraulic.
- Periodic short trips.
- Add KCL, lube & D.D before the 1st
- Excessive back reaming should be avoided
appearance of clay strikes by 150 m, after
to prevent unnecessary hole enlargement.
enter zeit formation increase KCL and D.D &
stop adding KCL after entering S.GH 8.8. Hole Cleaning Sweeps.
formation.
- Always watch for sweeps return at surface
and evaluate effectiveness. Keys to successful

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

sweeps are to ensure that enough is pumped. Mud weight is expected to be considerably
Maintain pipe rotation and pump rate at all above the pore pressure within the majority of
times to avoid packing off the hole with the sands of (zones II). Every attempt should
cuttings. be made to minimize the potential for
differential sticking. This includes proper hole
8.9. LSYP and Y.P cleaning, tightening of the mud filter cake,
- It is recommended to keep LSYP not less minimizing the length of the BHA and the
than 12 lb/100ft2 and Y.P in range 22-25 number of drill collars within it (to be
lb/100ft2 during drilling 8 1/2” hole. replaced by HWDPs), and keeping the pipe
moving at all times.
8.10. Differential Sticking
8.10 Drill String Design:
For drill collar: - 0.85 is used as safety factor, B.F is
buoyancy factor
Β (Buoyancy factor) =1-Ɣm/Ɣsteel
For drill pipe
Lc=WOB/ (N. Wt.*.96*.85*B.F)
Lp(Length of drill pipe)= total depth-Lcollar
N. Wt.(lb/ft) *0.96 due to use of spiral drill
collar its weight is reduced by 4% Lp=No.Of stands*93
(𝑊𝑝 ∗ 𝐿𝑝 + 𝑊𝑐 ∗ 𝐿𝑐 ) ∗ 𝐵. 𝐹 ∗ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
0.785 ∗ (𝑂𝐷2 − 𝐼𝐷2 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐹. 𝑇 =
𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑛
Hole size 16 inch:
For drill collar: Lp = 4557 ft
B.F = 0.8534 L of accessories = 465.99 ft
Lc = 180.5 ft Ymin = 37643.056 psi
No. of drill collar = 4.3 ≈ 5 joint Select grade S-135
Lcollar = 210 ft Pc = 15672 Minimum yield strength =
psi 135000 psi
For drill pipe:
Lp = 4602.99 ft
Check for tensile:
No. of stands = 49.49 ≈ 49 stand

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

F.T = 3.59 < 1.8 safe Max allowable design = 640890 Ib

Check for collapse: Tensile load = 104150.216 Ib
Pc = 2274.854 psi Margin of overpull = 536739.784 Ib
Safety factor = 6.8 < 1.125 safe design

Hole size 12.25 inch: Safety factor = 2.27 < 1.125 safe design

For drill collar: Max allowable design = 498420 Ib

B.F = 0.7649 Tensile load = 135723.474 Ib

Lc = 213.621 ft Margin of overpull = 362696.527 Ib

No. of drill collar = 5.09 ≈ 6 joint Hole size 8.5 inch:

Lcollar = 252 ft For drill collar:
For drill pipe: B.F = 0.8794
Lp = 7195.507 ft Lc = 229.706 ft
No. of stands = 77.37 ≈ 77 stand No. of drill collar = 5.47 ≈ 6 joint
Lp = 7161 ft Lcollar = 252 ft
L of accessories = 538.507 ft For drill pipe:
Ymin = 49054.5913 psi Lp = 8520.966 ft
Select grade G-105 No. of stands = 91.62 ≈ 91 stand
Pc = 12999 Minimum yield strength = Lp = 8463 ft
105000
L of accessories = 561.966 ft
Check for tensile:
Ymin = 59741.724 psi
F.T = 2.14 < 1.8 safe
Select grade S-135
Check for collapse:
Pc = 15672 Minimum yield strength =
Pc = 5734.529 psi
PSI 135000

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Safety factor = 4.51 < 1.125 safe design

Check for tensile: Max allowable design = 640890 Ib
F.T = 2.26 < 1.8 safe Tensile load = 165292.464 Ib
Check for collapse: Margin of overpull = 475597.536 Ib
Pc = 3476.6 psi

10.Determine the number of casing strings needed to reach this depth objective safely,
and select the casing setting depth for each string

Phase CSG String TVD, m Mud Wt, Formation

from to ppg
30" 22" 0 100 Hammering P.M.
Conductor
16" 13 3/8" 0 1450 9.6 P.M. &
Surface Zeit
12.25" 9 5/8 0 2055 15.4 Zeit & SG
Intermediate
8.5" 7" Liner+ 1500 2083 7.9 Balayim
5.5" Screen

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Phase Casing MD TD
16 13.375 1467 1450
12.25 9.625 2270 2055
8.5 7 2674 2083

Pcmin = 6709.459
11. Casing grade:
Use C-95
Check for Tensile Strength
N. Wt Yield (Ibs) Burst Collapse
Pc=0.052*mud weight*TVD*1.125 (Ib/ft) (psi) (psi)
Number of joints (Rounded up) =MD/40 53.5 1477000 9410 7340
No. of joints = 186.1 = 187 joint
weigtht =No.of joints *N.wt*40
Total weight = 400180 Ib
Check for burst:
T.F = 3.6 < 1.8 then safe
Pi=0.052*mud weight*TVD
2-Check for burst:
For surface casing: Pi = 5963.97 psi
1-Check for Tensile Strength: Burst.SF = 1.6 < 1.1 then safe
Pcmin = 2702.976 psi
For liner casing:
Use HCL-80
1-Check for Tensile Strength:
N. Wt Yield Burst Collapse
(Ib/ft) (Ibs) (psi) (psi) Pcmin = 4054.43 psi
68 1556000 5020 2910 Use LS-65
No. of joints = 120.32 = 121 joint
N. Wt Yield Burst Collapse
Total weight = 329120 Ib (Ib/ft) (Ibs) (psi) (psi)
T.F = 47.2 < 1.8 then safe 26 491000 5880 4800
No. of joints = 219.3 = 220 joint
2-Check for burst:
Total weight = 228800 Ib
Pi = 2402.64 psi
T.F = 2.2 < 1.8 then safe
Burst.SF = 2.09 < 1.1 then safe
2-Check for burst:
For intermediate casing: Pi = 3603.93 psi
1-Check for Tensile Strength: Burst.SF = 1.6 < 1.1 then safe

32
 12. Cementing:
Properities
Component Weight, SP. Density,lb/gal Volume,
lb Gr. gal
Dry cement 94 3.14 26.18 3.589
Bentonite, 2% 1.88 2.65 22.1 0.085
Mix water for cement, 44% 41.36 1 8.34 4.959
Mix water for Bentonite, 10% 9.4 1 8.34 1.127

Given the following data for 7 in production casing

Shoe track, ft 80
Time of release plugs, min 15
Pocket, ft 20
Spacer volume, bbl 20
Mixing rate,sack/min 25
Displacement rate, sack/min 25
Casing, in 7
Shoe depth, ft 8774
Collar depth, ft 8694
Previous Casing 9 5/8
Previous Shoe, ft 6898.3
Open Hole, in 8.5
Top of Cement, ft 4619.4
Slurry Denisty, ppg 14
Safety factor Time, min 30

Calculations
Capacities, ft3/ft Volumes, ft3
Casing in casing 0.1668 V1 (Csng/Csng) 380.12052
Casing in open hole 0.1268 V2 (Casing /OH) 237.83876
between collar and shoe 0.221 V3 (Shoe Track) 17.68
Rat hole 0.3941 V4 (Pocket) 7.882

Total Volume of cement, ft3 762.44066 Cement Truck Capasity, 20

sack/min
DISPLACEMENT Volume, bbl 342.0663145
Cement slurry yield, ft3/sack 1.15 Mixing Time , min 33.15
No. of Sacks, sack 662.991878 Pump Displacement Rate, 12.324
bbl/min
663 DISPLACEMENT TIME, min 27.75611121
Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

W/C ratio, gal/sack 4.97

mix water for cement, gal 3295.11 Job Time, min 75.90611121
mix water for cement, bbl 78.455
Minimum Thickening Time, 105.9061112
min
TOTAL WATER NEEDED, bbl 114.146 Minimum Thickening Time, hrs 1.765101853

13-Intelligent well completion “smart wells”

Introduction: down hole measurement equipment or

control valves, and especially those with
Intelligent well completions collect down-
both, are nowadays known as smart or
hole data that allow the operator to
intelligent wells.
selectively control completion intervals.
Performance can be monitored real time and
operations can be adjusted remotely using Intelligent Well Completion is
down-hole equipment. Production/injection characterized by:
can be optimized without physical
intervention in the well. • Remote completion monitoring refers
to the ability of a system to provide
data, obtained in or near the wellbore,
An intelligent completion or smart without requiring access for
completion may also be defined as “a conventional intervention to the well.
completion system capable of collecting,
transmitting, and analyzing wellbore
production, reservoir, and completion- • Remote completion control implies
integrity data, then enabling remote action to that command instructions can be
enhance reservoir control and well transmitted to the well to alter the
production performance”. It should be noted position or status of one or more flow
that, currently, the concept of the intelligent control components.
completion does not refer to any capability
for automated self-control or optimization, Smart well equipment:
but relies on a manual interface to initiate
commands to the well. • Inflow Control Valves (ICV).
• Pressure and Temperature
measurement.
Smart wells are equipped with permanent

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Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

• Activation system. • Monitoring of fluid/gas contact zone

• Connecting media. movements (gas/water coning)
• Surface Control system. Improved reservoir characterization
(saturation, structure, pressure,
Advantages of intelligent well completion: temperature.
• Detect and report continuously critical • Increase ultimate recovery, oil
changes in the downhole.
production, and reservoir knowledge.
• Remotely actuate various devices
without mechanical intervention. Reduce risk, intervention costs, and
• Data Confirmation. decrease water production.
• Continuous formation evaluation • Improved reservoir management as
using permanently installed smart completion enables commingled
monitoring Systems which allow production from multiple reservoirs
estimation of: from the same well while avoiding the
• Oil, gas, and water flow rates. common problem of crossflow caused
• Pressure drop. by different reservoir pressure.
• Sand production and erosion

35
Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

14-Cost
Well 113M-97H
Log+7''
Log+5 9/8''
Phase 24'' C.p 16'' 13 3/8'' Csg 12 1/4'' 8 1/2'' Liner+ Completion Total
Csg
Decription Depth 100 1450 1450 2844 2844 2948
Cleaning
2948 2948 2948
Days 3 14 6 14 7 3 10 8 65
24'', XLF $ 56,800 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 56,800
13 3/8'' Csg,p110,47 PPF, BTC $ - $ - $ 316,100 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 316,100
9 5/8'' Csg,L80,47 PPF, BTC $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 244,800 $ - $ - $ - $ 244,800
9 5/8'' Csg,TN-110,53.5 PPF, BTC $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 214,464 $ - $ - $ - $ 214,464
7'' Csg,L80,26PPF, BTC $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 94,800 $ - $ 94,800
7'' Csg,TN-110,31 PPF, BTC $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 39,000 $ - $ 39,000
Liner Hanger $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 80,000 $ - $ 80,000
Excuder Screen $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 150,000 $ - $ 150,000
Wellhead and Mainfold $ - $ - $ 50,000 $ - $ 50,000 $ - $ - $ - $ 100,000
Tubing Completion Equipment $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 300,000 $ 300,000
Hammering +XLF Services $ 25,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 25,000
External Casing packer $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 120,000 $ - $ - $ - $ 120,000
Down hole Equipment $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 200,000 $ 200,000
Total Material Tangible $ 81,800 $ - $ 366,100 $ - $ 629,264 $ - $ 363,800 $ - $ 1,940,964
Casing_Cementing Accessories $ - $ - $ 15,000 $ - $ 15,000 $ - $ 15,000 $ - $ 45,000
Mud and Chemicals $ - $ 100,000 $ - $ 100,000 $ - $ 120,000 $ - $ - $ 320,000
Completion Fluids $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 50,000 $ 50,000
Cement and Additives $ - $ - $ 85,000 $ - $ 70,000 $ - $ 65,000 $ - $ 220,000
Bits and Coreheads $ - $ 30,000 $ - $ 60,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 90,000
Fuel and Lubricants $ 15,840 $ 73,920 $ 31,680 $ 73,920 $ 36,960 $ 15,840 $ 52,800 $ 42,240 $ 343,200
Water Supply $ 3,000 $ 14,000 $ 6,000 $ 14,000 $ 7,000 $ 3,000 $ 10,000 $ 8,000 $ 65,000
Total Material Intangible $ 18,840 $ 217,920 $ 137,680 $ 247,920 $ 128,960 $ 138,840 $ 142,800 $ 100,240 $ 1,133,200
Drilling Rig Rates $ 210,000 $ 980,000 $ 420,000 $ 980,000 $ 490,000 $ 210,000 $ 700,000 $ 560,000 $ 4,550,000
Catering $ 2,250 $ 10,500 $ 4,500 $ 10,500 $ 5,250 $ 2,250 $ 7,500 $ 6,000 $ 48,750
Extra Rig Equipment and Other Materials $ 15,000 $ 70,000 $ 30,000 $ 70,000 $ 35,000 $ 15,000 $ 50,000 $ - $ 285,000
Drilling Rig $ 227,250 $ 1,060,500 $ 454,500 $ 1,060,500 $ 530,250 $ 227,250 $ 757,500 $ 566,000 $ 4,883,750
Cag. CT & Tbg Services $ 9,000 $ - $ 18,000 $ 21,000 $ - $ 30,000 $ 8,000 $ 86,000
Mud Logging $ 6,000 $ 28,000 $ 12,000 $ 28,000 $ 14,000 $ 6,000 $ 20,000 $ - $ 114,000
Mud Engineering $ 1,050 $ 4,900 $ 2,100 $ 4,900 $ 2,450 $ 1,050 $ 3,500 $ - $ 19,950
Cement Unit and Operator $ - $ - $ 10,000 $ - $ 10,000 $ - $ 10,000 $ - $ 30,000
Directional Drilling Services (RSS+
MWD+MTR+PERS) $ - $ 224,000 $ - $ 224,000 $ - $ 48,000 $ - $ - $ 496,000
LWD $ - $ - $ 400,000 $ - $ 400,000 $ - $ - $ 800,000
Electric Logs $ - $ - $ 450,000 $ - $ 450,000 $ - $ 900,000
Jars +Fishing & Stabs $ - $ 2,800 $ - $ 2,800 $ - $ 600 $ 2,000 $ - $ 8,200
Centriguges + HI G Dyro+ 2 Auger $ 3,390 $ 15,820 $ 6,780 $ 15,820 $ 7,910 $ 3,390 $ 11,300 $ - $ 64,410
Casing Circulating Packer $ - $ - $ 3,500 $ - $ 3,500 $ - $ 3,500 $ - $ 10,500
Casing perforation $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Other Services $ 30,000 $ 140,000 $ 60,000 $ 140,000 $ 70,000 $ 30,000 $ 100,000 $ 80,000 $ 650,000
Auxiliary Servieces $ 49,440 $ 415,520 $ 112,380 $ 815,520 $ 578,860 $ 489,040 $ 630,300 $ 88,000 $ 3,179,060
Marine & Air Transportation $ 30,000 $ 140,000 $ 60,000 $ 140,000 $ 70,000 $ 30,000 $ 100,000 $ 80,000 $ 650,000
Logistic Services $ 30,000 $ 140,000 $ 60,000 $ 140,000 $ 70,000 $ 30,000 $ 100,000 $ 80,000 $ 650,000
Total Well Cost ` $ 407,330 $ 1,833,940 $ 1,130,660 $ 2,263,940 $ 1,937,334 $ 885,130 $ 1,994,400 $ 834,240 $ 11,786,974

36
Drilling Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

15. References
1.Farahat, M.S. Drilling Engineering 1. 2nd. Suez: Suez Canal University, Faculty
of Petroleum and Mining Engineering.
2. Brantley, J. E., Rotary Drilling Handbook. s.l.: Pulmer Publishing, 1961.
3. Adams, N. J. A Complete Well Planning Approach. 2nd. Tulsa: PennWell
Books, 1985.
4. Rabia, H. Oil well Drilling Engineering Principles and Practice. U. K.: Graham
and Trotman, 1985.
5. Burgoyne, A. T. Applied Drilling Engineering. s.l.: SPE Text Book Series,1991.
6. Gabolde, Gilles and Nguyen, Jean –Paul. Drilling Data Handbook. s.l.:
Editions Technip, 2006.
7. Nelson, E. B. Well Cementing. s.l.: Schlumberger Educational Services, 1990.
8. C., Gatlin. Drilling Engineering. Texas: Petroleum engineering, Department of
Petroleum engineering, University of Texas, 1960.
9. Droppert, V.5. Application of Smart Well Technology. s.l.: Delft University of
Technology, December 2000.

37
Well Logging
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Contents:
1. Terminology
2. Introduction
3. History of Well Logging
4. Field Operations
5. Objectives of Well Logging
6. Types of Well Logging
7. Well Logging Tools
8. Well Log Interpretation
9. References

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Terminology
Symbol Definition Unit
Φd Density porosity log Fraction
Φn Neutron porosity log Fraction
(Φd)sh Density porosity log for shale Fraction
(Φn)sh Neutron porosity log for shale Fraction
(Φd)corr Corrected density porosity log Fraction
(Φn)corr Corrected neutron porosity log Fraction
Φavg Average porosity Fraction
F Formation factor Dimensionless
Rw Water resistivity Ohm.m
Rwa Apparent water resistivity Ohm.m
Sw Water saturation Fraction
A Lithology factor/archie’s constant -
M Cementation factor -
Φls Apparent porosity of lime stone %
Φss Apparent porosity of sandstone %
Φs Porosity from sonic log %
ΦNc Corrected porosity from neutron log for shale %
ΔΦN Correction from neutron log for hydrocarbon %
ΦDc Corrected porosity from density log for shale %
ΔΦD Correction from density log for hydrocarbon %
𝝆𝒃 Formation bulk density gm/cc
𝝆𝒎𝒂 Matrix density gm/cc
𝝆𝒇 Fluid density gm/cc
𝝆ℎ Hydrocarbon density gm/cc
Δtf Transit time of fluid sec/ft
Δtma Transit time of matrix sec/ft
Δtl Transit time from attached log sec/ft

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

𝜸𝒍 Gamma ray reading from attached log API unit

𝜸𝒎𝒂𝗑 Gamma ray reading opposite shale formation API unit
𝜸𝒎𝒊𝒏 Gamma ray reading opposite sand formation API unit
Ish Shale index -
Vsh Shale volume %
Sor Residual hydrocarbon saturation %
Sw Formation water saturation %
Sg Formation gas saturation %
P Formation water salinity ppm

Introduction
Formation evaluation is the process of using production and reservoir management
borehole measurements to evaluate the activities.
characteristics of subsurface formation.
These measurements may be grouped into Log is a graphic representation of the
four categories: variations of depth versus other parameters.
1. Drilling operation logs Wireline log are measurements of physical
2. Core analysis parameter in the formations penetrated by
3. Wireline well logs borehole, they are run while drilling has
4. Productivity tests been stopped i.e. after the drill string has
been pulled out from the borehole.
Well logging is a formation evaluation It is called also wireline logging due to the
technique that is used to extract information wireline cable which carries at its end the
necessary for exploration, drilling, instruments & lower it into the well.

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Wireline Logging Operation

Wireline cables consist mainly of two drilling mud parameters). Tool sketches and
layers: remarks informing about specific events
• Outer Wire rope: to provide strength during the logging operation complete the
to cable to carry the instruments. header.
• Inner Wire: to provide electric power • Main Log: main
to downhole equipment & for data display of measurement
performed
• Log Trailer:
The measured well log consists of: includes tool/computation
• Log Header: Includes all information parameter table and
about the well logged and information calibration
necessary
to describe the environment the
measurement has been informed in (e.g.

History of Well Logging

Year Tool
Conrad Schlumberger gave the idea of using electrical measurements to
1912
map subsurface rock bodies.
1919 Conrad Schlumberger and his brother Marcel begin work on well logs.
The first electrical log was introduced in France using stationed resistivity
1927
method.
The first commercial electrical resistivity tool was used in Venezuela, USA
1929
and Indonesia.
1931 Sp was run along with resistivity first time.
1931 Schlumberger developed the first continuous recording.
1941 𝛾 ray and neutron logs was started.
1950 Micro-resistivity array dipmeter and lateralog were first time introduced
1956 The first induction tool was used.
1957 The Formation tester was used.
1960 The formation density was used.
1978 The electromagnetic tool was used.
1980 Most of imaging logs were developed.
1990 Advanced formation tester was commercialized.

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Field Operations
Wire line electrical logging is done from a on a truck that parked near the well
logging truck as a “mobile laboratory” the for operations on shore.
truck carries the down measurement
instruments. the electrical cable and winch Well logging is performed in boreholes
needed to lower the instruments into the drilled for the oil and gas, groundwater,
bore hole, surface instrumentation needs to mineral and geothermal exploration, as well
power the down hole instruments and to as part of environmental and geotechnical
receive and process their signal. studies.
Measurement instruments are usually
composed of two components: - Wireline Unit:
The cabin that contains the surface hardware
• The Cartridge: Contains electronics needed to make wireline logging
that power the sensors. measurements. The logging unit contains at
• The Sonde: Contains sensors used in the minimum the surface instrumentation, a
making the measurement. It runs into winch, a depth recording system and a data
the bore hole at the end of a wire line recorder.
connects it to recorders on the surface
located in the logging unit. The surface instrumentation controls the
logging tool, processes the data received and
Parameters that are measured: records the results digitally and on hard
There are two types of phenomena that can copy. The winch lowers and raises the cable
be studied by wire line logging: in the well.
1. Natural ones “temperature, A depth wheel drives the depth recording
spontaneous radioactivity, etc” that system. The data recorder includes a digital
are measured by a sensor or a receiver recorder and a printer.
with no signal transmitted beforehand. 1. Onshore: The logging company
2. Induced ones “radioactivity, electric sends Truck Logging Unit which
logs, wave travel time, etc” generated contains the computers, winch and
by a transmitter and measured by one recorders.
or more receivers, the unit is mounted 2. Offshore: The logging unit is stored
as small house on the rig.
Objectives of Well Logging
• Determination the nature and amount of fluids contained in the rocks
• Estimation of accurate values of hydrocarbons saturation
• Estimation of accurate values of water saturation
• Estimation of hydrocarbon in place

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

• Estimation of recoverable hydrocarbon

• Determination of the lithology of the reservoir rock
• Determination of permeability index
• Determination of porosity
• Fracture detection
• Determination of water salinity
• Reservoir pressure determination
• Identify potential reservoir rocks and cap rocks
• Analyze sediment deposition conditions
• Locate “WOC” & “GOC”
• Correlation of offset wells

Types of Well Logging

There are three major types of well logs:
1. The logs used by geologists and reservoir engineers to evaluate the characteristics of the
formations and fluids and quantify them.
2. The logs used by drillers that provide technical information.
3. The logs used by production staff to study fluid and fluid flow phenomenon

Well Logging Categories:

Gamma Ray (GR)
Log
lithology
Spontenous
well logging

Potential (SP) Log

Sonic Log

Porosity Logs Density Log

Resistivity Log Neutron Log

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Logging Tools

Lithology Logs

1. Caliper Tool
• Measure borehole diameter,
• Location of cracks, fissures, caving, faulting, casing breaks.
• Assess borehole quality and stability
• For calculation of pore volume for pile construction.
• Input for environmental corrections for other measurements.
• Qualitative indication of permeability.
• Correlation.
• Correction of other logs affected by borehole diameter
• Provide information on build-up of mud cake adjacent to permeable zones.
• Locate packer seats in open hole.

• Facies and Depositional Environment

2. Gamma Ray Log Analysis
It is a lithology log depends on the
measuring the natural radioactivity of the Neutron Log:
formation and can be used in:
• Determination of Lithology Various concepts of bombarding the
• Determination of Shale Content formation with energetic neutrons, thermal
• Depth Matching neutrons, gamma rays, fast neutrons can be
• Cased Hole Correlations received depending on the log concept. It
• Recognition of Radioactive Mineral responds to the hydrogen index in the
Deposits different fluids, it is therefore a valuable tool
• Recognition of Non-Radioactive to distinguish oil, water and gas.
Mineral Deposits

Neutron Log Principle

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

The Formation Density Log:

The formation density log measures the bulk Formation density log depends on Compton
density of the formation. Its main use is to scattering effect.
derive a value for the total porosity of the Litho-Density log depends on photoelectric
formation. effect.
It’s also useful in the detection of gas-
bearing formations and in the recognition of
evaporites.

Compton Effect Photoelectric Effect

The density log measures (𝜌𝑒) the electron density. This is converted to bulk density using the
following relationship:
2𝑍
𝜌𝑒 = 𝜌𝑒
𝐴
Where:
• Z: Atomic Number
• A: Atomic Weight

Sonic Log:
The sonic or acoustic log measures the Uses of sonic log:.
travel time of an elastic wave through the • Provision of “seismic” data for the
formation. This information can also be used use in creating synthetic seismograms
to derive the velocity of elastic waves • Determination of porosity (together
through the formation. with the FDC and CNL tools)
• Stratigraphic correlation

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

• Identification of lithologies • Identification of compaction

• Facies recognition • Identification of over-pressures
• Fracture identification • Identification of source rocks

Sonic Tool Sonic Tool Mechanism

Resistivity Tools
Resistivity logs are used to: o LLd (deep penetration)
• Determine hydrocarbon-bearing o LLs (shallow penetration)
versus water bearing zones • Laterologs for measuring Rt
• Indicate permeable zones o LL7, LL3
• Determine porosity • Micro Resistivity logs for measuring
This is done by measuring the flushed zone, Rmc and Rxo Microlog (ML)
invaded and true formation Resistivities. • Micro laterolog (MLL)
• The proximity log
Types of Resistivity logs: • Micro spherically focused log
• Normal resistivity logs (MSFL)
• Long normal for measuring Rt Induction Logs: When using resistive
• Short normal for measuring Rxo drilling fluid
• Dual lateral log

10
Normal Resistivity Log LL7 LL3

LLd and LLs Tools Micro Laterolog

Micro Log Proximity Log MSFL

Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Well Log Interpretation

Interpretation Procedure
The basic logs, which are required for the either hydrocarbons in the pores or low
adequate formation evaluation, are: porosity.
1. Permeable zone logs (SP, GR, Caliper) • Next step:
2. Resistivity logs (MSFL, Shallow and Scan the porosity logs on the track 3 to see
Deep resistivity logs) which of the zones have good porosity against
3. Porosity logs (Density, Neutron and the high resistivity zones. Discard the tight
Sonic). formations. Select the interesting zones for the
formation evaluation.
Generally, the permeable zone logs are
presented in track one, the resistivity logs are
run in track two and porosity logs on track Qualitative
three.
Interpretation
Using such a set of logs, a log interpreter has
to solve the following problems,
Procedure:
• Where are the potential 1. Step 1: Ensure that the logs are “on
producing hydrocarbons depth” relative to each other by taking a
zones? “marker” which is an anomaly or a
• How much hydrocarbons (oil distinctive response that appear on the
or gas) do they contain? logs.
2. Step2: Take the readings from the
• First step: attached logs (if there are any
The first step in the log interpretation is to corrections, make them carefully).
locate the permeable zones. Scanning the log 3. Step 3: Calculate shale volume from
in track one and it has a base line on the right, gamma ray, neutron density and
which is called the shale base line. resistivity and minimum shale volume
This base line indicates shale i.e., depending on theses logs.
impermeable zones and swings to the left 4. Step 4: Calculate the effective
indicate clean zones- e.g., sand, limestone etc.
porosity from neutron and density log.
The interpreter focuses his attention
immediately on these permeable zones. 5. Step 5: Apply correction on effective
porosity at zones with washouts (high
• Next step: sloughing shale).
To scan the resistivity logs in track 2 to see 6. Step 6: Calculate water saturation
which of the zones of interest gives high depending on effective porosity and
resistivity readings. High resistivity reflects shale content.

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

7. Step 7: Calculate net pay thickness 1. Import the las file.

and reservoir thickness depending on 2. Import the inclination and azimuth
cutoffs. survey data.
3. From (Reference and coordinates)
• Shale volume less than 35 % choose the function of (TVD
• Effective porosity higher than 10 % computation), enter the survey data to
• Water saturation less than 60 % create the needed relation between
measured depth –MD- and true vertical
depth subsea –TVDss-.
Given Data: 4. From (Tool box) choose the function of
There are 7 wells (BM-100, BM-102, M-91, (Combine or Resize data) to resize the
BM-106, 113M-23, 113M-24, 113M-26). For logs to work on a specific section of the
each well there is a las file which contains: total log.
• Measured depth 5. Using (Zone editor) tool, we can input
• Bit Size zonation from the geology data
• Caliper log
• Gamma ray log Qualitative and Quantitative
• Density log
• Neutron log
interpretation:
• Photoelectric log Qualitative:
• Resistivity deep, medium, and shallow logs Lithology:
Besides, using the inclination and azimuth 1. Draw neutron-density cross plot by
survey from production data, and zonation choosing cross plot tap.
from geology data. 2. Input density on y-axis and neutron on
Procedure: x-axis.
Here is the used cross plot:

Schlumberger, CP-23, Neutron

Porosity vs Bulk Density, CDN
(RhoF = 1 g/cm3)
Fig 3.1 Schlumberger, CP-23,
Neutron Porosity vs Bulk
Density

Charts:

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

3. Using zonation window we can make specific zones to appear and print their crossplot.
4. Add the histogram on each axis to show the frequency at each interval.
5. Draw photoelectric-density crossplot by choosing crossplot function and the input
density on y-axis and neutron on x-axis.

Charts:
Weatherford, CM 6-8 Compact,
Photoelectric Factor vs Bulk
Density (rhof = 1.19 g/cm3)
Fig 3.2 Weatherford, CN 6-8
compact, Photoelectric Factor
vs Bulk Density

6. Using those two crossplots and PE we can determine the lithology of each zone.
7. Adding the fuid content after making quantitative interpretation.
8. Create a table of lithology and fuid content for each zone of each well.

Quantitative: gamma ray, deep resistivity, neutron-

From Quanti Tap we obtain the following porosity, and bulk density and adjust
data: output –Final V.shale - to choose the
minimum shale volume.
2. Import the zones which are pre-created
Temperature curve: from zonation window
1. Choose the precomputation 3. Click start then we adjust the lines as
and then (Formation following:
temperature).
2. Input the (temperature
gradient and surface
• For GR Vshale: the yellow line is
temperature).
3. Then we can plot FTEMP put on the minimum reading and the
Vs Depth. green one is put on the maximum
reading taking in regard that some
Vshale: zones contains only shale or doesn’t
1. Calculate shale volume by choosing contain any shale.
(Shale volume) function and input

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

• For Neutron Density Vshale: We 5. Calculate Water saturation (Sw) by

have four lines two of them are yellow choosing (Saturation) tap and select
put on the NPHI of the matrix and Rhoo Indonesian equation, then input deep
matrix, the other two green lines are put resistivity, effective porosity, Final
as the yellow but against clean shale Vshale.
formation. 6. Import the zones which are pre-created
• For Resistivity Vshale: We have from zonation window.
two lines the red one put on the 7. Click run to adjust the variables.
maximum reading or against matrix, the 8. Put the line on the shale resistivity.
green one is put against shale formation 9. Calculate fushed zone saturation (Sxo)
which mostly be the minimum readings by choosing (Flushed zone saturation)
except special cases. tap and select Indonesian equation, then
input shallow resistivity, effective
porosity, Final Vshale.
10.Import the zones which are pre-created
Porosity and Saturation: from zonation window.
1. Calculate effective porosity by choosing 11.Click run to adjust the variables.
(effective porosity) tap and input 12.Put the line on the shale resistivity.
neutron-porosity, bulk density, and
Final Vshale. Cutoff and Result:
2. Import the zones which are pre-created 1. Choose the (Summary) Tap to calculate the
from zonation window. pay thickness. Input Final Vshale, effective
3. Click run to adjust the variables. porosity, and water saturation.
4. Put the green lines against the shale Adjust the parameters according to the
formations, one of them for the NPHI following:
and the other is for Rhoo shale.

V.shale min V.shale max Porosity max Porosity min Sw min Sw max
0 0.35 0.1 0.5 0 0.8

1. Copy the results to an excel sheet (Summary).

2. Draw the final plot by choosing (log view) function and add the needed logs beside each
other.
3. Repeat the previous procedure for each well.

Analysis:
We will present each well individually by the following arrangement:
1. Final plot which contains all needed log (measured and interpreted)
2. Qualitative interpretation (lithology and fluid content)
3. Quantitative interpretation

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

4. Summary (gross and net thickness, V.shale volume, and water saturation for zones of
interest)
5. Cross plot for zones of interest.
6. Total cross plot.
7. Total Panel Diagram.

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

WELL BM-100

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Qualitative interpretation BM-100

`

BM-100

Zone Interval
Lithology Fluid content
Top Bottom

1 2049.95 2061.32 Anhydrite -------

2 2061.33 2089.791 Shale Water

3 2089.8 2099.82 Shaly sand Oil

4 2099.83 2100.64 Sandy Shale Water

5 2100.64 2101.47 Sand Oil

6 2101.47 2113.902 Shale Water

5 2113.902 2120.053 Anhydrite -------

7 2120.06 2122.661 Shale -------

8 2122.661 2152.627 Anhydrite -------

9 2152.627 2154.644 Shale Water

10 2154.644 2167.832 Anhydrite --------

11 2167.832 2170.981 Shale Water

12 2170.981 2183.577 Anhydrite ---------

13 2183.577 2186.333 Shale Water

14 2186.333 2192.238 Anhydrite -------

15 2192.238 2197.38 Shale Water

16 2197.4 2189.45 Limestone Water

17 2198.9 2205.21 Sandy Shale Water

18 2219.744 2346.006 Salt ------

19 2346.006 2351.468 Anhydrite -------

20 2351.468 2357.373 Shale Water

21 2357.373 2374.152 Anhydrite ---------

22 2374.152 2502.136 Shale Water

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Quantitative interpretation

SWE_INDO
VSH_FINAL

SXO_INDO
g/cm3 RHOMAA

PHIE_ND

PHIT_ND

VSH_ND
VSH_GR

VSH_R
RHOZ

RLA3

RLA5
NPHI
PEFZ
MD

GR

OHMM

OHMM
G/C3
GAPI

V/V

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v
M

2061.85 53.49 6.96 0.28 2.41 2.82 0.17 0.22 1.77 2.07 0.23 0.27 0.56 0.23 0.51 0.71
2062.35 56.11 6.97 0.28 2.41 2.81 0.16 0.22 1.45 1.83 0.26 0.31 0.52 0.26 0.53 0.76
2062.85 49.98 6.26 0.25 2.45 2.81 0.15 0.19 1.69 2.35 0.19 0.24 0.52 0.19 0.54 0.83
2063.35 63.31 6.64 0.27 2.40 2.80 0.14 0.21 1.57 2.38 0.34 0.24 0.46 0.24 0.46 0.69
2063.85 63.65 7.07 0.26 2.36 2.77 0.14 0.22 1.47 2.37 0.34 0.24 0.34 0.19 0.46 0.71
2064.35 75.36 6.82 0.24 2.38 2.76 0.10 0.21 1.56 2.31 0.47 0.25 0.31 0.19 0.46 0.65
2064.85 64.70 7.49 0.21 2.43 2.75 0.10 0.18 1.79 2.42 0.35 0.23 0.29 0.23 0.53 0.72
2065.35 73.76 8.14 0.38 2.36 2.91 0.18 0.28 1.33 1.62 0.45 0.35 0.80 0.35 0.42 0.57
2065.85 74.52 8.42 0.24 2.45 2.79 0.08 0.19 2.02 2.44 0.46 0.23 0.47 0.23 0.49 0.61
2066.35 73.02 9.28 0.27 2.31 2.75 0.14 0.24 1.29 1.44 0.45 0.40 0.27 0.27 0.51 0.65
2066.85 59.80 9.12 0.38 2.27 2.86 0.24 0.31 1.15 1.26 0.30 0.46 0.59 0.30 0.47 0.63
2067.35 41.33 5.24 0.19 2.46 2.75 0.14 0.16 2.17 2.34 0.09 0.24 0.28 0.09 0.68 0.91
2067.85 36.78 5.73 0.09 2.50 2.67 0.10 0.11 2.93 3.44 0.04 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.86 1.00
2068.35 70.92 7.64 0.32 2.31 2.81 0.17 0.27 1.06 1.21 0.42 0.47 0.47 0.42 0.52 0.68
2068.85 49.55 5.87 0.16 2.47 2.72 0.11 0.15 1.47 1.62 0.18 0.35 0.19 0.18 0.83 1.00
2069.35 39.76 6.35 0.10 2.45 2.66 0.11 0.13 2.05 2.25 0.07 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.88 1.00
2069.85 66.96 9.05 0.27 2.32 2.75 0.16 0.24 1.13 1.28 0.38 0.45 0.29 0.29 0.56 0.73
2070.35 87.76 7.89 0.29 2.41 2.84 0.09 0.23 1.28 1.43 0.61 0.40 0.60 0.40 0.53 0.62
2070.85 90.88 6.84 0.29 2.41 2.83 0.08 0.22 1.37 1.46 0.65 0.39 0.58 0.39 0.53 0.60
2071.35 116.37 8.58 0.27 2.36 2.78 0.02 0.23 1.32 1.44 0.93 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.53 0.57
2071.85 87.35 9.53 0.31 2.26 2.75 0.14 0.28 1.13 1.20 0.61 0.48 0.28 0.28 0.49 0.58
2072.35 75.06 8.86 0.23 2.41 2.76 0.09 0.20 1.24 1.28 0.47 0.45 0.32 0.32 0.64 0.74
2072.85 83.76 9.97 0.27 2.25 2.70 0.13 0.26 0.93 0.94 0.57 0.61 0.11 0.11 0.58 0.68
2073.35 59.33 10.00 0.48 2.32 3.12 0.30 0.37 0.64 0.63 0.29 0.92 0.92 0.29 0.56 0.73
2073.85 65.62 7.43 0.30 2.47 2.87 0.13 0.21 1.81 1.73 0.36 0.33 0.74 0.33 0.54 0.64
2074.35 76.10 6.79 0.30 2.41 2.85 0.12 0.23 1.72 1.82 0.48 0.32 0.63 0.32 0.47 0.57
2074.85 81.79 7.28 0.29 2.40 2.83 0.11 0.23 1.30 1.40 0.54 0.41 0.57 0.41 0.53 0.63
2075.35 65.63 5.29 0.17 2.46 2.73 0.07 0.15 1.92 2.03 0.36 0.28 0.21 0.21 0.66 0.77
2075.85 73.17 5.94 0.25 2.46 2.81 0.09 0.19 1.52 1.63 0.45 0.35 0.54 0.35 0.59 0.69
2076.35 70.26 5.62 0.24 2.47 2.81 0.09 0.19 1.60 1.64 0.42 0.35 0.53 0.35 0.60 0.70
2076.85 75.81 4.77 0.22 2.49 2.80 0.06 0.17 1.70 1.71 0.48 0.33 0.50 0.33 0.62 0.69
2077.35 102.32 5.58 0.31 2.42 2.86 0.06 0.23 1.20 1.20 0.78 0.48 0.70 0.48 0.56 0.60
2077.85 104.88 6.15 0.29 2.42 2.84 0.04 0.22 1.51 1.50 0.80 0.38 0.63 0.38 0.52 0.54
2078.35 89.21 6.99 0.28 2.41 2.81 0.08 0.22 1.60 1.61 0.63 0.35 0.52 0.35 0.51 0.56

20
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2078.85 75.14 7.93 0.27 2.45 2.83 0.10 0.21 1.38 1.40 0.47 0.41 0.60 0.41 0.60 0.69
2079.35 35.46 5.36 0.09 2.54 2.70 0.09 0.10 1.48 1.46 0.02 0.39 0.10 0.02 1.00 1.00
2079.85 49.87 5.79 0.17 2.43 2.71 0.12 0.17 1.33 1.32 0.19 0.44 0.14 0.14 0.85 0.95
2080.35 87.16 6.33 0.30 2.40 2.84 0.10 0.23 1.38 1.35 0.61 0.42 0.62 0.42 0.53 0.59
2080.85 64.94 6.22 0.16 2.52 2.75 0.06 0.14 2.30 2.28 0.36 0.25 0.33 0.25 0.68 0.76
2081.35 68.94 6.46 0.25 2.44 2.80 0.11 0.20 1.52 1.48 0.40 0.39 0.48 0.37 0.61 0.71
2081.85 50.16 5.90 0.09 2.48 2.67 0.07 0.12 2.78 2.78 0.19 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.81 0.94
2082.35 73.05 7.06 0.24 2.45 2.80 0.09 0.19 1.46 1.45 0.45 0.40 0.48 0.40 0.62 0.71
2082.85 57.72 5.20 0.26 2.51 2.85 0.12 0.18 1.79 1.73 0.27 0.33 0.69 0.27 0.64 0.77
2083.35 74.58 5.56 0.25 2.42 2.79 0.10 0.21 1.50 1.45 0.46 0.39 0.46 0.39 0.58 0.66
2083.85 98.64 7.89 0.35 2.37 2.88 0.10 0.27 1.28 1.25 0.73 0.46 0.72 0.46 0.49 0.54
2084.35 106.84 6.64 0.34 2.37 2.87 0.07 0.26 1.28 1.27 0.83 0.45 0.69 0.45 0.50 0.54
2084.85 94.97 7.48 0.32 2.38 2.86 0.09 0.25 1.02 1.04 0.69 0.56 0.65 0.56 0.57 0.63
2085.35 55.37 6.84 0.23 2.45 2.79 0.13 0.19 1.60 1.65 0.25 0.35 0.44 0.25 0.65 0.82
2085.85 52.60 6.17 0.12 2.50 2.71 0.08 0.13 1.61 1.74 0.22 0.33 0.14 0.14 0.92 1.00
2086.35 70.03 7.51 0.29 2.36 2.80 0.14 0.24 1.35 1.48 0.41 0.39 0.45 0.38 0.52 0.66
2086.85 73.17 7.15 0.20 2.42 2.73 0.08 0.18 1.44 1.58 0.45 0.36 0.24 0.24 0.63 0.74
2087.35 97.09 7.39 0.40 2.34 2.95 0.14 0.30 1.17 1.23 0.72 0.47 0.87 0.47 0.45 0.52
2087.85 88.79 7.45 0.29 2.37 2.80 0.09 0.24 1.30 1.33 0.62 0.43 0.48 0.43 0.53 0.60
2088.35 83.28 9.26 0.26 2.37 2.76 0.10 0.22 1.15 1.14 0.56 0.50 0.34 0.34 0.60 0.68
2088.85 72.30 9.72 0.29 2.37 2.80 0.14 0.24 1.28 1.26 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.43 0.56 0.66
2089.35 80.43 8.01 0.23 2.42 2.76 0.07 0.19 1.56 1.59 0.53 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.58 0.65
2089.85 49.97 5.53 0.20 2.29 2.67 0.13 0.22 2.87 3.08 0.40 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.40 0.49
2090.35 33.50 4.59 0.22 2.20 2.65 0.23 0.25 3.44 3.86 0.11 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.50
2090.85 35.57 5.21 0.19 2.26 2.65 0.19 0.22 4.64 5.26 0.15 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.47
2091.35 34.66 3.72 0.26 2.20 2.67 0.23 0.26 7.91 9.73 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.31
2091.85 37.23 3.44 0.23 2.19 2.64 0.21 0.25 7.62 9.38 0.18 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.32
2092.35 38.09 3.46 0.23 2.20 2.65 0.21 0.25 6.56 7.77 0.20 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.34
2092.85 33.55 3.41 0.19 2.27 2.65 0.19 0.22 7.29 8.27 0.11 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.40
2093.35 36.26 3.92 0.20 2.30 2.67 0.17 0.21 7.45 8.64 0.17 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.39
2093.85 38.56 3.97 0.24 2.24 2.67 0.19 0.24 5.83 6.66 0.21 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.37
2094.35 36.29 3.82 0.20 2.25 2.65 0.19 0.23 8.58 10.06 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.33
2094.85 35.83 3.18 0.20 2.20 2.63 0.21 0.24 10.05 12.03 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.29
2095.35 36.89 3.20 0.25 2.18 2.66 0.22 0.26 8.14 9.75 0.18 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.30
2095.85 36.39 3.52 0.22 2.20 2.65 0.21 0.25 8.43 10.12 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.31
2096.35 38.94 3.36 0.23 2.19 2.65 0.21 0.25 11.44 14.72 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.25
2096.85 39.44 3.04 0.22 2.21 2.65 0.19 0.24 8.83 11.90 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.30
2097.35 41.68 3.41 0.21 2.22 2.65 0.18 0.24 7.04 9.18 0.27 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.32
2097.85 39.11 3.83 0.17 2.26 2.63 0.16 0.21 4.75 5.09 0.22 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.45
2098.35 35.15 3.99 0.19 2.25 2.64 0.19 0.23 4.51 4.45 0.14 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.47
2098.85 40.55 3.90 0.19 2.20 2.62 0.19 0.25 1.68 1.63 0.25 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.65
2099.35 52.68 5.12 0.12 2.44 2.67 0.03 0.14 2.53 2.55 0.48 0.19 0.05 0.05 0.73 0.77
2099.85 76.83 8.94 0.30 2.38 2.82 0.09 0.24 1.81 1.80 0.65 0.29 0.53 0.29 0.48 0.53

21
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2100.35 89.83 10.00 0.43 2.37 3.01 0.17 0.31 1.50 1.49 0.59 0.36 1.00 0.36 0.41 0.49
2100.85 47.46 7.58 0.12 2.50 2.70 0.10 0.12 3.86 4.08 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.69 0.96
2101.35 64.17 6.89 0.17 2.40 2.70 0.11 0.17 1.97 2.10 0.28 0.25 0.07 0.07 0.63 0.80
2101.85 82.75 9.82 0.44 2.26 2.97 0.23 0.35 0.83 0.86 0.50 0.66 0.83 0.49 0.49 0.61
2102.35 79.62 6.43 0.24 2.51 2.83 0.06 0.17 2.10 2.16 0.47 0.23 0.61 0.23 0.57 0.64
2102.85 109.37 5.76 0.35 2.45 2.93 0.05 0.24 1.77 1.88 0.82 0.28 0.91 0.28 0.45 0.50
2103.35 71.45 5.44 0.22 2.53 2.82 0.07 0.16 2.36 2.61 0.37 0.19 0.58 0.19 0.58 0.70
2103.85 86.56 5.25 0.23 2.52 2.83 0.04 0.17 2.11 2.31 0.55 0.22 0.62 0.22 0.55 0.62
2104.35 96.54 6.81 0.25 2.43 2.79 0.05 0.20 1.71 1.86 0.67 0.28 0.46 0.28 0.53 0.59
2104.85 103.72 7.82 0.32 2.42 2.87 0.06 0.23 1.51 1.60 0.75 0.33 0.72 0.33 0.50 0.56
2105.35 109.39 5.69 0.26 2.47 2.83 0.01 0.19 2.15 2.22 0.82 0.23 0.61 0.23 0.67 0.68
2105.85 101.70 5.88 0.27 2.48 2.84 0.03 0.20 1.75 1.84 0.73 0.28 0.65 0.28 0.54 0.57
2106.35 105.52 8.30 0.38 2.35 2.92 0.11 0.29 1.26 1.30 0.78 0.42 0.79 0.42 0.47 0.53
2106.85 119.59 8.66 0.44 2.38 3.04 0.10 0.32 1.18 1.20 0.94 0.46 1.00 0.46 0.46 0.51
2107.35 112.74 6.38 0.26 2.40 2.79 0.02 0.21 1.70 1.77 0.86 0.30 0.44 0.30 0.52 0.55
2107.85 97.56 8.15 0.32 2.37 2.85 0.10 0.25 1.04 1.11 0.68 0.50 0.61 0.50 0.56 0.65
2108.35 76.49 6.21 0.22 2.44 2.77 0.09 0.19 1.59 1.72 0.43 0.31 0.38 0.31 0.61 0.72
2108.85 78.14 8.30 0.31 2.35 2.81 0.15 0.25 1.25 1.38 0.45 0.39 0.51 0.39 0.52 0.66
2109.35 78.32 8.83 0.33 2.27 2.80 0.18 0.28 1.02 1.16 0.45 0.48 0.42 0.40 0.51 0.66
2109.85 74.25 6.79 0.33 2.39 2.87 0.16 0.25 1.25 1.42 0.40 0.38 0.69 0.38 0.52 0.68
2110.35 82.70 5.80 0.27 2.48 2.85 0.08 0.20 1.75 2.04 0.50 0.25 0.68 0.25 0.52 0.63
2110.85 91.40 5.59 0.23 2.42 2.77 0.06 0.20 1.49 1.76 0.61 0.30 0.38 0.30 0.55 0.65
2111.35 87.67 6.55 0.18 2.52 2.77 0.02 0.14 1.73 1.97 0.56 0.26 0.38 0.26 0.67 0.74
2111.85 66.55 5.61 0.20 2.57 2.83 0.07 0.14 2.16 2.44 0.31 0.20 0.62 0.20 0.70 0.86
2112.35 77.54 6.35 0.35 2.37 2.88 0.16 0.26 1.87 2.04 0.44 0.25 0.72 0.25 0.41 0.52
2112.85 58.97 6.14 0.06 2.73 2.79 0.00 0.03 8.59 9.50 0.22 0.02 0.46 0.02 0.94 0.95
2113.35 50.52 5.52 0.12 2.64 2.78 0.05 0.08 7.46 7.96 0.12 0.03 0.44 0.03 0.72 0.92
2113.85 48.15 6.14 0.09 2.66 2.77 0.03 0.06 7.16 7.08 0.18 0.05 0.41 0.05 0.86 0.97
2114.35 34.34 6.93 0.00 2.88 2.88 0.00 0.00 12.08 12.13 0.17 0.02 0.55 0.02 1.00 1.00
2114.85 20.47 7.01 -0.02 2.97 2.97 0.00 0.00 60.08 136.26 0.05 0.00 0.73 0.00 1.00 1.00
2115.35 24.95 6.90 -0.02 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 107.94 1538.00 0.09 0.00 0.68 0.00 1.00 1.00
2115.85 22.39 6.76 -0.02 2.92 2.92 0.00 0.00 107.05 2745.77 0.06 0.00 0.60 0.00 1.00 1.00
2116.35 22.43 6.63 -0.02 2.92 2.92 0.00 0.00 128.28 3846.60 0.06 0.00 0.59 0.00 1.00 1.00
2116.85 17.54 6.53 -0.02 2.92 2.92 0.00 0.00 123.19 15739.13 0.02 0.00 0.59 0.00 1.00 1.00
2117.35 20.27 6.49 -0.02 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 143.58 3875.18 0.04 0.00 0.63 0.00 1.00 1.00
2117.85 23.12 6.65 -0.01 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 92.02 1012.08 0.07 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.00 1.00
2118.35 18.84 6.72 -0.01 2.99 2.99 0.00 0.00 97.78 471.82 0.03 0.00 0.78 0.00 1.00 1.00
2118.85 16.23 6.94 -0.01 3.01 3.01 0.00 0.00 72.98 308.47 0.01 0.00 0.83 0.00 1.00 1.00
2119.35 24.44 6.31 0.00 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 18.64 28.78 0.08 0.00 0.71 0.00 1.00 1.00
2119.85 49.88 5.72 0.19 2.67 2.87 0.04 0.11 2.80 3.78 0.32 0.15 0.81 0.15 0.71 0.89
2120.35 68.89 5.71 0.20 2.49 2.78 0.00 0.16 2.77 3.42 0.86 0.00 0.43 0.00 1.00 1.00
2120.85 62.13 5.64 0.16 2.48 2.73 0.01 0.14 3.16 3.49 0.63 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.86 0.87
2121.35 53.73 6.50 0.04 2.60 2.69 0.00 0.05 2.83 3.06 0.35 0.00 0.04 0.00 1.00 1.00

22
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2121.85 56.62 8.32 0.25 2.51 2.84 0.08 0.18 2.40 2.88 0.44 0.00 0.66 0.00 0.51 0.63
2122.35 60.16 7.70 0.19 2.60 2.84 0.00 0.13 2.53 3.64 0.56 0.00 0.67 0.00 1.00 1.00
2122.85 22.29 6.38 -0.01 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 14.07 27.22 0.11 0.11 0.71 0.11 1.00 1.00
2123.35 17.13 6.19 -0.01 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 23.73 50.92 0.06 0.04 0.71 0.04 1.00 1.00
2123.85 19.31 6.20 -0.01 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 24.43 45.33 0.08 0.05 0.68 0.05 1.00 1.00
2124.35 17.42 6.31 -0.01 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 35.11 60.63 0.07 0.03 0.70 0.03 1.00 1.00
2124.85 18.84 6.47 -0.01 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 49.29 94.37 0.08 0.00 0.71 0.00 1.00 1.00
2125.35 24.20 6.91 -0.01 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 32.08 38.66 0.13 0.07 0.70 0.07 1.00 1.00
2125.85 25.62 6.81 -0.01 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 58.89 97.04 0.14 0.00 0.68 0.00 1.00 1.00
2126.35 19.23 6.26 -0.01 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 61.22 103.25 0.08 0.01 0.70 0.01 1.00 1.00
2126.85 19.51 6.23 -0.01 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 42.12 53.46 0.08 0.04 0.68 0.04 1.00 1.00
2127.35 19.63 6.03 -0.01 2.92 2.92 0.00 0.00 36.73 42.78 0.09 0.05 0.63 0.05 1.00 1.00
2127.85 19.09 6.04 -0.01 2.93 2.93 0.00 0.00 33.35 36.60 0.08 0.07 0.63 0.07 1.00 1.00
2128.35 15.47 5.99 -0.01 2.97 2.97 0.00 0.00 49.15 65.74 0.05 0.02 0.73 0.02 1.00 1.00
2128.85 16.58 5.97 -0.01 3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 49.35 62.81 0.06 0.02 0.80 0.02 1.00 1.00
2129.35 14.78 6.15 -0.01 3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 70.08 118.65 0.04 0.00 0.79 0.00 1.00 1.00
2129.85 23.17 6.50 -0.01 2.89 2.89 0.00 0.00 29.87 35.25 0.12 0.10 0.57 0.07 1.00 1.00
2130.35 18.00 6.18 -0.01 2.97 2.97 0.00 0.00 47.47 61.29 0.07 0.03 0.75 0.03 1.00 1.00
2130.85 18.11 6.14 -0.01 2.99 2.99 0.00 0.00 56.92 89.53 0.07 0.00 0.79 0.00 1.00 1.00
2131.35 18.04 6.23 -0.01 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 49.84 88.73 0.07 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.00 1.00
2131.85 21.88 6.03 -0.01 2.97 2.97 0.00 0.00 70.68 192.26 0.11 0.00 0.73 0.00 1.00 1.00
2132.35 16.36 6.01 -0.02 2.97 2.97 0.00 0.00 84.57 407.10 0.06 0.00 0.71 0.00 1.00 1.00
2132.85 20.58 6.00 0.00 2.93 2.93 0.00 0.00 34.30 48.55 0.09 0.05 0.67 0.04 1.00 1.00
2133.35 30.69 6.06 0.01 2.81 - - - 10.13 8.98 0.18 0.46 0.43 0.18 - -
9999 9999 9999 9999 9999
2133.85 21.74 6.24 -0.01 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 23.24 22.36 0.10 0.14 0.69 0.10 1.00 1.00
2134.35 21.20 6.33 -0.01 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 25.70 29.99 0.10 0.09 0.67 0.09 1.00 1.00
2134.85 17.01 6.37 -0.01 2.97 2.97 0.00 0.00 32.11 51.95 0.06 0.04 0.73 0.04 1.00 1.00
2135.35 16.44 6.20 -0.02 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 77.99 243.09 0.06 0.00 0.66 0.00 1.00 1.00
2135.85 17.38 6.35 -0.02 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 102.43 943.59 0.07 0.00 0.67 0.00 1.00 1.00
2136.35 16.99 6.94 -0.02 2.93 2.93 0.00 0.00 96.38 482.09 0.06 0.00 0.61 0.00 1.00 1.00
2136.85 18.05 6.60 -0.01 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 81.81 244.10 0.07 0.00 0.69 0.00 1.00 1.00
2137.35 21.56 6.75 -0.01 2.89 2.89 0.00 0.00 49.55 95.68 0.10 0.00 0.57 0.00 1.00 1.00
2137.85 50.72 9.68 0.26 2.40 2.79 0.11 0.21 4.55 4.14 0.36 0.95 0.42 0.36 0.39 0.45
2138.35 33.35 7.13 0.00 2.85 2.85 0.00 0.00 23.55 20.59 0.21 0.16 0.50 0.16 1.00 1.00
2138.85 20.87 6.15 0.00 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 31.91 37.13 0.10 0.07 0.68 0.07 1.00 1.00
2139.35 23.44 6.37 0.00 2.90 2.90 0.00 0.00 10.53 14.38 0.12 0.25 0.59 0.12 1.00 1.00
2139.85 19.65 6.31 -0.01 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 62.73 177.88 0.09 0.00 0.65 0.00 1.00 1.00
2140.35 19.15 6.33 -0.01 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 103.21 2785.89 0.08 0.00 0.69 0.00 1.00 1.00
2140.85 15.95 6.46 -0.02 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 117.72 23084.69 0.05 0.00 0.69 0.00 1.00 1.00
2141.35 17.93 6.37 -0.02 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 108.14 88394.30 0.07 0.00 0.66 0.00 1.00 1.00
2141.85 13.72 6.33 -0.02 2.98 2.98 0.00 0.00 129.64 100000.00 0.03 0.00 0.74 0.00 1.00 1.00
2142.35 16.07 6.68 -0.02 2.92 2.92 0.00 0.00 135.99 41236.20 0.05 0.00 0.60 0.00 1.00 1.00
2142.85 16.50 6.45 -0.02 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 140.39 5399.39 0.06 0.00 0.68 0.00 1.00 1.00

23
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2143.35 17.43 6.32 -0.02 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 123.88 30360.46 0.07 0.00 0.69 0.00 1.00 1.00
2143.85 13.93 6.43 -0.02 2.98 2.98 0.00 0.00 142.00 8309.40 0.04 0.00 0.74 0.00 1.00 1.00
2144.35 15.21 6.48 -0.02 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 150.94 28369.20 0.05 0.00 0.66 0.00 1.00 1.00
2144.85 15.72 6.39 -0.02 3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 141.67 95236.03 0.05 0.00 0.78 0.00 1.00 1.00
2145.35 15.88 6.31 -0.02 2.97 2.97 0.00 0.00 138.67 56088.20 0.05 0.00 0.72 0.00 1.00 1.00
2145.85 14.40 6.14 -0.02 3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 129.37 28886.65 0.04 0.00 0.80 0.00 1.00 1.00
2146.35 14.37 6.44 -0.02 2.93 2.93 0.00 0.00 138.68 10208.03 0.04 0.00 0.63 0.00 1.00 1.00
2146.85 17.69 6.54 -0.02 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 118.92 1764.93 0.07 0.00 0.65 0.00 1.00 1.00
2147.35 15.87 6.68 -0.02 2.97 2.97 0.00 0.00 130.11 1293.79 0.05 0.00 0.71 0.00 1.00 1.00
2147.85 19.93 6.76 -0.01 2.95 2.95 0.00 0.00 122.88 1865.74 0.09 0.00 0.67 0.00 1.00 1.00
2148.35 21.22 7.16 -0.01 2.97 2.97 0.00 0.00 108.38 800.11 0.10 0.00 0.73 0.00 1.00 1.00
2148.85 19.92 6.76 0.00 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 47.76 82.68 0.09 0.01 0.69 0.01 1.00 1.00
2149.35 17.67 6.48 0.00 2.91 2.91 0.00 0.00 38.17 48.95 0.07 0.04 0.61 0.04 1.00 1.00
2149.85 21.27 6.79 0.00 2.89 2.89 0.00 0.00 17.11 17.20 0.10 0.19 0.57 0.10 1.00 1.00
2150.35 18.91 6.63 0.00 2.88 2.88 0.00 0.00 17.08 17.89 0.08 0.19 0.57 0.08 1.00 1.00
2150.85 20.37 6.31 -0.01 2.91 2.91 0.00 0.00 38.38 69.89 0.09 0.02 0.60 0.02 1.00 1.00
2151.35 21.60 6.44 -0.01 2.92 2.92 0.00 0.00 45.24 99.49 0.10 0.01 0.61 0.01 1.00 1.00
2151.85 16.66 6.67 -0.02 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 111.74 1698.93 0.06 0.00 0.63 0.00 1.00 1.00
2152.35 19.33 6.47 -0.01 2.96 2.96 0.00 0.00 105.37 1821.57 0.08 0.00 0.69 0.00 1.00 1.00
2152.85 35.36 6.04 0.05 2.83 2.86 0.00 0.02 19.79 34.57 0.43 0.06 0.64 0.06 1.00 1.00
2153.35 66.39 6.82 0.33 2.44 2.90 0.03 0.23 2.70 2.40 0.95 0.91 0.83 0.81 1.00 1.00
2153.85 62.41 7.19 0.39 2.46 2.99 0.05 0.26 2.91 2.29 0.88 0.96 1.00 0.88 0.90 0.93
2154.35 38.37 5.92 0.01 2.83 - - - 8.61 8.48 0.48 0.25 0.50 0.25 - -
9999 9999 9999 9999 9999

BM-100 Summaries

Workflow Table Result MD

Zones Top Bottom Gross Net Net to Av_Shale Av_Porosity Av_Water
Gross Volume Saturation

1 Zone_2 2061.252 2089.791 28.539 12.427 0.435 0.236 0.161 0.551

2 Zone_3 2089.791 2099.829 10.038 9.886 0.985 0.006 0.233 0.276
3 Zone_5 2113.902 2120.053 6.151 0.016 0.003 0.19 0.127 0.5
4 Zone_6 2120.053 2122.661 2.608 0.746 0.286 0.035 0.192 0.424
Calculated Net(m) 23.075

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Cross-plots for interesting zones

Cross-plot: BM-100.MainPass_Petrobel_BM-100_DLL-LDL-CNL-GR_26Jul09
Reference (M): [2012.9 - 2526.94]

25
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Cross-plot: BM-100.MainPass_Petrobel_BM-100_DLL-LDL-CNL-GR_26Jul09
Reference (M): [2012.9 - 2526.94]

26
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

WELL M-91

27
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

28
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

29
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

30
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

31
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

M-91 Qualitative interpretation

`
WELL M-91
Interval
Zone
Lithology Fluid content
Top Bottom
1 2482.717 2498.1 Shale Water
2 2498.1 2505.69 Sand +Shale streaks Oil
3 2505.685 2510.4 Shale Water
4 2510.4 2515.18 Sand Oil
2515.18 2556.07 Shale Water
5 2556.07 2563.93 Sand Oil
6 2563.93 2568.91 Shale Water
7 2568.91 2590.71 Sand +Shale streaks Oil
8 2590.71 2641.1 Shale Water
9 2641.1 2674.1 Sand + Shale Streaks Oil + Water
10 2674.1 2683.1 Shale Water
11 2683.1 2716.68 Sand + Shale Streaks Oil
12 2716.68 2723.4 Sand Water
13 2723.4 2760.94 Shale Water

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

M-91 quantitative interpretation

SWE_INDO
VSH_FINAL

SHE_INDO
RHOMAA
PHIT_ND

PHIE_ND

VSH_ND
VSH_GR

VSH_R
RHOB
AT30

AT90

NPHI
MD

GR

DT
microsec/ft
ohmm

ohmm

g/cm3
G/C3
GAPI

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v
M

2483 77.64 0.77 0.77 120.42 0.50 1.94 0.46 0.40 2.81 0.71 0.26 0.59 0.26 0.59 0.41
2484 83.70 0.69 0.62 116.86 0.44 2.11 0.39 0.30 2.84 0.77 0.39 0.77 0.39 0.47 0.53
2485 86.30 0.67 0.62 111.39 0.42 2.33 0.32 0.16 2.97 0.80 0.81 0.76 0.76 0.40 0.60
2486 95.69 0.74 0.69 110.21 0.40 2.42 0.29 0.14 2.99 0.90 0.93 0.67 0.67 0.37 0.63
2487 104.32 1.06 1.03 97.96 0.34 2.50 0.23 0.14 2.95 1.00 0.90 0.40 0.40 0.34 0.66
2488 71.85 1.63 1.62 85.53 0.26 2.58 0.17 0.12 2.89 0.64 0.77 0.19 0.19 0.24 0.76
2489 59.62 2.08 2.08 82.51 0.19 2.55 0.14 0.12 2.80 0.51 0.46 0.11 0.11 0.19 0.81
2490 77.21 1.73 1.74 87.02 0.25 2.55 0.17 0.13 2.87 0.70 0.69 0.17 0.17 0.28 0.72
2491 61.22 1.84 1.90 86.61 0.24 2.52 0.17 0.14 2.83 0.53 0.56 0.14 0.14 0.30 0.70
2492 83.40 2.27 2.41 88.10 0.26 2.44 0.20 0.18 2.81 0.77 0.47 0.08 0.08 0.45 0.55
2493 71.66 2.00 1.92 86.66 0.28 2.46 0.21 0.18 2.86 0.64 0.62 0.14 0.14 0.42 0.58
2494 53.86 1.56 1.51 90.42 0.25 2.47 0.19 0.14 2.81 0.45 0.49 0.22 0.22 0.32 0.68
2495 70.54 1.55 1.40 91.71 0.29 2.46 0.21 0.16 2.86 0.63 0.64 0.25 0.25 0.37 0.63
2496 70.32 1.20 1.13 96.10 0.36 2.49 0.24 0.16 2.96 0.63 0.92 0.35 0.35 0.39 0.61
2497 64.61 2.35 2.31 83.07 0.25 2.51 0.17 0.16 2.84 0.57 0.59 0.09 0.09 0.37 0.63
2498 47.78 3.19 2.92 76.08 0.20 2.51 0.15 0.14 2.78 0.38 0.40 0.05 0.05 0.35 0.65
2499 32.04 7.69 6.49 85.74 0.21 2.26 0.22 0.22 2.66 0.22 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.70 0.30
2500 69.71 2.75 2.78 79.53 0.21 2.48 0.17 0.13 2.78 0.62 0.39 0.17 0.17 0.42 0.58
2501 63.98 3.31 3.46 86.47 0.21 2.37 0.19 0.17 2.72 0.56 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.54 0.46
2502 31.78 13.52 14.88 90.66 0.22 2.27 0.22 0.22 2.68 0.21 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.80 0.20
2503 25.92 16.37 21.42 90.14 0.21 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.65 0.15 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.84 0.16
2504 37.76 6.37 6.33 82.28 0.20 2.33 0.20 0.20 2.69 0.28 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.65 0.35
2505 74.89 2.49 2.11 77.05 0.23 2.52 0.17 0.12 2.83 0.68 0.55 0.22 0.22 0.36 0.64
2506 60.83 3.35 3.40 81.13 0.21 2.42 0.18 0.15 2.75 0.53 0.26 0.15 0.15 0.50 0.50
2507 88.09 2.24 2.26 83.41 0.24 2.51 0.17 0.13 2.83 0.82 0.55 0.22 0.22 0.39 0.61
2508 40.79 1.74 1.75 78.69 0.22 2.55 0.15 0.09 2.83 0.31 0.57 0.29 0.29 0.26 0.74
2509 61.62 2.69 2.86 79.93 0.19 2.51 0.15 0.11 2.78 0.53 0.38 0.17 0.17 0.36 0.64
2510 43.63 2.84 2.85 78.82 0.15 2.44 0.15 0.13 2.70 0.34 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.34 0.66
2511 49.29 3.36 3.26 86.10 0.21 2.36 0.20 0.17 2.71 0.40 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.53 0.47
2512 52.27 2.25 2.37 86.29 0.24 2.37 0.21 0.16 2.75 0.43 0.26 0.21 0.21 0.50 0.50
2513 32.51 3.69 3.78 89.38 0.22 2.27 0.23 0.23 2.68 0.22 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.61 0.39

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2514 24.06 9.63 9.70 83.09 0.19 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.64 0.13 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.76 0.24
2515 40.65 4.99 5.14 77.21 0.19 2.36 0.18 0.18 2.69 0.31 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.59 0.41
2516 74.29 2.28 2.33 85.43 0.25 2.49 0.18 0.16 2.84 0.67 0.57 0.10 0.10 0.40 0.60
2517 66.83 3.05 2.99 78.10 0.21 2.52 0.16 0.15 2.81 0.59 0.49 0.05 0.05 0.37 0.63
2518 54.41 2.92 2.70 80.71 0.20 2.51 0.16 0.14 2.79 0.46 0.42 0.07 0.07 0.35 0.65
2519 79.77 1.56 1.52 89.13 0.28 2.52 0.19 0.14 2.88 0.73 0.72 0.23 0.23 0.33 0.67
2520 65.10 2.58 2.53 78.83 0.19 2.57 0.13 0.12 2.81 0.57 0.50 0.08 0.08 0.22 0.78
2521 57.85 2.47 2.49 80.01 0.17 2.53 0.14 0.12 2.77 0.49 0.36 0.09 0.09 0.23 0.77
2522 62.19 2.81 2.66 79.40 0.19 2.47 0.16 0.15 2.76 0.54 0.31 0.07 0.07 0.36 0.64
2523 85.91 2.59 2.43 78.94 0.20 2.56 0.14 0.12 2.81 0.80 0.50 0.09 0.09 0.25 0.75
2524 66.40 3.11 3.17 72.97 0.18 2.54 0.13 0.13 2.78 0.59 0.40 0.04 0.04 0.28 0.72
2525 82.26 1.85 1.88 86.02 0.28 2.52 0.19 0.16 2.88 0.76 0.73 0.16 0.16 0.38 0.62
2526 61.13 2.12 2.12 81.22 0.21 2.59 0.14 0.11 2.84 0.53 0.62 0.13 0.13 0.19 0.81
2527 77.57 1.64 1.58 86.68 0.27 2.53 0.18 0.14 2.88 0.71 0.72 0.22 0.22 0.32 0.68
2528 72.32 1.46 1.44 84.62 0.25 2.49 0.19 0.13 2.83 0.65 0.53 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.70
2529 62.93 1.78 1.59 83.87 0.22 2.53 0.16 0.12 2.82 0.55 0.53 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.76
2530 69.95 1.57 1.51 84.57 0.26 2.50 0.19 0.14 2.85 0.62 0.60 0.24 0.24 0.31 0.69
2531 75.01 1.48 1.41 93.33 0.30 2.49 0.21 0.15 2.89 0.68 0.75 0.26 0.26 0.37 0.63
2532 77.49 2.23 2.19 83.84 0.24 2.48 0.18 0.16 2.82 0.71 0.50 0.12 0.12 0.39 0.61
2533 69.29 2.05 2.03 87.56 0.23 2.51 0.17 0.14 2.82 0.62 0.51 0.14 0.14 0.32 0.68
2534 57.52 2.56 2.52 79.53 0.19 2.51 0.15 0.13 2.77 0.49 0.36 0.09 0.09 0.29 0.71
2535 70.57 1.84 1.82 85.79 0.23 2.56 0.16 0.12 2.85 0.63 0.65 0.17 0.17 0.24 0.76
2536 72.71 1.61 1.63 87.62 0.26 2.55 0.17 0.13 2.87 0.65 0.71 0.21 0.21 0.28 0.72
2537 62.46 2.51 2.58 79.01 0.21 2.56 0.15 0.13 2.83 0.54 0.56 0.08 0.08 0.30 0.70
2538 66.82 1.96 1.92 84.11 0.23 2.59 0.15 0.12 2.87 0.59 0.70 0.16 0.16 0.23 0.77
2539 78.02 1.87 1.85 82.08 0.23 2.59 0.15 0.11 2.86 0.71 0.69 0.17 0.17 0.21 0.79
2540 79.91 1.84 1.83 87.01 0.25 2.49 0.18 0.15 2.83 0.73 0.56 0.17 0.17 0.35 0.65
2541 92.12 1.58 1.62 90.73 0.26 2.50 0.19 0.14 2.85 0.86 0.61 0.21 0.21 0.34 0.66
2542 71.09 2.36 2.26 78.34 0.20 2.52 0.15 0.13 2.80 0.64 0.44 0.11 0.11 0.27 0.73
2543 68.03 1.52 1.51 90.22 0.26 2.55 0.17 0.12 2.88 0.60 0.73 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.73
2544 70.47 1.57 1.48 87.48 0.27 2.58 0.17 0.12 2.90 0.63 0.81 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.75
2545 77.35 1.09 1.07 99.91 0.34 2.51 0.22 0.14 2.95 0.70 0.90 0.39 0.39 0.34 0.66
2546 78.86 0.84 0.79 109.50 0.41 2.46 0.28 0.16 3.03 0.72 1.00 0.58 0.58 0.39 0.61
2547 75.42 0.79 0.74 110.07 0.39 2.46 0.27 0.13 3.00 0.68 0.99 0.63 0.63 0.36 0.64
2548 70.58 0.77 0.72 110.40 0.45 2.44 0.31 0.17 3.09 0.63 1.00 0.66 0.62 0.41 0.59
2549 91.17 1.07 1.06 96.21 0.33 2.49 0.23 0.14 2.93 0.85 0.84 0.39 0.39 0.35 0.65
2550 82.23 1.15 1.11 97.18 0.33 2.51 0.22 0.14 2.94 0.76 0.89 0.37 0.37 0.35 0.65
2551 75.93 1.61 1.55 87.39 0.23 2.56 0.16 0.11 2.85 0.69 0.63 0.23 0.23 0.20 0.80
2552 66.45 3.32 3.19 78.41 0.20 2.52 0.15 0.14 2.79 0.59 0.42 0.04 0.04 0.35 0.65
2553 72.33 2.65 2.62 80.78 0.23 2.55 0.16 0.14 2.85 0.65 0.63 0.08 0.08 0.34 0.66
2554 42.85 2.35 2.31 73.33 0.18 2.60 0.12 0.10 2.83 0.33 0.56 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.87
2555 67.34 2.33 2.30 80.56 0.19 2.58 0.13 0.11 2.81 0.60 0.52 0.11 0.11 0.18 0.82
2556 41.79 4.67 4.76 80.16 0.16 2.46 0.15 0.15 2.72 0.32 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.54

35
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2557 43.13 4.96 5.68 94.12 0.23 2.36 0.20 0.19 2.73 0.33 0.18 0.07 0.07 0.65 0.35
2558 26.05 19.41 19.50 65.01 0.20 2.25 0.22 0.22 2.65 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.18
2559 23.97 14.76 13.34 80.83 0.17 2.30 0.19 0.19 2.65 0.13 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.76 0.24
2560 22.93 14.40 14.20 88.04 0.19 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.63 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.80 0.20
2561 19.31 24.99 21.93 88.56 0.19 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.63 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.84 0.16
2562 29.35 4.53 4.80 87.07 0.19 2.32 0.20 0.20 2.68 0.19 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.61 0.39
2563 24.34 19.90 16.64 88.68 0.19 2.25 0.22 0.22 2.64 0.13 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.81 0.19
2564 37.89 5.53 5.48 79.66 0.15 2.45 0.14 0.14 2.71 0.28 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.49 0.51
2565 77.25 2.85 2.77 77.25 0.19 2.53 0.14 0.12 2.79 0.70 0.43 0.12 0.12 0.31 0.69
2566 68.66 2.42 2.31 77.64 0.22 2.60 0.14 0.11 2.86 0.61 0.68 0.16 0.16 0.26 0.74
2567 67.97 2.65 2.46 74.01 0.19 2.61 0.12 0.09 2.84 0.60 0.61 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.83
2568 59.30 2.68 2.49 76.16 0.20 2.52 0.15 0.12 2.79 0.51 0.43 0.14 0.14 0.31 0.69
2569 41.80 3.24 2.95 87.94 0.24 2.33 0.22 0.18 2.72 0.32 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.56 0.44
2570 37.60 2.87 2.93 87.36 0.18 2.33 0.20 0.20 2.67 0.28 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.49 0.51
2571 50.11 2.80 2.85 86.93 0.21 2.36 0.20 0.18 2.71 0.41 0.10 0.17 0.10 0.50 0.50
2572 30.24 12.16 11.44 75.70 0.15 2.35 0.17 0.17 2.66 0.20 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.70 0.30
2573 25.28 27.94 17.94 73.82 0.14 2.24 0.20 0.20 2.60 0.14 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.80 0.20
2574 36.78 9.41 9.79 85.23 0.18 2.29 0.20 0.20 2.66 0.27 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.73 0.27
2575 36.77 10.71 8.92 86.61 0.24 2.30 0.22 0.21 2.70 0.27 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.74 0.26
2576 18.75 30.16 31.37 67.43 0.15 2.18 0.23 0.23 2.58 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.14
2577 41.62 10.91 12.63 78.39 0.23 2.29 0.22 0.21 2.69 0.32 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.78 0.22
2578 20.06 37.28 40.67 90.78 0.20 2.20 0.24 0.24 2.63 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.11
2579 19.07 34.19 30.42 88.48 0.20 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.64 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.14
2580 20.70 45.52 36.88 55.80 0.07 2.57 0.07 0.07 2.69 0.09 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.40
2581 24.31 12.47 12.83 72.33 0.20 2.25 0.22 0.22 2.65 0.13 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.78 0.22
2582 23.29 18.36 16.68 89.54 0.20 2.24 0.23 0.23 2.65 0.12 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.81 0.19
2583 21.92 24.51 21.06 87.53 0.20 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.64 0.11 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.83 0.17
2584 36.42 4.94 4.51 83.17 0.21 2.33 0.21 0.19 2.70 0.26 0.06 0.10 0.06 0.61 0.39
2585 69.97 2.88 3.02 91.29 0.28 2.43 0.21 0.18 2.83 0.62 0.53 0.16 0.16 0.55 0.45
2586 18.98 21.71 21.64 86.50 0.18 2.25 0.22 0.22 2.63 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.83 0.17
2587 22.95 5.59 5.27 75.22 0.21 2.41 0.18 0.16 2.74 0.12 0.22 0.08 0.08 0.59 0.41
2588 20.00 17.87 14.60 86.29 0.19 2.24 0.23 0.23 2.64 0.09 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.80 0.20
2589 38.91 3.69 3.38 83.12 0.21 2.35 0.20 0.18 2.71 0.29 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.54 0.46
2590 44.59 3.35 3.07 82.50 0.22 2.43 0.18 0.15 2.77 0.35 0.32 0.15 0.15 0.49 0.51
2591 44.96 4.16 3.99 80.87 0.21 2.42 0.18 0.18 2.75 0.35 0.25 0.01 0.01 0.51 0.49
2592 73.93 2.21 2.24 82.62 0.24 2.52 0.17 0.15 2.84 0.67 0.59 0.12 0.12 0.35 0.65
2593 76.08 3.54 3.39 74.96 0.18 2.60 0.12 0.11 2.82 0.69 0.54 0.03 0.03 0.23 0.77
2594 62.56 2.79 2.84 79.34 0.20 2.54 0.15 0.13 2.80 0.54 0.47 0.07 0.07 0.32 0.68
2595 58.36 3.92 3.67 73.74 0.15 2.59 0.11 0.11 2.79 0.50 0.41 0.02 0.02 0.18 0.82
2596 82.14 1.89 1.89 86.61 0.24 2.54 0.17 0.13 2.85 0.76 0.64 0.17 0.17 0.30 0.70
2597 85.57 2.08 2.01 82.60 0.23 2.56 0.15 0.12 2.85 0.79 0.62 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.75
2598 89.75 2.71 2.47 77.70 0.22 2.52 0.16 0.14 2.81 0.84 0.50 0.10 0.10 0.35 0.65
2599 79.96 2.81 2.64 82.63 0.24 2.51 0.17 0.16 2.83 0.73 0.56 0.08 0.08 0.40 0.60

36
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2600 81.53 1.40 1.39 94.97 0.30 2.51 0.21 0.15 2.90 0.75 0.78 0.28 0.28 0.35 0.65
2601 83.40 1.18 1.22 100.54 0.32 2.50 0.22 0.14 2.91 0.77 0.81 0.33 0.33 0.35 0.65
2602 74.35 1.30 1.27 94.92 0.28 2.53 0.19 0.12 2.89 0.67 0.75 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.71
2603 72.35 1.41 1.36 95.32 0.27 2.50 0.19 0.13 2.86 0.65 0.65 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.69
2604 68.17 1.56 1.49 92.27 0.29 2.48 0.21 0.15 2.86 0.61 0.65 0.25 0.25 0.37 0.63
2605 56.71 1.70 1.61 89.37 0.24 2.50 0.18 0.13 2.83 0.48 0.54 0.22 0.22 0.30 0.70
2606 66.81 1.21 1.17 97.13 0.32 2.50 0.22 0.14 2.92 0.59 0.81 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.65
2607 70.03 1.18 1.10 96.13 0.33 2.50 0.23 0.14 2.94 0.63 0.87 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.65
2608 68.42 1.12 1.10 96.02 0.31 2.52 0.21 0.12 2.92 0.61 0.83 0.39 0.39 0.31 0.69
2609 42.59 2.52 2.37 83.17 0.25 2.40 0.20 0.18 2.77 0.33 0.34 0.11 0.11 0.47 0.53
2610 60.30 2.87 2.81 79.53 0.19 2.54 0.14 0.13 2.80 0.52 0.44 0.07 0.07 0.29 0.71
2611 65.50 2.40 2.56 80.67 0.20 2.57 0.14 0.12 2.82 0.58 0.54 0.09 0.09 0.25 0.75
2612 70.34 2.42 2.54 81.35 0.20 2.53 0.15 0.13 2.80 0.63 0.46 0.09 0.09 0.29 0.71
2613 51.06 3.97 3.98 75.75 0.16 2.56 0.12 0.12 2.78 0.42 0.39 0.01 0.01 0.29 0.71
2614 56.49 3.61 3.52 74.95 0.16 2.56 0.12 0.12 2.78 0.48 0.39 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.75
2615 62.71 2.96 3.07 77.92 0.20 2.50 0.16 0.15 2.79 0.55 0.40 0.05 0.05 0.39 0.61
2616 56.67 2.94 3.12 77.55 0.20 2.49 0.16 0.15 2.78 0.48 0.37 0.05 0.05 0.39 0.61
2617 77.18 3.29 3.35 75.85 0.18 2.53 0.14 0.13 2.78 0.70 0.37 0.03 0.03 0.32 0.68
2618 71.98 2.79 2.94 79.93 0.21 2.58 0.14 0.13 2.83 0.65 0.59 0.06 0.06 0.28 0.72
2619 74.41 2.07 2.09 85.19 0.24 2.56 0.16 0.13 2.86 0.67 0.68 0.14 0.14 0.31 0.69
2620 65.36 2.17 2.16 83.34 0.22 2.55 0.15 0.12 2.83 0.57 0.56 0.13 0.13 0.27 0.73
2621 69.94 1.84 1.81 85.12 0.23 2.56 0.16 0.12 2.85 0.62 0.65 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.75
2622 67.02 1.69 1.64 87.49 0.25 2.57 0.16 0.12 2.88 0.59 0.73 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.75
2623 72.91 1.18 1.17 98.09 0.31 2.52 0.21 0.13 2.92 0.66 0.84 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.67
2624 79.76 0.84 0.78 108.57 0.38 2.45 0.27 0.14 2.98 0.73 0.95 0.60 0.60 0.36 0.64
2625 81.48 0.91 0.86 105.89 0.38 2.51 0.25 0.13 3.00 0.75 1.00 0.53 0.53 0.35 0.65
2626 80.72 0.90 0.87 106.64 0.34 2.46 0.24 0.13 2.92 0.74 0.81 0.52 0.52 0.34 0.66
2627 83.20 0.81 0.78 110.03 0.37 2.46 0.26 0.13 2.97 0.77 0.92 0.60 0.60 0.35 0.65
2628 70.88 0.83 0.81 108.06 0.36 2.46 0.25 0.13 2.95 0.63 0.88 0.57 0.57 0.35 0.65
2629 79.43 1.16 1.09 96.65 0.33 2.49 0.23 0.14 2.93 0.73 0.84 0.39 0.39 0.35 0.65
2630 78.68 1.20 1.18 98.24 0.30 2.52 0.20 0.13 2.91 0.72 0.79 0.35 0.35 0.31 0.69
2631 82.80 1.28 1.26 95.11 0.28 2.51 0.20 0.13 2.88 0.76 0.70 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.69
2632 74.65 1.67 1.59 89.54 0.25 2.54 0.18 0.13 2.86 0.67 0.67 0.22 0.22 0.28 0.72
2633 76.67 1.41 1.42 88.93 0.26 2.55 0.18 0.12 2.88 0.70 0.73 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.74
2634 71.19 2.01 1.94 84.03 0.24 2.56 0.16 0.13 2.85 0.64 0.64 0.16 0.16 0.28 0.72
2635 80.68 2.92 2.91 77.42 0.21 2.57 0.14 0.13 2.83 0.74 0.58 0.06 0.06 0.30 0.70
2636 65.55 3.13 3.05 75.92 0.18 2.63 0.12 0.11 2.84 0.58 0.61 0.05 0.05 0.17 0.83
2637 60.03 2.83 2.75 77.43 0.19 2.63 0.12 0.10 2.85 0.52 0.63 0.07 0.07 0.16 0.84
2638 74.18 2.78 2.67 78.46 0.19 2.62 0.12 0.10 2.84 0.67 0.61 0.08 0.08 0.15 0.85
2639 76.02 2.76 2.64 79.21 0.21 2.58 0.14 0.12 2.84 0.69 0.60 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.75
2640 77.25 3.33 3.24 75.91 0.19 2.58 0.13 0.12 2.82 0.70 0.54 0.04 0.04 0.28 0.72
2641 52.83 8.08 8.27 78.49 0.22 2.45 0.17 0.17 2.78 0.44 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.37
2642 21.36 27.64 33.31 83.61 0.20 2.24 0.22 0.22 2.65 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.87 0.13

37
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2643 19.29 75.22 33.24 85.16 0.20 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.64 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.87 0.13
2644 19.95 49.12 40.71 89.21 0.22 2.18 0.25 0.25 2.63 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.89 0.11
2645 18.88 112.54 78.47 86.96 0.22 2.21 0.24 0.24 2.64 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.08
2646 26.76 17.03 16.93 81.97 0.20 2.27 0.21 0.21 2.66 0.16 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.80 0.20
2647 49.13 7.06 6.50 74.35 0.21 2.46 0.17 0.15 2.77 0.40 0.32 0.07 0.07 0.60 0.40
2648 43.40 7.39 7.50 71.70 0.15 2.55 0.12 0.10 2.77 0.34 0.34 0.06 0.06 0.47 0.53
2649 17.22 61.17 119.61 81.52 0.18 2.25 0.22 0.22 2.64 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.93 0.07
2650 19.51 27.24 52.40 75.85 0.18 2.31 0.19 0.19 2.67 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.87 0.13
2651 18.91 3.59 2.31 84.57 0.21 2.23 0.24 0.24 2.65 0.07 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.53 0.47
2652 21.84 2.49 1.60 86.63 0.21 2.24 0.24 0.24 2.65 0.11 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.44 0.56
2653 27.80 3.76 2.69 81.48 0.20 2.31 0.21 0.21 2.68 0.17 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.50 0.50
2654 36.60 8.42 8.23 74.37 0.21 2.42 0.18 0.17 2.75 0.26 0.25 0.06 0.06 0.67 0.33
2655 37.10 8.43 10.45 73.06 0.16 2.51 0.13 0.12 2.75 0.27 0.28 0.04 0.04 0.59 0.41
2656 25.23 12.99 22.23 82.14 0.21 2.31 0.20 0.20 2.69 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.82 0.18
2657 18.84 3.78 2.78 88.48 0.21 2.20 0.25 0.25 2.63 0.07 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.58 0.42
2658 22.96 2.24 1.37 86.37 0.20 2.23 0.24 0.24 2.64 0.12 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.39 0.61
2659 40.64 2.87 2.62 79.39 0.20 2.42 0.18 0.14 2.74 0.31 0.23 0.19 0.18 0.44 0.56
2660 31.81 7.18 8.77 73.36 0.14 2.41 0.15 0.15 2.67 0.21 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.61 0.39
2661 21.23 19.66 22.58 82.78 0.20 2.25 0.22 0.22 2.65 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.83 0.17
2662 24.07 5.24 3.42 77.76 0.21 2.30 0.21 0.21 2.68 0.13 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.56 0.44
2663 20.73 4.47 2.60 84.90 0.20 2.26 0.23 0.23 2.65 0.09 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.52 0.48
2664 42.93 5.09 4.21 72.72 0.18 2.48 0.15 0.12 2.75 0.33 0.26 0.12 0.12 0.45 0.55
2665 33.74 11.25 9.83 74.95 0.21 2.42 0.18 0.17 2.74 0.23 0.24 0.05 0.05 0.69 0.31
2666 22.49 9.88 6.69 77.84 0.20 2.33 0.20 0.19 2.69 0.11 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.67 0.33
2667 56.49 2.78 2.68 70.33 0.20 2.70 0.11 0.06 2.89 0.48 0.81 0.19 0.19 0.10 0.90
2668 55.13 3.32 3.04 72.15 0.18 2.67 0.11 0.07 2.86 0.46 0.70 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.85
2669 30.91 8.92 7.82 75.40 0.17 2.42 0.16 0.15 2.70 0.20 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.62 0.38
2670 42.50 7.67 8.70 77.54 0.21 2.36 0.19 0.18 2.71 0.33 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.70 0.30
2671 28.33 11.46 13.20 83.15 0.23 2.26 0.23 0.23 2.68 0.18 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.79 0.21
2672 17.09 23.44 19.00 87.10 0.21 2.19 0.25 0.25 2.63 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.84 0.16
2673 35.95 3.49 3.07 81.25 0.22 2.32 0.21 0.20 2.70 0.26 0.07 0.16 0.07 0.54 0.46
2674 23.15 33.01 32.82 74.92 0.17 2.36 0.17 0.17 2.68 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.83 0.17
2675 57.13 3.71 3.90 73.89 0.21 2.61 0.13 0.11 2.85 0.49 0.65 0.11 0.11 0.36 0.64
2676 77.21 1.47 1.32 94.86 0.27 2.53 0.19 0.11 2.88 0.70 0.71 0.37 0.37 0.30 0.70
2677 70.65 0.84 0.79 103.15 0.35 2.49 0.24 0.11 2.96 0.63 0.93 0.63 0.63 0.31 0.69
2678 47.86 3.60 3.12 73.07 0.15 2.61 0.11 0.08 2.80 0.39 0.47 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.84
2679 72.10 2.59 2.56 81.50 0.22 2.58 0.14 0.11 2.85 0.65 0.65 0.18 0.18 0.31 0.69
2680 60.57 3.65 3.78 68.34 0.23 2.59 0.15 0.12 2.87 0.52 0.69 0.11 0.11 0.42 0.58
2681 55.15 5.78 6.68 66.57 0.13 2.64 0.09 0.08 2.80 0.46 0.45 0.05 0.05 0.26 0.74
2682 39.98 7.94 8.82 65.56 0.13 2.56 0.10 0.09 2.75 0.30 0.26 0.04 0.04 0.44 0.56
2683 30.52 16.56 19.08 62.65 0.12 2.57 0.09 0.09 2.74 0.20 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.42
2684 28.88 28.79 156.38 77.40 0.19 2.33 0.19 0.19 2.68 0.18 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.08
2685 15.05 22.63 88.14 85.00 0.20 2.20 0.24 0.24 2.63 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.08

38
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2686 16.48 4.68 3.28 83.85 0.21 2.23 0.24 0.24 2.65 0.05 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.60 0.40
2687 14.03 3.46 2.27 84.88 0.20 2.21 0.25 0.25 2.64 0.02 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.53 0.47
2688 14.51 3.54 2.19 83.71 0.19 2.23 0.24 0.24 2.63 0.03 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.50 0.50
2689 13.55 3.04 1.87 81.48 0.20 2.25 0.23 0.23 2.64 0.02 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.46 0.54
2690 14.05 3.64 2.14 80.19 0.19 2.28 0.22 0.22 2.65 0.02 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.46 0.54
2691 17.36 5.44 4.00 73.13 0.15 2.42 0.16 0.15 2.69 0.06 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.45 0.55
2692 17.07 57.22 54.32 75.00 0.19 2.33 0.19 0.19 2.68 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.88 0.12
2693 27.86 18.28 46.72 77.76 0.19 2.34 0.19 0.19 2.68 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.14
2694 13.74 3.64 3.01 84.67 0.21 2.21 0.25 0.25 2.64 0.02 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.60 0.40
2695 12.84 3.69 2.38 79.33 0.18 2.28 0.21 0.21 2.65 0.01 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.48 0.52
2696 17.57 2.68 1.81 82.34 0.20 2.24 0.24 0.24 2.65 0.06 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.46 0.54
2697 31.76 3.89 2.86 78.74 0.20 2.28 0.22 0.22 2.66 0.21 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.54 0.46
2698 14.15 2.91 1.86 83.76 0.21 2.20 0.25 0.25 2.63 0.02 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.50 0.50
2699 16.20 2.31 1.53 83.99 0.21 2.22 0.25 0.25 2.64 0.04 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.43 0.57
2700 17.37 2.76 1.67 83.36 0.22 2.22 0.25 0.25 2.65 0.06 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.46 0.54
2701 17.25 2.13 1.26 82.19 0.19 2.23 0.24 0.24 2.63 0.06 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.36 0.64
2702 15.74 3.37 2.13 81.17 0.19 2.27 0.22 0.22 2.65 0.04 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.46 0.54
2703 62.47 4.33 4.44 69.08 0.18 2.67 0.10 0.08 2.86 0.54 0.70 0.12 0.12 0.24 0.76
2704 35.08 14.64 14.30 71.47 0.19 2.45 0.16 0.15 2.75 0.25 0.27 0.03 0.03 0.71 0.29
2705 19.89 33.55 32.18 79.26 0.21 2.26 0.22 0.22 2.66 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.86 0.14
2706 62.51 6.13 6.15 68.15 0.19 2.61 0.12 0.10 2.84 0.54 0.60 0.09 0.09 0.43 0.57
2707 29.72 22.98 19.34 75.23 0.16 2.31 0.19 0.19 2.64 0.19 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.79 0.21
2708 24.23 11.33 13.53 71.16 0.19 2.39 0.17 0.16 2.71 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.73 0.27
2709 17.60 50.43 50.16 79.88 0.21 2.26 0.22 0.22 2.66 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.89 0.11
2710 15.28 66.32 62.06 84.46 0.22 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.66 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.91 0.09
2711 17.74 42.83 45.04 85.10 0.20 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.64 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.89 0.11
2712 16.90 45.28 47.02 87.82 0.21 2.19 0.24 0.24 2.63 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.90 0.10
2713 18.35 26.58 37.17 83.27 0.18 2.25 0.21 0.21 2.64 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.87 0.13
2714 17.84 25.01 66.06 80.37 0.19 2.28 0.21 0.21 2.66 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.10
2715 16.18 13.68 14.71 85.35 0.20 2.21 0.24 0.24 2.63 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.81 0.19
2716 14.31 3.41 2.14 85.66 0.19 2.23 0.24 0.24 2.63 0.02 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.50 0.50
2717 16.25 2.23 1.45 82.92 0.21 2.25 0.24 0.24 2.65 0.04 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.40 0.60
2718 18.02 2.14 1.44 85.90 0.20 2.22 0.25 0.25 2.63 0.06 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.42 0.58
2719 17.55 1.76 1.11 86.04 0.20 2.19 0.26 0.26 2.62 0.06 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.36 0.64
2720 20.38 1.55 1.04 88.41 0.23 2.19 0.27 0.27 2.64 0.09 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.37 0.63
2721 18.58 2.04 1.39 85.91 0.22 2.18 0.27 0.27 2.63 0.07 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.45 0.55
2722 26.25 3.39 2.98 70.79 0.14 2.52 0.12 0.09 2.73 0.15 0.22 0.19 0.15 0.24 0.76
2723 42.56 9.48 10.49 68.18 0.16 2.50 0.13 0.12 2.74 0.33 0.25 0.05 0.05 0.60 0.40
2724 43.08 5.54 6.42 64.42 0.20 2.42 0.17 0.17 2.73 0.33 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.40
2725 69.33 1.63 1.80 99.97 0.32 2.52 0.21 0.16 2.93 0.62 0.86 0.23 0.23 0.42 0.58
2726 68.45 1.16 1.14 96.99 0.32 2.57 0.20 0.11 2.95 0.61 0.96 0.44 0.44 0.28 0.72
2727 62.87 1.93 1.99 91.73 0.26 2.49 0.19 0.15 2.84 0.55 0.59 0.20 0.20 0.39 0.61
2728 66.27 1.29 1.64 98.70 0.32 2.44 0.23 0.18 2.89 0.58 0.69 0.27 0.27 0.46 0.54

39
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2729 75.16 1.16 1.11 101.34 0.39 2.45 0.26 0.17 2.99 0.68 0.96 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.57
2730 58.79 1.16 1.23 100.15 0.30 2.47 0.21 0.13 2.88 0.50 0.68 0.40 0.40 0.34 0.66
2731 67.30 1.12 1.45 96.58 0.39 2.40 0.28 0.21 2.97 0.60 0.87 0.32 0.32 0.52 0.48
2732 47.64 1.96 1.66 77.37 0.23 2.54 0.16 0.11 2.83 0.38 0.56 0.26 0.26 0.24 0.76
2733 64.42 1.83 1.84 80.08 0.23 2.53 0.17 0.12 2.83 0.56 0.55 0.22 0.22 0.28 0.72
2734 71.04 1.15 1.13 98.09 0.32 2.49 0.22 0.12 2.91 0.64 0.78 0.44 0.44 0.33 0.67
2735 73.16 0.97 0.95 109.21 0.37 2.46 0.25 0.13 2.96 0.66 0.91 0.55 0.55 0.37 0.63
2736 67.02 0.81 0.78 112.77 0.42 2.45 0.29 0.16 3.04 0.59 1.00 0.71 0.59 0.38 0.62
2737 71.88 0.80 0.78 111.10 0.40 2.45 0.28 0.14 3.01 0.65 1.00 0.70 0.65 0.36 0.64
2738 71.45 0.88 0.85 110.14 0.44 2.46 0.29 0.15 3.08 0.64 1.00 0.64 0.64 0.42 0.58
2739 71.94 0.84 0.82 109.34 0.42 2.48 0.28 0.14 3.05 0.65 1.00 0.67 0.65 0.38 0.62
2740 61.68 1.14 1.04 94.44 0.34 2.55 0.21 0.11 2.97 0.53 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.29 0.71
2741 64.48 1.16 1.18 99.06 0.33 2.52 0.22 0.13 2.95 0.57 0.90 0.42 0.42 0.35 0.65
2742 62.40 1.09 1.09 100.07 0.36 2.50 0.23 0.13 2.97 0.54 0.95 0.47 0.47 0.37 0.63
2743 67.25 0.96 0.93 114.21 0.35 2.53 0.23 0.10 2.97 0.60 0.98 0.57 0.57 0.30 0.70
2744 70.30 1.03 0.94 106.84 0.32 2.47 0.22 0.10 2.90 0.63 0.75 0.56 0.56 0.30 0.70
2745 53.11 1.62 1.43 92.34 0.28 2.50 0.20 0.13 2.87 0.44 0.68 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.67
2746 65.20 1.72 1.65 87.63 0.30 2.55 0.19 0.14 2.92 0.57 0.84 0.26 0.26 0.35 0.65
2747 65.63 1.42 1.49 96.23 0.29 2.53 0.19 0.13 2.90 0.58 0.77 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.68
2748 61.08 1.73 1.75 91.59 0.31 2.50 0.21 0.16 2.91 0.53 0.79 0.24 0.24 0.42 0.58
2749 60.30 1.45 1.40 92.13 0.31 2.54 0.20 0.13 2.93 0.52 0.87 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.67
2750 69.66 1.48 1.47 97.36 0.30 2.58 0.18 0.12 2.93 0.62 0.90 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.70
2751 51.52 2.79 2.43 81.22 0.23 2.50 0.17 0.14 2.82 0.43 0.50 0.14 0.14 0.38 0.62
2752 76.33 1.46 1.42 95.52 0.35 2.53 0.22 0.15 2.98 0.69 0.98 0.33 0.33 0.40 0.60
2753 71.55 0.94 0.90 107.91 0.39 2.52 0.25 0.12 3.02 0.64 1.00 0.59 0.59 0.35 0.65
2754 73.98 1.04 1.01 99.52 0.44 2.52 0.27 0.16 3.10 0.67 1.00 0.51 0.51 0.43 0.57
2755 61.93 2.04 2.12 84.60 0.25 2.57 0.16 0.13 2.88 0.54 0.73 0.18 0.18 0.31 0.69
2756 47.82 2.97 2.63 88.46 0.23 2.43 0.19 0.16 2.77 0.39 0.33 0.12 0.12 0.45 0.55
2757 75.98 0.95 0.93 105.87 0.36 2.49 0.24 0.12 2.97 0.69 0.94 0.57 0.57 0.34 0.66
2758 61.10 2.03 1.94 86.27 0.30 2.48 0.21 0.17 2.89 0.53 0.71 0.21 0.21 0.44 0.56
2759 60.90 1.85 2.00 87.49 0.28 2.56 0.18 0.14 2.91 0.53 0.81 0.20 0.20 0.35 0.65
2760 76.05 1.32 1.23 91.10 0.39 2.57 0.23 0.15 3.05 0.69 1.00 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.61

40
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

M-91 summaries
Workflow Table Result MD

Av_Water Saturation
Av_Shale Volume
Net to Gross

Av_Porosity
Bottom
Zones

Gross
Top

Net
1 Zone_2 2498.1 2505.685 7.585 5.418 0.714 0.043 0.194 0.304
2 Zone_3 2505.685 2515.18 9.495 4.161 0.438 0.069 0.193 0.382
3 Zone_4 2515.18 2556.076 40.897 0.327 0.008 0.009 0.186 0.453
4 Zone_5 2556.076 2563.927 7.851 7.729 0.985 0.008 0.211 0.241
5 Zone_6 2563.927 2568.913 4.986 0.262 0.052 0.043 0.154 0.468
6 Zone_7 2568.913 2590.714 21.801 19.363 0.888 0.023 0.204 0.262
7 Zone_8 2590.714 2641.106 50.392 0.557 0.011 0 0.178 0.449
8 Zone_9 2641.106 2674.099 32.993 25.983 0.788 0.021 0.201 0.265
9 Zone_10 2674.099 2683.594 9.495 1.113 0.117 0.008 0.147 0.273
10 Zone_11 2683.594 2702.371 18.777 9.306 0.496 0.001 0.219 0.318
11 Zone_12 2702.371 2723.377 21.006 12.189 0.58 0.009 0.203 0.181
12 Zone_13 2723.377 2760.932 37.555 1.436 0.038 0.059 0.168 0.395
Calculated Net(m) 87.844

41
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

42
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

WELL BM-102

43
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44
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

45
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

46
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

BM-102 Qualitative interpretation

`
WELL BM-102
Interval
Zone
Lithology Fluid content
Top Bottom
1 2719.9 2723.7 Shale Water
2 2723.7 2738.76 Sand ------
3 2738.76 2747.64 Sand +Shale streaks Oil + Water
4 2747.64 2757.56 Shale -----
5 2757.56 2759.67 Sand Oil
6 2759.69 2764.99 Shale ------
7 2764.99 2769.05 Sand Oil
8 2769.05 2776.63 Shale ------
9 2776.63 2784.2 Sand Oil
10 2784.2 2797.05 Sand +Shale streaks Oi l+ Water
11 2797.05 2802.17 Sand Oil
12 2802.17 2810.5 Sandy Shale Water
13 2810.5 2835.01 Shale ------
14 2835.01 2882.03 Sand +Shale streaks Oi l+ Water
15 2882.03 2892.9 Shale ------

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Quantitive BM-102

SWE_INDO_UNCL
VSH_FINALNET

SHE_INDO
RHOMAA
PHIE_ND

PHIT_ND

VSH_ND
VSH_GR

VSH_R
AHT30

AHT60

RHOZ
NPHI
MD

GR

OHMM

OHMM

g/cm3
G/C3
GAPI

V/V

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v

v/v
M

2719.83 54.82 3.91 4.35 0.17 2.45 - - - - - - -9999 - -

9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999
2720.83 62.30 3.13 3.38 0.17 2.57 0.05 0.13 2.79 0.56 0.44 0.37 -9999 0.82 0.18
2721.83 74.43 2.28 2.25 0.18 2.54 0.05 0.14 2.78 0.70 0.39 0.56 -9999 0.92 0.08
2722.83 79.59 1.80 1.78 0.27 2.50 0.06 0.19 2.85 0.76 0.62 0.72 -9999 0.78 0.22
2723.83 67.56 1.23 1.26 0.32 2.49 0.09 0.22 2.91 0.62 0.80 1.00 -9999 0.78 0.22
2724.83 70.07 0.85 0.83 0.41 2.42 0.15 0.29 3.01 0.65 0.92 1.00 -9999 0.72 0.28
2725.83 77.77 0.85 0.85 0.45 2.42 0.15 0.31 3.07 0.74 1.00 1.00 -9999 0.68 0.32
2726.83 73.00 1.87 1.90 0.22 2.52 0.05 0.16 2.82 0.68 0.52 0.67 -9999 0.86 0.14
2727.83 67.48 2.15 2.13 0.19 2.60 0.01 0.13 2.83 0.62 0.59 0.60 -9999 1.02 0.00
2728.83 56.45 2.62 2.65 0.17 2.56 0.04 0.13 2.78 0.49 0.40 0.48 -9999 0.94 0.06
2729.83 52.93 3.25 3.24 0.14 2.65 0.01 0.09 2.80 0.45 0.48 0.39 -9999 1.24 0.00
2730.83 68.34 2.88 2.83 0.18 2.63 0.02 0.12 2.84 0.63 0.60 0.44 -9999 1.01 0.00
2731.83 59.95 3.33 3.42 0.17 2.57 0.05 0.13 2.79 0.53 0.44 0.37 -9999 0.82 0.18
2732.83 51.45 6.43 6.57 0.19 2.44 0.12 0.16 2.74 0.43 0.23 0.18 -9999 0.43 0.57
2733.83 47.67 8.95 8.91 0.20 2.34 0.19 0.19 2.69 0.38 0.04 0.14 0.04 0.31 0.69
2734.83 30.08 18.90 17.88 0.19 2.29 0.21 0.21 2.67 0.18 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.20 0.80
2735.83 31.04 18.61 15.69 0.16 2.35 0.18 0.18 2.67 0.19 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.25 0.75
2736.83 17.19 60.17 36.99 0.16 2.15 0.24 0.24 2.57 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.12 0.88
2737.83 28.31 22.98 21.10 0.19 2.22 0.23 0.23 2.63 0.16 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.16 0.84
2738.83 38.33 9.12 8.98 0.18 2.35 0.18 0.18 2.69 0.27 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.32 0.68
2739.83 34.08 4.85 4.69 0.17 2.34 0.19 0.19 2.67 0.22 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.42 0.58
2740.83 37.39 4.29 4.13 0.19 2.37 0.17 0.18 2.69 0.26 0.06 0.30 0.06 0.47 0.53
2741.83 46.52 3.72 3.67 0.16 2.49 0.09 0.14 2.73 0.37 0.22 0.34 - 0.70 0.30
9999.00
2742.83 26.22 10.12 9.73 0.16 2.30 0.19 0.19 2.64 0.13 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.29 0.71
2743.83 49.75 3.20 3.19 0.20 2.45 0.11 0.17 2.76 0.41 0.29 0.39 - 0.60 0.40
9999.00
2744.83 40.82 4.06 4.27 0.15 2.47 0.11 0.14 2.72 0.30 0.15 0.29 - 0.63 0.37
9999.00
2745.83 42.62 4.51 5.02 0.18 2.36 0.18 0.19 2.69 0.32 0.04 0.25 0.04 0.42 0.58

48
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2746.83 49.67 3.09 3.24 0.18 2.51 0.07 0.14 2.77 0.41 0.36 0.39 - 0.72 0.28
9999.00
2747.83 23.91 6.78 7.00 0.17 2.35 0.18 0.18 2.67 0.10 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.36 0.64
2748.83 47.38 2.82 2.81 0.16 2.59 0.03 0.12 2.79 0.38 0.43 0.45 - 1.00 0.00
9999.00
2749.83 59.51 1.73 1.75 0.20 2.54 0.05 0.15 2.81 0.52 0.49 0.73 - 0.98 0.03
9999.00
2750.83 74.20 2.26 2.34 0.18 2.63 0.00 0.12 2.84 0.70 0.60 0.54 - 1.00 0.00
9999.00
2751.83 61.10 1.40 1.42 0.27 2.44 0.10 0.21 2.82 0.54 0.49 0.90 - 0.76 0.24
9999.00
2752.83 42.92 2.39 2.40 0.16 2.64 0.03 0.10 2.82 0.33 0.54 0.53 - 1.22 0.00
9999.00
2753.83 51.56 1.78 1.75 0.18 2.48 0.09 0.15 2.75 0.43 0.28 0.73 - 0.90 0.10
9999.00
2754.83 56.48 1.59 1.56 0.15 2.56 0.05 0.12 2.77 0.49 0.35 0.82 - 1.27 0.00
9999.00
2755.83 51.13 1.59 1.54 0.19 2.44 0.12 0.17 2.74 0.43 0.23 0.83 - 0.85 0.15
9999.00
2756.83 42.98 2.27 2.44 0.17 2.44 0.13 0.16 2.72 0.33 0.16 0.52 -9999 0.72 0.28
2757.83 35.35 4.99 4.96 0.21 2.29 0.22 0.22 2.68 0.24 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.36 0.64
2758.83 19.28 12.23 9.83 0.17 2.30 0.20 0.20 2.65 0.05 0.00 0.12 0 0.28 0.72
2759.83 29.47 4.38 4.89 0.15 2.43 0.14 0.15 2.70 0.17 0.07 0.25 -9999 0.53 0.47
2760.83 34.91 3.78 3.89 0.14 2.46 0.12 0.14 2.70 0.23 0.10 0.32 - 0.64 0.36
9999.00
2761.83 45.99 3.31 3.37 0.21 2.50 0.08 0.16 2.79 0.36 0.41 0.37 - 0.64 0.36
9999.00
2762.83 40.89 2.39 2.47 0.17 2.48 0.10 0.15 2.74 0.30 0.24 0.51 - 0.77 0.23
9999.00
2763.83 28.92 6.36 5.73 0.19 2.32 0.20 0.20 2.68 0.16 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.36 0.64
2764.83 55.55 5.47 5.49 0.22 2.51 0.11 0.16 2.81 0.48 0.49 0.22 - 0.49 0.51
9999.00
2765.83 23.09 15.36 14.41 0.22 2.24 0.23 0.23 2.66 0.10 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.20 0.80
2766.83 21.13 21.45 18.77 0.21 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.65 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.17 0.83
2767.83 18.96 20.90 18.95 0.19 2.20 0.24 0.24 2.62 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.17 0.83
2768.83 34.90 6.10 6.34 0.15 2.38 0.16 0.17 2.67 0.23 0.02 0.20 - 0.42 0.58
9999.00
2769.83 48.65 3.44 3.45 0.26 2.43 0.13 0.20 2.81 0.40 0.46 0.36 - 0.49 0.51
9999.00
2770.83 46.92 4.26 4.16 0.18 2.46 0.11 0.15 2.74 0.38 0.22 0.30 - 0.59 0.41
9999.00
2771.83 76.94 2.91 3.00 0.26 2.52 0.09 0.18 2.86 0.73 0.64 0.42 - 0.62 0.38
9999.00
2772.83 75.33 1.88 1.85 0.36 2.52 0.08 0.22 2.98 0.71 0.99 0.69 - 0.64 0.36
9999.00
2773.83 69.40 1.97 1.87 0.30 2.52 0.06 0.20 2.90 0.64 0.79 0.68 - 0.73 0.27
9999.00

49
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2774.83 51.04 3.86 3.49 0.14 2.55 0.06 0.12 2.76 0.42 0.30 0.36 - 0.87 0.13
9999.00
2775.83 34.66 5.23 5.67 0.17 2.43 0.13 0.16 2.71 0.23 0.12 0.22 0.12 0.48 0.52
2776.83 21.33 23.10 19.85 0.14 2.27 0.19 0.19 2.61 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.21 0.79
2777.83 17.83 39.20 31.07 0.13 2.22 0.21 0.21 2.58 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.15 0.85
2778.83 21.21 51.54 38.00 0.15 2.21 0.22 0.22 2.59 0.07 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.13 0.87
2779.83 19.14 30.84 21.37 0.14 2.25 0.20 0.20 2.61 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.19 0.81
2780.83 22.41 22.11 16.91 0.15 2.25 0.20 0.20 2.61 0.09 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.21 0.79
2781.83 18.48 33.39 25.16 0.15 2.28 0.19 0.19 2.62 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.18 0.82
2782.83 19.98 26.88 20.34 0.12 2.33 0.17 0.17 2.63 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.23 0.77
2783.83 23.04 14.97 13.93 0.16 2.22 0.22 0.22 2.61 0.09 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.21 0.79
2784.83 22.75 11.91 10.98 0.12 2.40 0.14 0.15 2.66 0.09 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.36 0.64
2785.83 63.09 3.69 4.00 0.23 2.53 0.09 0.16 2.84 0.57 0.59 0.31 - 0.58 0.42
9999.00
2786.83 18.66 7.09 5.68 0.15 2.23 0.22 0.22 2.60 0.04 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.34 0.66
2787.83 49.01 2.35 2.29 0.26 2.42 0.12 0.20 2.80 0.40 0.43 0.56 - 0.60 0.40
9999.00
2788.83 77.69 1.34 1.33 0.35 2.41 0.10 0.25 2.90 0.74 0.72 0.96 - 0.67 0.33
9999.00
2789.83 34.44 3.23 3.34 0.18 2.31 0.20 0.20 2.66 0.23 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.46 0.54
2790.83 24.85 3.73 3.98 0.20 2.17 0.26 0.26 2.61 0.12 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.34 0.66
2791.83 30.40 8.52 7.93 0.21 2.24 0.23 0.23 2.66 0.18 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.26 0.74
2792.83 57.58 3.02 2.62 0.25 2.37 0.15 0.21 2.76 0.50 0.28 0.48 - 0.52 0.48
9999.00
2793.83 50.14 2.04 1.99 0.19 2.46 0.10 0.17 2.76 0.41 0.30 0.64 - 0.79 0.21
9999.00
2794.83 47.75 1.28 1.24 0.21 2.45 0.11 0.18 2.76 0.39 0.32 1.00 - 0.92 0.08
9999.00
2795.83 22.24 7.31 7.31 0.19 2.21 0.24 0.24 2.63 0.09 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.27 0.73
2796.83 59.66 2.03 2.09 0.31 2.40 0.12 0.23 2.85 0.53 0.57 0.61 - 0.56 0.44
9999.00
2797.83 19.55 5.01 5.08 0.20 2.22 0.24 0.24 2.63 0.05 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.33 0.67
2798.83 26.46 5.95 5.95 0.21 2.21 0.24 0.24 2.64 0.13 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.29 0.71
2799.83 26.54 5.38 5.47 0.21 2.20 0.25 0.25 2.63 0.14 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.30 0.70
2800.83 23.38 9.46 8.15 0.19 2.23 0.23 0.23 2.63 0.10 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.27 0.73
2801.83 23.63 6.92 5.85 0.16 2.22 0.22 0.22 2.61 0.10 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.32 0.68
2802.83 68.87 2.71 2.47 0.24 2.55 0.05 0.16 2.85 0.63 0.64 0.51 - 0.78 0.22
9999.00
2803.83 49.12 1.89 1.72 0.24 2.44 0.11 0.20 2.79 0.40 0.40 0.74 - 0.72 0.28
9999.00
2804.83 70.13 1.83 1.72 0.34 2.50 0.08 0.22 2.94 0.65 0.89 0.74 - 0.67 0.33
9999.00
2805.83 22.01 4.05 4.00 0.21 2.18 0.25 0.25 2.62 0.08 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.34 0.66
2806.83 58.18 1.93 2.00 0.30 2.43 0.11 0.22 2.85 0.51 0.60 0.64 - 0.60 0.40
9999.00

50
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2807.83 51.07 2.07 2.07 0.21 2.49 0.08 0.17 2.79 0.42 0.40 0.61 - 0.79 0.21
9999.00
2808.83 22.53 8.54 7.66 0.17 2.24 0.22 0.22 2.62 0.09 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.29 0.71
2809.83 29.52 3.58 3.47 0.17 2.32 0.19 0.19 2.66 0.17 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.48 0.52
2810.83 73.57 2.37 2.29 0.25 2.55 0.05 0.17 2.87 0.69 0.70 0.55 - 0.77 0.23
9999.00
2811.83 42.34 2.00 1.92 0.23 2.42 0.13 0.19 2.76 0.32 0.30 0.66 - 0.68 0.32
9999.00
2812.83 48.30 2.12 1.99 0.26 2.41 0.12 0.21 2.80 0.39 0.42 0.64 - 0.63 0.37
9999.00
2813.83 66.85 1.79 1.78 0.26 2.48 0.07 0.19 2.84 0.61 0.57 0.72 - 0.76 0.24
9999.00
2814.83 45.73 1.98 1.97 0.25 2.48 0.11 0.19 2.82 0.36 0.52 0.64 - 0.71 0.29
9999.00
2815.83 51.95 1.83 1.79 0.22 2.52 0.07 0.16 2.81 0.43 0.49 0.71 - 0.87 0.13
9999.00
2816.83 30.40 3.21 3.43 0.17 2.32 0.20 0.20 2.66 0.18 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.48 0.52
2817.83 62.91 1.58 1.56 0.21 2.54 0.04 0.15 2.82 0.56 0.53 0.82 - 1.02 0.02
9999.00
2818.83 76.66 1.04 1.05 0.44 2.40 0.15 0.31 3.05 0.73 1.00 1.00 - 0.61 0.39
9999.00
2819.83 68.30 1.44 1.39 0.36 2.45 0.11 0.25 2.94 0.63 0.84 0.92 - 0.65 0.35
9999.00
2820.83 69.44 1.48 1.46 0.36 2.42 0.12 0.25 2.93 0.64 0.79 0.88 - 0.63 0.37
9999.00
2821.83 42.42 1.35 1.36 0.18 2.44 0.12 0.17 2.73 0.32 0.21 0.94 - 0.92 0.08
9999.00
2822.83 76.75 1.18 1.15 0.33 2.49 0.07 0.23 2.93 0.73 0.85 1.00 - 0.83 0.17
9999.00
2823.83 84.01 1.26 1.28 0.44 2.38 0.14 0.31 3.03 0.81 0.97 0.99 - 0.57 0.43
9999.00
2824.83 58.75 1.31 1.33 0.43 2.36 0.20 0.31 3.01 0.51 0.92 0.95 - 0.51 0.49
9999.00
2825.83 75.89 1.65 1.63 0.38 2.39 0.12 0.27 2.94 0.72 0.79 0.78 - 0.56 0.44
9999.00
2826.83 66.67 1.58 1.52 0.32 2.36 0.14 0.26 2.84 0.61 0.53 0.84 - 0.60 0.40
9999.00
2827.83 28.85 2.53 2.49 0.13 2.43 0.15 0.15 2.68 0.16 0.00 0.51 - 0.74 0.26
9999.00
2828.83 72.37 2.11 2.05 0.24 2.52 0.05 0.17 2.84 0.67 0.58 0.62 - 0.81 0.19
9999.00
2829.83 63.73 1.47 1.53 0.32 2.46 0.10 0.23 2.90 0.57 0.73 0.84 - 0.68 0.32
9999.00
2830.83 69.26 1.55 1.67 0.33 2.46 0.10 0.23 2.91 0.64 0.77 0.76 - 0.64 0.36
9999.00
2831.83 81.22 1.03 1.00 0.39 2.43 0.11 0.27 2.98 0.78 0.92 1.00 - 0.73 0.27
9999.00

51
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2832.83 74.59 1.22 1.16 0.35 2.48 0.08 0.24 2.95 0.70 0.88 0.99 - 0.78 0.22
9999.00
2833.83 72.06 2.14 2.24 0.20 2.55 0.04 0.15 2.81 0.67 0.51 0.57 - 0.88 0.12
9999.00
2834.83 49.09 3.81 3.88 0.17 2.51 0.08 0.14 2.76 0.40 0.30 0.32 - 0.67 0.33
9999.00
2835.83 20.37 7.04 6.93 0.14 2.35 0.17 0.17 2.65 0.06 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.39 0.61
2836.83 61.89 4.39 4.30 0.17 2.54 0.07 0.13 2.77 0.55 0.36 0.29 - 0.70 0.30
9999.00
2837.83 81.66 3.90 3.66 0.21 2.54 0.07 0.15 2.81 0.78 0.50 0.34 - 0.66 0.34
9999.00
2838.83 49.75 4.65 4.71 0.18 2.47 0.10 0.15 2.75 0.41 0.25 0.26 - 0.54 0.46
9999.00
2839.83 66.43 3.97 3.90 0.19 2.50 0.08 0.15 2.78 0.61 0.36 0.32 - 0.63 0.37
9999.00
2840.83 23.92 9.35 9.00 0.14 2.33 0.18 0.18 2.64 0.10 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.32 0.68
2841.83 75.73 3.57 3.52 0.19 2.58 0.06 0.13 2.82 0.71 0.54 0.36 - 0.76 0.24
9999.00
2842.83 33.55 3.34 3.23 0.15 2.42 0.15 0.16 2.69 0.22 0.02 0.39 - 0.62 0.38
9999.00
2843.83 56.45 2.97 2.99 0.14 2.53 0.07 0.12 2.74 0.49 0.26 0.42 - 0.87 0.13
9999.00
2844.83 34.26 3.86 3.71 0.21 2.24 0.24 0.24 2.65 0.23 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.38 0.62
2845.83 26.21 6.08 5.75 0.15 2.29 0.20 0.20 2.63 0.13 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.37 0.63
2846.83 62.71 2.79 2.76 0.20 2.49 0.08 0.16 2.78 0.56 0.37 0.46 - 0.71 0.29
9999.00
2847.83 30.61 5.27 5.20 0.13 2.45 0.13 0.14 2.69 0.18 0.04 0.24 - 0.56 0.44
9999.00
2848.83 52.54 3.24 3.28 0.18 2.41 0.14 0.17 2.71 0.44 0.13 0.38 - 0.59 0.41
9999.00
2849.83 65.10 2.62 2.72 0.24 2.49 0.08 0.18 2.81 0.59 0.49 0.46 - 0.65 0.35
9999.00
2850.83 28.56 4.94 4.67 0.14 2.39 0.16 0.16 2.67 0.16 0.00 0.27 - 0.51 0.49
9999.00
2851.83 82.71 3.12 3.12 0.28 2.51 0.10 0.19 2.88 0.80 0.71 0.40 - 0.56 0.44
9999.00
2852.83 60.26 2.21 2.27 0.21 2.48 0.08 0.17 2.79 0.53 0.40 0.56 - 0.73 0.27
9999.00
2853.83 30.01 7.46 6.87 0.20 2.28 0.21 0.21 2.67 0.18 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.31 0.69
2854.83 24.20 10.65 10.12 0.18 2.28 0.21 0.21 2.65 0.11 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.26 0.74
2855.83 28.05 10.89 11.31 0.18 2.26 0.22 0.22 2.64 0.15 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.76
2856.83 78.34 2.53 2.51 0.28 2.49 0.09 0.19 2.86 0.75 0.65 0.50 - 0.62 0.38
9999.00
2857.83 41.47 5.02 4.96 0.12 2.23 0.21 0.21 2.57 0.31 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.38 0.62
2858.83 21.11 12.78 11.89 0.13 2.26 0.20 0.20 2.60 0.07 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.26 0.74
2859.83 28.14 6.99 6.79 0.19 2.39 0.16 0.18 2.72 0.15 0.13 0.18 0.08 0.38 0.62

52
Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2860.83 96.01 2.66 2.68 0.28 2.53 0.08 0.18 2.89 0.95 0.74 0.47 - 0.63 0.37
9999.00
2861.83 50.17 2.19 2.22 0.20 2.45 0.11 0.17 2.75 0.41 0.27 0.57 - 0.71 0.29
9999.00
2862.83 28.67 3.23 3.29 0.17 2.31 0.20 0.20 2.65 0.16 0.00 0.38 - 0.49 0.51
9999.00
2863.83 53.09 3.26 3.34 0.21 2.41 0.13 0.18 2.74 0.45 0.22 0.38 - 0.54 0.46
9999.00
2864.83 40.50 2.79 2.82 0.25 2.42 0.14 0.20 2.79 0.30 0.39 0.45 - 0.54 0.46
9999.00
2865.83 25.64 5.56 5.67 0.20 2.29 0.21 0.21 2.67 0.13 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.34 0.66
2866.83 49.42 3.68 3.77 0.20 2.43 0.12 0.17 2.74 0.40 0.22 0.33 - 0.54 0.46
9999.00
2867.83 71.00 2.43 2.48 0.24 2.47 0.08 0.18 2.81 0.66 0.48 0.51 - 0.65 0.35
9999.00
2868.83 28.45 4.25 4.36 0.22 2.30 0.21 0.22 2.68 0.16 0.02 0.28 0.02 0.38 0.62
2869.83 75.82 2.95 2.90 0.25 2.53 0.08 0.17 2.85 0.72 0.62 0.43 - 0.65 0.35
9999.00
2870.83 87.95 2.52 2.56 0.26 2.53 0.07 0.17 2.87 0.86 0.68 0.49 - 0.68 0.32
9999.00
2871.83 46.53 2.31 2.34 0.20 2.44 0.12 0.17 2.74 0.37 0.25 0.54 - 0.69 0.31
9999.00
2872.83 24.35 6.58 6.58 0.09 2.24 0.19 0.19 2.56 0.11 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.35 0.65
2873.83 22.83 6.30 6.14 0.11 2.24 0.20 0.20 2.57 0.09 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.35 0.65
2874.83 19.72 8.81 8.73 0.07 2.17 0.21 0.21 2.51 0.06 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.28 0.72
2875.83 65.88 1.87 1.86 0.28 2.44 0.10 0.21 2.83 0.60 0.53 0.69 - 0.66 0.34
9999.00
2876.83 21.98 5.42 5.20 0.12 2.37 0.16 0.16 2.64 0.08 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.47 0.53
2877.83 71.75 2.83 2.93 0.23 2.58 0.06 0.15 2.86 0.67 0.66 0.43 - 0.75 0.25
9999.00
2878.83 75.12 3.14 3.04 0.22 2.54 0.07 0.15 2.83 0.71 0.55 0.41 - 0.70 0.30
9999.00
2879.83 35.98 4.42 4.37 0.18 2.37 0.17 0.18 2.69 0.25 0.05 0.28 0.05 0.47 0.53
2880.83 18.11 19.01 14.47 0.19 2.24 0.22 0.22 2.64 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.21 0.79
2881.83 26.63 14.21 14.71 0.15 2.30 0.19 0.19 2.63 0.14 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.24 0.76
2882.83 87.79 2.77 2.82 0.25 2.57 0.07 0.16 2.88 0.86 0.73 0.45 - 0.70 0.30
9999.00
2883.83 62.75 2.81 2.84 0.19 2.54 0.05 0.14 2.79 0.56 0.43 0.44 - 0.82 0.18
9999.00
2884.83 79.32 2.38 2.43 0.26 2.58 0.05 0.16 2.90 0.76 0.80 0.52 - 0.75 0.25
9999.00
2885.83 85.26 2.44 2.47 0.23 2.58 0.04 0.15 2.87 0.83 0.70 0.51 - 0.82 0.18
9999.00
2886.83 85.45 3.19 3.19 0.21 2.55 0.06 0.15 2.82 0.83 0.53 0.39 - 0.71 0.29
9999.00
2887.83 73.38 2.84 3.05 0.24 2.56 0.07 0.16 2.86 0.69 0.67 0.41 - 0.69 0.31
9999.00

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022
2888.83 82.46 2.61 2.59 0.23 2.58 0.05 0.15 2.86 0.79 0.67 0.49 - 0.79 0.21
9999.00
2889.83 83.77 2.88 2.89 0.21 2.53 0.06 0.15 2.81 0.81 0.49 0.44 - 0.74 0.26
9999.00
2890.83 65.78 2.56 2.58 0.17 2.54 0.05 0.13 2.77 0.60 0.37 0.49 - 0.89 0.11
9999.00
2891.83 47.76 2.20 2.21 0.18 2.51 0.07 0.15 2.77 0.39 0.35 0.57 - 0.86 0.14
9999.00
2892.83 27.76 1.86 1.88 0.14 2.39 0.17 0.17 2.67 0.15 0.00 0.68 - 0.76 0.24
9999.00

BM-102 summaries
Workflow Table Result MD
Zones Top Bottom Gross Net Net to Av_Shale Av_Porosity Av_Water
Gross Volume Saturation

1 Zone_2 2732.772 2738.882 6.11 6.045 0.989 0.017 0.201 0.213

2 Zone_3 2738.882 2747.829 8.947 5.442 0.608 0.049 0.179 0.404
3 Zone_4 2747.829 2757.577 9.747 0.4 0.041 0.033 0.161 0.395
4 Zone_5 2757.577 2765.069 7.492 3.124 0.417 0.039 0.173 0.343
5 Zone_6 2765.069 2774.817 9.748 4.801 0.493 0.032 0.206 0.25
6 Zone_7 2774.817 2784.127 9.311 7.857 0.844 0.007 0.204 0.186
7 Zone_8 2784.127 2797.221 13.094 6.774 0.517 0.034 0.209 0.352
8 Zone_9 2797.221 2802.167 4.946 4.713 0.953 0 0.228 0.308
9 Zone_10 2802.167 2810.533 8.365 3.184 0.381 0.001 0.226 0.347
10 Zone_11 2810.533 2835.265 24.732 0.348 0.014 0.002 0.199 0.461
11 Zone_12 2835.265 2881.965 46.7 18.811 0.403 0.015 0.192 0.348
12 Zone_13 2881.965 2892.876 10.911 0.224 0.021 0 0.173 0.359
Calculated Net(m) 61.723

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Well correlation

SAND
SANDY SHALE
SHALY SAND
ANHYDRITE

DEPTH BM-100 DEPTH 113M-26RT DEPTH 113M24RT

M M M
2045 2220 2336
2046 2222 2337
2047 2224 2338
2048 2226 2339
2049 2228 2340
2050 2230 2341
2051 2232 2342
2052 2234 2343
2053 2236 2344
2054 2238 2345
2055 2240 2346
2056 2242 2347
2057 2244 2348
2058 2246 2349
2059 2248 2350
2060 2250 2351
2061 2252 2352
2062 2254 2353
2063 2256 2354
2064 2258 2355
2065 2260 2356

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2066 2262 2357

2067 2264 2358
2068 2266 2359
2069 2268 2360
2070 2270 2361
2071 2272 2362
2072 2274 2363
2073 2276 2364
2074 2278 2365
2075 2280 2366
2076 2282 2367
2077 2284 2368
2078 2286 2369
2079 2288 2370
2080 2290 2371
2081 2292 2372
2082 2294 2373
2083 2296 2374
2084 2298 2375
2085 2300 2376
2086 2302 2377
2087 2304 2378
2088 2306 2379
2089 2308 2380
2090 2310 2381
2091 2312 2382
2092 2314 2383
2093 2316 2384
2094 2318 2385
2095 2320 2386
2096 2322 2387
2097 2324 2388

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2098 2326 2389

2099 2328 2390
2100 2330 2391
2101 2332 2392
2102 2334 2393
2103 2336 2394
2104 2338 2395
2105 2340 2396
2106 2342 2397
2107 2344 2398
2108 2346 2399
2109 2348 2400
2110 2350 2401
2111 2352 2402
2112 2354 2403
2113 2356 2404
2114 2358 2405
2115 2360 2406
2116 2362 2407
2117 2364 2408
2118 2366 2409
2119 2368 2410
2120 2370 2411
2121 2372 2412
2122 2374 2413
2123 2376 2414
2124 2378 2415
2125 2380 2416
2126 2382 2417
2127 2384 2418
2128 2386 2419
2129 2388 2420

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2130 2390 2421

2131 2392 2422
2132 2394 2423
2133 2396 2424
2134 2398 2425
2135 2400 2426
2136 2402 2427
2137 2404 2428
2138 2406 2429
2139 2408 2430
2140 2410 2431
2141 2412 2432
2142 2414 2433
2143 2416 2434
2144 2418 2435
2145 2420 2436
2146 2422 2437
2147 2424 2438
2148 2426 2439
2149 2428 2440
2150 2430 2441
2151 2432 2442
2152 2434 2443
2153 2436 2444
2154 2438 2445
2155 2440 2446
2156 2442 2447
2157 2444 2448
2158 2446 2449
2159 2448 2450
2160 2450 2451
2161 2452 2452

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Well Logging B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2162 2454 2453

2163 2456 2454
2164 2455
2165 2456
2166 2457
2167 2458
2168 2459
2169 2460
2170 2461
2171 2462
2172 2463
2173 2464
2174 2465
2175 2466
2176 2467
2177 2468
2178 2469
2179

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Cross Section
113M-26RT 113M24RT BM-100
1 -2230 -2340 -2050
anhydrite -6.8 -2.98 -10
sandy shale -27.42 -26.79 -29.69
sand -7.78 -10.08 -9.81
shaly sand -39.35 -43.26 -14.4
anhydrite -1.53 -10.19 -5.74
sandy shale -2.42 -7.59 -2.85
anhydrite+shale streaks -88.85 -84.33 -69.67
sandy shale -21.44 -25.02 -20.42
anhydrite -9.81 -9.95 -7.09

-2000
113M-26RT 113M24RT BM-100

-2100

-2200

-2300

-2400

-2500

-2600

anhydrite sandy shale sand

shaly sand anhydrite sandy shale
anhydrite+shale streaks sandy shale anhydrite

62
 •

Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Contents:
• Introduction
• Reservoir Description.
• Types of reservoir fluids.
• Reservoir fluid properties.
• Reservoir rock properties.
• Drive mechanism determination and OOIP Estimation .
• Future performance Prediction.
• References.

Introduction:
Reservoir Engineering is the branch of petroleum engineering that involves assessing oil
and gas deposits. Reservoir engineers firstly estimate the size of a reservoir, then determine
how much oil and gas reserves are in the reservoir and finally work out how to maximize the
economic return from extracting them.

Reservoir Engineers work together with geologists and geophysicists to estimate how much
hydrocarbon exists in place relying on the basic laws of physics and chemistry. These
include applying the behavioral effects of liquid and vapor phases of oil, natural gas, and
water in rock.

The ultimate responsibility of a reservoir engineer is to maximize the output of the reservoir
without causing overproduction. Overproduction implies producing more than storage,
transport, processing and selling capacity at any given time. This generally leads to wasted
resources and
shortens the lifespan of the reservoir.

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Reservoir Description:
According to the data given, this reservoir is an undersaturated oil reservoir, with an initial
static pressure of 3580 Psi; the Reservoir pressure is 1100 Psi at Oct. 2020, and the bubble
point pressure is 1050 Psi @ 205˚F, that is the reservoir temperature. The reservoir rock is
sandstone, with an average porosity of 19.41%, and connate water saturation of 27.26%.
The following tables and graphs summarize the reservoir properties:
Field name Belayim Marine
Initial Reservoir Pressure 3580 Psi
Bubble point pressure 1050 Psi
Current reservoir pressure 1100 Psi
Reservoir temperature 205 F
Average reservoir 520 md
permeability
Average reservoir porosity 0.1941
Connate water saturation 0.2726
Formation Compressibility 3.65E-06 1/Psi
Formation water salinity 150000 ppm
Initial oil formation 0.15096 Bbl/day
volume factor

The reservoir belongs to Belayim Petroleum Company (PETROPEL) in Belayim Marine

field which producing from the upper portion of Belayim formation. The production began
in Nov-1963 by a flow rate of 49566 STB/Month.
In Jan-1985, due to the rapid decrease in the reservoir pressure, a water injection program
began with an injection rate of 160466 STB of water/day so that the reservoir produced
14995324.47 STB of oil at that date.

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Types of reservoir fluids:

Volatile Oil

Retrograde
Black Oil Gas
Condensate

Dry Gas Wet Gas

Black oil :
Black oils consist of a wide variety
of chemical species including large,
heavy, non-volatile molecules. The
phase diagram covers a wide
temperature range. The critical
point is well up the slope of the
phase envelope.
The lines within the phase envelope
(iso-Vols) represent constant liquid
volume, measured as percent of
total volume. Note that these lines
are spaced fairly evenly within the
envelope.
The critical point of a mixture is
defined as the temperature and
A typical p-T diagram for an ordinary black oil
pressure at which al physical
properties of the phases merge and
become continuously identical.

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Volatile oil:
Volatile oils contain relatively
fewer heavy molecules and more
intermediates (defined as ethane
through hexanes) than black oils.
The phase diagram for a typical
volatile oil is somewhat different
from the black oil. The
temperature range covered by the
phase envelope is somewhat
smaller. The critical temperature
is much lower than for a black oil
and is close to reservoir
temperature. The iso-vols are not
evenly spaced but are shifted
upwards toward the bubble point
line. A typical p-T diagram for a volatile oil

Retrograde Gas Condensate :

The phase diagram of a retrograde

gas is somewhat smaller than that
for oils, and the critical
point is further down the left side of
the envelope. These changes are a
result of retrograde
gases containing fewer of the heavy
hydrocarbons than do the oils.
The phase diagram of a retrograde
gas has a critical temperature less
than reservoir temperature.

A typical p-T diagram for a Retrograde gas condensate

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Wet Gas :
A wet gas exists solely as a
gas in the reservoir throughout
the reduction in reservoir
pressure.
The pressure path, line AB,
does not enter the phase
envelope. Thus, no liquid is
formed in the
reservoir. However, separator
conditions lie within the phase
envelope, causing some liquid
to be formed at the surface.

A typical p-T diagram for a wet gas

Dry Gas :
Dry gas is primarily methane with
some intermediates. The
hydrocarbon mixture is solely gas
in the reservoir and normal surface
separator conditions fall outside the
phase envelope. Thus,
no liquid is formed either in the
reservoir or at the surface.

A typical p-T diagram for a dry gas

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Reservoir fluid properties :

Pvt data :
The reservoir fluids properties versus pressure at temperature 205 F.
P P Bo Bg Bt co µo µg µo/µg Z factor Rs
psig psia bbl/stb ft3/scf bbl/stb 1/psi cp cp scf/stb
*10^-
6
4350 4364.7 1.15356 5.1477
4060 4074.7 1.15544 6.1357 5.0585
3770 3784.7 1.15751 6.2599 4.9694
3690 3704.7 1.15815 6.2978 4.9448
3480 3494.7 1.15681 6.4035 4.8802
3190 3204.7 1.16181 6.5614 4.7911
2900 2914.7 1.164 6.7284 4.702
2610 2624.7 1.16633 6.8994 4.6128
2320 2334.7 1.16871 7.0692 4.5237
2100 2114.7 1.17052 7.1941 4.4561
2030 2044.7 1.17109 7.2327 4.4345
1740 1754.7 1.17368 7.416 4.3454
1450 1464.7 1.1762 7.597 4.2563
1305 1319.7 1.17749 7.693 4.2117
1050 1064.7 1.17975 4.1333 180.85
725 739.7 1.15086 0.0232 1.31726 4.4597 0.013872 321.4916 0.93598 140.58
580 594.7 1.13958 0.03051 1.47335 4.9071 0.013618 360.3455 0.89013 119.43
435 449.7 1.1292 0.040577 1.72949 5.5448 0.013325 416.1096 0.87361 97.79
290 304.7 1.11836 0.059972 2.2503 6.3729 0.012873 495.0594 0.88642 74.88
145 159.7 1.10101 0.110077 3.6339 7.3912 0.012132 609.2384 0.9353 51.66
0 14.7 1.05772 8.5999 0.011639 738.8865 1 0

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Oil formation volume factor

Bo vs pressure
1.2

1.18

1.16

1.14
Bo(bbl/stb)

1.12

1.1

1.08

1.06

1.04
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
p(psi)

Gas formation volume factor

Bg vs Pressure
0.12

0.1

0.08
Bg

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Isothermal Compressibility Coefficient Of Crude Oil

Co vs pressure
9

6
co (1/psi *10^-6 )

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure (psi)

Oil Viscosity
µo vs pressure
10

6
µo(cp)

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
pressure(psi)

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Gas solubility
Rs vs Pressure
200
180
160
140
Re(scf/stb)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure(psi)

Water Pvt :
Water Formation volume factor:
It is given by the following equation:
𝛽𝑤 = 𝛽𝑤𝑝 (1 – 10-4 𝐴𝑌) (bbl/day)
Where:
𝛽𝑤𝑝 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑃 + 𝐶3 𝑃2
𝐴 = 5.1 × 10−8 𝑃 + (𝑇 − 60) (5.47 × 10−6 + 1.95 × 10−10 𝑃) + (𝑇 − 60) (−3.23 ×
10−8 + 8.5 × 10−13 𝑃)
𝐶1 = 0.9911 + 6.35 × 10−5 𝑇 + 8.5 × 10−7 𝑇2
𝐶2 = 1.093 × 10−6 − 3.497 × 10−9 𝑇 + 4.57 × 10−12 𝑇 2
𝐶3 = −5 × 10−11 + 6.429 × 10−13 𝑇 − 1.43 × 10−15 𝑇 2
𝑌 = (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚)
T (F) Y (ppm) C1 C2 C3

205 150000 1.039838 5.6817E-07 2.16988E-11

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Date Pressure Bwp A βw

BBL BBL/STB BBL/STB
Des-62 3580 1.0421509 0.000259 1.046206
Des-64 3480 1.0420788 0.000255 1.04607
Des-66 3310 1.0419571 0.000248 1.04584
Des-68 3150 1.0418438 0.000242 1.045624
Des-70 2980 1.0417246 0.000235 1.045397
Des-72 2820 1.0416135 0.000229 1.045184
Des-74 2700 1.041531 0.000224 1.045025
Des-76 2550 1.0414287 0.000218 1.044827
Des-78 2410 1.0413341 0.000212 1.044644
Des-80 2290 1.0412536 0.000207 1.044487
Des-82 2180 1.0411805 0.000203 1.044344
Des-84 2070 1.0411078 0.000198 1.044201
Des-86 1960 1.0410357 0.000194 1.044059
Des-88 1870 1.0409771 0.00019 1.043943
Des-90 1790 1.0409253 0.000187 1.043841
Des-92 1690 1.0408609 0.000183 1.043713
Des-94 1600 1.0408034 0.000179 1.043598
Des-96 1510 1.0407462 0.000175 1.043483
Des-98 1480 1.0407272 0.000174 1.043445
Des-00 1400 1.0406767 0.000171 1.043344
Des-02 1320 1.0406265 0.000168 1.043243
Des-04 1290 1.0406078 0.000166 1.043205
Des-06 1230 1.0405704 0.000164 1.04313
Des-08 1200 1.0405518 0.000163 1.043092
Des-10 1190 1.0405456 0.000162 1.04308
Des-12 1160 1.040527 0.000161 1.043042
Des-14 1120 1.0405023 0.00016 1.042992
Des-16 1110 1.0404962 0.000159 1.042979
Des-18 1105 1.0404931 0.000159 1.042973
Des-20 1100 1.04049 0.000159 1.042967

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Water compressibility:
It is given by the following equation:
𝐶𝑤 = 𝐶𝑤𝑝 (1 + 10−4 𝑋𝑌)
Where:
𝐶𝑤𝑝 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑇 + 𝐶3𝑇 2) × 10−6
𝑋 = 5.1 × 10−8 𝑃 + (𝑇 − 60) (5.47 × 10−6 + 1.95 × 10−10 𝑃) + (𝑇 − 60) (−3.23 ×
10−8 + 8.5 × 10−13 𝑃)
𝐶1 = 3.8546 − 0.000134 𝑃
𝐶2 = −0.01052 + 4.77 × 10−7 𝑃
𝐶3 = 3.9267 × 10−3 + 8.8 × 10−10 𝑃
𝑌 = (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚)

Cw Vs P
3.30000E-06
3.28000E-06
3.26000E-06
3.24000E-06
3.22000E-06
Cw (1/psi)

3.20000E-06
3.18000E-06
3.16000E-06
3.14000E-06
3.12000E-06
3.10000E-06
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
P (psi)

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

For our reservoir at T = 205 F and Y = 150000 ppm:

Date Pressure C1 C2 C3 Cwp X Cw
BBL 1/Psi 1/Psi
Des-62 3580 3.37488 -0.00881 0.0000361 0.00000309 0.000462 3.10753E-06
Des-64 3480 3.38828 -0.00886 0.0000362 0.00000309 0.000452 3.11445E-06
Des-66 3310 3.41106 -0.00894 0.0000364 0.00000311 0.000436 3.12621E-06
Des-68 3150 3.4325 -0.00902 0.0000365 0.00000312 0.00042 3.13727E-06
Des-70 2980 3.45528 -0.0091 0.0000366 0.00000313 0.000404 3.14902E-06
Des-72 2820 3.47672 -0.00917 0.0000368 0.00000314 0.000388 3.16007E-06
Des-74 2700 3.4928 -0.00923 0.0000369 0.00000315 0.000376 3.16835E-06
Des-76 2550 3.5129 -0.0093 0.0000370 0.00000316 0.000362 3.17870E-06
Des-78 2410 3.53166 -0.00937 0.0000371 0.00000317 0.000348 3.18836E-06
Des-80 2290 3.54774 -0.00943 0.0000373 0.00000318 0.000337 3.19663E-06
Des-82 2180 3.56248 -0.00948 0.0000373 0.00000319 0.000326 3.20421E-06
Des-84 2070 3.57722 -0.00953 0.0000374 0.00000320 0.000315 3.21179E-06
Des-86 1960 3.59196 -0.00959 0.0000375 0.00000320 0.000304 3.21936E-06
Des-88 1870 3.60402 -0.00963 0.0000376 0.00000321 0.000296 3.22556E-06
Des-90 1790 3.61474 -0.00967 0.0000377 0.00000322 0.000288 3.23107E-06
Des-92 1690 3.62814 -0.00971 0.0000378 0.00000322 0.000278 3.23795E-06
Des-94 1600 3.6402 -0.00976 0.0000379 0.00000323 0.000269 3.24414E-06
Des-96 1510 3.65226 -0.0098 0.0000379 0.00000324 0.000261 3.25033E-06
Des-98 1480 3.65628 -0.00981 0.0000380 0.00000324 0.000258 3.25239E-06
Des-00 1400 3.667 -0.00985 0.0000380 0.00000325 0.00025 3.25789E-06
Des-02 1320 3.67772 -0.00989 0.0000381 0.00000325 0.000242 3.26339E-06
Des-04 1290 3.68174 -0.0099 0.0000381 0.00000325 0.000239 3.26545E-06
Des-06 1230 3.68978 -0.00993 0.0000382 0.00000326 0.000234 3.26958E-06
Des-08 1200 3.6938 -0.00995 0.0000382 0.00000326 0.000231 3.27164E-06
Des-10 1190 3.69514 -0.00995 0.0000382 0.00000326 0.00023 3.27232E-06
Des-12 1160 3.69916 -0.00997 0.0000382 0.00000326 0.000227 3.27439E-06
Des-14 1120 3.70452 -0.00999 0.0000383 0.00000327 0.000223 3.27713E-06
Des-16 1110 3.70586 -0.00999 0.0000383 0.00000327 0.000222 3.27782E-06
Des-18 1105 3.70653 -0.00999 0.0000383 0.00000327 0.000221 3.27816E-06
Des-20 1100 3.7072 -0.01 0.0000383 0.00000327 0.000221 3.27851E-06

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Water Viscosity:
It is given by the following equation:
μw= μwD*[1+3.5*10^-2*P^-2*(T-40)]
With :
μwD =A+B/T
A=4.518*10^-2+9.313*10^-7*Y -3.93*10^12*Y^2
B=70.634+9.576*10^-10*Y^2
Where :
μw=brine viscosity at P and T,CP
μwD= brine viscosity at P=14.7,T,CP
P= Reservoir pressure ,(Psi)
T= reservoir temperature, (F)
Y=Water Salinity (ppm)

For our reservoir at T = 205 F and Y = 150000 ppm:

Date Pressure µw
BBL CP
Des-62 3580 0.550150543
Des-64 3480 0.549927886
Des-66 3310 0.549563846
Des-68 3150 0.549237872
Des-70 2980 0.548909217
Des-72 2820 0.548616546
Des-74 2700 0.54840764
Des-76 2550 0.54815928
Des-78 2410 0.547940282
Des-80 2290 0.547762409
Des-82 2180 0.547607337
Des-84 2070 0.547459898
Des-86 1960 0.547320091

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022
Des-88 1870 0.547211381
Des-90 1790 0.547119038
Des-92 1690 0.547009287
Des-94 1600 0.546915903
Des-96 1510 0.546827629
Des-98 1480 0.54679934
Des-00 1400 0.546726677
Des-02 1320 0.546658051
Des-04 1290 0.546633357
Des-06 1230 0.546585671
Des-08 1200 0.54656268
Des-10 1190 0.546555143
Des-12 1160 0.546532909
Des-14 1120 0.546504146
Des-16 1110 0.546497113
Des-18 1105 0.546493621
Des-20 1100 0.546490144

µw Vs P
0.5505

0.55

0.5495

0.549

0.5485
µw(cp)

0.548

0.5475

0.547

0.5465

0.546
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
p (psi)

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Reservoir rock properties

Arithmetic averaging usually does not properly represent the average value of the reservoir
property,
so weighted averaging of the property can be the solution for better representation of
reservoir property.
1. Averaging Reservoir Porosity:
Weighted averaging of reservoir porosity can be calculated using the
following equation:
∑∅ℎ
∅𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∑ℎ
2. Averaging connate water saturation:
Weighted averaging of reservoir connate water saturation can be
calculated using the following equation:
∑ 𝑆𝑤 ∅ ℎ
𝑆𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∑∅ℎ
3. Averaging Net/Gross Ratio:
Weighted averaging of reservoir net/gross ratio can be calculated using
the following equation:
𝑁⁄ ∑ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐺𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∑ 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
4. Formation Compressibility :
can be calculated using the following correlation : Cf = (1.782 /
Ø0.438) × 10-6
Where:
• Cf: compressibility, 1/psi.
• Ø: porosity, fraction.

Well Ø h (m) Sw Ø.h Sw.Ø.h N/G

M-02 0.18 20.8 0.26 3.744 0.9734 42
M-07 0.23 12.5 0.23 2.875 0.6613 23
M-25 0.17 52 0.37 8.84 3.2708 63
M-45 0.18 9 0.1 1.62 0.162 23
M-57 0.19 33.5 0.14 6.365 0.8911 46
M-60 0.18 13 0.14 2.34 0.3276 24
M-64 0.21 5.5 0.6 1.155 0.693 5
BM-03 0.22 19 0.39 4.18 1.6302 32

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022
BM-12 0.2 13.5 0.35 2.7 0.945 27
BM-13 0.2 22 0.29 4.4 1.276 39
BM-18 0.2 25.5 0.22 5.1 1.122 45
BM-29 0.227 13.4 0.27 3.0418 0.8213 78
BM-60 0.19 12 0.22 2.28 0.5016 11
BM-66 0.19 10 0.35 1.9 0.665 11
BM-84 0.23 7 0.17 1.61 0.2737 17.5

Øavg Swavg N/Gavg Cf (1/psi)

0.194086 0.27256 32.4333 3.6539E-06

Drive mechanism determination and OOIP Estimation

The volume of hydrocarbons contained in a reservoir maybe calculated either:
1. Directly by volumetric methods,
2. Indirectly by material balance

Volumetric Analysis:
The volumetric method for estimating hydrocarbon volume is based on the use of geologic
maps, usually derived from log and core data.
Accuracy of the volumetric method depends primarily on accuracy of data for :
1. Porosity .
2. Net thickness .
3. Hydrocarbon saturation .
4. Areal extent of the reservoir .

Material Balance Analysis:

The term “material balance” is well accepted in reservoir engineering that it can’t be
changed , however the subject could more accurately be called “volumetric balance” When a
volume of oil is produced from a reservoir the space once occupied by this oil must be filled
by something else

17
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022
Applications Of Material Balance :
Material balance equation has been in general used for :
1) Determining the initial oil in place
2) Calculating water influx
3) Predicting reservoir pressure
Accuracy Of Material Balance Calculations :
increases as more hydrocarbons are produced from the reservoir. Unfortunately, this means
that the calculations are least reliable when accurate information on reservoir volume would
be most useful: early in the life of the reservoir. Satisfactory accuracy from material balance
calculations can usually be achieved after roughly five to ten percent of the hydrocarbons
originally in place have been produced.
General Difficulties In Applying Material Balance :
1. Accuracy of production data 2. Accuracy of reservoir pressure data.
3. Lack of PVT data for specific reservoirs 4. The assumption of constant liberated gas
composition

Limitations Of Material Balance :

1. Thicker formations of high permeability and low oil viscosities where the average
reservoir pressures are easily obtained.
2. Producing formations composed of homogenous strata of nearly the same permeability
3. In case of no very active water drives and no gas caps which are large compared with oil
zone because of the very small pressure decline in case of very active water drive and large
gas cap

Sources Of Reservoir Energy And Primary Production :

1. Water Drive
A water –drive reservoir has a hydraulic
connection between the reservoir and
a porous , water –saturated rock called
an aquifer .

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

The water in an aquifer is compressed. As reservoir pressure is reduced by oil

production, the water expands, creating a natural water flood at the reservoir
aquifer boundary.
Maximum recovery factor=60:80%

2. Solution –Gas Drive

This type of reservoir the principal sources of energy is a result of gas
liberation from the crude oil and the subsequent expansion of the solution gas as the
reservoir pressure is reduced.
Maximum recovery factor=10:15%

3. Rock And Liquid Expansion

When an oil reservoir initially exists at a pressure higher than its bubble point pressure . The
reservoir is called under saturated reservoir. As the reservoir pressure declines, the rock and
fluids expand due to their individual compressibility so the expansion of the fluid and
reduction in the pore volume , force the crude oil and water out of the pore space to the well
bore.

4. Gas Cap Drive

When a reservoir has a large gas
cap , there maybe a large
amount of energy
stored in the form of
compressed gas , the gas cap
expands as fluids are
withdrawn from the reservoir
displacing the oil by a gas drive
assisted by
gravity drainage.
Maximum recovery factor=25:45%

5. Gravity Drainage
Gas bubbles that are evolved from
solution as pressure declines near
a producing well will migrate
toward the well and be produced.
Gas bubbles

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

that are evolved at a greater distance from the well will migrate up
dip displacing oil downward toward the well .

Production data :
Cum Oil Cum Gas Cum Water Cum Water
Date Pressure
Production Production Production Injection

Psi STB MSCF STB STB

Oct-63 3580 0 0 0 0
Dec-64 3480 799286.98 260 492.319 0
Dec-66 3310 1722518.56 597 1203.817 0
Dec-68 3150 2035772.04 727 1266.229 0
Dec-70 2980 2631948.86 972 2986.425 0
Dec-72 2820 2922124.38 1093 3409.926 0
Dec-74 2700 3114098.28 1157 3465.945 0
Dec-76 2550 3110896.94 1157 3466.602 0
Dec-78 2410 3588163.5 1351 5238.15 0
Dec-80 2290 4692384.85 1823 27109.963 0
Dec-82 2180 6596211.95 2599 107150.545 0
Dec-84 2070 11686302.24 3615 314731.513 0
Dec-86 1960 15519117.42 4697 982209.76 2177843.398
Dec-88 1870 20345227.42 5896 2137951.514 8110533.813
Dec-90 1790 24950142.32 6816 4217893.192 10441897.76
Dec-92 1690 29068756.92 7767 6000692.924 13242617.46
Dec-94 1600 32761222.23 8762 7530737.855 23183171.11

20
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Dec-96 1510 35333297.32 9491 8570208.578 29872836.45

Dec-98 1480 37358133.62 10143 9723208.158 34185179.86
Dec-00 1400 40407946.45 11055 11148665.72 42871105.79
Dec-02 1320 44984752.88 12192 12937410.77 55785071.17
Dec-04 1290 49124928.23 13640 15487442.82 70692764.13
Dec-06 1230 52574342.45 15041 18808997.69 80756539.45
Dec-08 1200 56355404.46 16718 22990155.29 90588381.47
Dec-10 1190 59498927.16 18531 28169075.93 109744589.1
Dec-
1160 61330362.69 19466 31904831.54 131376075.9
12
Dec-
1120 62859842.71 20226 35751486.35 148600197.3
14
Dec-
1110 64527568.25 20796 40471065.33 162492351.2
16
Dec-
1105 66214430.89 21362 44838494.53 178296052.7
18
Dec-
1100 68164910.51 22061 48041279.42 198717036.1
20

21
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

80000000

70000000

60000000

50000000
STB

40000000

30000000

20000000

10000000

0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Year

Np Wp

P vs time
4000

3500

3000

2500
Presure

2000

1500

1000

500

0
2008

2012

2016
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006

2010

2014

2018
2020
2022
2024

Time

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Drive mechanism determination :

From the pressure history and PVT data, it is clear that the pressure is greater than the
bubble point pressure (1050 psi).

So that, the reservoir is under-saturated .

Check For Without Water Drive Reservoir:

The material balance equation is as follow:

𝑁𝑝𝛽𝑜 + 𝑊𝑝 𝛽𝑤 = 𝑁 𝐶𝑒 𝛽𝑜𝑖 ∆𝑃

So, we need to plot

𝐹 = 𝑁𝑝 𝛽𝑜 + 𝑊𝑝 𝛽𝑤 vs 𝐸o = 𝐶𝑒 𝛽𝑜𝑖 ∆𝑃
and see if it results a straight line passing through origin point then it is an undersaturated
reservoir without water drive

Check Procedure :
1. Get cumulative oil production (Np) and cumulative water production (Wp) at a specific date
from production history .
2. Get corresponding pressure at this date from pressure performance curve.
3. Get oil formation volume factor (𝛽o) and water formation volume factor (𝛽w) at this
pressure from PVT data.
4. Get formation compressibility value at this pressure from special core
analysis data.
5. Calculate oil compressibility at this pressure as follows
βo -βoi
𝐶𝑜 =
βoi (Pi - P)
6. Calculate total effective formation compressibility as follows
Co (1 - Sw) + Cw Sw + Cf
𝐶𝑒 =
1 -Sw
7. Calculate values of F and Et as follows
𝐹 = 𝑁𝑝 𝛽𝑜 + 𝑊𝑝 𝛽𝑤 𝐸o = 𝐶𝑒 𝛽𝑜𝑖 ∆𝑃
8. Plot values and analyze the results

23
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Date pressure Bo co cw ce

psi BBl /STB 1/psi 1/psi 1/psi

Oct-63 3580 1.15906 1.69403E-04
Dec-64 3480 1.15986 6.90214E-06 1.69383E-04 1.2563E-05
Dec-66 3310 1.16122 6.90214E-06 1.69349E-04 1.267E-05
Dec-68 3150 1.1625 6.90214E-06 1.69317E-04 1.2743E-05
Dec-70 2980 1.16386 6.90214E-06 1.69283E-04 1.2802E-05
Dec-72 2820 1.16514 6.90214E-06 1.69251E-04 1.2846E-05
Dec-74 2700 1.1661 6.90214E-06 1.69228E-04 1.2872E-05
Dec-76 2550 1.1673 6.90214E-06 1.69198E-04 1.2901E-05
Dec-78 2410 1.16842 6.90214E-06 1.69170E-04 1.2924E-05
Dec-80 2290 1.16938 6.90214E-06 1.69146E-04 1.2941E-05
Dec-82 2180 1.17026 6.90214E-06 1.69124E-04 1.2955E-05
Dec-84 2070 1.17114 6.90214E-06 1.69102E-04 1.2967E-05
Dec-86 1960 1.17202 6.90214E-06 1.69080E-04 1.2979E-05
Dec-88 1870 1.17274 6.90214E-06 1.69062E-04 1.2987E-05
Dec-90 1790 1.17338 6.90214E-06 1.69046E-04 1.2994E-05
Dec-92 1690 1.17418 6.90214E-06 1.69026E-04 1.3002E-05
Dec-94 1600 1.1749 6.90214E-06 1.69008E-04 1.3009E-05
Dec-96 1510 1.17562 6.90214E-06 1.68990E-04 1.3016E-05
Dec-98 1480 1.17586 6.90214E-06 1.68984E-04 1.3018E-05
Dec-00 1400 1.1765 6.90214E-06 1.68968E-04 1.3023E-05
Dec-02 1320 1.17714 6.90214E-06 1.68952E-04 1.3028E-05
Dec-04 1290 1.17738 6.90214E-06 1.68946E-04 1.303E-05

24
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022
Dec-06 1230 1.17786 6.90214E-06 1.68935E-04 1.3033E-05
Dec-08 1200 1.1781 6.90214E-06 1.68929E-04 1.3035E-05
Dec-10 1190 1.17818 6.90214E-06 1.68927E-04 1.3035E-05
Dec-12 1160 1.17842 6.90214E-06 1.68921E-04 1.3037E-05
Dec-14 1120 1.17874 6.90214E-06 1.68913E-04 1.3039E-05
Dec-16 1110 1.17882 6.90214E-06 1.68911E-04 1.304E-05
Dec-18 1105 1.17886 6.90214E-06 1.68910E-04 1.304E-05
Dec-20 1100 1.1789 6.90214E-06 1.68909E-04 1.304E-05

Date Pressure Np Wp Wi Ce ∆P F Eo

Psi STB STB BBl 1/PSI Psi

Oct-63 3580 0 0 0 0 0

Dec-64 3480 799286.9829 492.31902 0 1.2563E-05 100 927577.1053 0.001456132

Dec-66 3310 1722518.558 1203.8174 0 1.267E-05 270 2001484.555 0.003965099

Dec-68 3150 2035772.043 1266.229 0 1.2743E-05 430 2367911.542 0.0063512

Dec-70 2980 2631948.86 2986.4253 0 1.2802E-05 600 3066347.637 0.008903068

Dec-72 2820 2922124.38 3409.9257 0 1.2846E-05 760 3408254.054 0.011315433

Dec-74 2700 3114098.276 3465.9454 0 1.2872E-05 880 3634977.865 0.013129596

Dec-76 2550 3110896.942 3466.6015 0 1.2901E-05 1030 3634977.509 0.015401765

Dec-78 2410 3588163.503 5238.15 0 1.2924E-05 1170 4197961.825 0.017525968

Dec-80 2290 4692384.854 27109.963 0 1.2941E-05 1290 5515535.301 0.019348863

Dec-82 2180 6596211.953 107150.55 0 1.2955E-05 1400 7831328.49 0.021021285

Dec-84 2070 11686302.24 314731.51 0 1.2967E-05 1510 14015337.45 0.022694869

Dec-86 1960 15519117.42 982209.76 2273797 1.2979E-05 1620 16941576.2 0.024369446

Dec-88 1870 20345227.42 2137951.5 8466935 1.2987E-05 1710 17627052.4 0.025740197

Dec-90 1790 24950142.32 4217893.2 10899681 1.2994E-05 1790 22783690.16 0.026959071

Dec-92 1690 29068756.92 6000692.9 13821492 1.3002E-05 1890 26579566.26 0.02848317

25
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022
Dec-94 1600 32761222.23 7530737.9 24193911 1.3009E-05 1980 22163538.34 0.029855288

Dec-96 1510 35333297.32 8570208.6 31171797 1.3016E-05 2070 19317337.03 0.031227771

Dec-98 1480 37358133.62 9723208.2 35670355 1.3018E-05 2100 18411803.64 0.03168534

Dec-00 1400 40407946.45 11148666 44729311 1.3023E-05 2180 14451813.15 0.032905691

Dec-02 1320 44984752.88 12937411 58197385 1.3028E-05 2260 8262948.798 0.03412627

Dec-04 1290 49124928.23 15487443 73747045 1.303E-05 2290 260065.1975 0.034584042

Dec-06 1230 52574342.45 18808998 84239569 1.3033E-05 2350 -2680479.136 0.035499669

Dec-08 1200 56355404.46 22990155 94492016 1.3035E-05 2380 -4102611.451 0.035957523

Dec-10 1190 59498927.16 28169076 114472386 1.3035E-05 2390 -14969613.95 0.036110146

Dec-12 1160 61330362.69 31904832 137030765 1.3037E-05 2420 -31458000.7 0.036568034

Dec-14 1120 62859842.71 35751486 154988817 1.3039E-05 2460 -43581400.37 0.037178589

Dec-16 1110 64527568.25 40471065 169476110 1.304E-05 2470 -51172889.29 0.037331234

Dec-18 1105 66214430.89 44838495 185957969 1.304E-05 2475 -61106029.83 0.037407558

Dec-20 1100 68164910.51 48041279 207255311 1.304E-05 2480 -76759258.33 0.037483882

By plotting F versus Eo, it is clear that the reservoir is undersaturated reservoir with water
drive.

F vs Eo
30000000

25000000

20000000

15000000
F

10000000

5000000

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Eo

26
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

So from the draw , the reservoir is under saturated with bottom water
(the draw is not straight line)

Identification of water drive type :

The material balance equation of an undersaturated reservoir with water drive can be written
as follows

𝑁𝑝𝛽𝑜 + 𝑊𝑝 𝛽𝑤 = 𝑁 𝐶𝑒 𝛽𝑜𝑖 ∆𝑃 + 𝑊

Check for steady-state bottom water drive :

For steady-state bottom water drive, the mathematical expression of water encroachment is
written as follows

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑘 ∑(𝑃𝑖 - 𝑃) ∆𝑡

So, material balance equation will be expanded to :

𝑁𝑝𝛽𝑜 + 𝑊𝑝 𝛽𝑤 = 𝑁 𝐶𝑒 𝛽𝑜𝑖 ∆𝑃 + 𝑘 ∑(𝑃𝑖 - 𝑃) ∆𝑡
Check procedure :
Calculate dWe/dt and ∆P .
Plot dWe/dt (on Y-axis) versus ∆P (on X – axis ).
If reservoir exhibits a straight line, then it is steady-state water driven reservoir .

Date Pressure dNp dWp dWi dNp/dt dWp/dt dWi/dt dWe/dt

Psi STB STB BBL STB/DAY STB/DAY BBL/DAY BBL/DAY

Oct-63 3580 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Des-64 3480 861259.28 601.908682 0 2178.106025 1.522213994 0 2526.148119

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022
Des-66 3310 1417529.5 879.274016 0 1941.821251 1.204484953 0 2253.500771

Des-68 3150 2177233.7 2095.12135 0 2982.51193 2.87002925 0 3466.354094

Des-70 2980 2478948.2 2338.07738 0 3395.819468 3.202845724 0 3950.989105

Des-72 2820 2873023.6 3226.18539 0 3935.648723 4.419432046 0 4585.164184

Des-74 2700 3016510.7 3438.26364 0 4132.206385 4.709950196 0 4819.521712

Des-76 2550 3351130.9 4352.04772 0 4590.59026 5.961709203 0 5359.317438

Des-78 2410 3901640.9 15288.2822 0 5344.713558 20.94285226 0 6260.765801

Des-80 2290 5092187.7 56194.3477 0 6975.599627 76.97855854 0 8230.845277

Des-82 2180 8189343.5 170920.738 0 11218.27883 234.1379969 0 13362.98496

Des-84 2070 11057665 544680.153 1136898.5 15147.48587 746.1371954 1557.395205 -1118392.779

Des-86 1960 16015765 1226341.51 4233467.5 21939.40387 1679.919881 5799.270548 -4206019.212

Des-88 1870 20234630 2600051.48 6586739 27718.67106 3561.71435 9022.930137 -6550533.523

Des-90 1790 24706992 4069322.22 11144213.5 33845.19475 5574.413998 15266.04589 -11098702.51

Des-92 1690 28855682 5874315.52 17546796 39528.33189 8047.007566 24036.70685 -17492014.45

Des-94 1600 32201027 7285450.75 22496644.5 44110.99606 9980.069522 30817.32123 -22434433.93

Des-96 1510 35059678 8626973.01 29932133 48026.95606 11817.77124 41002.92192 -29863373.13

Des-98 1480 37870622 9859437.15 37950554 51877.56423 13506.07828 51987.06027 -37875472.33

Des-00 1400 41171443 11330309.5 46933870 56399.23733 15520.97186 64292.9726 -46851357.11

Des-02 1320 44766437 13318054.3 59238178 61323.88677 18243.90996 81148.18904 -59146995.77

Des-04 1290 48779548 15873204.2 71218477 66821.29817 21744.11538 97559.55753 -71117134.58

Des-06 1230 52740166 19238799.1 84119530.5 72246.80322 26354.51926 115232.2336 -84006975.38

Des-08 1200 56036635 23489036.8 99355977.5 76762.51343 32176.76275 136104.0788 -99231997.46

Des-10 1190 58842884 27447493.4 115761390.5 80606.68983 37599.30605 158577.2473 -115627208.2

Des-12 1160 61179385 31960281.1 134730601.5 83807.37662 43781.20704 184562.4678 -134586194

Des-14 1120 62928965 36187948.4 153253437.5 86204.06228 49572.5321 209936.2158 -153100146.7

Des-16 1110 64537137 40294990.4 170473393 88407.03672 55198.61704 233525.1959 -170311612.4

Des-18 1105 66346239 44256172.4 188365710.5 90885.25942 60624.89366 258035.2199 -188195342.6

Des-20 1100

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Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Date Time Pressure dt ∆P dWe/dt

Year Psi Days Psi BBL/DAY

Oct-63 0 3580 0 0 0
Dec-64 2 3480 395.4166 100 2526.148119
Dec-66 4 3310 730 270 2253.500771
Dec-68 6 3150 730 430 3466.354094
Dec-70 8 2980 730 600 3950.989105
Dec-72 10 2820 730 760 4585.164184
Dec-74 12 2700 730 880 4819.521712
Dec-76 14 2550 730 1030 5359.317438
Dec-78 16 2410 730 1170 6260.765801
Dec-80 18 2290 730 1290 8230.845277
Dec-82 20 2180 730 1400 13362.98496
Dec-84 22 2070 730 1510 -1118392.779
Dec-86 24 1960 730 1620 -4206019.212
Dec-88 26 1870 730 1710 -6550533.523
Dec-90 28 1790 730 1790 -11098702.51
Dec-92 30 1690 730 1890 -17492014.45
Dec-94 32 1600 730 1980 -22434433.93
Dec-96 34 1510 730 2070 -29863373.13
Dec-98 36 1480 730 2100 -37875472.33
Dec-00 38 1400 730 2180 -46851357.11
Dec-02 40 1320 730 2260 -59146995.77
Dec-04 42 1290 730 2290 -71117134.58

29
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022
Dec-06 44 1230 730 2350 -84006975.38
Dec-08 46 1200 730 2380 -99231997.46
Dec-10 48 1190 730 2390 -115627208.2
Dec-12 50 1160 730 2420 -134586194
Dec-14 52 1120 730 2460 -153100146.7
Dec-16 54 1110 730 2470 -170311612.4
Dec-18 56 1105 730 2475 -188195342.6
Dec-20 58 1100 730 2480

Check For Steady State

16000

14000

12000
dWe/dt (BBL/DAY)

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
∆P (Psi)

From the result graph, it is clear that steady state model poorly matches the production
history. So, our reservoir is NOT steady-state water driven.

30
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Check for semi-steady water drive :

Water influx rate in semi-steady state water drive can be mathematically expressed as
follow :
𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝐶 ∗ ∆𝑃
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑙𝑛(𝑎 ∗ 𝑡)

dWe C
= =𝐾
dt ∆P ln(at)
∴ 𝐾 ln(𝑎 ∗ 𝑡) = 𝐶
C
ln(𝑎) + ln(𝑡) =
K
ln(a) ln(t) 1
+ =
C C K

So, by plotting ln(𝑡) vs 1⁄𝑘 should result a straight line of a slope 𝑚 = 1⁄𝑐 and an intercept of
ln(𝑎)⁄𝐶 if water in our reservoir have semi-steady-state water behavior.

Check procedure :
1. Get values of steady-state water constant (k) from previous test results
2. Calculate the value of the reciprocal of steady-state constant (1⁄𝐾)
3. Calculate the values of ln(t) while noting that t is in days.
4. Plot values of (1⁄𝐾) 𝑣𝑠 ln(𝑡)

Date K 1/k Ln(t)

Oct-63
Dec-66 25.26148 0.039585961 5.979939893
Dec-68 8.346299 0.119813582 7.025908557
Dec-70 8.061289 0.124049646 7.525864532
Dec-72 6.584982 0.151860707 7.857641934
Dec-74 6.033111 0.165751971 8.106338566
Dec-76 5.476729 0.182590733 8.305339816
Dec-78 5.203221 0.192188653 8.471236495
Dec-80 5.351082 0.186878097 8.613487723

31
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022
Dec-82 6.3805 0.156727524 8.738000672
Dec-84 9.544989 0.104767012 8.848712698
Dec-86 -740.657 -0.001350152 8.948380184
Dec-88 -2596.31 -0.000385162 9.039008202
Dec-90 -3830.72 -0.000261047 9.122100961
Dec-92 -6200.39 -0.00016128 9.198815879
Dec-94 -9255.03 -0.000108049 9.27006262
Dec-96 -11330.5 -8.82572E-05 9.336569118
Dec-98 -14426.8 -6.93157E-05 9.398926979
Dec-00 -18035.9 -5.54449E-05 9.457623532
Dec-02 -21491.4 -4.65301E-05 9.513064981
Dec-04 -26171.2 -3.82099E-05 9.565593468
Dec-06 -31055.5 -3.22004E-05 9.615499873
Dec-08 -35747.6 -2.79739E-05 9.663033574
Dec-10 -41694.1 -2.39842E-05 9.708409979
Dec-12 -48379.6 -2.06699E-05 9.751816431
Dec-14 -55614.1 -1.7981E-05 9.793416884
Dec-16 -62235.8 -1.60679E-05 9.833355636
Dec-18 -68952.1 -1.45028E-05 9.871760356
Dec-20 -76038.5 -1.31512E-05 9.90874454

32
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Ln(t) vs 1/k
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

From the result graph, it is clear that semi-steady state model does not generate a straight
line. So, our reservoir is NOT semi-steady state water driven.

Unsteady state water drive model checks :

𝑾𝒆 =  ∗ 𝑷 ∗ 𝑸𝒕
Where:
= water influx constant
Qt = dimensionless flow rate = F(td)
𝟔. 𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝒌
𝒕𝒅 = ∗𝒕
µ ∗ 𝒄 ∗ 𝝋 ∗ 𝒓𝒘𝟐
𝑵𝒑 ∗ 𝑩𝒐 + 𝑾𝒑 ∗ 𝑩𝒘 − 𝑾𝒊𝑩𝒘 𝑷 ∗ 𝑸𝒕
=𝑵+∗
𝑩𝒐𝒊 ∗ 𝑪𝒆 ∗ ∆𝑷 𝑩𝒐𝒊 ∗ 𝑪𝒆 ∗ ∆𝑷
Where:
Ce=Cw + Cf

33
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

K 520 md
=
µw 0.550150543 Cp
=
Cw 3.10753E-06 1/Psi
=
Cf 3.65398E-06 1/Psi
=
C 6.76151E-06 1/Psi
=
rw 2460.62992 ft
=
Ø 0.194085597 ft
=

Re / Rw = 2
Pressure td ∆P Qt ∑∆P*Qt Eo F/Eo ∑∆P*Qt/Eo

Psi Psi
3580 0 0 0 0 0 −− −−
3480 297.749491 50 1.5 75 0.001456132 637014561 51506.32955
3310 847.440951 135 1.5 277.5 0.003965099 504775370 69985.6338
3150 1397.13241 165 1.5 525 0.0063512 372828975 82661.53879
2980 1946.82387 165 1.5 772.5 0.008903068 344414708 86767.84014
2820 2496.51533 165 1.5 1020 0.011315433 301204033 90142.37471
2700 3046.20679 140 1.5 1230 0.013129596 276853746 93681.48044
2550 3595.89825 135 1.5 1432.5 0.015401765 236010448 93008.81945
2410 4145.58971 145 1.5 1650 0.017525968 239528094 94146.00994
2290 4695.28117 130 1.5 1845 0.019348863 285057338 95354.44172
2180 5244.97263 115 1.5 2017.5 0.021021285 372542803 95974.15114

34
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2070 5794.66409 110 1.5 2182.5 0.022694869 617555341 96167.11242

1960 6344.35555 110 1.5 2347.5 0.024369446 695197423 96329.64081
1870 6894.04701 100 1.5 2497.5 0.025740197 684806430 97027.22948
1790 7443.73847 85 1.5 2625 0.026959071 845121487 97369.82411
1690 7993.42993 90 1.5 2760 0.02848317 933167433 96899.3282
1600 8543.12139 95 1.5 2902.5 0.029855288 742365574 97218.95695
1510 9092.81285 90 1.5 3037.5 0.031227771 618594806 97269.18996
1480 9642.50431 60 1.5 3127.5 0.03168534 581082728 98704.954
1400 10192.1958 55 1.5 3210 0.032905691 439188868 97551.51492
1320 10741.8872 80 1.5 3330 0.03412627 242128684 97578.78662
1290 11291.5787 55 1.5 3412.5 0.034584042 7519803.53 98672.67824
1230 11841.2702 45 1.5 3480 0.035499669 -75507159 98029.08364
1200 12390.9616 45 1.5 3547.5 0.035957523 -114096054 98658.07623
1190 12940.6531 20 1.5 3577.5 0.036110146 -414554233 99071.87806
1160 13490.3445 20 1.5 3607.5 0.036568034 -860259559 98651.73529
1120 14040.036 35 1.5 3660 0.037178589 -1.172E+09 98443.758
1110 14589.7275 25 1.5 3697.5 0.037331234 -1.371E+09 99045.74777
1105 15139.4189 7.5 1.5 3708.75 0.037407558 -1.634E+09 99144.40348
1100 15689.1104 5 1.5 3716.25 0.037483882 -2.048E+09 99142.61273

Re / Rw = 4

Pressure td ∆P Qt ∑∆P*Qt Eo F/Eo ∑∆P*Qt/Eo

Psi Psi
3580 0 0 0 0 0 −− −−
3480 297.749491 50 7.497 374.85 0.001456132 637014561 257428.6351

35
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

3310 847.440951 135 7.497 1386.945 0.003965099 504775370 349788.1978

3150 1397.13241 165 7.497 2623.95 0.0063512 372828975 413142.3709
2980 1946.82387 165 7.497 3860.955 0.008903068 344414708 433665.665
2820 2496.51533 165 7.497 5097.96 0.011315433 301204033 450531.5888
2700 3046.20679 140 7.497 6147.54 0.013129596 276853746 468220.0392
2550 3595.89825 135 7.497 7159.635 0.015401765 236010448 464858.0796
2410 4145.58971 145 7.497 8246.7 0.017525968 239528094 470541.7577
2290 4695.28117 130 7.497 9221.31 0.019348863 285057338 476581.4997
2180 5244.97263 115 7.497 10083.465 0.021021285 372542803 479678.8074
2070 5794.66409 110 7.497 10908.135 0.022694869 617555341 480643.2279
1960 6344.35555 110 7.497 11732.805 0.024369446 695197423 481455.5448
1870 6894.04701 100 7.497 12482.505 0.025740197 684806430 484942.093
1790 7443.73847 85 7.497 13119.75 0.026959071 845121487 486654.3809
1690 7993.42993 90 7.497 13794.48 0.02848317 933167433 484302.8423
1600 8543.12139 95 7.497 14506.695 0.029855288 742365574 485900.3468
1510 9092.81285 90 7.497 15181.425 0.031227771 618594806 486151.4114
1480 9642.50431 60 7.497 15631.245 0.03168534 581082728 493327.3601
1400 10192.1958 55 7.497 16043.58 0.032905691 439188868 487562.4715
1320 10741.8872 80 7.497 16643.34 0.03412627 242128684 487698.7755
1290 11291.5787 55 7.497 17055.675 0.034584042 7519803.53 493166.0458
1230 11841.2702 45 7.497 17393.04 0.035499669 -75507159 489949.36
1200 12390.9616 45 7.497 17730.405 0.035957523 -114096054 493093.065
1190 12940.6531 20 7.497 17880.345 0.036110146 -414554233 495161.2465
1160 13490.3445 20 7.497 18030.285 0.036568034 -860259559 493061.373
1120 14040.036 35 7.497 18292.68 0.037178589 -1.172E+09 492021.9025

36
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

1110 14589.7275 25 7.497 18480.105 0.037331234 -1.371E+09 495030.6474

1105 15139.4189 7.5 7.497 18536.3325 0.037407558 -1.634E+09 495523.7286
1100 15689.1104 5 7.497 18573.8175 0.037483882 -2.048E+09 495514.7784

Re / Rw = 6
Pressure td ∆P Qt ∑∆P*Qt Eo F/Eo ∑∆P*Qt/Eo

Psi Psi
3580 0 0 0 0 0 −− −−
3480 297.749491 50 17.5 875 0.001456132 637014561 600907.1781
3310 847.440951 135 17.5 3237.5 0.003965099 504775370 816499.0611
3150 1397.13241 165 17.5 6125 0.0063512 372828975 964384.6192
2980 1946.82387 165 17.5 9012.5 0.008903068 344414708 1012291.468
2820 2496.51533 165 17.5 11900 0.011315433 301204033 1051661.038
2700 3046.20679 140 17.5 14350 0.013129596 276853746 1092950.605
2550 3595.89825 135 17.5 16712.5 0.015401765 236010448 1085102.894
2410 4145.58971 145 17.5 19250 0.017525968 239528094 1098370.116
2290 4695.28117 130 17.5 21525 0.019348863 285057338 1112468.487
2180 5244.97263 115 17.5 23537.5 0.021021285 372542803 1119698.43
2070 5794.66409 110 17.5 25462.5 0.022694869 617555341 1121949.645
1960 6344.35555 110 17.5 27387.5 0.024369446 695197423 1123845.809
1870 6894.04701 100 17.5 29137.5 0.025740197 684806430 1131984.344
1790 7443.73847 85 17.5 30625 0.026959071 845121487 1135981.281
1690 7993.42993 90 17.5 32200 0.02848317 933167433 1130492.162
1600 8543.12139 95 17.5 33862.5 0.029855288 742365574 1134221.164

37
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

1510 9092.81285 90 17.5 35437.5 0.031227771 618594806 1134807.216

1480 9642.50431 60 17.5 36487.5 0.03168534 581082728 1151557.797
1400 10192.1958 55 17.5 37450 0.032905691 439188868 1138101.007
1320 10741.8872 80 17.5 38850 0.03412627 242128684 1138419.177
1290 11291.5787 55 17.5 39812.5 0.034584042 7519803.53 1151181.246
1230 11841.2702 45 17.5 40600 0.035499669 -75507159 1143672.642
1200 12390.9616 45 17.5 41387.5 0.035957523 -114096054 1151010.889
1190 12940.6531 20 17.5 41737.5 0.036110146 -414554233 1155838.577
1160 13490.3445 20 17.5 42087.5 0.036568034 -860259559 1150936.912
1120 14040.036 35 17.5 42700 0.037178589 -1.172E+09 1148510.51
1110 14589.7275 25 17.5 43137.5 0.037331234 -1.371E+09 1155533.724
1105 15139.4189 7.5 17.5 43268.75 0.037407558 -1.634E+09 1156684.707
1100 15689.1104 5 17.5 43356.25 0.037483882 -2.048E+09 1156663.815

Re / Rw = 8
Pressure td ∆P Qt ∑∆P*Qt Eo F/Eo ∑∆P*Qt/Eo

Psi Psi
3580 0 0 0 0 0 −− −−
3480 297.749491 50 31.448 1572.4 0.001456132 637014561 1079847.368
3310 847.440951 135 31.5 5820.48 0.003965099 504775370 1467927.863
3150 1397.13241 165 31.5 11016.42 0.0063512 372828975 1734541.389
2980 1946.82387 165 31.5 16213.92 0.008903068 344414708 1821160.93
2820 2496.51533 165 31.5 21411.42 0.011315433 301204033 1892231.612
2700 3046.20679 140 31.5 25822.72 0.013129596 276853746 1966756.617
2550 3595.89825 135 31.5 30075.48 0.015401765 236010448 1952729.417
2410 4145.58971 145 31.5 34642.46 0.017525968 239528094 1976635.99

38
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

2290 4695.28117 130 31.5 38738.24 0.019348863 285057338 2002093.902

2180 5244.97263 115 31.5 42361.52 0.021021285 372542803 2015172.7
2070 5794.66409 110 31.5 45826.78 0.022694869 617555341 2019257.321
1960 6344.35555 110 31.5 49291.78 0.024369446 695197423 2022687.737
1870 6894.04701 100 31.5 52442.3 0.025740197 684806430 2037369.8
1790 7443.73847 85 31.5 55120.58 0.026959071 845121487 2044602.354
1690 7993.42993 90 31.5 57955.32 0.02848317 933167433 2034721.585
1600 8543.12139 95 31.5 60947.56 0.029855288 742365574 2041432.631
1510 9092.81285 90 31.5 63782.82 0.031227771 618594806 2042503.122
1480 9642.50431 60 31.5 65674.38 0.03168534 581082728 2072705.566
1400 10192.1958 55 31.5 67407.14 0.032905691 439188868 2048494.898
1320 10741.8872 80 31.5 69925.84 0.03412627 242128684 2049032.619
1290 11291.5787 55 31.5 71659.64 0.034584042 7519803.53 2072043.546
1230 11841.2702 45 31.5 73077.66 0.035499669 -75507159 2058544.84
1200 12390.9616 45 31.5 74495.16 0.035957523 -114096054 2071754.524
1190 12940.6531 20 31.5 75126.46 0.036110146 -414554233 2080480.638
1160 13490.3445 20 31.5 85443.75 0.036568034 -860259559 2336569.427
1120 14040.036 35 31.5 86056.25 0.037178589 -1.172E+09 2314672.308
1110 14589.7275 25 31.5 86493.75 0.037331234 -1.371E+09 2316927.152
1105 15139.4189 7.5 31.5 86625 0.037407558 -1.634E+09 2315708.514
1100 15689.1104 5 31.5 86712.5 0.037483882 -2.048E+09 2313327.63

Re / Rw = 10
Pressure td ∆P Qt ∑∆P*Qt Eo F/Eo ∑∆P*Qt/Eo

Psi Psi
3580 0 0 0 0 0 −− −−

39
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

3480 297.749491 50 48.2062 2410.31 0.001456132 637014561 1655282.949

3310 847.440951 135 49.36 8975.837 0.003965099 504775370 2263710.419
3150 1397.13241 165 49.36 17085.623 0.0063512 372828975 2690140.74
2980 1946.82387 165 49.36 25230.023 0.008903068 344414708 2833857.091
2820 2496.51533 165 49.36 33374.423 0.011315433 301204033 2949460.533
2700 3046.20679 140 49.36 40313.668 0.013129596 276853746 3070442.358
2550 3595.89825 135 49.36 46983.037 0.015401765 236010448 3050496.898
2410 4145.58971 145 49.36 54128.699 0.017525968 239528094 3088485.475
2290 4695.28117 130 49.36 60562.806 0.019348863 285057338 3130044.745
2180 5244.97263 115 49.36 66256.513 0.021021285 372542803 3151877.37
2070 5794.66409 110 49.36 71691.882 0.022694869 617555341 3158946.747
1960 6344.35555 110 49.36 77121.482 0.024369446 695197423 3164679.301
1870 6894.04701 100 49.36 82069.02 0.025740197 684806430 3188360.215
1790 7443.73847 85 49.36 86281.927 0.026959071 845121487 3200478.497
1690 7993.42993 90 49.36 90718.558 0.02848317 933167433 3184988.161
1600 8543.12139 95 49.36 95401.989 0.029855288 742365574 3195480.4
1510 9092.81285 90 49.36 99850.158 0.031227771 618594806 3197479.501
1480 9642.50431 60 49.36 102846.372 0.03168534 581082728 3245866.161
1400 10192.1958 55 49.36 105566.941 0.032905691 439188868 3208166.673
1320 10741.8872 80 49.36 109486.896 0.03412627 242128684 3208287.826
1290 11291.5787 55 49.36 112230.541 0.034584042 7519803.53 3245154.011
1230 11841.2702 45 49.36 114463.279 0.035499669 -75507159 3224347.802
1200 12390.9616 45 49.36 116684.479 0.035957523 -114096054 3245064.475
1190 12940.6531 20 49.36 117700.524 0.036110146 -414554233 3259486.222
1160 13490.3445 20 49.36 118687.724 0.036568034 -860259559 3245668.726

40
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

1120 14040.036 35 49.36 120398.017 0.037178589 -1.172E+09 3238369.74

1110 14589.7275 25 49.36 121643.555 0.037331234 -1.371E+09 3258492.729
1105 15139.4189 7.5 49.36 122033.9465 0.037407558 -1.634E+09 3262280.507
1100 15689.1104 5 49.36 122283.631 0.037483882 -2.048E+09 3262299.003

Re / Rw = ∞
Pressure td ∆P Qt ∑∆P*Qt Eo F/Eo ∑∆P*Qt/Eo

Psi Psi
3580 0 0 0 0 0 −− −−
3480 297.749491 50 105.305 5265.25 0.001456132 637014561 3615916.022
3310 847.440951 135 254.7306 26952.705 0.003965099 504775370 6797485.197
3150 1397.13241 165 391.431 71335.506 0.0063512 372828975 11231814.66
2980 1946.82387 165 521.77996 138338.057 0.008903068 344414708 15538245.2
2820 2496.51533 165 647.990956 226831.8314 0.011315433 301204033 20046235.24
2700 3046.20679 140 771.080742 333485.8736 0.013129596 276853746 25399553.12
2550 3595.89825 135 891.818146 456163.5826 0.015401765 236010448 29617616.96
2410 4145.58971 145 1010.64793 595626.5658 0.017525968 239528094 33985372.47
2290 4695.28117 130 1127.85389 750644.9557 0.019348863 285057338 38795301.18
2180 5244.97263 115 1243.61937 918718.0451 0.021021285 372542803 43704180.68
2070 5794.66409 110 1358.11838 1098649.104 0.022694869 617555341 48409581.64
1960 6344.35555 110 1471.48875 1290329.42 0.024369446 695197423 52948655.84
1870 6894.04701 100 1583.864316 1492771.481 0.025740197 684806430 57993786.2
1790 7443.73847 85 1675.12629 1702947.663 0.026959071 845121487 63167891.21
1690 7993.42993 90 1805.95965 1921131.853 0.02848317 933167433 67447965.92
1600 8543.12139 95 1915.83407 2150109.917 0.029855288 742365574 72017723.83
1510 9092.81285 90 2025.01423 2389104.753 0.031227771 618594806 76505772.51

41
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

1480 9642.50431 60 2133.5548 2634088.098 0.03168534 581082728 83132708.09

1400 10192.1958 55 2241.15513 2883739.376 0.032905691 439188868 87636493.7
1320 10741.8872 80 2347.81857 3139905.701 0.03412627 242128684 92008464.98
1290 11291.5787 55 2454.48203 3401395.128 0.034584042 7519803.53 98351580.07
1230 11841.2702 45 2561.14549 3666749.455 0.035499669 -75507159 103289680.8
1200 12390.9616 45 2667.80893 3935367.503 0.035957523 -114096054 109444901.2
1190 12940.6531 20 2772.83439 4204674.155 0.036110146 -414554233 116440241.8
1160 13490.3445 20 2877.45451 4473734.953 0.036568034 -860259559 122340046.1
1120 14040.036 35 2982.07466 4744824.233 0.037178589 -1.172E+09 127622494.1
1110 14589.7275 25 3086.694804 5017725.552 0.037331234 -1.371E+09 134410920.7
1105 15139.4189 7.5 3190.912009 5289665.582 0.037407558 -1.634E+09 141406333.3
1100 15689.1104 5 3293.943546 5560167.571 0.037483882 -2.048E+09 148334891.4

Check For re/rw = 2 Check For re/re = 4

1E+09 1E+09
900000000 900000000
800000000 800000000
700000000 700000000
600000000 600000000
F/Eo
F/Eo

500000000 500000000
400000000 400000000
300000000 300000000
200000000 200000000
100000000 100000000
0 0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000

∑∆P*Qt/Eo ∑∆P*Qt/Eo

42
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Check For re/rw = 6 Check For re/rw = 8

1E+09 1E+09

800000000 800000000
600000000 600000000
F/Eo

F/Eo
400000000 400000000
200000000
200000000
0
0
0 500000 1000000 1500000
0 1000000 2000000
∑∆P*Qt/Eo
∑∆P*Qt/Eo

Check For re/rw = 10

1E+09
900000000
800000000
700000000
600000000
F/Eo

500000000
400000000
300000000
200000000
100000000
0
0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000
∑∆P*Qt/Eo

43
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Check For re/rw = ∞

1.2E+09

1E+09
y = 8.0249x + 3E+08
800000000
F/Eo

600000000

400000000

200000000

0
0 10000000 20000000 30000000 40000000 50000000 60000000 70000000 80000000 90000000

∑∆P*Qt/Eo

From the above figures we found the correct value of re/rw = ∞

So, the calculated N from the intersect is 300 MMBBL
N = 300 MMBBL

Future performance prediction

After obtaining a reservoir model with a good match of production history and old pressure
performance, we can use this model to predict the future performance of this reservoir .
To predict reservoir performance, we can select one of two assumptions based on the
current development plan of the field .
1. Assuming cumulative oil produced based on production rate and predict the pressure.
2. Assuming the reservoir pressure based on pressure performance and predict cumulative
oil produced

44
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Assuming reservoir pressure :

In this model we assumed reservoir pressure at prediction date based on reservoir pressure
performance then used material balance model to predict cumulative oil production
assuming that water production changes with the same trend as past history.

Prediction Procedure:
• Prepare Bo and Bw using interpolation from PVT data and Cf.
• Calculate Co and Ce
• Assume a value of Wp/Np and Wi/Np using past history data.
• Calculate the volume of water influx at this pressure (We) using Unsteady state water
model
• Since there is only one unknown in the MBE (Np), We can get the value of Np graphically
by:
a. Selecting different values of “Np” and calculating “We” using MBE at each Np
b. Plotting We(USS) and We(MBE) Vs. Np and determining the point of
intersection. Where:

𝑊𝑒𝑀𝐵𝐸 = 𝑁𝑃 𝛽𝑂 + 𝑊𝑃 𝛽𝑊 − 𝑊𝑖 𝛽𝑤 − 𝑁 𝛽𝑂𝑖 𝐶𝑒 ∆𝑃

𝑊𝑒𝑈𝑆𝑆 = 𝛽 ∑∆𝑃 𝑥 𝑄𝑡

With:

N = 300 MMSTB β = 8.0249

45
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

December-2022 Prediction:
following the decline of the pressure trend, pressure is assumed to be 1095 psi at
December-2022.
at P = 1095 psi

βo 1.17894 Cw 3.2788E-06

βw 1.04258 Co 6.9021E-06

∆P 2485 Ce 1.32E-05

Assumed Data :

Np Wp Wi We(MB) We(USS)

81000000 52650000 210600000 4.02E+07 50128935.32

82000000 53300000 213200000 4.09E+07 50128935.32

83000000 53950000 215800000 4.17E+07 50128935.32

120000000
Dec-2022 Prediction
100000000

80000000
WeMB,WeUSS

60000000

40000000

20000000

0
30000000 50000000 70000000 90000000 110000000 130000000 150000000 170000000

Np
Linear (We(USS)) Linear (We(MB))

Results :
Np, MMSTB 82.35
Wp, MMSTM 53.53
Wi, MMSTB 214.11

46
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

December-2024 Prediction:
Following the decline of the pressure trend, pressure is assumed to be 1090 psi at
December-2024.
at P = 1090 psi
βo 1.17898 Cw 3.2792E-06
βw 1.04259 Co 6.9021E-06
∆P 2490 Ce 8.1310E-06
Assumed Data :
Np Wp Wi We(MB) We(USS)
84000000 54650000 218400000 4.25E+07 53585132.02
85000000 55250000 221200000 4.36E+07 53585132.02
86000000 55950000 223600000 4.49E+07 53585132.02
120000000
Dec-2024 Prediction
100000000
WeMB,WeUSS

80000000

60000000

40000000

20000000

0
30000000 50000000 70000000 90000000 110000000 130000000 150000000 170000000
Linear (We(USS)) Np Linear (We(MB))

Results :
Np, MMSTB 85.12
Wp, MMSTM 55.328
Wi, MMSTB 221.312

47
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

December-2026 Prediction:
Following the decline of the pressure trend, pressure is assumed to be 1085 psi at December
2026. at P = 1085 psi
βo 1.17902 Cw 3.2795E-06
βw 1.042585 Co 6.9021E-06
∆P 2495 Ce 8.1311E-06
Assumed Data:
Np Wp Wi We(MB) We(USS)
86000000 55950000 223600000 4.49E+07 54584621.71
87000000 56550000 226200000 4.57E+07 54584621.71
88000000 57250000 228800000 4.70E+07 54584621.71

120000000
Dec-2026 Prediction
100000000
WeMB,WeUSS

80000000

60000000

40000000

20000000

0
30000000 50000000 70000000 90000000 110000000 130000000 150000000 170000000
Linear (We(USS)) Np Linear (We(MB))

Results
Np, MMSTB 87.79
Wp, MMSTM 57.063
Wi, MMSTB 228.254

48
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

December-2028 Prediction:
Following the decline of the pressure trend, pressure is assumed to be 1080 psi at
December-2028.
At P = 1080 psi
βo 1.17906 Cw 3.27988E-06
βw 1.04258 Co 6.90214E-06
∆P 2500 Ce 8.13E-06
Assumed Data :
Np Wp Wi We(MB) We(USS)
89000000 57,850,000 231,400,000 4.81E+07 56911207.35
90000000 58,500,000 234,000,000 4.87E+07 56911207.35
91000000 59,150,000 236,600,000 4.96E+07 56911207.35

120000000 Dec-2028 Prediction

100000000

80000000
WeMB,WeUSS

60000000

40000000

20000000

0
30000000 50000000 70000000 90000000 110000000 130000000 150000000 170000000
Linear (We(USS)) Linear (We(MB))
Np
Results :
Np, MMSTB 90.21
Wp, MMSTM 58.67
Wi, MMSTB 234.11

49
Reservoir Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

References :
• Khatab, Hamed. “Reservoir Engineering”, Suez University, Faculty of Petroleum &
Mining Engineering.
• Ahmed, Tarek H. Reservoir Engineering Handbook. 4th. s.l. : Gulf Professional
Publishing, 2010
• William D. McCain, jr. The properties of petroleum fluids. 2nd. Texas,
Oklahoma :Penwell Publishing Company, 1990.

50
Well Test
1
Introduction:
During a well test, the response of a reservoir
to changing production (or injection)
conditions is monitored. Since the response is,
to a greater or lesser degree, characteristic of
the properties of the reservoir, it is possible in
many cases to infer reservoir properties from
the response. Well test interpretation is
therefore an inverse problem in that model
However, the dangers can be minimized by
parameters are inferred by analyzing model
careful specification of the well test in such a
response to a given input. In most cases of
way that the response is most characteristic of
well testing, the reservoir response that is
the reservoir parameters under investigation.
measured is the pressure response. Hence in
Thus, in most cases, the design, and the
many cases well test analysis is synonymous
interpretation of a well test is dependent on its
with pressure transient analysis. The pressure
objectives.
transient is due to changes in production or
Figure 6-1
injection of fluids; hence we treat the flow
rate transient as input and the pressure The objectives of a well test usually fall into
transient as output. three major categories:
In well test interpretation, we use a ✓ Reservoir evaluation.
mathematical model to relate pressure
✓ Reservoir management.
response (output) to flow rate history (input).
By specifying that the flow rate history input ✓ Reservoir description.
in the model be the same as that in the field,
we can infer that the model parameters and
the reservoir parameters are the same if the Objectives of well test operations
model pressure output is the same as the
measured reservoir pressure output. Following important data & samples to be
obtained from well test
Clearly, there can be major difficulties
involved in this process since the model may ✓ Gas production rate.
act like the actual reservoir even though the
✓ Oil or condensate production rate.
physical assumptions are entirely invalid.
This ambiguity is inherent in all inverse ✓ Viscosity of condensate of crude.
problems, including many others used in ✓ Gravities of oil, gas, and water.
reservoir engineering (e.g., history matching
in simulation, decline curve analysis, material ✓ Bottom hole pressure buildup and
balance). drawdown.
✓ Bottom hole PVT samples.

2
 Drill stem test (DST)
5.3.1. Drill stem test function
A drill stem test is a test which uses a special
tool mounted on the end of the drill string. It ✓ To provide a bottomhole shut in
is a test commonly used to test a newly drilled (Tester Valve).
well, since it can only be carried out while a ✓ To support and protect the gauge (P,
rig is over the hole. In a DST, the well is T).
opened to flow by a valve at the base of the
✓ To circulate and sample formation
test tool, and reservoir fluid flows up the drill
fluids.
string (which is usually empty to start with).
A common test sequence is to produce, shut ✓ To restore well equilibrium at the
in, produce again, and shut in again. Drill end of the test
stem tests can be quite short since the positive
closure of the downhole valve avoids
wellbore storage effects (described later). Testing is done with two packers and will
Analysis of the DST requires special depend on condition at the
techniques since the flow rate is not constant time of the test and how many zones will be
as the fluid level rises in the drill string. tested. It is not uncommon to have more than
Complications may also arise due to one zone to test and if in open hole will need
momentum and friction effects, and the fact some way of isolating the zones. The test is
that the well condition is affected by recent performed by setting packers and isolating a
drilling and completion operations may possible production zone. inflatable rubber
influence the results. packers are installed as part of the test
assembly one will be set above and the other
below the zone of interest, they can be made
Normal drilling procedures control formation to temporarily seal off the annular region
pressures and fluids using a hydrostatic head. between the test string and the formation, this
Drill Stem Testing brings these formation way we are able to isolate the zone of interest.
pressures and fluids to the surface, presenting
a unique set of hazards since control is then
maintained by mechanical and human If from the log there are more than one
systems. Guidelines to minimize the promising zone often a liner will be run and
probability of failure of either system during the complete open hole section will be
a test should be planed and discussed before isolated.
any test should get under way. Valve arrangements are inserted into the
testing string some between the two packers,
Drill Stem Testing is a specialized area,
others above the top packer. The valves are
however the responsibility for the success of
initially in a closed position allowing the
the operation are well and truly defined
string to be run into the hole with a fluid
between all parties involved. Operator,
cushion Such a cushion would have a draw-
Contractor, and Service Companies all have a
down "under-Balance normally 800 psi*
major part to play.
inside the pipe. When the packers are set, the

3
valve is opened, and any fluids or gas
contained in the formation is allowed to flow
into the test string.

Figure 6-2: DST assembly using two straddles packers

4
Types of drill stem test
As with permanent completion components
there are a variety of different drill stem test
tools designed for a range of operating
conditions and to perform different
functionalities. There are however two
main categories of drill stem tests.

Open hole drill stem test

If hydrocarbons are detected in either cores
or cuttings during drilling or indicated by
the logs, an open hole DST provides a
rapid, economical means to quickly assess
the production potential of the formation.
However, the technique requires the hole to
be in very good condition and highly
consolidated as the packer elements seal on
the rock face. The open-hole sections also
limit the application of pressure on the Figure 6-3: Drill Stem Test with Jet Pump
annulus, therefore special strings are designed
which are operated by pipe reciprocation and/or rotation.

The multi flow Evaluator System (MFE) is more data over a longer period. The extent
a self- contained open hole drill stem test of reservoir investigated increases with test
string. If drilling is not halted to allow duration. A key factor governing the
testing when a potential hydrocarbon duration of an open hole test is wellbore
bearing zone is encountered, an alternative stability. At some point the well may cave
test method is to wait until the well is drilled in on top of the packer and the string may
to total depth and then use straddle packers get permanently stuck downhole, calling for
to isolate the zone of interest. The an expensive sidetrack. These hazards of
introduction of inflatable packers allows the wellbore stability have been eliminated by
effective isolation and testing of individual testing after the casing has been set and, in
zones pinpointed using wireline logs. Open many sectors, particularly offshore, cased
hole drill stem tests gather important early hole testing has replaced traditional open
information, but reservoir testing requires hole drill stem testing.

5
 Cased hole drill stem test
As offshore drilling increased, floating rigs string. The main test valve and other key
became common, increasing the potential tools are operated by specific signatures of
for vessel heave to accidentally cycle annulus and/or tubing pressure, which is
traditional weight set tools and even un-set why a thorough understanding of the
the packer. In addition, deeper more different pressures and potential
deviated wells make reciprocal tools more differentials is important in the design of
difficult to operate and control and thus the cased hole DST string. In the specific
jeopardize the safety of the operation. A case of the PCT, the valve opens when
pressure-controlled system was designed pressure above a certain threshold - usually
specifically for these applications, 1500 psi - is applied on the annulus and
eliminating the need for pipe manipulation closes when this pressure is bled off. It uses
after the packer has been set, and eventually the same annular pressure threshold
becoming the new standard in drill stem test regardless of depth, hydrostatic pressure,
operations. and temperature (provided the design
specifications of the tool are not exceeded).
The Pressure Controlled Test System (PCT)
To do this, a chamber in the tool is pre-
is a self-contained cased hole drill stem test
charged at the surface with nitrogen.

Multiple well test

In single-well testing, the primary target is The two main types of multiple-well testing
the nearby well region. However, to are interference tests and pulse tests. Some
investigate the interwall region, more than vertical interference tests are classified as
one well must be directly involved in the multiple-well tests. As subsequently
test. In multiple-well testing, the flow rate is discussed, they are performed between two
changed in one well and the pressure sets of perforations or test intervals in a well
response is monitored in another. These to investigate vertical communication and
tests are conducted to investigate the estimate vertical permeability. Multiple-
presence or lack of hydraulic well tests are more sensitive to reservoir
communication within a reservoir region. horizontal anisotropy than single- well tests.
They are also used to estimate interwall Therefore, multiple-well tests are typically
reservoir transmissivity and storativity. conducted to describe the reservoir
anisotropy based on directional
permeabilities.

6
 Interference test
Interference tests require long-duration pressure response can be analyzed to
production or injection rate changes in the estimate interwall reservoir properties. The
active well. The associated pressure analysis technique uses the same type-
disturbance recorded in the observation curve matching approach as for drawdown
well yields valuable information regarding tests, but with a different type of curve
the degree of hydraulic communication because, unlike for single-well tests, the
within the interwall region. The Figure pressure response is observed at some
below shows a plan view of two wells used distance from the location where the
in an interference test, the rate history of the perturbation was originally created. The
active well and the pressure response in the next Figure shows a type-curve match for
observation well. an interference test using the homogeneous
line-source solution (also known as the
If single-phase conditions prevail within the
exponential integral solution) as referenced
investigated region of the reservoir, the
in theoretical model.

Figure 6-4: Plan view of two wells used in an interference test.

7
 Figure 6-5: Active and observation wells and their respective rate and pressure changes

Pulse test
Pulse testing is a special form of multiple- The following example illustrates how
well testing that may last from a few hours pulse testing was used to understand the
to a few days. The technique uses a series of degree of hydraulic communication within
short rate perturbations at the active well. a Middle Eastern reservoir and to
Pulses are created by alternating periods of investigate suspected fluid migration
production or injection and shut in. The toward a nearby field. The test involved six
pressure response to the pulses is measured wells, including the active well. The pulses
at one or more observation wells. Because were created by an alternating sequence of
the pulses are of short duration, the pressure injection and shut-in periods of 36 hr. each.
responses are small. Therefore, high The resulting pressure pulses were
resolution gauges are usually required to monitored in the observation wells for 12
measure the small variations in pressure. days. Downhole memory recorders were
The advantages of pulse testing compared used to acquire the pressure data.
with interference testing derive from the
The observed pressure responses were
relatively short pulse length; reservoir
analyzed with history-matching techniques.
pressure trends and noise are removed with
The analytical solution of the diffusivity
appropriate analysis techniques.
equation for a homogeneous rectangular

8
reservoir with mixed boundary conditions of constant-pressure boundaries to the data
(i.e., both no flow and constant pressure) implied that there was no leakage toward
yielded an excellent match between the the neighboring field as previously
measured and simulated pressure responses suspected.
Figure 6-6. Figure 4 shows the
The small amplitude of the signal detected
configuration of producing and injection
in two of the observation wells suggested
wells within the area modeled in the study.
the presence of free gas in the upper part of
The test indicated good hydraulic the structure. This result was confirmed by
communication within the area other sources of information and proved
investigated. It was also possible to particularly useful to the operator in
determine the interwell reservoir properties locating future water injection wells and
and geometry of the area. The good match optimizing reservoir management.

Figure 6-6: Test sequence and corresponding pressure response in the observation well

Fgure 6-7: Configuration of producing and

injection wells for the example pulse test.

9
 Buildup test

5.5.1 Some types for buildup curves

Figure 6-8: Some types for buildup curves

10
 Drawdown test
Pressure drawdown tests can be defined as Drawdown tests are normally
a series of bottom-hole pressure recommended for new wells. If a well has
measurements completed during a period of been closed for some reason, a drawdown
flow at a constant producing rate. Many test may also be done. It is also
traditional analysis techniques are derived recommended for a well where there are
using the drawdown test as a basis. uncertainties in the pressure build-up
Generally, the well is closed in earlier to the interpretations. The main advantage of
flow test period because it is necessary to drawdown testing is the possibility for
allow the pressure to become equal estimating reservoir volume. The
throughout the formation. Moreover, the shortcomings of this method are:
well is shut-in until it reaches a
constant reservoir pressure before testing.
In a drawdown test, a well, now static, ✓ It is difficult to build the well flow at
stable, and shut-in, is open to flow. It is a constant rate, even after it has
completed by producing the well at stabilized.
a constant flow rate while continuously ✓ The well condition may not initially
recording bottom-hole pressure. When a be static or stable, especially if it was
constant flow rate is attained, the pressure recently drilled or had been flowing
measuring equipment is lowered into the previously.
well. Figure 5 shows the production and
pressure history during a drawdown test. It ✓ A single permeability value is
may take a few hours to several days, obtained for the entire well.
depending on the objectives of the test.

Figure 6-9: production and pressure history during a

drawdown test

11
Drawdown Pressure Analysis
Qt 690 m3/day μo 4.911 cp

Boi 1.15906 RB/stb h 59 ft

Ct 3 × 10-6 rw 0.354 ft
Ø 19.4% Pi 3550 psia

Using Excel

Pressure vs Log t

3600
y = -832.79x + 4513.9
3400

3200

3000
Pressure, psi

2800

2600

2400

2200

2000
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
Log t

Figure 6-10: Pressure vs Log t

From the figure, m= 832.79
162.6∗ 𝛽𝑜∗ 𝑞𝑜 ∗ 𝜇𝑜 162.6∗1.15906∗ 3744.1 ∗ 4.911
K= = = 70 md
𝑚∗ℎ 832.79 ∗59

12
 3550 −3672 70
s= 1.151[ – log 16.266667 – log ( ) + 3.23]
832.79 0.194∗4.911∗3∗10−6 ∗0.3542

s= -7.388

Using Saphire program

Figure 6-11: History plot

Figure 6-12: Semi-log plot

13
 Figure 6-13: log-log plot

WELL MODEL

Model option Standard Model

WBS Type Changing Storage

Well Vertical
Reservoir Homogeneous

Boundary Infinite

RESULTS

Pi 3550 psi

K.h 3750 md. ft

S -7.38

14
Production Engineering
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Inflow performance relationship (IPR)

The IPR is a relationship between flow rate of oil and flowing bottom hole pressure Pwf .
Such relationship may be considered as a straight line(for water drive and/or pressure above
saturation pressure) or may be a curve ( solution gas drive and flow below the bubble point).
1/ if Pwf > Pb 2/if Pwf< Pb use Vogel’s method

𝑸𝒐 𝑸𝒐 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟐
𝑱 = 𝑷𝒓 −𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖 ( 𝑷𝒓 )
𝑸𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑷𝒓

But method did not account for the non zero skin factor. So that later modification by standing
extended the method for application to damaged or stimulated wells then becomes,

𝑸𝒐 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟐
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝑭𝑬 (𝟏 − ) − 𝟎. 𝟖𝑭𝑬 (𝟏 − )
𝑸𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑷𝒓 𝑷𝒓

𝑱𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓−𝑷𝒘𝒇−𝜟𝒑
Where 𝑭𝑬 = =
𝑱𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓−𝑷𝒘𝒇
Beggs (1991) pointed out that applying Vogel's for under saturated reservoir, there are possible
outcomes to the record stabilized flow test data

the vertical-lift performance (VLP)

Three principal components of the equation for predicting pressure loss:
• Elevation or static component.
• Friction component.
• Acceleration component.
•
The Overall system performance

2
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

For a particular production system, there is a point of balance between inflow &

outflow

IPR & VLP

system

Constant Productivity Index (PI):

Qo oil flow rate, STB/day

J productivity index, STB/day/psi.

Pr Reservoir Static pressure, psi

Widely used to describe single phase Inflow Performance when reservoir pressure
Ps is higher than bubble point pressure.
PI will be constant for future Ps as long as it is > Pb.

Vogel’s Inflow Performance:

Vogel method is widely used to describe Inflow Performance when Reservoir

pressure is equal to or less than bubble point pressure Pb.

3
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Combined Pi and Vogel Inflow Performance (Under-saturated Oil Reservoirs):

Two possible outcomes to the recorded stabilized flow test data that must be considered:
1. The recorded stabilized bottom-hole flowing pressure is greater than or equal to the
bubble-point pressure, i.e. (𝑃𝑤𝑓 ≥ 𝑃𝑏.)
2. The recorded stabilized bottom-hole flowing pressure is less than the bubble point
pressure (𝑃𝑤𝑓 < 𝑃𝑏).

𝑸𝒃 = 𝑱(𝑷𝒓 − 𝑷𝒃)

Combined Pi and Vogel Inflow Performance

𝑱 ∗ 𝑷𝒃 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟐
𝑸𝒐 = 𝑸𝒃 + (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖 ( ) )
𝟏. 𝟖 𝑷𝒃 𝑷𝒃
Future Prediction for Oil Well IPR:

𝑸𝒎𝒂𝒙𝟏 𝑷𝒓𝟏 𝟑
=( )
𝑸𝒎𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝑷𝒓𝟐

4
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Constructing IPR and VLP FOR WELL BM106

Test point Q=500 STB/day Pwf=1100 psi
WELL BM106 DATA

RESERVOIR PRESSURE 1310 PSI

PRODUCTIVITY INDEX 2.38 BBL/DAY.PSI

GOR 180 SCF/BBL

WATER CUT 50%
WELLHEAD PRESSURE 400 PSI

5
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Inflow:
IPR by using excel
Present IPR Future IPR
Q max= 2007 STB/day Q max= 892.75 STB/day Q max=457.09 STB/day
P(psi) Q(STB/day) P(psi) Q(STB/day) P(psi)
1310 0 1000 0 800 0
1100 500 900 153.55 750 49.99
1050 618.8 800 292.82 700 97.13
1000 735.28 700 417.81 650 141.41
900 953.13 650 474.93 600 182.83
800 1150.83 600 528.50 550 221.40
700 1328.39 550 578.50 500 257.11
600 1485.8 500 624.92 400 319.96
500 1623.05 400 707.05 300 371.38
400 1740.17 300 774.90 200 411.38
200 1913.94 200 828.47 150 425,14
100 1970.6 100 867.75 100 439.94
0 2007 0 892.75 0 457.09

6
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

For outflow curve, use pressure traverse curve for different

tubing sizes and different flow rates

Using PIPESIM:
a) Choose Nodal analysis and complete reservoir data:
b) Select different reservoir pressures for inflow and different tubing sizes for outflow

7
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

QL Pwf QL2 Pwf2 QL3 Pwf3 QL4 Pwf4 QL5 Pwf5 QL6 Pwf6

outflow,d=2.441

outflow,d=2.441

outflow,d=2.992

outflow,d=2.992

outflow,d=3.476

outflow,d=3.476
inflow,Ps=1310

inflow,Ps=1310

inflow,Ps=1000

inflow,Ps=1000

inflow,Ps=800

inflow,Ps=800
2107.93 13.3437 395.483 826.576 1055.63 7.81006 844.439 2364.48
21.0793 1301.14 1159.03 336.429 10.5563 795.554 2107.93 2457.34 1349.84 2363.8 2107.93 2357.85
1064.51 858.735 77.3398 967.504 533.094 537.824 2.10793 2437.5 339.04 2404.95 2.10793 2437.62
542.793 1081.94 1371.12 9.94496 271.825 677.443 844.439 2375.69 1653.08 2368.19 844.439 2371.95
1586.22 578.689 13.7112 994.239 794.363 357.407 1349.84 2395.25 541.2 2386.57 1349.84 2355.18
281.936 1191.54 692.416 672.879 141.191 738.58 339.04 2394.15 1046.6 2362.85 339.04 2408.13
1847.08 383.155 353.064 846.537 924.997 232.298 1653.08 2416.32 136.881 2422.16 1653.08 2355.49
1977.51 248.216 1031.77 448.337 990.315 147.028 541.2 2374.11 1835.02 2372.15 541.2 2397.03
151.508 1246.34 183.387 922.564 75.8735 767.535 1046.6 2381.09 662.495 2369.51 1046.6 2359.56
803.65 972.332 1201.45 292.415 402.46 611.069 136.881 2418.05 1167.89 2362.75 136.881 2424.74
1325.36 730.335 1286.28 185.879 663.729 454.996 1835.02 2431.31 1471.13 2365.21 1835.02 2356
2042.72 157.019 98.5493 958.593 1022.97 90.5854 662.495 2373.67 217.745 2413.81 662.495 2391.3
412.365 1136.74 522.74 763.988 206.508 708.59 1167.89 2386.1 419.904 2399.57 1167.89 2357.86
86.2936 1273.74 862.092 569.82 43.2149 781.656 1471.13 2403.25 1944.19 2374.95 1471.13 2355.68
673.222 1027.13 1328.7 115.078 337.142 644.996 217.745 2410.06 56.0171 2431.43 217.745 2417.46
2075.33 97.4561 268.226 885.27 859.68 299.777 419.904 2377.72 925.302 2363.68 419.904 2403.88
1716.65 488.837 56.1303 976.416 1039.3 54.8319 1944.19 2441.17 735.272 2366.68 1944.19 2356.59
934.078 916.984 437.902 806.184 467.777 575.44 56.0171 2429.5 1240.67 2363.02 56.0171 2432.62
216.722 1218.94 1116.61 376.548 108.532 753.18 925.302 2377.26 1543.91 2366.28 925.302 2364.67
1455.79 658.22 1349.91 69.9742 729.046 408.548 735.272 2373.95 266.263 2410.63 735.272 2385.48
1194.94 796.788 607.578 719.672 598.411 497.846 1240.67 2389.65 1725.85 2369.66 1240.67 2357.09
347.15 1164.14 140.968 940.718 957.656 192.784 266.263 2405.68 468.422 2396.77 1543.91 2355.51
1912.29 320.892 946.931 512.01 173.849 723.722 1543.91 2408.25 589.718 2378.45 266.263 2413.42
477.579 1109.34 777.254 623.141 239.167 693.169 1725.85 2422.1 2009.69 2376.77 1725.85 2355.62
2091.63 60.4019 1243.86 243.088 26.8856 788.632 468.422 2376.25 88.3626 2427.57 468.422 2400.99
53.6865 1287.44 225.807 904.087 1047.47 33.409 2009.69 2447.39 973.82 2363.26 2009.69 2357.05
608.007 1054.54 310.645 866.094 1006.64 120.619 88.3626 2424.65 169.226 2418.57 589.718 2394.61
2010.11 205.835 34.9207 985.327 304.484 661.392 589.718 2374.04 1095.12 2362.72 88.3626 2429.38
1781.86 438.507 1360.52 42.7702 892.339 267.589 973.82 2378.65 973.82 2361.31
118.901 1260.04 1307.49 152.795 59.5442 774.624 169.226 2415.16 2107.93 2379.69 169.226 2421.7
1095.12 2382.94 2.10793 2437.57 1095.12 2358.81

8
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

CONCLUSION: there is no intersection between IPR and VLP

curves(the well is dead), so well needs artificial lift.

Constructing IPR and VLP FOR WELL M97H

WELL M97H DATA

RESERVOIR PRESSURE 1250 PSI

PRODUCTIVITY INDEX 1.2 BBL/DAY.PSI

GOR 180 SCF/BBL

WATER CUT 50%

9
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

WELLHEAD PRESSURE 400 PSI

Inflow:
by using excel
Q max=940 STB/day Q max= 481.28 STB/day Q max= 246.41 STB/day
P(psi) Q(STB/day) P(psi) Q(STB/day) P(psi) Q(STB/day)
1250 0 1000 0 800 0
1150 130.54 900 82.78 750 26.95
1100 192.21 800 157.85 700 52.36
1000 298.73 700 225.23 650 76.23
900 414.80 650 256.04 600 98.56
800 511.66 600 284.91 550 119.35
700 598.89 550 311.86 500 138.60
600 676.49 500 336.89 400 172.48
500 744.48 400 381.17 300 200.21
400 802.83 300 417.75 200 221.76
200 890.66 200 446.62 150 230.23
100 920.14 100 467.80 100 237.16
0 940 0 481.28 0 246.41

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

BY USING PIPESIM , the IPR and VLP DATA

QL Pwf QL2 Pwf2 QL3 Pwf3 QL4 Pwf4 QL5 Pwf5 QL6 Pwf6
Ps=1250

Ps=1250

Ps=1000

Ps=1000

d=2.441

d=2.441

d=2.992

d=2.992
Ps=700

Ps=700

d=1.99

d=1.99
918.485 12.5223 191.889 826.753 465.694 7.01083 918.4854 3000 367.9453 2990.89 918.4854 2958.53
9.18485 1242.35 562.362 334.562 4.65694 696.11 0.918485 3074.06 588.1613 2971.49 0.918485 3074.34
463.835 838.136 37.5254 968.282 235.176 470.611 367.9453 2985.02 147.7292 3042.26 367.9453 3019.49
236.51 1052.42 665.271 10.0661 119.916 592.769 588.1613 2982.16 720.291 2968.35 588.1613 2980.23
691.16 560.801 6.65271 994.442 350.435 312.763 147.7292 3035.29 235.8156 3027.33 147.7292 3047.7
122.847 1147.63 335.962 672.306 62.2866 646.261 720.291 2986.4 456.0317 2977.52 720.291 2965.74
804.823 367.8 171.307 846.815 408.065 203.311 235.8156 2996.97 59.64277 3059.8 235.8156 3035.54
861.654 235.412 500.616 446.813 436.88 128.722 456.0317 2982.07 799.5687 2967.54 456.0317 3010.66
66.0161 1194.99 88.9799 923.231 33.4718 671.595 59.64277 3055.97 288.6675 3019.22 59.64277 3062.98
350.173 950.573 582.943 290.459 177.546 534.695 799.5687 2990.58 508.8835 2974.72 799.5687 2962.99
577.498 710.9 624.107 183.909 292.805 398.143 288.6675 2989.68 641.0132 2969.96 288.6675 3028.63
890.07 146.858 47.8163 959.421 451.287 79.3593 508.8835 2981.55 94.87734 3052.86 508.8835 2999.61
179.679 1100.27 253.634 763.854 91.1015 620.021 94.87734 3047.59 182.9638 3035.86 641.0132 2972.42
37.6005 1218.67 418.289 568.782 19.0644 683.95 641.0132 2983.44 847.1354 2967.39 94.87734 3056.55
293.341 1002.63 644.689 113.398 148.731 564.379 182.9638 3027.02 24.4082 3068.24 182.9638 3043.16
904.278 89.9115 130.144 885.745 379.25 262.344 847.1354 2993.6 403.1798 2981.71 847.1354 2961.6
747.992 472.009 27.2345 977.071 458.491 48.0993 24.4082 3066.54 320.3786 3007.98 24.4082 3069.61
407.004 895.887 212.471 806.259 206.361 503.523 403.1798 2983.46 540.5947 2973.31 403.1798 3015.91
94.4318 1171.31 541.78 374.788 47.8792 659.035 320.3786 2987.53 672.7243 2969.22 320.3786 3024.81
634.329 639.491 654.98 68.748 321.62 357.505 540.5947 2981.62 116.0181 3048.49 540.5947 2991.61
520.666 776.738 294.798 719.322 263.991 435.634 116.0181 3042.39 752.0021 2967.95 672.7243 2968.12
833.239 306.586 68.3981 941.48 422.472 168.745 672.7243 2984.47 204.1045 3032.29 116.0181 3052.81
151.263 1123.95 459.452 510.729 76.6941 633.26 752.0021 2987.94 875.6754 2967.4 752.0021 2964.59
208.094 1076.54 377.125 622.339 105.509 606.529 204.1045 3013.92 256.9564 3024.26 204.1045 3040.03
911.382 55.1763 603.525 241.081 11.8607 690.053 875.6754 2995.6 38.50203 3064.79 875.6754 2960.84
23.3927 1230.51 109.562 904.659 462.093 29.3749 38.50203 3062.16 424.3206 2979.5 256.9564 3032.69
875.862 194.119 150.725 866.471 444.083 105.624 256.9564 2992.24 73.7366 3056.49 38.50203 3066.93
264.926 1027.79 16.9436 985.791 134.324 578.725 424.3206 2982.8 477.1724 2976.33 424.3206 3013.87
776.407 422.341 660.125 42.0047 393.657 234.185 73.7366 3053.1 918.4854 2966.55 73.7366 3060.36
51.8083 1206.83 634.398 150.915 26.2681 677.797 477.1724 2981.77 0.918485 3073.96 477.1724 3007.4

11
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

CONCLUSION: there is no intersection between IPR and VLP curves(the well is

dead), so well needs artificial lift

12
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Well completion
Completions are the interface between the reservoir and surface production. The role of the completion
designer is to take a well that has been drilled and convert it into a safe and efficient production or injection
conduit. This does not mean that the completion always has tubing, a Christmas tree or any other piece of
equipment. In some areas, it may, for example, be possible to produce open hole and then up the casing
.However, as we venture into more hostile areas such as deep-water or the arctic, the challenges mount and
completions become more complex .
Completion design is a mix of physics, chemistry, mathematics, engineering, geology, hydraulics, material
science and practical hands-on wellsite experience.The best completion engineers will be able to balance the
theoretical with the practical.

completion techniques
Wells can be producers or injectors. Completions can produce oil, gas and water. Completions can
inject hydrocarbon gas, water, steam and waste products such as carbon dioxide, sulphur, hydrogen sulphide,
etc. More than one purpose can be combined either simultaneously (e.g. produce the tubing and inject down
the annulus) or sequentially (produce hydrocarbons and then convert to water injection duty). Completions
are often divided into the reservoir completion (the connection between the reservoir and the well) and the
upper completion (conduit from reservoir completion to surface facilities)

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Major decisions in the reservoir completion are:

• Well trajectory and inclination
• Open hole versus cased hole Sand control requirement and type of sand control
• Stimulation (Proppant or acid)
• Single or multi-zone (commingled or selective)

Completion equipment:
This section is designed to explain the major comp.onents that are found in
completions.

The reason for including components will vary considerably:

• Primary pressure control (such as a tree).

• Regulating flow (from the reservoir or further up the tubing).
• Emergency control of flow (e.g., a safety valve).
• Injection of chemicals.
• Data acquisition.
• Pressure or temperature control e.g., insulation.
• Artificial lift.
• Workover capabilities

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Completion Equipment

Christmas Tree:
The Christmas tree is pressure control system located at the well head. The tree consists of a series of
valves that provides the interface between the reservoir, completion and through to the production
facilities.

Well head:
The wellhead transfers the casing and completion loads to the ground via the surface casing and
provides a seal system and valves to control access to the tubing and annulus.
It is made up of one or more casing head spools, the tubing head spool, the hanger and the Xmas
tree.

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Christmas tree well head and Christmas Tree

16
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

well head

Ram Type Tubing Hanger System

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

5.3.1.1Open hole completions

An open-hole completion is a completion that does not have any casing or tubulars cemented across the
reservoir section, while a barefoot completion has no tubulars, casing or tubing, across the reservoir section (a
barefoot completion is a subset of an open-hole completion).in an open hole or barefoot completion, the
production casing is set in the cap rock above or just into the top of the pay zone, while the bottom of the hole
is left uncased a) open hole completion; b)uncemented liner completion; c) perforated completion

This form of well completion dates back to the days of cable tool drilling, but is rarely used today.
Nonetheless, open hole completions offer certain advantages in thick, relatively competent formations:

• No Perforation is required
• No Production Casing is required No Cementing and logging are required
• Less rig times
• Full diameter hole
• Relative ease of converting the well to a liner completion
• Slightly reduced casing cost

Unfortunately, the disadvantages and limitations of open hole completions outweigh these benefits in most
cases. Some of these advantages as follows:

• No selective for stimulation

• Unaccountable to sand out
• Limited ability to isolate part of it

18
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

• Inability to control excessive gas-oil and/or water-oil ratios (except in the case of bottom water)
• Zones within the completion interva

5.3.1.2 Cemented and perforated completions

Cased and perforated completion is the most common type of completion which is selected by many
companies. For this completion, a production casing or a liner is cemented through reservoir zone(s) and
subsequently, a well is perforated in order to provide communication between the formation and wellbore.

Perforation should ideally penetrate deeper rather than nearer a wellbore damage zone around a wellbore so
fluid from a reservoir can effectively flow into a wellbore. Additionally, several depth control methods help to
accurately select which section of reservoir to be perforated. Hence, undesired zones, such as gas, water or
weak formation can be avoided and this will improve well production efficiency.

Cementing around the wellbore is one of the critical parts for this completion because good cement will
effectively isolate all zones and allows a wellbore to produce from several zones without communication
between reservoirs. Moreover, packers are run into a wellbore to isolate reservoir fluid when it flows into a
wellbore.

Another important feature of this completion is the ability to selectively produce or inject into any reservoir. A
sliding sleeve on each zone can be opened and closed to allow selective production or injection operation.

Advantages of cased and perforated completions

• Safer operations
• Better zonal isolation
• Facilitation of selective perforation and stimulation
• Effective way to complete multiple zones in one well
• Better reservoir management
• Ability to shut off any undesirable productions such as water, gas, or sand
• Long term cost effective
• Ability to work over and recomplete the well
• Better well integrity
• Less sand production than open hole completion

On the other hand, Cemented and perforated completions have some dis advantages :

• Extra cost for casing, cementing, perforation and completion equipment.

• Lower reservoir exposure than open hole completion

19
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

5.3.1.3 Single string completions(selective)

Selective completions include both single- string configurations, such as those shown (Multiple-zone
completions: (a) tubing less; (b) low rate, single string; (c) high rate, single string) and multiple-string
arrangements such as those shown (Multiple-zone completions: (d) dual string (parallel gas lift); (e)
concentric).

Single string completions are often preferable to multiple-string completions because the casing size in

multiple-string completions limits the diameter, which, in turn, limits the flow rate obtainable through each
string. Single-string completions may also be used where segregation is required purely for reservoir control
(e.g., in a case where zones will be commingled at some stages, but shut in during other periods because of
high gas- oil ratio, high water cut, or for some other reason).

These completions may also be used to minimize completion costs, which is also often the reason for limiting
the size of the production casing

5.3.1.4 Single-string completzone (single zone)

20
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Producing a well through a tubing string protects the casing from formation fluids and maximizes flow
efficiency. The tubing also provides a means of circulating fluids in the well. Single-tubing-string completions
may or may not use a packer, depending on the well conditions and the completion method used.

There are two main types of single-zone completions, depending on whether the tubing has a production
packer on its lower end. The packer provides a seal between the casing and the tubing, thereby isolating and
protecting the casing. Depending on the constraints we mentioned earlier, other elements are generally
included in the production string

Single-string flowing wells: (a) temporary; (b)tubing less gas well; (c) simple low cost; and (d) high pressure;
(e)high-rate liner completion).

The complexity of tubing and packer iinstallations is driven by functional requirements and economic
considerations. Since a number of useful features can be installed at very low incremental cost, the designer
should consider these options and possibilities:

• Optimum tuning size for maximum long term flow rate

• Future artificial lift needs
• A “bomb” well for future bottom whole pressure surveys
• Use of permanent packer and tailpipe to protect the formation during work over or to facilitate (killing)
the welll
• Anchoring the tubing to packer
• Availability of a down hole

21
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

• sliding sleeve for removing or adding fluid to the tubing (kick-off or killing operations)
• Use of tubing-conveyed perforating gun

5.3.2 Perforating
In the majority of completions, once the reservoir has been drilled, production casing or a liner is run into the
well and cemented in place. To provide the communication path between the reservoir and the wellbore, it will
be necessary to produce holes through the wall of the casing, the cement sheath and penetrate into the
formation. This is accomplished by a technique called perforating.

The basic operation requires that a series of explosive charges are lowered into the well either on an electric
conductor wireline cable, or on tubing or drill string, and when the charges are located at the byrequired depth,
they are detonated to produce a series of perforations through the wall of the casing and the cement sheath.

Since the perforations will hopefully provide the only communication between the reservoir and wellbore, it is
necessary to carefully design and execute the perforating operation, to provide the required degree of reservoir
depletion control and maximize well productivity/injectivity.

Initially, the type of charges used in perforating guns were bullets, but with the development of armour
penetrating explosives during World War II, shaped charges or jet perforators are now almost exclusively used

5.3.2.1 Shaped charge and performance

Principle of shaped charges
The basic shaped charge consists of:

(1) A conical metallic liner

(2) A primer explosive charge

(3) The main explosive charge

(4) A charge case or container

The main explosive charge is usually a desensitized (Cyclonite) type of explosive which besides being
extremely powerful in terms of the energy released per unit weight of explosive, also reacts very quickly. In
fact, once the main charge is detonated the process is completed after only 100 - 300 μ seconds. This fast
reaction time is of importance in that it concentrates the detonation energy of the exploding charge to a very
limited target area and also excludes any thermal effects.

22
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

The main explosive is contained within a charge container which can be Manufactured as either a metal or a
disintegrateable case e.g. ceramic which Will be shattered during the explosion. Whilst a metal case would
assist in Containing and directing the force of the explosion to a certain target area, The target area would be
diffuse as it would depend upon the diameter of the Exit area for the explosion from the charge case and its
distance from the Target area.

Explosives selection
There are a number of different types of explosive. They vary in explosive power and temperature
stability. The main explosive used is in the shaped charge. This is a secondary ‘high explosive’. The explosive
detonates at supersonic speed. Secondary explosives are also found in the detonating cord and detonator.
Secondary explosives are difficult to initiate and normally require a primary explosive in the detonator to start
detonating. Conversely, primary explosives may initiate by a small amount of heating (e.g. electrical resistance
wire), friction, impact or static discharge. As such, they must be carefully handled and are avoided wherever
possible.

Most explosives are given three-letter acronyms (TLAs) as shown in the next Table. Notice the similarity of the
chemical compounds in all the commonly used explosives. TNT is included in the table for comparison –its low
melting point whilst making it very useful for creating moulded explosives limits its downhole application

Abbreviation Name Formula Comments

TNT Trinitrotoluene C6H2(N02)3CH3 Melts at 80°C (17F) therefore not
suitable for
downhole use
RDX Research department C3H6N6O6 Most common downhole
composition X explosive
HMX High molecular weight C4H8N8O8 Higher temperature version of
RDX RDX

HNS Hcxanitrostilbene C14H6N6O12 Higher temperature

stability, but reduced Performance
PYX Picrylaminodinitropyridine C17H7N11O16 Slightly reduced penetration
compared to HNS, but very high
temperature stability
TATB Triaminotrinitrobenzene C6H6N6O6 Not used on its own downhole,
Common in missile systems! Very
hard to detonate
IITX High-temperature Combines HNS and Various different
explosive TATB formulations possible;
better penetration
than HNS, with high
temperature stability

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

To concentrate the impact of the explosive force on the target the charge case is normally designed with a
conical liner. This conical liner assists in concentrating the explosive force of the charge so that it provides
maximum penetration of the target over a limited area as illustrated in Figure down. From Figure, it can be
seen that if a flat end is used for the shaped charge, the force of the explosion is spread over a wide area of
the target with very limited penetration. However, if a conical cavity is introduced, the force of the explosion
provides much greater penetration of the target. However, if the conical cavity is lined with a metallic liner,
the penetration is substantially increased.

5.3.2.2 Perforation charge arrangement

The phase orientations are depicted in the following Figure. All perforation flow patterns are utilized. 90°
phasing which provides the best radial depletion can be very effective when conducted with high shot densities.
However, the selection of phasing will depend not only on shot densities but gun size, gun clearance, formation

24
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

isotropy or anisotropy with respect to permeability. It is clear that for each shot density a number of options
regarding phasing can exist, for example, 4 shots/ft can normally be fired at 0°, 90°or 180° phasing.

Perforating gun system and perforation geometry and size:

25
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Perforating debris and the role of underbalance or overbalance Perforating

The explosive energy of a perforation creates a hole must be Removed for the perforation to be
by outward pressure. This pressure crushes the productive
cement and rock. The cement and rock are not
Destroyed in the process, but they, along with parts
of the perforation Assembly, end up inside the
perforation as shown in the Figure down. They

But in the case of perforating underbalance the be done (underbalance) to prevent perforation
debris and Perforation become clean due to suction plugging but but some technique it must be
action. So The perforation operation is preferred to followed by overbalance to prevent kick action

26
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Perforation Damage Removal

There are a number of ways of removing this damage. Flowing the well after perforating will create a
drawdown on all the perforations. This will flow some of the debris from some of the perforations. However,
as soon as a few of the perforations clean up, the drawdown on the remaining perforations reduces and these
do not then clean up.

It is common for only 10–25% of perforations to contribute to the flow. Where the formation is weak and sand
production prone, this might not matter as these plugged perforations can clean up over time as the
formation plastically deforms as stresses increase.

There are a number of different recommendations as to the optimum underbalance.

King et al. Method (1986) : One of the earliest recommendations, the basis of assessing the adequacy of the
underbalance was whether acidization subsequently improved productivity by more than 10%.

27
Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Tariq (1990)
Analyzed the dataset further and fitting the data to a model of drag loads on particles determined the
optimum underbalance as a function of permeability for both oil and gas wells

𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝜟𝑷 = 𝟎.𝟑𝟕 (𝑶𝑰𝑳 𝑾𝑬𝑳𝑳𝑺)
𝑲

𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝜟𝑷 = 𝟎.𝟒 (𝑮𝑨𝑺 𝑾𝑬𝑳𝑳𝑺)
𝑲
Behrmann (1996)
The dataset was based on a relatively narrow range of permeabilities mainly covering 100–200 md.

𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟎∅𝑫𝟎.𝟑
𝜟𝑷 = 𝟏⁄
𝑲 𝟐
Behrman for lower perm (less than 100 md):

𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟎∅𝑫𝟎.𝟑
𝜟𝑷 = 𝟏⁄
𝑲 𝟑
Where phi is the porosity (%); D, the perforation diameter (in.); k, the permeability (md).

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Optimum Underbalance from Behrmann’s Criteria:

Obtaining the required underbalance can be achieved by displacing to a lightweight fluid

prior to perforating.

A number of techniques can be used to achieve this.

1. For perforating on tubing or on drillpipe, the tubing contents can be forward circulated to oil or nitrogen
prior to setting a packer.

2. Slickline can be used to remove fluid (swabbing). This technique has stood the test of time. It requires wash
cups deployed on slickline to lift a column of liquid out of the well. To prevent the possibility of reaching too
deep and trying to lift too much fluid, a pressure relief valve is incorporated to bypass the wash cups. It can be
time-consuming, but is often quicker than rigging up coiled tubing.

3. Coiled tubing can be used to displace the tubing to nitrogen. This process is not efficient – especially if the
displacement is deep. Similarly, if a gas lift completion is deployed, this can be used to remove much of the
liquid, by displacing nitrogen down the annulus.

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

1.perforating only strong interval

Heterogeneous interval with the weakest sands at the top and some slightly stronger intervals. These
intervals could be left unperforated but allow production from these intervals to enter via the stronger rocks. In
some cases, this strategy can be made to work (thin discrete weak intervals surrounded and connected by
stronger rock). Where high-permeability zones are likely to act as thief zones in water flooded reservoirs, there
might alsobe an advantage in leaving these intervals unperforated

There are some further disadvantages with selective perforating for sand control:

1. The weakest sands are generally the most productive, thus productivity will bed.
2. lowered
3. Lowering prod uctivity will increase drawdowns, exacerbating the sa nd production potential.
4. Turbulence and rate-dependent skin will increase as production is forced through lower permea bility
intervals.
5. There is no guarantee that the stronger intervals are physically connected to the more productive
intervals.
6. Thin, but weak intervals, may be missing from the strength log and there foreinadvertentl y perforated.

Cased hole gravel packing

Cased whole gravel packs use similar tools to open hole gravel packs. The rates are also similar. It is desirable
to be able to squeeze and circulate. Pure circulation will lead to the perforations not being packed.
Squeezing can be achieved by restricting the return Flow, for example, by closing the BOPs. Post— gravel pack
analysis seerns to indicate that, for the majority of cased hole gravel packs, the performance (skin factor and
non- Darcy flow component) can be best matched by linear flow Through non-collapsed perforations, but with
only50—90% of the perforations contributing . The permeability of gravel in the tunnels is also less than that of
clean gravel.

Cased hole gravel pack open perforation Cased hole gravel pack collapsed perforation.

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Example of flow efficiency for a cased hole gravel pack.

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Completion Equipments

Choke:
Constriction in the flow line useful in restricting flow and applying back pressure on the well. It is used to
apply back pressure on the well. The working principle of the choke is based on the critical flow rate achieved
when,

Pup = Pdn
Where,

• Pup = is the upstream pressure.

• Pdn = is the down stream pressure

Types of choke

Surface choke
Used in high energy well producing oil and gas from high pressure formation.

Flow Plug (Fixed):A thick walled removable steel niipples bored longitudinally to provide side of flow opening
desired.

Shaffer adjustable surface bean :provide high degree of accuracy in pressure control by changing clearance
between a needle and its seat.

Subsrface (bottom) choke (fixed):

Used in low energy wells , Producing low pressure as rapid expansion of gas will occur after fluid pass
Choke providing higher flow velocity in lower end of flow column.

Design of chokes:

Q=a* d^b *P /Rp *C

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Where

• Q=flow rate ,STB/day

• P=THP ,psi
• R=Gas liquid ratio, SCF/STB
• a=0.612 b=1.62 c=0.677
• D= Choke size/64(in)

Tree and Tubing Hanger

The purposes of the Christmas tree are to -provide the primary method of closing in a well;

-connect a flow line;

-provide vertical access for well interventions whilst the well is live; -interface with the tubing hanger;

-connect or interface the tree to the wellhead.

Typical vertical and horizontal tree valve configurations.

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Subsrface safety valves

Subsurface safety valves are fail-safe valves that are designed to prevent an uncontrolled

release of hydrocarbons from the well if something catastrophic occurs at surface.

Events that could lead to the required closure of a downhole safety valve include:

1. A major platform incident such as an explosion or hurricane that could cripple a

2. Christmas tree.
3. An impact with the tree, for example, a heavy truck colliding with a land well, a
4. dropped BOP or a submarine colliding with a subsea tree.
5. Loss of integrity of the tree through structural failure, corrosion, fatigue, improper
6. use, incorrect design or installation or poor maintenance.
7. Terrorist or act of war, for example, invasion and deliberate torching of Kuwaiti wells.
8. Stealing of the Christmas tree for scrap or ransom

* They are normally hydraulically controlled, although electric

versions exist.

Because they are a backup system to the tree and designed to fail
close, they should not

be tied into the facility shut-down system.

A typical configuration of a tubing retrievable downhole safety valve

is shown in the figure. Some older designs use ball valves instead of
flappers, but the simplicity of flapper systems means that ball valve
designs are now rare (they are still used in deployment valves where
being able to pressure test from above is useful).

Almost all flapper valves are pump through which is useful if the
valve fails and a hydraulic kill is required.

Packers
Production packers are an integral part of the completion process
of an oil or a gas well. These are devices that seal the tubing to
casing annulus and force the produced fluids from the wellbore into

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

the completion tubing. Production packers consist of “Slips” that prevent packer movement and a “Sealing
Element” that provide the sealing cushioning. There are various types of production packers available out of
which prominent ones are:

• Permanent Packers
• Retrievable Packers
• Hydraulic Set Packers (also called as Mechanical Set Packers)

Other uses of production packer apart from providing sealing between tubing and casing are:

• Prevent downhole movement of the tubing string.

• Supports tubing weight.
• Helps in improving production and well flow rate.
• Prevents the metal annular casing from corrosion.
• Limit well control to the tubing at the surface for safety purposes
• Isolate gravel and sand (gravel packer and sump packer)

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Packer configuration

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

5.5 Artificial lift

Artificial lift system is only a method of adding energy to the system; thereafter the produced fluids still have to
"flow" out of the well to the separator, and are therefore subject to the same pressure losses as a flowing well.
Evaluation of these losses is particularly important for high-rate lift systems.

Artificial Lift:

Introduction
Artificial lift is required when a well will no longer flow or when the production rate is too Low to be
economic.

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Effect of artificial lift

Artificial Lift Techniques:

Rod Pumps
A downhole plunger is moved up and down by a rod connected
to an engine at the surface.

The plunger movement displaces produced fluid into the tubing

via a pump consisting of suitably arranged travelling and
standing valves mounted in a pump barrel.

Sucker Rod pump

Gas Lift
Involves the supply of high pressure gas to the casing/tubing
annulus and its injection into the tubing deep in the well.

The increased gas content of the produced fluid reduces the

average flowing density of the fluids (oil) in the tubing ,its
expansion helps in production of oil ,and leads to reducethe
bottom hole pressure , hence increasing the formation
drawdown and inflow from the reservoir.

Gas lift
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Electric Submersible Pump (ESP)

Employs a downhole centrifugal pump driven by a three
phase, electric motor supplied with electric power via a cable
run from the surface on the outside of the tubing.

Hydraulic Pumps
Use a high-pressure power fluid to

• Drive a downhole turbine pump

• Flow through a venturi or jet, creating a low-
pressure area which produces an increased
drawdown and inflow from the reservoir.

There are two types:

• Jet pump
• Piston pump

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Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP)

-Employs a helical, metal rotor rotating inside an elastomeric, double
helical stator helical stator. The rotating action is supplied by
downhole electric motor or by rotating rods.

Plunger pump
It removes liquids from the wellbore in gas or oil wells, it is a length of
steel dropped down the tubing to bottom of the well and shut in the
well until the liquid pressure removes and travel the steel back to
surface.

It consists of:

• Shut in period
• Flow period

Selection of Artificial Lift Criteria

There are many factors that influence which are is the preferred form of artificial lift:

• Well and Reservoir Characteristics

• Field Location
• Operational Problems
• Economics

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

5.2.6.4. Implementation of Artificial Lift Selection Techniques:

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Electric Submersible Pumps (ESPs)

Principle

ESPs are pumps made of dynamic pump stages or

centrifugal pump stages. The electric motor connects
directly to the centrifugal pump module. This means that
the electric motor shaft connects directly to the pump
shaft. Thus, the pump rotates at the same speed as the
electric motor.

Components
• Subsurface Components
✓ Pump
✓ Motor
✓ Seal electric cable
✓ Gas separator
• Surface Components

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✓ Motor controller (or variable speed controller)

✓ Transformer
✓ Surface electric cable

Frequency Drive (VFD)

A VFD allows the speed of the electric motor to be altered e.g. starting the pump using the
“nameplate” design frequency of 50Hz (Europe) or 60Hz (North America) results in high
instantaneous electric motor currents since the power developed by the pump is proportional to
the frequency.

The vent box

Separates the surface cable from the downhole cable. This ensures that any gas, which travels up
the downhole cable, does not reach the electrical switchgear.

The downhole cable

It is banded to the tubing at regular intervals. Additional protection is supplied by cable
protectors which are installed at critical points to prevent damage while the completion is being
run into the hole. A “flat pack” cable shape is employed across the larger diameter completion
components to minimize total width.

The pump unit

The pump unit consists of a stacked series of rotating
centrifugal impellers running on a central drive shaft inside a
stack of stationary diffusers, i.e. it is essentially a series of
small turbines. The pressure increase is proportional to the
number of stages while the pump capacity (volume) increases
as the diameter of the impeller increases.

pump unit

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Rotary gas separator

-If gas fractions higher than 20%. This consists of a centrifugal device, which separates the lower
density, gaseous phase from the denser liquid phase.
The latter is concentrated at the center of the device and enters the pump suction while the
lighter; gas phase is directed towards the casing/tubing annulus where gas is vented/gathered at
surface.

The Protector or Seal unit

-Connects the drive shaft of the electric motor to the pump or gas separator shaft.

The Electric Motor

It is powered by three phase alternating current supplied by the cable connected to the motor at
the pothead.

A downhole flow meter

data transmitted to surface via the power cable.

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Monitoring the Performance of Electric Submersible Pumps

Prior to the implementation of automated SCADA (Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition) systems, the monitoring of ESP
performance was limited to a surface measurement of the
current supplied to the pump by (AMP Chart) along with an
infrequent (possibly monthly) well test.

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

The following procedure can be used for selecting an ESP:

ESP SELECTION AND DESIGN :

STEP 1:
Starting from well inflow performance relationship (IPR),determine a desirable liquid
production rate (Qld).then select a pump size from the manufacturer’s specification that
has a minimum delivering flow rate(Qlp) that is Qlp > Qld

STEP 2 :
From the IPR, determine flowing bottom hole pressure (Pwf) at the pump delivering flow
rate (Qlp)

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

STEP 3:
Calculate the minimum pump depth

𝑷𝒘𝒇 − 𝑷𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑫𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝑫 −
𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟑 ∗ ɣ𝑳
Where
• Dpump=minimum pump depth, ft
• Pwf=flowing bottom hole pressure, psia
• Psuction=required suction pressure of pump,psia
• ɣL=specific gravity of production fluid

STEP 4:
Determine the required pump discharge pressure, based on wellhead pressure, tubing
size, flowrate, and fluid properties. This is can be done by(pressure traverse curve).

The pipe friction loss (∆Pf) at the desired well production is given by:

Where f is the moody friction factor, v is the fluid velocity and g the acceleration due to
gravity.

𝐋 𝐕𝟐
∆𝑃𝑓 = 𝑓𝜌𝑓
𝑫 𝟐𝒈

𝟓.𝟔𝟏𝟓∗𝑸∗𝟒
v=
𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎∗𝛑∗𝐝𝟐
And then required pumping head by eq:

𝜟𝒑
𝒉=
𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
STEP 5 :

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the pump intake pressure (PIn):

- The Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure and the pump intake pressure (PIn) are the same and can be
calculated from:

𝐐
𝑃𝐼𝑛 = 𝑃𝑟 −
𝑷𝑰
It is essential that {P - PIN} > 50 psi to ensure select there is a minimum height of fluid above the
pump section so that it doesn't "run dry".

STEP 6 :
Determine the number of pump stages (N)

𝐏𝐝 − 𝐏𝐢𝐧
𝑁=
𝟎.𝟒𝟑𝟑∗𝛄𝐇

STEP 7:
From the manufacturer’s pump characteristics curve, read pump head per stage by the
number of stages.

Pump Characteristics

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

and Determine the total horse power required for the pump by multiplying the power per
stage by the number of stages and Determine the Pump efficiency

STEP 1:
Entering Well and Reservoir data

STEP 2:
The desired liquid production rate=900 bbl/day
From IPR Relationship:
You must calculate Pwf for deliver 900 bbl/day

𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝑷𝒓(√𝟖𝟏 − 𝟖𝟎(𝑸𝑳𝒅𝒆𝒔/𝑸𝑳𝒎𝒂𝒙) − 𝟏)

𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟑. 𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊
STEP 3:
The minimum pump depth is:

𝑷𝒘𝒇 − 𝑷𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑫𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝑫 −
𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟑 ∗ ɣ𝑳
• Where:
• P suction=required suction pressure of pump,150 -300 psi
• D=depth of production interval, ft
Use pump at depth ft

STEP 4:

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Enter desired liquid rate and pump depth

STEP 5 and 6:
Select a suitable pump like, (CENTRILIFT P18) and determine discharge pressure

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

CENTRILIFT P18 ESP

PUMP WELL
PERFORMANCE

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

STEP 7:
Determine the total horse power required for the pump by multiplying the power per
stage by the number of stages and Determine the Pump efficiency

PPUMP PARAMETERS

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

flowrate Head Efficiency Power

bbl/day ft % hp
0.97222 6227.054 0.07788194 54.98789
99.83694 6108.176 7.825495 55.12488
198.7017 5975.544 15.20332 55.24554
297.5664 5833.985 22.16362 55.40706
396.4311 5687.441 28.65875 55.65242
495.2958 5539.023 34.64786 56.0116
594.1605 5391.072 40.10202 56.50272
693.0252 5245.218 45.00705 57.13322
791.89 5102.436 49.36424 57.90107
890.7547 4963.107 53.18892 58.79592
989.6194 4827.073 56.50743 59.80028
1088.484 4693.702 59.35311 60.89068
1187.349 4561.938 61.76185 62.0389
1286.214 4430.367 63.76795 63.21309
1385.078 4297.269 65.40027 64.37897
1483.943 4160.684 66.67921 65.50103
1582.808 4018.461 67.61422 66.54364
1681.672 3868.327 68.20176 67.47232
1780.537 3707.937 68.4237 68.25484
1879.402 3534.936 68.24573 68.86242
1978.267 3347.017 67.61582 69.27093
2077.131 3141.981 66.46249 69.46204
2175.996 2917.793 64.69298 69.42439
2274.861 2672.642 62.19132 69.15481
2373.725 2404.998 58.81681 68.65946
2472.59 2113.673 54.4033 67.95499
2571.455 1797.877 48.76056 67.06979
2670.32 1457.279 41.67947 66.04508
2769.184 1092.062 32.94347 64.93614
3046.184 1.93983 0.0676478 61.79068

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PUMP CHARACTERSTICS CURVE

After adding the pump, plot the IPR and VLP curve

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

QL Pwf QL2 Pwf2

inflow inflow outflow outflow
2075.087 12.78112
20.75087 1071.118 2075.087 1064.553
1352.133 514.1814 2.075087 239.7121
686.4419 793.5819 1352.133 514.1814
353.5964 931.0393 542.0982 100.4446
1713.61 320.2415 866.1121 253.7057
187.1736 1001.094 1641.315 690.4315
1894.349 193.232 218.0843 22.94177
1019.287 660.4842 1814.824 817.4437
520.0191 861.6757 88.47879 15.41923
1984.718 114.3749 36.63657 31.66842
103.9622 1036.16 15.89968 165.5262
1532.871 422.6836 1060.52 356.3737
852.8646 726.9124 24.19443 76.33941
1185.71 590.0552 671.7038 156.3942
270.385 966.0488 347.6899 42.67349
2029.903 69.44698 1918.929 905.8107
1803.979 261.3026 19.21758 125.2217
436.8078 896.2156 1177.165 417.3585
62.35656 1053.682 1467.806 580.5575
603.2305 827.4325 7.604924 240.3302
1623.241 373.1235 10.92283 232.7325
769.6533 760.0723 12.91357 204.4536
145.5679 1018.626 749.4671 194.3804
1939.533 155.2647 943.8754 294.5588
1442.502 469.6021 425.4532 61.55491
936.076 694.0539 1981.392 963.8729
228.7793 983.5669 1710.718 738.6246
1102.499 625.8552 1537.209 622.6643
1268.922 552.9495 1247.152 455.8552
21.20832 102.4757

INFLOW and OUTFLOW after using CENTRILIFT FS1200 ESP PUMP

Run inflow and outflow with changing frequency 40hz,50hz,60hz in outflow sensitivity

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Opreating point Liquid stock tank, Pressure ,psig

bbl/d
FREQ=40hz,ps=1310
FREQ=50hz,ps=1310 690.58 1019.84
FREQ=60hz,ps=1310 1343.42 720.72
FREQ=40hz,ps=1000
FREQ=50hz,ps=1000 333.42 853.64
FREQ=60hz,ps=1000 971.11 494.53
FREQ=40hz,ps=800
FREQ=50hz,ps=800 88.27 762.11
FREQ=60hz,ps=800 766.32 380.03

STEP 1 : Entering Well and Reservoir data

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

WELL AND RESERVOIR DATA BM97H

RESERVOIR PRESSURE 1250 psi
WELLHEAD PRESSURE 400
TOTAL DEPTH 8700 ft
DESIRED LIQUID PRODUCTION RATE 600 stb.bbl/day

CASING ID 6 in

TUBING ID 2.441 in

STEP 2:
The desired liquid production rate=600 bbl/day
From IPR Relationship:
You must calculate Pwf for deliver 600 bbl/day

𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝑷𝒓(√𝟖𝟏 − 𝟖𝟎(𝑸𝑳𝒅𝒆𝒔/𝑸𝑳𝒎𝒂𝒙) − 𝟏)

𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝟖𝟎𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊

STEP 3:
The minimum pump depth is:

𝑷𝒘𝒇 − 𝑷𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑫𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝑫 −
𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟑 ∗ ɣ𝑳

Where:
• P suction=required suction pressure of pump,150 -300 psi
• D=depth of production interval, ft

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Use pump at depth 7600 ft

STEP 4:
Enter desired liquid rate and pump depth

XPC D700 EZ ESP PUMP WELL PERFORMANCE

STEP 5 and 6:
Select a suitable pump like, (XPC D700 EZ) and determine discharge pressure

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XPC D700 EZ
ESP PUMP
WELL
PERFORMANCE

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STEP 7:
Determine the total horse power required for the pump by multiplying the power per
stage by the number of stages and Determine the Pump efficiency

PUMP PARAMETERS
Flowrate Head Efficiency Power
bbl/day ft % hp
0.97222 6750.684 0.1647865 28.15068
40.79972 6803.435 6.930327 28.30934
80.62721 6854.711 13.54635 28.83676
120.4547 6899.757 19.76993 29.71328
160.2822 6934.736 25.42528 30.89922
200.1097 6956.578 30.42376 32.34066
239.9372 6962.847 34.75585 33.97462
279.7647 6951.616 38.46795 35.73367
319.5922 6921.35 41.63654 37.55004
359.4197 6870.81 44.34682 39.35912
399.2472 6798.961 46.67831 41.10242
439.0747 6704.892 48.69626 42.72998
478.9022 6587.752 50.44733 44.2022
518.7297 6446.69 51.9576 45.49115
558.5572 6280.819 53.23173 46.58128
598.3846 6089.177 54.25273 47.4696
638.2121 5870.71 54.98189 48.16529
678.0396 5624.263 55.35923 48.68876
717.8671 5348.58 55.30484 49.07016
757.6946 5042.321 54.72167 49.3473
797.5221 4704.086 53.50054 49.56304
837.3496 4332.457 51.52763 49.76213
877.1771 3926.037 48.69436 49.98746
917.0046 3483.521 44.90856 50.27579
956.8321 3003.763 40.10471 50.65289
996.6596 2485.86 34.25009 51.12812
1036.487 1929.245 27.34358 51.68851
1076.315 1333.801 19.404 52.29222
1116.142 699.9701 10.4462 52.86143
1157.561 2.072283 0.0318152 53.29128

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PUMP CHARACTERSTICS CURVE

After adding the pump, plot the IPR and VLP curve
QL Pwf QL2 Pwf2
Inflow inflow outflow outflow
913.9015 12.29107 814.2133 1434.383
9.139015 1195.319 0.8142133 796.4343
599.0364 641.9218 599.0364 641.9218
304.0877 947.0268 240.1031 166.9638
156.6134 1072.499 96.52977 206.2454
756.469 418.4727 39.10044 294.0268
835.1852 265.7067 16.1287 460.1129
82.87619 1133.912 6.940009 717.4418
451.5621 806.5576 685.1072 901.5013
874.5433 164.0063 383.6764 248.0007
230.3505 1011.133 10.61549 596.2513
46.0076 1164.617 469.8204 359.5612
677.7527 538.8273 736.7496 1087.947
377.8249 879.095 521.5068 456.4188
894.2224 99.36612 767.7351 1219.993
525.2993 728.0404 25.3174 359.0129
119.7448 1103.201 12.82077 529.7746
795.8271 348.0639 8.4102 668.2546

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193.482 1041.94 153.9591 175.5064

27.57331 1179.969 297.5324 184.2715
267.2191 979.518 633.4647 739.0559
904.0619 60.87159 3.264531 793.543
717.1108 481.3714 4.734722 787.7724
854.8643 218.1337 552.5187 525.3407
64.4419 1149.265 19.80418 408.5867
340.9563 913.5822 5.616837 762.2667
638.3946 592.063 786.3263 1301.473
414.6935 843.4612 62.07217 244.2424
101.3105 1118.558 418.134 285.389
488.4307 768.1923 9.292314 639.2947

INFLOW and OUTFLOW after using XPC D700 EZ

Run inflow and outflow with changing frequency 40hz,50hz,60hz in outflow sensitivity

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Opreating point Liquid stock tank, bbl/d Pressure ,psig

freq=40hz,ps=1250
freq=50hz,ps=1250 238.86 1050.39
freq=60hz,ps=1250 599.02 684.58
freq=40hz,ps=1000
freq=50hz,ps=1000
freq=60hz,ps=1000 499.25 499.04
freq=40hz,ps=700
freq=50hz,ps=700
freq=60hz,ps=700 373.29 273.34

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Separation Systems

10.1 Introduction
Oil and gas produced from wells are normally complex mixtures of hundreds of different compounds. A typical well
stream is a turbulent mixture of oil, gas, water, and sometimes solid particles. The well stream should be processed as
soon as possible after bringing it to the surface. Field separation processes fall into two categories:

1) separation of oil, water, and gas; and

2) dehydration
That removes condensable water vapor and other undesirable compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide.
Composition of the fluid mixture and pressure determine what type and size of separator are required.

10.2.1 Principles of Separation

Separators work on the basis of gravity segregation and/or centrifugal segregation. A separator is normally constructed
in such a way that it has the following features:

1) It has a centrifugal inlet device where the primary separation of the liquid and gas is made.
2) It provides a large settling section of sufficient height or length to allow liquid droplets to settle out of the gas
stream with adequate surge room for slugs of liquid.
3) It is equipped with a mist extractor or eliminator near the gas outlet to coalesce small particles of liquid that do
not settle out by gravity.
4) It allows adequate controls consisting of level control, liquid dump valve, gas backpressure valve, safety relief
valve, pressure gauge, gauge glass, instrument gas regulator, and piping.

10.2.2 Types of Separators

Three types of separators are generally available from
manufacturers: vertical, horizontal, and spherical separators.
Horizontal separators are further classified into two categories:
single tube and double tube. Each type of separator has specific
advantages and limitations. Selection of separator type is based on
several factors including characteristics of production steam to be
treated, floor space availability at the facility site, transportation, and
cost.

10.2.2.1 Vertical Separators

Figure 10.1 shows a vertical separator. The inlet diverter baffle is a
centrifugal inlet device making the incoming stream spin around.
This action forces the liquid droplets to stay together and fall to the

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bottom of the separator along the separator wall due to gravity. Sufficient surge room is available in the settling section
of the vertical separator to handle slugs of liquid without carryover to the gas outlet. A mist eliminator or extractor near
the gas outlet allows the entrained liquid in the gas to be almost eliminated.

Vertical separators are often used to treat low to intermediate gas–oil ratio well streams and streams with relatively
large slugs of liquid. They handle greater slugs of liquid without carryover to the gas outlet, and the action of the liquid
level control is not as critical.

0.2.2.2 Horizontal Separators

Figure 10.2 presents a sketch of a horizontal separator. In horizontal separators, gas flows horizontally while liquid
droplets fall toward the liquid surface. The moisture gas flows in the baffle surface and forms a liquid film that is drained
away to the liquid section of the separator. The baffles need to be longer than the distance of liquid trajectory travel.
The liquid-level control placement is more critical in a horizontal separator than in a vertical separator because of
limited surge space.

Horizontal separators are usually the first choice because of their low costs. They are almost widely used for high gas–oil
ratio well streams, foaming well streams, or liquid-from-liquid separation. They have much greater gas–liquid interface
because of a large, long, baffled gas separation section. Horizontal separators are easier to skid-mount and service and
require less piping for field connections. Individual separators can be stacked easily into stage-separation assemblies to
minimize space requirements

Horizontal separators are further classified into two categories:

• single tube and
• double tube.

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10.2.2.3 Spherical Separators

A spherical separator is shown in Fig. 10.5. Spherical separators offer an inexpensive and compact means of separation
arrangement. Because of their compact configurations, this type of separator has a very limited surge space and liquid
settling section. Also, the placement and action of the liquid-level control in this type of separator is very critical.

10.2.3 Factors Affecting Separation.

Separation efficiency is dominated by separator size. For a given separator, factors that affect separation of
liquid and gas phases include separator operating pressure, separator operating temperature, and fluid stream
composition. Changes in any of these factors will change the amount of gas and liquid leaving the separator.

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An increase in operating pressure or a decrease in operating temperature generally increases the liquid
covered in a separator.

10.2.4 Selection of Separators

Petroleum engineers normally do not perform detailed designing of separators but carry out selection of separators
suitable for their operations from manufacturers’ product catalogs. This section addresses how to determine separator
specifications based on well stream conditions. The specifications are used for separator selections.

10.2.4.1 Gas Capacity

The following empirical equations proposed by Souders– Brown are widely used for calculating gas capacity of oil/gas
separators:

𝑷𝑳 −𝝆𝒈
𝒗 = 𝒌√ (10:1)
𝒑𝒈

and q=A𝒗 (10:2)

where
• A = total cross-sectional area of separator, ft2
• 𝑣 = superficial gas velocity based on total cross-sectional area A, ft/sec
• q = gas flow rate at operating conditions, ft3/sec
• 𝑃𝐿 = density of liquid at operating conditions, lbm/ft3
• 𝜌𝑔 = density of gas at operating conditions, lbm/ft3
• K = empirical factor
Table 10.1 presents K values for various types of separators. Also listed in the table are K values used for other
designs such as mist eliminators and trayed towers in dehydration or gas sweetening units.

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Substituting Eq. (10.1) into Eq. (10.2) and applying real gas law gives:

𝑫𝟐 𝒌𝒑 𝑷𝑳 − 𝝆𝒈
𝒒𝑺𝒕 = 𝒌√
𝒛(𝑻 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎) 𝒑𝒈
Where :
• qst = gas capacity at standard conditions, MMscfd
• D = internal diameter of vessel, ft
• p = operation pressure, psia
• T = operating temperature, °F
• z = gas compressibility factor

It should be noted that Eq. (10.3) is empirical. Height differences in vertical separators and length differences in
horizontal separators are not considered. Field experience has indicated that additional gas capacity can be obtained by
increasing height of vertical separators and length of horizontal separators.

10.2.4.2 Liquid Capacity

Retention time of the liquid within the vessel determines liquid capacity of a separator. Adequate separation requires
sufficient time to obtain an equilibrium condition between the liquid and gas phase at the temperature and pressure of
separation. The liquid capacity of a separator relates to the retention time through the settling volume:

𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝑽𝑳
𝒒𝑳 =
𝒕
Where

• 𝑞𝐿 = liquid capacity, bbl/day

• 𝑉𝐿 = liquid settling volume, bbl
• t = retention time, min

Table10.2 presents t values for various types of separators tested in fields. It is shown that temperature has a strong
impact on three-phase separations at low pressures.

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Proper sizing of a separator requires the use of both Eq. (10.3) for gas capacity and Eq. (10.4) for liquid
capacity. Experience shows that for high-pressure separators used for treating high gas/oil ratio well streams,
the gas capacity is usually the controlling factor for separator selection. However, the reverse may be true for
low-pressure separators used on well streams with low gas/oil ratios.

Stage separation
Stage separation is a process in which hydrocarbon mixtures are separated into vapor and liquid phases by multiple
equilibrium flashes at consecutively lower pressures. A two-stage separation requires one separator and a storage tank,
and a three-stage separation requires two separators and a storage tank. The storage tank is always counted as the final
stage of vapor/liquid separation. Stage separation reduces the pressure a little at a time, in steps or stages, resulting in a
more stable stock-tank liquid. Usually a stable stock-tank liquid can be obtained by a stage separation of not more than
four stages.

10.3 Dehydration System

All natural gas downstream from the separators still contain water vapor to some degree. Water vapor is
probably the most common undesirable impurity found in the untreated natural gas. The main reason for
removing water vapor from natural gas is that water vapor becomes liquid water under low-temperature
and/or high-pressure conditions. Specifically, water content can affect long distance transmission of natural
gas because of the following fact:
1) Liquid water and natural gas can form hydrates that may plug the pipeline and other equipment.
2) Natural gas containing CO2 and/or H2S is corrosive when liquid water is present
3) Liquid water in a natural gas pipeline potentially causes slugging flow conditions resulting in lower
flow efficiency of the pipeline.
4) Water content decreases the heating value of natural gas being transported.

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Dehydration systems are designed for further separating water vapor from natural gas before the gas is
transported by pipeline.

10.3.2.1 Dehydration by Cooling

The ability of natural gas to contain water vapor decreases as the temperature is lowered at constant pressure. During
the cooling process, the excess water in the vapor state becomes liquid and is removed from the system. Natural gas
containing less water vapor at low temperature is output from the cooling unit. The gas dehydrated by cooling is still at
its water dew point unless the temperature is raised again or the pressure is decreased. Cooling for the purpose of gas
dehydration is sometimes economical if the gas temperature is unusually high. It is often a good practice that cooling is
used in conjunction with other dehydration processes.
Gas compressors can be used partially as dehydrators. Because the saturation water content of gases decreases at
higher pressure, some water is condensed and removed from gas at compressor stations by the compressor discharge
coolers.

10.3.2.2 Dehydration by Adsorption

‘‘Adsorption’’ is defined as the ability of a substance to hold gases or liquids on its surface. In adsorption dehydration,
the water vapor from the gas is concentrated and held at the surface of the solid desiccant by forces caused by residual
valiancy. Solid desiccants have very large surface areas per unit weight to take advantage of these surface forces. The
most common solid adsorbents used today are silica, alumina, and certain silicates known as molecular sieves.

10.3.2.3 Dehydration by Absorption

Water vapor is removed from the gas by intimate contact with a hygroscopic liquid desiccant in absorption dehydration.
The contacting is usually achieved in packed or trayed towers. Glycols have been widely used as effective liquid
desiccants. Dehydration by absorption with glycol is usually economically more attractive than dehydration by solid
desiccant when both processes are capable of meeting the required dew point.

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Flash Calculation and design:

-Based on the composition of well stream fluid, the quality of products from each stage of
separation can be predicted by flash calculations, assuming phase equilibriums are reached in
the separators. This requires the knowledge of equilibrium ratio defined as:

𝒀𝒊
Ki =
𝒙𝒊
Where:
• Ki liquid/vapor equilibrium ratio of compound i
• Yi mole fraction of compound i in the vapor phase
• Xi mole fraction of compound i in the liquid phase

- For pressures lower than 1,000 psia, a set of equations presented by Standing (1979)
provides an easy and accurate means of determining ki values.
-According to Standing, ki can be calculated by:

Where:
• Pc. Critical pressure, psia
• Tb. Boiling point, ºR
• Tc. Critical temperature, ºR

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-Consider 1 mole of fed-in fluid and the following equation holds true on the basis of mass
balance:

Where:
• nL number of moles of fluid in the liquid phase.
• nv number of moles of fluid in the vapor phase.

-For compound (i).

Where (Zi) is the mole fraction of compound i in the fed-in fluid.

Which yields:

Mass balance applied to the previous equation requires:

Where (Nc) is the number of compounds in the fluid.

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Mass balance applied to previous equation requires:

-which can be rearranged to obtain:

-If the values of (Ki) are known, the previous equation can be used to solve for the number of
moles of fluid in the vapor phase. Then (Xi) and (Yi) can be calculated.
-The apparent molecular weights of liquid phase (MWaL) and vapor phase (MWaV) can be
calculated by:

Where (MWi) is the molecular weight of compound (i).

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-With the apparent molecular weight of the vapor phase known the specific gravity of the
vapor phase can be determined, and the density of the vapor phase in (lbm/ft3) can be
calculated by the following equation:

The liquid phase density in (lbm/ft3) can be estimated by Standing's method:

Where:
• γo Specific gravity of stock-tank oil, water =1.
• γg Specific gravity of solution gas, air =1.
• Rs gas solubility of the oil, SCF/STB.

-Then the volumes of vapor and liquid phases can be calculated by:

Where:
• (VVsc). volume of vapor phase under standard condition, SCF.
• (R). gas constant, 10.73 ft3 -psia/lb mol-R. (Tsc). Standard temperature, 520 oR.
• (Psc). standard pressure, 14.7 psia. (VL). volume of liquid phase, ft3.

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-Finally, the gas–oil ratio (GOR) in the separator can be calculated by:

Design procedure:
Given data:

Component mole % Mwi yi*Mwi Pci yi*Pci Tpci R yi*Tpci

N2 0.0113 28.0135 0.316553 492.5 5.56525 227.47 2.570411

Co2 0.0024 44.01 0.105624 1070 2.568 547.76 1.314624

C1 0.1122 16.042 1.799912 667 74.8374 343.34 38.52275

C2 0.2034 30.069 6.116035 706.6 143.72244 549.92 111.8537

C3 0.2113 44.096 9.317485 615.5 130.05515 665.92 140.7089

i-C4 0.0502 58.122 2.917724 527.9 26.50058 734.41 36.86738

N-C4 0.0927 58.122 5.387909 550.9 51.06843 765.55 70.96649

i-C5 0.0289 72.149 2.085106 490.4 14.17256 829 23.9581

N-C5 0.0322 72.149 2.323198 488.8 15.73936 845.5 27.2251

C6 0.0361 86.175 3.110918 436.9 15.77209 913.8 32.98818

C7+ 0.2193 100.202 21.9743 396.8 87.01824 972.9 213.357

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First assumption of T=100of

A.1) Assume pressure=150psi

a 1.267534

c 0.863713

nl 0.613471

Component Tb oR bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi

N2 139.6 551.1427 2.96383 44.80638 0.000630144 0.028234 0.017653 0.790946
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.934268 5.782217 0.000842559 0.004872 0.037081 0.214411
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.564921 20.26735 0.013282224 0.269195 0.213073 4.318433
C2 332 1409.06 1.727978 3.836352 0.097026659 0.372228 2.917495 11.19254
C3 416.27 1800.912 1.110393 1.123319 0.201686362 0.226558 8.893562 9.990306
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.689698 0.486568 0.062629134 0.030473 3.640131 1.771172
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.540106 0.361359 0.123083561 0.044477 7.153863 2.585111
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 0.140687 0.163289 0.04271438 0.006975 3.0818 0.503223
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 0.02468 0.129646 0.048524428 0.006291 3.500989 0.453889
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.44933 0.050507 0.057030571 0.00288 4.914609 0.248223
+
C7 707.59 2495.022 -0.92931 0.019444 0.353147472 0.006867 35.38608 0.688044
sum 1.000597493 0.999052

Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 69.75634
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 32.75629
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 80.41626
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.667717 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.129527 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 40.29682 lbm/ft3
Density of vapor phase: 0.825968 lbm/ft3
Volume of liquid phase: 0.189129 bbl
Volume of vapor phase: 145.2455 SCF
GOR: 767.9716 SCF/bbl

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A.2) Assume pressure=125psi

a 1.256273

c 0.868203

nl 0.564938
Component Tb R bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi
N2 139.6 551.1427 2.96383 54.0219431 0.000469507 0.025364 0.013153 0.710525
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.934268 6.897653603 0.000673053 0.004642 0.029621 0.204316
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.564921 24.33525606 0.010060728 0.24483 0.161394 3.927569
C2 332 1409.06 1.727978 4.56666394 0.079710983 0.364013 2.39683 10.94552
C3 416.27 1800.912 1.110393 1.328649277 0.184867192 0.245624 8.151904 10.83102
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.689698 0.573009437 0.06165313 0.035328 3.583403 2.053324
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.540106 0.424898194 0.123633748 0.052532 7.185841 3.053251
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 0.140687 0.191209167 0.044590085 0.008526 3.21713 0.615145
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 0.02468 0.151632061 0.051037579 0.007739 3.68231 0.558356
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.44933 0.058783533 0.061133303 0.003594 5.268162 0.309681
+
C7 707.59 2495.022 -0.92931 0.0225181 0.381567067 0.008592 38.23378 0.860952
sum 0.999396375 1.000784

Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 71.92353
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 34.06966
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 78.17687
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.674848 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.174816 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 40.73715 lbm/ft3

Density of vapor phase: 0.715904 lbm/ft3

Volume of liquid phase: 0.177636 bbl

Volume of vapor phase: 163.4827 SCF
GOR: 920.3225 SCF/bbl

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A.3) Assume pressure=100psi

a 1.245015

c 0.87265

nl 0.5148
Component Tb R bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi
N2 139.6 551.1427 2.96383 67.82684 0.000338077 0.022931 0.009471 0.642368
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.934268 8.569479 0.00051362 0.004401 0.022604 0.193708
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.564921 30.4294 0.007343343 0.223454 0.117802 3.584641
C2 332 1409.06 1.727978 5.661542 0.062358587 0.353046 1.87506 10.61573
C3 416.27 1800.912 1.110393 1.636815 0.161423047 0.26422 7.118111 11.65103
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.689698 0.702879 0.058656048 0.041228 3.409207 2.396259
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.540106 0.520401 0.120813456 0.062871 7.02192 3.654215
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 0.140687 0.233231 0.046021777 0.010734 3.320425 0.774425
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 0.02468 0.184736 0.053272972 0.009841 3.843592 0.710051
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.44933 0.07127 0.06571039 0.004683 5.662593 0.403575
C7+ 707.59 2495.022 -0.92931 0.027168 0.415355301 0.011284 41.61943 1.130699
sum 0.991806619 1.008693

Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 74.02022
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 35.75671
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 76.12592
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.681514 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.23299 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 41.15421 lbm/ft3

Density of vapor phase: 0.601083 lbm/ft3

Volume of liquid phase: 0.164902 bbl

Volume of vapor phase: 182.3231 SCF
GOR: 1105.648 SCF/bbl

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A.4) Assume pressure=75psi

a 1.233758

c 0.877053

nl 0.4382

Component Tb R bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi

N2 139.6 551.1427 2.96383 90.81004 0.000219608 0.019943 0.006152 0.558663
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.934268 11.35412 0.000352064 0.003997 0.015494 0.175924
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.564921 40.576 0.004829172 0.195948 0.07747 3.143406
C2 332 1409.06 1.727978 7.485579 0.043802238 0.327885 1.317089 9.859178
C3 416.27 1800.912 1.110393 2.150657 0.128337588 0.27601 5.659174 12.17094
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.689698 0.919601 0.052574708 0.048348 3.055747 2.810068
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.540106 0.679827 0.113031281 0.076842 6.569604 4.466196
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 0.140687 0.30345 0.04747992 0.014408 3.425629 1.039508
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 0.02468 0.240073 0.056188306 0.013489 4.05393 0.973239
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.44933 0.092175 0.073675893 0.006791 6.34902 0.585221
C7+ 707.59 2495.022 -0.92931 0.034966 0.478984445 0.016748 47.9952 1.678181
sum 0.999475223 1.000409

Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 78.52451
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 37.46052
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 72.06438
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.695112 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.291742 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 41.98656 lbm/ft3

Density of vapor phase: 0.472294 lbm/ft3

Volume of liquid phase: 0.145955 bbl

Volume of vapor phase: 211.107 SCF
GOR: 1446.389 SCF/bbl

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A.5) Assume pressure=60psi

a 1.227005

c 0.879674

nl 0.390348

Component Tb R bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi

N2 139.6 551.1427 2.96383 113.7780939 0.000161995 0.018431 0.004538 0.516329
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.934268 14.13773568 0.000266387 0.003766 0.011724 0.165746
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.564921 50.71641355 0.003583553 0.181745 0.057487 2.915552
C2 332 1409.06 1.727978 9.309174996 0.033532787 0.312163 1.008297 9.386417
C3 416.27 1800.912 1.110393 2.664638284 0.104871327 0.279444 4.624406 12.32237
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.689698 1.136485618 0.046343792 0.052669 2.693594 3.061231
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.540106 0.839404117 0.102761092 0.086258 5.97268 5.013492
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 0.140687 0.373777576 0.046746943 0.017473 3.372745 1.260657
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 0.02468 0.295505025 0.056441399 0.016679 4.07219 1.203353
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.44933 0.113133762 0.078594407 0.008892 6.772873 0.766241
+
C7 707.59 2495.022 -0.92931 0.042791986 0.526611264 0.022535 52.7675 2.258026
sum 0.999914945 1.000054

Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 81.35804
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 38.86941
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 69.72424
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.703196 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.340325 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 42.48626 lbm/ft3

Density of vapor phase: 0.392045 lbm/ft3

Volume of liquid phase: 0.133123 bbl

Volume of vapor phase: 229.0883 SCF
GOR: 1720.873 SCF/bbl

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Second assumption of T=80of

B.1) Assume pressure=150psi

a 1.267534

c 0.863713

nl 0.613966

Component Tb R bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi

N2 139.6 551.1427 2.96383 44.80638 0.000630906 0.028269 0.017674 0.791903
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.934268 5.782217 0.00084326 0.004876 0.037112 0.214589
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.564921 20.26735 0.013297221 0.269499 0.213314 4.323309
C2 332 1409.06 1.727978 3.836352 0.097091617 0.372478 2.919448 11.20003
C3 416.27 1800.912 1.110393 1.123319 0.201698102 0.226571 8.894079 9.990887
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.689698 0.486568 0.062609303 0.030464 3.638978 1.770611
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.540106 0.361359 0.123031973 0.044459 7.150864 2.584027
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 0.140687 0.163289 0.042688276 0.006971 3.079916 0.502915
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 0.02468 0.129646 0.048492977 0.006287 3.49872 0.453595
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.44933 0.050507 0.056988301 0.002878 4.910967 0.248039
C7+ 707.59 2495.022 -0.92931 0.019444 0.352871948 0.006861 35.35847 0.687508
sum 1.000243883 0.999612

Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 69.71955
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 32.76741
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 80.45539
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.667593 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.129911 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 40.71968 lbm/ft3
Density of vapor phase: 0.85685 lbm/ft3
Volume of liquid phase: 0.187217 bbl
Volume of vapor phase: 145.0596 SCF
GOR: 774.8219 SCF/bbl

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B.2) Assume pressure=125psi

a 1.245015 a 1.256273

c 0.87265 c 0.868203

nl 0.57181 nl 0.63043

Component Tb R bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi

N2 139.6 551.1427 2.927379 50.22536736 0.000588781 0.029572 0.016494 0.828408
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.814596 5.430017898 0.000910056 0.004942 0.040052 0.217481
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.511622 21.87566642 0.01287434 0.281635 0.20653 4.517985
C2 332 1409.06 1.634786 3.790440287 0.100134808 0.379555 3.010954 11.41284
C3 416.27 1800.912 0.991285 1.047129657 0.207682649 0.217471 9.157974 9.589586
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.554713 0.437488424 0.063374807 0.027726 3.683471 1.611476
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.397523 0.31951736 0.123845321 0.039571 7.198138 2.29993
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 -0.01712 0.139477063 0.042376799 0.005911 3.057444 0.426443
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 -0.13953 0.109199809 0.048003287 0.005242 3.463389 0.378201
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.63322 0.040700229 0.055928062 0.002276 4.819601 0.196159
C7+ 707.59 2495.022 -1.09433 0.016190695 0.344586981 0.005579 34.5283 0.559037
sum 1.00030589 0.999478

Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 69.18235
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 32.03755
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 81.03103
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.665785 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.104743 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 40.60278 lbm/ft3

Density of vapor phase: 0.698137 lbm/ft3

Volume of liquid phase: 0.191305 bbl

Volume of vapor phase: 138.8728 SCF
GOR: 725.9222 SCF/bbl

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B.3) Assume pressure=100psi

Component Tb R bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi

N2 139.6 551.1427 2.927379 63.03654 0.000409964 0.025843 0.011485 0.723944
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.814596 6.737862 0.000694265 0.004678 0.030555 0.205873
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.511622 27.33894 0.009138242 0.24983 0.146596 4.007771
C2 332 1409.06 1.634786 4.694733 0.07877468 0.369826 2.368676 11.1203
C3 416.27 1800.912 0.991285 1.288428 0.188072652 0.242318 8.293252 10.68526
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.554713 0.535901 0.062649948 0.033574 3.64134 1.951399
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.397523 0.390763 0.125417564 0.049009 7.28952 2.848477
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 -0.01712 0.169855 0.044838167 0.007616 3.235029 0.549486
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 -0.13953 0.132817 0.051218361 0.006803 3.695354 0.490805
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.63322 0.049253 0.060887204 0.002999 5.246955 0.258428
+
C7 707.59 2495.022 -1.09433 0.019501 0.377999178 0.007371 37.87627 0.738615
sum 1.000100223 0.999866
Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 71.83503
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 33.58036
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 78.26587
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.674562 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.157943 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 41.14969 lbm/ft3

Density of vapor phase: 0.585405 lbm/ft3

Volume of liquid phase: 0.177775 bbl

Volume of vapor phase: 160.9005 SCF
GOR: 905.0774 SCF/bbl

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B.4) Assume pressure=75psi

a 1.233758

c 0.877053

nl 0.499212
Component Tb R bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi
N2 139.6 551.1427 2.927379 84.36536 0.000264338 0.022301 0.007405 0.624727
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.814596 8.916495 0.000483434 0.004311 0.021276 0.189707
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.511622 36.43535 0.005985405 0.21808 0.096018 3.498444
C2 332 1409.06 1.634786 6.201422 0.056424611 0.349913 1.696632 10.52153
C3 416.27 1800.912 0.991285 1.690858 0.156986764 0.265442 6.922488 11.70494
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.554713 0.70018 0.059068999 0.041359 3.433208 2.403863
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.397523 0.509737 0.122865719 0.062629 7.141201 3.640136
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 -0.01712 0.22064 0.047399893 0.010458 3.419855 0.754558
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 -0.13953 0.172314 0.054995283 0.009476 3.967855 0.683717
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.63322 0.063581 0.067978216 0.004322 5.858023 0.372458
C7+ 707.59 2495.022 -1.09433 0.025056 0.428521392 0.010737 42.9387 1.075879
sum 1.000974055 0.999029

Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 75.50266
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 35.46996
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 74.73957
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.686095 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.223102 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 41.86771 lbm/ft3

Density of vapor phase: 0.46376 lbm/ft3

Volume of liquid phase: 0.160331 bbl

Volume of vapor phase: 188.1806 SCF
GOR: 1173.699 SCF/bbl

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B.5) Assume pressure=60psi

a 1.227005

c 0.879674

nl 0.389162

Component Tb R bi Fi Ki xi yi xiMWi yiMWi

N2 139.6 551.1427 2.96383 113.7780939 0.000161685 0.018396 0.004529 0.515341
Co2 350.3 1809.45 1.934268 14.13773568 0.000265927 0.00376 0.011703 0.16546
C1 201.27 805.8856 2.564921 50.71641355 0.003576819 0.181403 0.057379 2.910074
C2 332 1409.06 1.727978 9.309174996 0.033478412 0.311656 1.006662 9.371196
C3 416.27 1800.912 1.110393 2.664638284 0.104768699 0.279171 4.619881 12.31031
i-C4 470.89 2040.987 0.689698 1.136485618 0.04633687 0.052661 2.693192 3.060773
N-C4 491.1 2155.845 0.540106 0.839404117 0.102782787 0.086276 5.973941 5.014551
Ii-C5 542.1 2385.996 0.140687 0.373777576 0.046803153 0.017494 3.376801 1.262172
N-C5 556.9 2482.882 0.02468 0.295505025 0.056524156 0.016703 4.078161 1.205117
C6 615.72 2780.503 -0.44933 0.113133762 0.078774743 0.008912 6.788414 0.767999
C7+ 707.59 2495.022 -0.92931 0.042791986 0.528050352 0.022596 52.9117 2.264197
sum 1.001523604 0.999029

Results:
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase: 81.52236
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase: 38.84719
Input vapor phase z-factor: 0.99
API gravity of liquid phase: 69.59318
Specific gravity of liquid phase: 0.703654 water =1
Specific gravity of vapor phase: 1.339558 air = 1
Density of liquid phase: 42.96825 lbm/ft3

Density of vapor phase: 0.406333 lbm/ft3

Volume of liquid phase: 0.131495 bbl

Volume of vapor phase: 229.5338 SCF
GOR: 1745.567 SCF/bbl

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Final results:

@100 oF:
P(psi) GOR(SCF/bbl) API

150 767.972 80.4163

125 920.323 78.1769

100 1105.65 76.1259

75 1446.39 72.0644

60 1720.87 69.7242

@80 oF:
P(psi) GOR(SCF/bbl) API

150 774.822 80.4554

125 725.922 81.031

100 905.077 78.2659

75 1173.7 74.7396

60 1745.57 69.5932

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

GOR Vs pressure

API Vs pressure

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Production Engineering B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Or we can use liquid production rate as follows:

@100 oF:
P(psi) nl

150 0.613471397

125 0.564938374

100 0.5148

75 0.4382

60 0.390347992

@80 oF:
P(psi) nl
150 0.613966
125 0.63043
100 0.57181
75 0.499212
60 0.389162

nl Vs pressure

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Based on:
The lower the GOR, the higher the API gravity, and the higher the liquid production rate are
the optimum condition for Separator Design,
The optimum condition of separator is:

P= 125 psi
T= 80 oF

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Production Enhancement
The engineering work for sustaining and enhancing oil and gas production rates starts from identifying problems that
cause low production rates of wells, quick decline of the desirable production fluid, or rapid increase in the undesirable
fluids. For oil wells, these problems include:
• Low productivity.
• Excessive gas production.
• Excessive water production.
• Sand production
For gas wells, the problems include:

• Low productivity
• Excessive water production
• Liquid loading
• Sand production

So many techniques are used to enhance production like:

Matrix Acidizing

16.1 Introduction
Matrix acidizing is also called acid matrix treatment. It is a technique to stimulate wells for improving well inflow
performance. In the treatment, acid solution is injected into the formation to dissolve some of the minerals to recover
permeability of sandstones (removing skin) or increase permeability of carbonates near the wellbore. After a brief
introduction to acid–rock interaction, this chapter focuses on important issues on sandstone acidizing design and
carbonate acidizing design.

16.2 Acid–Rock Interaction

Minerals that are present in sandstone pores include montmorillonite (bentonite), kaolinite, calcite, dolomite, siderite,
quartz, albite (sodium feldspar), orthoclase, and others. These minerals can be either from invasion of external fluid
during drilling, cementing, and well completion or from host materials that exist in the naturally occurring rock
formations. The most commonly used acids for dissolving these minerals are hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrofluoric
acid (HF).

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16.2.1 Primary Chemical Reactions

Silicate minerals such as clays and feldspars in sandstone pores are normally removed using mixtures of HF and HCl,
whereas carbonate minerals are usually attacked with HCl. The chemical reactions are summarized in Table 16.1. The
amount of acid required to dissolve a given amount of mineral is determined by the stoichiometry of the chemical
reaction. For example, the simple reaction between HCl and CaCO3 requires that 2 mol of HCl is needed to dissolve 1
mol of CaCO3

16.2.2 Dissolving Power of Acids

A more convenient way to express reaction stoichiometry is the dissolving power. The dissolving power on a mass basis
is called gravimetric dissolving power and is defined as:

𝒗𝒎 𝑴𝒘𝒎
𝜷 = 𝒄𝒂 (16.1)
𝒗𝒂 𝑴𝒘𝒂
where:

• 𝛽 = gravimetric dissolving power of acid solution, lbm mineral/lbm solution

• 𝑐𝑎 = weight fraction of acid in the acid solution
• 𝑣𝑚 = stoichiometry number of mineral
• 𝑣𝑎 = stoichiometry number of acid
• 𝑀𝑤𝑚 = molecular weight of mineral
• 𝑀𝑤𝑎 = molecular weight of acid.

For the reaction between 15 wt% HCl solution and CaCO3, Ca = 0.15, 𝑣𝑚 =1 , 𝑣𝑎 = 2, 𝑀𝑤𝑚 = 100.1 , and 𝑀𝑤𝑎 = 36.5 Thus

𝛽 = 0.21 lbm CaCO3/lbm 15 wt% HCl solution.

𝝆𝒂
𝑿=𝜷 (16.2)
𝝆𝒎

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Where:

• X = volumetric dissolving power of acid solution, ft3 mineral/ft3 solution

• 𝜌𝑎 = density of acid, lbm/ft3
• 𝜌𝑚 = density of mineral, lbm/ft3

16.3 Sandstone Acidizing Design

The purpose of sandstone acidizing is to remove the damage to the sandstone near the wellbore that occurred during
drilling and well completion processes. The acid treatment is only necessary when it is sure that formation damage is
significant to affect well productivity. A major formation damage is usually indicated by a large positive skin factor
derived from pressure transit test analysis in a flow regime of early time.

16.3.1 Selection of Acid

The acid type and acid concentration in acid solution used in acidizing is selected on the basis of minerals in the
formation and field experience. For sandstones, the typical treatments usually consist of a mixture of 3 wt% HF and 12
wt% HCl, preceded by a 15 wt% HCl preflush. McLeod (1984) presented a guideline to the selection of acid on the basis
of extensive field experience. His recommendations for sandstone treatments are shown in Table 16.2.

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McLeod’s recommendation should serve only as a

starting point. When many wells are treated in a
particular formation, it is worthwhile to conduct
laboratory tests of the responses of cores to different
acid strengths. Figure 16.1 shows typical acid–response
curves.

16.3.2 Acid Volume Requirement

The acid volume should be high enough to remove nearwellbore formation damage and low enough to reduce cost of
treatment. Selection of an optimum acid volume is complicated by the competing effects. The volume of acid needed
depends strongly on the depth of the damaged zone, which is seldom known. Also, the acid will never be distributed
equally to all parts of the damaged formation. The efficiency of acid treatment and, therefore, acid volume also depends
on acid injection rate. To ensure that an adequate amount of acid contacts most of the damaged formation, a larger
amount of acid is necessary. The acid preflush volume is usually determined on the basis of void volume calculations.
The required minimum acid volume is expressed as:

𝑽𝒎
𝒗𝒂 = + 𝒗𝑷 + 𝑽𝒎 (16.3)
𝒙
Where:

• Va = the required minimum acid volume, ft3

• Vm = volume of minerals to be removed, ft3
• VP = initial pore volume, ft3

And Vm =π(𝒓𝟐𝒂 − 𝒓𝟐𝒘 )(𝟏 − 𝝋)𝒄𝒎 (16.4)

Vp=𝛑(𝒓𝟐𝒂 − 𝒓𝟐𝒘 )𝝋 (16.5)

• ra = radius of acid treatment, ft

• rw = radius of wellbore, ft
• 𝜑 = porosity, fraction
• Cm = mineral content, volume fraction.

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Economics
Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Introduction
Petroleum economics is the application of economic techniques and analysis to the evaluation of
design.

It includes the systematic evaluation of the economic merits of proposed solutions to engineering
problems. Part of the role of petroleum economics is to assess the appropriateness of a given project,
estimate its value, and justify it from an engineering standpoint.

One of the proofs of the importance of oil is the words of the French political scientist Clemenceau: “A
drop of oil is equivalent to a drop of blood; it is even more valuable.”

The economics of oil and gas projects are affected by a range of factors, including:

• The level of knowledge about the oil or gas field.

• The location, type, and number of wells.
• Market conditions.
• The effect of tax/royalty systems.

Review

Petroleum Economic Evaluation:

Economic evaluation of any project is an essential part of the process of studying
available investment opportunities and supporting decision-making, by using special methodology and scientific
analysis to select best options. It is a decision-making tool. The evaluation of petroleum projects has general
features which are similar to those in other industries.

Upstream Projects that means those opportunities for joint operations to explore for, win, take and produce
hydrocarbons from petroleum and natural gas leases, the rights to which Sapphire and MB Gas may acquire by
purchase of existing petroleum and natural gas leases, or by acquisition from the mineral rights holder under
new petroleum and natural gas leases, or by way of exploration agreements

The upstream petroleum projects are characterized by:

1. High Risk in finding hydrocarbon resources.
2. High Degree of Uncertainty in predicting future prices/costs/production rate/reserves.
3. Capital Intensive due to huge amounts spent for exploration and to produce sufficient oil reserves.

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

4. Long Period between start of Project until Profit.

5. Limited Production Period (Contract).
6. High Technology.
7. High Reward/Return.

Petroleum Fiscal Regime:

Facial system

Conrtracts Concession

Production Share
Servicre
Agreement (PSA)

Indonesian model Buy-back conract

Peruvian model Service contract

Service contract
Egyptian model
with risk

Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs):

Production sharing agreements (PSAs) or production sharing contracts (PSCs) are a common
type of contract signed between a government and a resource extraction company (or group
of companies) concerning how much of the resource (usually oil) extracted from the country
each will receive.

Elements in PSCs:
• Work Commitment. • Profit Oil.
• Bonus Payment. • Government participation.
• Royalties. • Domestic Market Obligation.
• Cost Recovery (Cost Oil). • Ring fencing.

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Service contracts:
The exploration, production and development of oil and gas requires that certain technical services be
performed over oilfield assets. Many of these services are outsourced to third-party contractors who perform
them for a prescribed fee under an agreement known as an oil and gas service contract. Oil and gas service
contracts are generally of two forms: pure service contracts and risk service contracts. These forms differ in
their scope and, to some extent, in the possible
parties that may enter into them.

Concession Agreement:
A concession agreement is a contract that gives a company the right to operate a specific business within a
government's jurisdiction or on another firm's property, subject to particular terms.

Fiscal terms of the project and economics analysis problem

Fiscal terms of the project:
Royalty 10%
Gov. Profit Sharing 70%
Contractor Profit 30%
Sharing
Tax 40%
Cost Recovery Limit 40% net of royalty
Capital Allowance 5 Years once production start
Signature Bonus 1 MM$
Production Bonus MM$
4.00

Technical Costs
CAPEX 4 $/BBL
OPEX 6 $/BBL

License award year 0

Production Start Year 4

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Table (1): Economic Analysis Example:

Time Schedule

Year Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Royalty Calculations

Daily Production Data MBBL/Day 100% 0 0 0 0 1 3.684 13.572 50 50 50 50 50 43.75 38.281 33.496 29.309 25.645 22.44 19.635 17.18 15.033 13.154 11.51 10.071 8.812
Annual Oil Production MMBBL 198.8985 0 0 0 0 0.279906 0.751277 2.76773 10.1964 18.25 18.25 18.25 18.25 17.084 14.9485 13.07994 11.44494 10.01433 8.762535 7.667218 6.708816 5.870214 5.136437 4.494383 3.932585 2.759309
Crude Oil Price $/BBL 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 15
Annual Revenue 11768.35236 0 0 0 0 16.79436 45.07662 166.0638 611.7842 1095 1095 1095 1095 1025.04 896.9099 784.7962 686.6966 600.8596 525.7521 460.0331 402.529 352.2128 308.1862 269.663 235.9551
Royalty 1294.51876 0 0 0 0 1.84738 4.958428 18.26702 67.29626 120.45 120.45 120.45 120.45 112.7544 98.66009 86.32758 75.53663 66.09455 57.83273 50.60364 44.27819 38.74341 33.90048 29.66293 25.95506
Revenue net of Royalty 10473.8336 0 0 0 0 14.94698 40.11819 147.7968 544.4879 974.55 974.55 974.55 974.55 912.2855 798.2498 698.4686 611.16 534.765 467.9194 409.4294 358.2508 313.4694 274.2857 240.0001 210
Technical Costs
CAPEX 150 MM$
CAPEX Sechdule 20% 80%
CAPEX Distrubution 150 30 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OPEX 50 0 0 0 0 1.679436 4.507662 16.60638 61.17842 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 102.504 89.69099 78.47962 68.66966 60.08596 52.57521 46.00331 40.2529 35.22128 30.81862 26.9663 23.59551 16.55585
Project Limit Life

Gross Revenue 11768.35236 MM$ 0 0 0 0 16.79436 45.07662 166.0638 611.7842 1095 1095 1095 1095 1025.04 896.9099 784.7962 686.6966 600.8596 525.7521 460.0331 402.529 352.2128 308.1862 269.663 235.9551 0
Royalty 1294.51876 MM$ 0 0 0 0 1.84738 4.958428 18.26702 67.29626 120.45 120.45 120.45 120.45 112.7544 98.66009 86.32758 75.53663 66.09455 57.83273 50.60364 44.27819 38.74341 33.90048 29.66293 25.95506 0
OPEX 1193.39109 MM$ 0 0 0 0 1.679436 4.507662 16.60638 61.17842 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 102.504 89.69099 78.47962 68.66966 60.08596 52.57521 46.00331 40.2529 35.22128 30.81862 26.9663 23.59551 16.55585
Operating NCF 9280.44251 MM$ 0 0 0 0 13.26754 35.61053 131.1904 483.3095 865.05 865.05 865.05 865.05 809.7815 708.5588 619.989 542.4903 474.6791 415.3442 363.4261 317.9979 278.2481 243.4671 213.0338 186.4045 -16.5559
Cummulative Operating NCF 112498.0636 MM$ 0 0 0 0 13.26754 48.87807 180.0685 663.378 1528.428 2393.478 3258.528 4123.578 4933.359 5641.918 6261.907 6804.398 7279.077 7694.421 8057.847 8375.845 8654.093 8897.56 9110.594 9296.998 9280.443
max. Operating NCF 9296.998364 MM$
Limit Life 23
Recovered Costs
Loss Carry Forward 0 0 0 0 0 22.71125 33.14799 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Depreciated CAPEX 150 MM$ 0 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OPEX 1193.39109 MM$ 0 0 0 0 1.679436 4.507662 16.60638 61.17842 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 102.504 89.69099 78.47962 68.66966 60.08596 52.57521 46.00331 40.2529 35.22128 30.81862 26.9663 23.59551 16.55585
Claimed Costs 1399.250332 MM$ 0 0 0 0 31.67944 57.21891 79.75437 91.17842 139.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 102.504 89.69099 78.47962 68.66966 60.08596 52.57521 46.00331 40.2529 35.22128 30.81862 26.9663 23.59551 16.55585
Available Limit 0 0 0 0 8.968188 24.07092 88.67807 326.6928 584.73 584.73 584.73 584.73 547.3713 478.9499 419.0811 366.696 320.859 280.7516 245.6577 214.9505 188.0817 164.5714 144 126 0
Recovered Costs 1326.835236 MM4 0 0 0 0 8.968188 24.07092 79.75437 91.17842 139.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 102.504 89.69099 78.47962 68.66966 60.08596 52.57521 46.00331 40.2529 35.22128 30.81862 26.9663 23.59551 0
Profit Oil
Total Profit Oil 9146.998364 MM$ 0 0 0 0 5.978792 16.04728 68.04241 453.3095 835.05 865.05 865.05 865.05 809.7815 708.5588 619.989 542.4903 474.6791 415.3442 363.4261 317.9979 278.2481 243.4671 213.0338 186.4045 0
Governemnt Profit Oil 6402.898855 MM$ 0 0 0 0 4.185155 11.23309 47.62969 317.3167 584.535 605.535 605.535 605.535 566.8471 495.9912 433.9923 379.7432 332.2753 290.7409 254.3983 222.5985 194.7737 170.427 149.1236 130.4832 0
Contractor Profit Oil 2744.099509 MM$ 0 0 0 0 1.793638 4.814183 20.41272 135.9929 250.515 259.515 259.515 259.515 242.9345 212.5676 185.9967 162.7471 142.4037 124.6032 109.0278 95.39936 83.47444 73.04013 63.91013 55.92136 0
Tax Calculations
Claimed Deductions
Loss Carry Forward MM$ 0 1 1 1 1 23.91761 29.54017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Signature Bouns 1 MM$ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Production Bouns 2 MM$ 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Depreciated CAPEX 150 MM$ 0 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OPEX 1193.39109 MM$ 0 0 0 0 1.679436 4.507662 16.60638 61.17842 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 102.504 89.69099 78.47962 68.66966 60.08596 52.57521 46.00331 40.2529 35.22128 30.81862 26.9663 23.59551 16.55585
Total Deductions 1403.848874 MM$ 1 1 1 1 34.67944 58.42527 76.14655 91.17842 139.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 102.504 89.69099 78.47962 68.66966 60.08596 52.57521 46.00331 40.2529 35.22128 30.81862 26.9663 23.59551 16.55585
Contractor Income 4070.934745 MM$ 0 0 0 0 10.76183 28.8851 100.1671 227.1713 390.015 369.015 369.015 369.015 345.4384 302.2586 264.4763 231.4168 202.4897 177.1785 155.0311 135.6523 118.6957 103.8588 90.87642 79.51687 0
Taxable Income 2741.099509 MM$ 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.02054 135.9929 250.515 259.515 259.515 259.515 242.9345 212.5676 185.9967 162.7471 142.4037 124.6032 109.0278 95.39936 83.47444 73.04013 63.91013 55.92136 0
Tax Liability 1096.439804 MM$ 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.608217 54.39714 100.206 103.806 103.806 103.806 97.17378 85.02706 74.39868 65.09884 56.96149 49.8413 43.61114 38.15975 33.38978 29.21605 25.56405 22.36854 0

Contractor NCF
Contractor Income 4070.934745 MM$ 0 0 0 0 10.76183 28.8851 100.1671 227.1713 390.015 369.015 369.015 369.015 345.4384 302.2586 264.4763 231.4168 202.4897 177.1785 155.0311 135.6523 118.6957 103.8588 90.87642 79.51687 0
Signature Bouns 1 MM$ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Production Bonus 2 MM$ 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CAPEX 150 MM$ 30 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OPEX 1193.39109 MM$ 0 0 0 0 1.679436 4.507662 16.60638 61.17842 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 102.504 89.69099 78.47962 68.66966 60.08596 52.57521 46.00331 40.2529 35.22128 30.81862 26.9663 23.59551 16.55585
TAX 1096.439804 MM$ 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.608217 54.39714 100.206 103.806 103.806 103.806 97.17378 85.02706 74.39868 65.09884 56.96149 49.8413 43.61114 38.15975 33.38978 29.21605 25.56405 22.36854 0
NCF 1628.103852 MM$ -31 -120 0 0 7.08239 24.37744 73.9525 111.5957 180.309 155.709 155.709 155.709 145.7607 127.5406 111.598 97.64826 85.44223 74.76195 65.4167 57.23962 50.08467 43.82408 38.34608 33.55282 -16.5559
Cum.NCF MM$ -31 -151 -151 -151 -143.918 -119.54 -45.5877 66.00804 246.317 402.026 557.735 713.444 859.2047 986.7453 1098.343 1195.992 1281.434 1356.196 1421.612 1478.852 1528.937 1572.761 1611.107 1644.66 1628.104
Max.CumNCF 1644.659706 MM$
Contractor Economic Life 23 Years
Gov.NCF
Signature Bouns 1 MM$ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Production Bouns 2 MM$ 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Royalty 1294.51876 MM$ 0 0 0 0 1.84738 4.958428 18.26702 67.29626 120.45 120.45 120.45 120.45 112.7544 98.66009 86.32758 75.53663 66.09455 57.83273 50.60364 44.27819 38.74341 33.90048 29.66293 25.95506 0
Profit oil 6402.898855 MM$ 0 0 0 0 4.185155 11.23309 47.62969 317.3167 584.535 605.535 605.535 605.535 566.8471 495.9912 433.9923 379.7432 332.2753 290.7409 254.3983 222.5985 194.7737 170.427 149.1236 130.4832 0
Tax 1096.439804 MM$ 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.608217 54.39714 100.206 103.806 103.806 103.806 97.17378 85.02706 74.39868 65.09884 56.96149 49.8413 43.61114 38.15975 33.38978 29.21605 25.56405 22.36854 0
Gross Income 8796.857418 MM$ 1 0 0 0 8.032534 16.19152 75.50492 439.0101 805.191 829.791 829.791 829.791 776.7752 679.6783 594.7185 520.3787 455.3314 398.4149 348.6131 305.0364 266.9069 233.5435 204.3506 178.8068 0

Contractor Profitabilty Indicators

Discount Rate 10%
NCF 1644.659706 MM$ -31 -120 0 0 7.08239 24.37744 73.9525 111.5957 180.309 155.709 155.709 155.709 145.7607 127.5406 111.598 97.64826 85.44223 74.76195 65.4167 57.23962 50.08467 43.82408 38.34608 33.55282 0
CUM.NCF 1644.659706 MM$ -31 -151 -151 -151 -143.918 -119.54 -45.5877 66.00804 246.317 402.026 557.735 713.444 859.2047 986.7453 1098.343 1195.992 1281.434 1356.196 1421.612 1478.852 1528.937 1572.761 1611.107 1644.66 1644.66
PV MM$ -31 -109.091 0 0 4.837368 15.13647 41.74426 57.26624 84.11548 66.03582 60.03256 54.57505 46.44384 36.94396 29.38724 23.37622 18.59472 14.79125 11.76577 9.359135 7.444766 5.921973 4.710661 3.747117 0
NPV 456.1390028 MM$
IRR 29%
Payout 7 Years 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Governemnt Profitabilty Indicators
NCF 8796.857418 MM$ 1 0 0 0 8.032534 16.19152 75.50492 439.0101 805.191 829.791 829.791 829.791 776.7752 679.6783 594.7185 520.3787 455.3314 398.4149 348.6131 305.0364 266.9069 233.5435 204.3506 178.8068 0
PV MM$ 1 0 0 0 5.486329 10.05366 42.62056 225.2816 375.6275 351.9124 319.9204 290.8367 247.5045 196.8786 156.608 124.5745 99.09337 78.82427 62.70112 49.8759 39.67401 31.55887 25.10365 19.96881 0
NPV 2755.104714 MM$
Project Profitabilty Indicators
NCF 10441.51712 MM$ -30 -120 0 0 15.11492 40.56896 149.4574 550.6058 985.5 985.5 985.5 985.5 922.5359 807.2189 706.3165 618.027 540.7736 473.1769 414.0298 362.2761 316.9916 277.3676 242.6967 212.3596 0
Cum NCF 10441.51712 MM$ -30 -150 -150 -150 -134.885 -94.3161 55.1413 605.7471 1591.247 2576.747 3562.247 4547.747 5470.283 6277.502 6983.818 7601.845 8142.619 8615.796 9029.826 9392.102 9709.093 9986.461 10229.16 10441.52 10441.52
PV MM$ -30 -109.091 0 0 10.3237 25.19013 84.36482 282.5478 459.743 417.9482 379.9529 345.4117 293.9484 233.8226 185.9952 147.9507 117.6881 93.61553 74.46689 59.23503 47.11877 37.48084 29.81431 23.71593 0
NPV 3211.243716 MM$
IRR 58%
Check

Economical Check
Contractor Cum NCF 1644.659706
Governemnt Cum NCF 8796.857418
Project NCF 10441.51712
Check OK
Project Evaluation
NPV Project 3211.243716
NPVCompany 456.1390028 14%
NPV Governemnt 2755.104714 86%

NCF Project 10441.51712

NCF Company 1644.659706 16%
NCF Governemnt 8796.857418 84%

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Figure (0): Annual oil production rate for the project.

Production Rate
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Figure (1): cumulative net cash flow for the project.
1800
1600 Cumulative net cash flow
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
-400

Requirements
Economic limit for the project:

Economic limit 23 years

Profitability indicators:

Net Cash Flow (NCF):

Is the amount of net profit that results from deducting the annual total costs from the annual total revenue. This
represents the total net profit expected to be earned during the life of the project in terms of money-of-the-day.

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

𝑁𝐶𝐹 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 - 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 - 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑥 - 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑥

Equation 1. NCF is calculation.

Net Present Value (NPV):

Is the present value of the stream of future net cash flows. It is calculated by
incorporating the assumed discount rate of 10%. In other words it represents how much extra profit will be
earned in terms of the present value compared to investing in a bank that offers 10% annual interest rate.
𝜋
NCF
𝑁𝑃𝑉 = ∑ ( 𝑖) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
(1+𝑟)
𝑖=1
Equation 2. NPV calculation.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR):

Is the interest rate the project will generate on its investment. It also means that the
project will earn the same profit as a bank that will offer the same annual interest on the invested amount.
Mathematically the IRR is the discount rate that yields NPV=0.

Payback Period (or Payout):

Is the amount of time required for the net cash flow projection to recover the invested
amount. It is determined when the cumulative net cash flow equals 0.

The Capital Productivity Index (CPI) or Return on Investment (ROI):

Is the amount of profit the project will earn for each dollar invested in terms of the present value.
Net Present Value Of Future Cash flow
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = Present Value Of the Capital Costs
Equation 3. CPI calculation

Maximum Exposure (ME):

Is the minimum (or the maximum negative) cumulative cash flow. It normally takes place when the entire
Capex is spent prior to generating any profit. It also indicates the maximum loss in case of project failure.

Profitability indicators for host government, IOC and for the project:

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Table(2): For host government:

Profitability indicator Project Units

NCF 8796.857418 MM$

NPV 2755.104714 MM$

Table (3): For IOC (International Oil Company):

Profitability indicator Project Units

NCF 1644.659706 MM$

NPV 456.1390028 MM$

IRR 29% MM$

Table (4): For the project:

Profitability indicator Project Units

NCF 10441.51712 MM$

NPV 3211.243716 MM$

IRR 58%

PAYOUT TIME 7 YEARS

MAXIMUM EXPOTURE VALUE -100 MM$

Sensitivity Analysis
Since the calculated economic indicators are based on future predictions then there is
always a high degree of data uncertainty. To answer "What If" questions a sensitivity analysis was performed
for the project as well as for each party. These analyses determine what would happen to project profitability in

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

case a number of key parameters vary from their base case assumptions. The economic sensitivity is
demonstrated by constructing spider and tornado diagrams.

Figure (2):NPV Tornedo diagram for the project:

NPV Company
0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03%

67,69
$/BBL
52,31

24%
Contractor Profit Sharing
26%

45%
Tax
35%

12%
Royalty
10%

6,77
OPEX
5,33

Gov. Profit Sharing

70%

CAPEX
4,00

Upside Downside

Figure (3):NPV Spider Chart diagram for the project:

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

NPV Company
0.03%
0.03%
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
10.00% 30.00% 50.00% 70.00% 90.00%

$/BBL Contractor Profit Sharing Tax

Royalty OPEX Gov. Profit Sharing
CAPEX

Monte carlo simulation

Using Monte Carlo simulations makes it viable to comprehend the effect of risk and
uncertainty in forecasting models.
The constructed sensitivity analysis is used to study the project profitably when varying key parameters
individually.
The advantage of using Monte Carlo is to observe the project profitability when varying several parameters at
the same time. Additionally, this approach provides the probability distribution function of several key
parameters and their effect on the resulted Net Present Value. It is challenging to perform Monte Carlo
simulation of the economic model using spreadsheet.

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Figure (4): Forecast IRR

Figure (5): Forecast: NCF Company

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Figure (6): Forecast: NCF government

Figure (7): Forecast: NCF project

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Figure (8): Forecast: NPV Government

Figure (9): Forecast: NPV Project

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

Figure (10): Forecast: NPV Company

Conclusions
Based on the results of this study, the followings are concluded:

• A new spreadsheet model is developed to study the economics of an Exploration and

Production Sharing Agreement for an oil field in Egypt. The results of the spreadsheet are verified with
a Monte Carlo model.
• The sensitivity of NPV indicates that the project economics is highly sensitive to variations in the
production rate, selling prices and the assumed discount rate, while less sensitive to variations in the
capital and operating expenditures.
• Data received from NOC is to be verified before deciding to implement the project to guarantee the
project viability.
• The project is to be implemented as planned as project delay normally has a negative impact on the
project profitability.
• Since NPV is highly sensitive to production rate, IOC should carry out additional well testing to ensure
the accuracy of the assumed well production rate.
• The economic model should be updated when any of the input data is changed.

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Economics B.SC Graduation Project 2022

References
A. Economics of Petroleum Exploration and Production" Course by Petroconsultants
Australasia Pty Ltd, 1995.
Johnston, Daniel. (1994). International petroleum fiscal systems and production sharing contracts.
PennWell Books.
B. Ken Kasriel, David Wood - Upstream Petroleum Fiscal and Valuation Modeling in Excel
C. Abdel-Aal, H. K., & Alsahlawi, M. A. (2014). Petroleum economics and
engineering. Boca Raton: CRC Press
D. MonteCarlo
E. http://www.palisade.com/risk/monte_carlo_simulation.asp

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