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Lecture-06 - 1D Transient Heat Conduction

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26 views16 pages

Lecture-06 - 1D Transient Heat Conduction

Uploaded by

Mohammad Nasreddine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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MEE 514 – Computational Fluid Dynamics

1
Lecture 6
1D Transient Heat Conduction
Dr Gilbert Accary
OUTLINES

 Governing equation

 Time Discretization

 Explicit Scheme

 Implicit Scheme

 Crank-Nicolson Scheme

 Numerical Errors

 Implementation in MATLAB
2
 Need for iteration
GOVERNING EQUATIONS

 General Heat Conduction:


𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑆
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

 1D Transient Heat Conduction:


𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 𝑆
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

 Consider a uniform mesh:


x

W P E
A=1 w e 3
SPACE DISCRETIZATION
x

𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 W P E
𝑘 𝑆 A e
w
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

 Integration over a CV and using Gauss theorem:


𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
∆𝑥. 𝐴 𝑘 𝑘 𝐴 𝑆̅∆𝑥. 𝐴 𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 𝑇
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
 Using space discretization made in the steady case:
𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇
∆𝑥. 𝐴 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
𝜕𝑡
𝑘 𝑘
𝑎 𝐷 𝐴 𝑎 𝐷 𝐴
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 4
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑆 𝑏 𝑆
TIME DISCRETIZATION
 Assuming 𝜌𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡., the transient term at node P:
𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕𝑇
∆𝑥. 𝐴 𝜌𝐶𝐴∆𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
 The computational time interval [ti, tf] is decomposed
into time intervals t
 Solution must be known at time t0 = ti and solution at
time tm is obtained from previous time steps
𝜕𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
 First-order Euler time scheme: 𝑂 ∆𝑡
𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑡
 Second-order Euler time scheme:
𝜕𝑇 3𝑇 4𝑇 𝑇
𝑂 ∆𝑡 5
𝜕𝑡 2∆𝑡
ORDER OF APPROXIMATION
 𝑇 𝑇 𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑇 ∆𝑡+ ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 …

 𝑇 𝑇 𝑡 2∆𝑡 𝑇 2∆𝑡+ 2∆𝑡

2∆𝑡 …

 First-order Euler time scheme:


𝜕𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 1𝜕 𝑇 𝑂 ∆𝑡
∆𝑡 …
𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡

 Second-order Euler time scheme:


𝜕𝑇 3𝑇 4𝑇 𝑇 2𝜕 𝑇 𝑂 ∆𝑡
∆𝑡 … 6
𝜕𝑡 2∆𝑡 3 𝜕𝑡
DISCRETIZED EQUATION
x

𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 W P E
𝑘 𝑆 A
w e
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

 First-order Euler scheme:


At time m or m 1 ?
𝑇 𝑇
𝜌𝐶𝐴∆𝑥 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
∆𝑡
 At time step 𝑚 1 → Explicit scheme

 At time step m → Implicit scheme

 At time step 𝑚 → Crank-Nicolson scheme


7
EXPLICIT SCHEME
 In this case, the discretized equation becomes:
𝑇 𝑇
𝜌𝐶𝐴∆𝑥 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
∆𝑡
𝑎
𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
𝑘 𝑘 x
𝑎 𝐴 𝑎 𝐴
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑆 W P E
A e
w
𝑏 𝑆

 Very simple to implement and to parallelize


8
EXPLICIT SCHEME (CONT.)
 The explicit scheme is NOT unconditionally stable
𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏

We can show mathematically that the scheme is


stable if the primary coefficient 𝑎 𝑎 > 0 for
all nodes P
𝜌𝐶𝐴∆𝑥 2𝑘 ∆𝑥
𝐴 𝑆 0 ∆𝑡
∆𝑡 ∆𝑥 𝑆 ∆𝑥
2
𝜌𝐶𝐴
 is the thermal diffusivity (m2/s)
∆𝑡 1
 If 𝑆 0 (source term independent of T ):
∆𝑥 2
9
IMPLICIT SCHEME
 In the case of constant physical properties and linear
source term (convection):
𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏

 After arrangement: 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
𝑘 𝑘
𝑎 𝐴 𝑎 𝐴
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 x
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑆 𝑎
W P E
𝑏 𝑆 𝑎 𝑇 A e
w
𝜌𝐶𝐴∆𝑥
𝑎
∆𝑡
 Unconditionally stable, t is chosen physically 10
 Requires solving a linear system at each time step
CRANK-NICOLSON

 In this case the equation is solved at time step 𝑚 :


𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 𝑆
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

 Euler scheme: 𝜕𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑡

∆ ∆ ∆
 𝑇 𝑇 …

∆ ∆ ∆
 𝑇 𝑇 …

𝜕𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 1 𝜕 𝑇 𝑂 ∆𝑡
∆𝑡 11
𝜕𝑡 ∆𝑡 24 𝜕𝑡
CRANK-NICOLSON (CONT.)
𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
 𝑘 𝑆 𝑘 𝑆
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

 Discretized equation:

𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

 After arrangement: 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
2 2
𝑎 𝜌𝐶𝐴∆𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑆 𝑎
2 ∆𝑡
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑆 𝑇 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇
2 2 2
 Same properties as the fully implicit scheme but 12
the truncation error is 𝑂 ∆𝑡 instead of 𝑂 ∆𝑡
NUMERICAL ERRORS
 Discretization error (also called truncation error), caused
by the approximations used in the formulation
 Round-off error, caused by the computer’s use of a limited
number of significant digits and continuous rounding

13
IMPLEMENTATION
 Transient cooling of a circular rod by convection
L = 20 cm •  = 8000 kg/m3
R = 1.5 cm • k = 80 W/m.C
TB
• C = 500 J/kg.C
(100C) T∞ = 20C
•  = 210-5 m2/s
h = 10 W/m2.C

𝜕 𝜌𝐴𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
 𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑃 𝑇 𝑇 T = T∞ at t = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Characteristic time: τ = L2/ = 2000 s
Simulate 2τ = 4000 s
 Analytical solution at steady state:
𝑇 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜂 𝐿 𝑥 ℎ𝑃 2ℎ
14
with 𝜂
𝑇 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜂𝐿 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝑅
NEED FOR ITERATION
 If the physical properties depend on T or if the source
term dependence on T is not linear (as in radiation):
 Explicit: 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑏 𝑇

No iterations are required

 Implicit: 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 𝑏 𝑇

Iterations are required


 Residual at the CV of center P at iteration k:
𝑟 , 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 , 𝑎 𝑇 𝑇 , 𝑏 𝑇

 At each time step, iterations are repeated until:


15
𝑟 <
IMPLEMENTATION – WITH ITERATION

 Cooling of a circular rod by convection and radiation


𝜕 𝜌𝐴𝐶𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑃 𝑇 𝑇 𝜖𝜎𝑃 𝑇 𝑇
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
T = T∞ at t = 0 Tsurr = 10C

L = 20 cm
•  = 8000 kg/m3 R = 1.5 cm

• k = 50 + 0.25T W/m.C TB
(100C) T∞ = 20C
• C = 500 J/kg.C
h = 10 W/m2.C
• ɛ 0.8

 Implement the Explicit and the Implicit Schemes


16

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