Reading and Writing Skills Quarter 3 – Module 1: Patterns

of Development in Writing across Disciplines

Lesson 1 Narration
Developing one’s reading and writing skills is not easy. There are learners who can read but
are not able to express themselves in writing well. You have a lot of ideas in mind but
sometimes you may find it hard to organize these ideas coherently, however, the good thing
is that there are many ways on how you can write effectively. In this lesson, you will learn
one way of developing your paragraph. This is through Narration.
We have learned in our previous lesson that written text as connected discourse is formed
from spontaneous discreteness that predetermined its connectedness. It means that the text
itself does not have meaning and its meaning can be determined by their connectedness.
We also learned techniques in selecting and organizing information by identifying relevant
and irrelevant ideas or information. After learning these skills in organizing information, you
must learn some writing patterns on how you can develop paragraphs.
Writing a paragraph involves deep understanding of how one can achieve well-focused and
unified ideas in a composition. For example, when students are asked to come up with a
summary of a story, they tend to chop parts of the story and put it in their summary. If that is
so, it leads to create unrelated details that do not contribute in the oneness and clarity of
one’s summary. It is important to use strategies developing ideas using a particular pattern.
One of these is through narration. A narrative text contains the plot which gives direction in
making a story. In developing narration, sequential presentation of events plays an
important role. Signal words help to create unified thought and to show the transition of
events to the next. This leads us to focus on the use of the action words in the story. It also
helps to move the story and makes the story interesting. The chronological ordering of
events helps to show the reader how the story moves. Most of the common transitional
words are first, next, then, after and suddenly. Moreover, it is also important to give specific
details in pointing out the direction of the story.
Lesson 2 Description
People love to read and listen to story and the use of appropriate transitional devices in
telling stories are noteworthy. Likewise, you have previously learned that in writing a
narrative, the plot gives direction in making the story. However, it is not only the plot that will
help you to develop your writing skills. The use of description is also important to help you
create a vivid picture of what you are trying to express through written text. According to
Dayagbil & et al, 2016, the use of description plays an important role to elucidate the nature
of people, places and things. A series of detailed observation about the subject can help you
create a good descriptive paragraph. This involves the use of adjectives and adverbs in the
paragraph. The kind of words we used to describe how your subject looks, sounds, feels,
smells or even tastes like are called sensory languages. It also concerns how you will
arrange the details to provide an image of the scene, the person or the object you are trying
to describe in your text. There are two types of description. First is objective description,
where the writer presents impartial and actual picture of the subject without biases and
excluding personal impression of the subject just like when you give your description of an
experiment in class. Second is subjective description, where the writer gives personal
impression of what is observed. This is often used in making fiction stories. For instance,
when you are asked to write about a place you visit during summer vacation, you tend to
give your personal judgment of how you experience the place.
Definitions provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and explain special
meanings for familiar words. They are often used to explain technical words and concepts.
What to define always depends on the needs of the reader and the purpose of
communication. It can be done in either of the two distinct methods of definition. First,
informal definition as either denotation or connotation. Denotation is the dictionary
meaning of the word. For example: Rose is a family of prickly shrub with pinnate leaves and
showy flowers. Meanwhile, connotation is the secondary meaning of a word and not
necessarily included in the dictionary. Rather it is how a writer understands a word based on
their own personal or consensual experiences. In the example: A dozen of pink roses is
usually given to their beloved ones. Instead of literally referring to flowers, love and romance
are connoted. Second, formal definition consists of three principal parts: the species
(WORD) n + Genus (CLASS) + Differentiae. The WORD is the name of the object, process,
or concept defined. This is usually followed by “is” and “are” and the CLASS or general
group to which the objects belongs. For example: Skimming (species) is a reading
technique (class) of allowing the eyes to travel over a page very quickly, stopping only here
and there to gain an idea (differentiae).
For the expanded or extended definition, the following are common methods used in
paragraph development would be of great help (Filomena T. Dayagabil, Ethel L. Abao, and
Remedios C. Bacus, Critical reading and writing for Senior High School. Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing, 2016, 43:

Methods Examples
By stating its characteristics San Pablo City is one of the oldest towns in the
Philippines and today, it is known as one of the first-
class cities in the province of Laguna. It is also called
the City of Seven Lakes namely: Bunot Lake, Calibato
Lake, Mohicap Lake, Palakpakin Lake, Pandin Lake,
Sampaloc Lake, and Yambo lake. These seven
 freshwater lakes are crater form of a steam-blast
eruption from Mt. Cristobal.
By function In this time of global crisis, everyone is responsible for
their actions, such as following the precautionary
measures given by the health experts to avoid the
spread of the virus.
By what it is not Far from the normal situations that we had before, the
pandemic makes each one of us skip buying
unnecessary items.
By what it is similar to Jollibee and McDonalds both offer savory chicken and
delicious pasta that children love.
By Examples The opening of the classes for School Year 2020 -2021
amidst the pandemic is a great challenge to the
Department of Education. They continue researching
different alternative ways of teaching and learning to be
implemented in schools such as online learning,
modular learning, and lastly learning from TV shows and
radio programs.
By origin of word or etymology Writers around the world define literature in different
ways. The origin of the word literature is derived from
the Latin word Litera which means letter
By its effect Due to the global pandemic, specifically COVID-19, the
world embraces the new normal. People have become
more conscious about sanitation and hygiene. They now
learn physical distancing in public places. And, most of
the people stay at home either working or developing
new hobbies and exploring new things.

Bimetallic Components
1Bimetals are components made up of two separate metallic units, each occupying a distinct position in
the component. 2Bimetal rods or wires (also called clad metal, duo- or dual-metal) are made of
dissimilar metals. 3The rod core a cylindrical body made of one metal, is surrounded by a
concentric, cylindrical sleeve of another metal. 4Some fibrous metals may also be regarded
as bimetallic; for example, rods made by unidirectional solidification of some eutectic
compositions containing a metallic (or nonmetallic) compound of fibrous filaments
embedded in an almost pure metallic matrix. 5The structure of present-day Nb-SN
superconducting core can be even more complex. 6It is multimetallic-containing more than
two dissimilar metals. 7The two elements of a bimetallic product are usually intimately
interlocked, so that they function in unison.
8Bimetal rods or wire stems make it possible to combine properties of dissimilar metals. For
example:
• 9Aluminum-clad steel wire combines the strength of steel with the electrical conductivity
and corrosion resistivity of aluminum.
• 10Superconductor core clad with copper sleeves combines superconductivity at cryogenic
temperatures with assurance against failure when a local temporary rise in resistance or
temperature occurs.
11Although the number of desired bimetallic combinations for practical use is virtually
unlimited, manufacturing difficulties restrict the number of bimetallic combinations actually in
use.
Exemplification and Classification
Exemplification (or illustration) is the most common and effective pattern to explain an idea
or point. In developing this kind of paragraph, the writer develops a general statement –the
topic sentence, with one or more examples to support it.
Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective exemplification paragraphs: for
instance, namely, to be specify, to clarify, to illustrate, for example, in short,as an example.
On the other hand, classification is used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange
subjects to groups or categories based on their common and shared characteristics.
Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective classification paragraphs:
classified as, one kind, the last group, another kind, another, final type, the first category,
are categorized as, the next part. Remember that you can use both exemplification and
classification in developing a paragraph by simply identifying categories on a particular
subject and providing examples or illustration to explain and clarify meaning.

Comparison and Contrast

Classification as pattern of development of writing makes you associate similar things or
process by grouping them into classes or categories. Try this! Choose the word/s that
do/does not belong on each line then write a category name for each group (i.e. rose,
banana, sun flower, daisy = banana/flowers).
1. German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Persian Siamese, Siberian Husky
2. on land, by water, by air, by bus
3. carrot, cabbage, radish, onion
4. jazz, rock, pop, ballet
5. Coins, Dollar, Yen, Franc Each item gives you a hint over a certain category. That’s
similar to our previous lesson about exemplification and classification.
However, although these words belong to the same group, each of them have
similarities and differences, which will be the focus of this lesson on comparison
and contrast.

Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar while contrast in writing
discusses elements or ideas that are different. A compare-and-contrast essay, then
analyzes two subjects comparing them, contrasting them, or both. However, its purpose is
not to simply state the obvious but rather to illustrate subtle differences or unexpected
similarities between two subjects.
There are two common ways to organize comparison/contrast paragraph or essay. The
Block Method is used to compare and contrast two subjects one at a time. You may begin
by saying everything you have to say about the first subject you are discussing Junior High
School Senior High School 26 then move on and write everything about your second
subject. If you are writing a short paragraph or essay, you might be able to fit all of your
points about each item. However, if you would want to address one subject at a time, you
may use Point-by-point comparison.
Some cohesive devices you can use in showing similarities are likewise, similar to, same
with, like, in the same manner. To show contrast, cue words such as: on the other hand,
however, while, different with, in contrast and the like.
Cause and Effect
We have learned in our previous lesson that the use of comparison and contrast in
developing paragraph is very effective when you want to show similarities and difference
between two ideas. Although a comparison and contrast essay is set to demonstrate both
similarities as well as differences, sometimes it only shows similarities, and at other times,
only differences.
Cause and Effect is a text development pattern which explains why something happens. It
also states what results a particular event produces. It usually gives a statement
emphasizing the cause and another emphasizing the effect. The following guide questions
can be used for cause-effect development:
• Why did it happen? • What caused it? • What does it cause? • What are its effects? • How
is it related to something else?
Problem-Solution
In this lesson, you are expected to plan, structure, and write interesting and meaningful
paragraphs applying the problem-solution pattern in your essays about different topics,
issues or recent developments in various fields.
A problem/solution essay presents a problem, usually discussing several aspects of the
problem, then concludes by discussing solutions to the problem. The problem may be
addressed in the following ways:
Effects only • Describe the problem only in terms of its effects.
• Use examples.
Causes and effects • Outline the causes of the problem.
• Discuss solutions in terms of preventive measures
Extended example • After a topic sentence, illustrate the problem by using an
extended example (through a story or an anecdote from
 your introduction).
The solutions may be presented in various ways and you have to think about which way
would be the most appropriate for the particular problem you are discussing. Here are some
ways to present solutions:
Preventive measures • Ways to prevent the problem from occurring in the first
place
• For example: How to prevent Covid-19
A series of steps • Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution first, but if
that doesn’t work, try something else, etc.
• For example: if you have a neighbor who does not wear
mask nor practice social distancing, you might first talk to
him/her; if that doesn’t work, arrange for a mediator; etc. (a
last resort might be to call the police).
Advice • Give some advice and helpful hints.
A choice of solutions • Include solutions that have already been tried, have been
unsuccessful, and new solutions which you are proposing.

Persuasive
By this time, you should have learned seven different patterns of paragraph development.
The latest of which is the problem-solution text, which focuses on either a problem or
solution in a particular area or situation. It a type of text expressed as a dilemma or
concerning issue (problem) and something that was, can be, or should be done to remedy
this issue (solution or attempted solution).
Persuasive text can be in the form of an argument, discussion, exposition, review or even
an advertisement. In developing your own persuasive text, a writer must first state the
issue. This will serve as a background information about the topic. Then, it should be
followed by a clear, strong and specific argument. An argument is one’s claim or position
that can either support or reject the issue previously stated. Arguments shall be supported
with a well-researched evidences, which will give details on how and why it supports the
argument. Evidences can be factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in nature. It can also
explain counter-arguments not because the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong or
right but to enlighten the readers about other positions. Lastly, a conclusion restating the
main argument of the text will be the end of the text. This will be your final statement to
persuade your readers.
Some guide questions in constructing a persuasive text include:
• What is the issue?
• What is your position or opinion?
• What is the opposing position/opinion?
• What are some reasons for your position/opinion?
• What are some cases or examples that support this?

Reading and Writing Skills Quarter 3 – Module 2:

Properties of a Well-Written Text
Organization
Are you familiar with Star Cinema’s “Seven Sundays”? This local movie features famous
celebrities like Aga Muhlach, Dingdong Dantes, Cristine Reyes, Enrique Gil, and Ronaldo
Valdez. Inside the succeeding text boxes are three different situations from the movie. Read
and analyze each event to determine which comes first, next and last.
When the four children learned about the bad news that their father was diagnosed of a
lung cancer, they at once decided to pay their father a visit by sleeping overnight under
the same roof.
The widowed father of the Bonifacio family, Manuel, was diagnosed with lung cancer by
the family physician. What saddened Manuel was the doctor’s prediction that he had only
about two months or roughly “seven weeks” to live.
After his birthday with his nephew Jun (because no one among his children showed up),
Tatay Manuel received a call from the family doctor telling him of the good news – that he
was not terminally ill.

Coherence and Cohesion

One of the most important elements in writing is the form or structure. Without a solid
structure in place, the content you have gathered would fall apart. After sequencing the
events in your paragraph – a group of related sentences that leads to a single topic or idea,
it is time to get on to unifying your writing. In this lesson, we will focus on structuring an
effective paragraph through coherence and cohesion. Thus, you are later expected to
organize ideas using proper transitional devices and eventually construct a coherent and
cohesive paragraph.
Coherence means the connection and organization of ideas in a text to create unity
To achieve good cohesion, you need to know how to use cohesive devices, certain words or
phrases that serve the purpose of connecting two statements, usually by referring back to
what you have previously written or said Here is a chart of the transitional devices (also
called conjunctive adverbs or adverbial conjunctions) accompanied with a simplified
definition of function.
addition again, also, and, and then, equally important, finally, first,
further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last,
moreover, next, second, still, too
comparison also, in the same way, likewise, similarly
concession granted, naturally, of course
contrast although, yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite
that, even so, even though. for all that, however, in contrast,
is spite of, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the
 contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still,
though
emphasis certainly, indeed, in fact, of course
example/ illustration after all, as an illustration, even, for example, for instance, for
conclusion, indeed, in fact, in other words, in short, it is true,
namely, specifically, that is, to illustrate, thus, truly
summary all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in
conclusion, in other words, in particular, in short, in simpler
terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to
summarize

Language Use
Writing is a rigorous activity. No matter how good and substantial the content of a document
is, if it’s not carefully written as to how you, as the writer, would like to present it to your
readers, your purpose will not be served wisely. Hence, you have to bear in mind that aside
from considering the organization of your ideas and the coherence and cohesion of your
sentences and paragraphs, you also have to regard the style, tone and clarity of your
writing. On this note, you are responsible to choose the appropriate language to be used
and to regard the objective of the writing, the context in which it was written and the target
audience in mind. There are five major issues with appropriate language that should be
avoided in an effective and well-written text, as identified by (Purdue Online Writing Lab
2020): First, the formality of the language one uses should depend on how formal the
situation is and how the writer and the reader are related to one another. Second, jargons or
specialized language used by groups of individuals in the same field, should only be used if
the target readers belong to the same group. Third, slangs and idioms should be avoided.
Slangs are words, phrases, or expressions that do not literally mean what they express (like
“frenemy” to describe someone who is both a friend and an enemy) while idioms or
expressions whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual word it contains
(like “to kill two birds at one stone”, which means to get two things done with a single action.
Fourth, euphemisms or words that veil the truth shall also be avoided. Examples of which
are “virtually challenged” for someone who is short; “passed away” instead of died, and
other deceitful language. Fifth, avoid using any biased language including those associated
with any racial, ethnic, group, or gender.

Mechanics
Read the letter below. Identify all errors by placing the correct capitalization and
punctuations, correcting misspelled words, and writing the sentences in paragraph form.
233 sitioibaba,
brgy. santisimososario
sanpablocitylaguna
24 august 2020

ms.kasumiwatanabe
 gems and jewels inc
sta. cruzlaguna

dear miss Salazar

i attended your career planning workshop at the trace collage libraery on 15 december
2018 your presentation was just what I needed too organized myself Would it be possible
for you to send me copies of your resume-writing guidelynes the worksheet and the
sample Unfortunately you ran out of this handouts before you gotto me.

sincerely
menard b bancajr
Were you able to identify and correct the errors? Do you think an employer will feel bad
about receiving such letter from a job applicant or from an employee? Is it of utmost
importance to adhere to proper grammar and apply appropriate text formatting?
ANSWER SWEET- READING & WRITING SKILLS
MOD 1
NAME:__________________________

ACTIVITY 1 SCORE:_________
Choose the letter of the best answer.
____1. If you were to tell a story, which pattern of paragraph development would you use?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem- Solution
____2. Which written text involves sensory images to figure out something?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem Solution
____3. When giving the full meaning of a certain topic, which pattern is applicable?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem Solution
____4. What pattern presents the reasons and possible results of an event?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Cause and Effect D. Problem Solution
____5. What pattern shows similarities and differences of two subjects in a paragraph?
A. Comparison and Contrast C. Narration
B. Cause and Effect D. Problem Solution
____6. What section mentions an overview of the problem, the why of the problem, and who
should be concerned about the problem.
A. introduction C. middle section
B. conclusion D. exposition
____7. Which text focuses on presenting points of view and seeks on encouraging its
readers to accept a particular argument or act in a way?
A. Persuasive C. Cause and Effect
B. Problem-solution D. Comparison and Contrast
____8. Which pattern of development would best suit a text that aims to discuss the
taxonomy of a group of fossils that were recently discovered by a paleontologist?
A. Comparison and Contrast C. Narration
B. Classification D. Problem Solution

Fill in the blanks with the correct transitional devices. Write the letter of the correct answer
on your answer sheet.
a. So b. Due to c. First d. When
e. Where f. Second g. Lastly h. Similarly

During my younger years of being a diligent worker, I would spend at least 10 hours working
in the office and I would even bring home some paper works. Until, one day, I was brought
to the hospital 9. ___________________ I experienced more anxieties. My attending
physician told me that I collapsed 10.___________________ stress. 11. _______________,
I started to follow my doctor’s advice. 12. ___________________ to spend at least three
times a week for exercise. 13. __________Another is to take stock of internal stressors I
could control. 14. _________________ is to use meditation techniques whenever I felt
overwhelmed and to make sure that I got sufficient rest. Lastly, is to take time to do things I
enjoy. 15. _________________, to develop some hobbies during leisure time to divert
attention from stressors and eventually, to establish a more balanced life.

ACTIVITY 2 SCORE:_________
Put a check (✓) if the item is suited for a cause-and-effect text or a cross (x) if not.
1. How to play drums
2. Impact to technology in education
3. Importance of daily reading habit
4. Increased drop-out rate in a school.
5. The act of kindness

MODULE 2
ACTIVITY1 SCORE;_____________
Read carefully each item before choosing the letter of the best answer

____1. “Let me tell you about my experience when I lost myself in an unexpected situation.”
This line is a part of the ___________ of a narrative.
A. end B. middle C. beginning D. conclusion
____2. Coherence applies to
A. sentences B. whole arguments C. paragraphs D. phrases
____3. It is one of the properties of a well-written text that means being able to identify the
components of an event in order, such as beginning, middle, and end of a story or the steps
in a science experiment.
A. sequencing of events B. following directions
C. identifying errors D. organizing ideas
____4. The following are examples of transitional devices that indicate opposition, limitation
and contradiction except for?
A. On the other hand B. On the contrary C. Furthermore D. In spite of
____5. Which of the following is referred to as specialized language used by groups of like-
minded individuals?
A. slang B. euphemism C. jargon D. idiom
____6. Fill in the blank with the connecting word that best joins the two thoughts. Walking,
running, and jogging give you energy. ___________ any exercise that speeds up your heart
rate is good.
A. Finally B. In short C. Therefore D. In contrast
____7. Which of the following sentences shows the correct usage of a transition signal?
A. Mrs. Vista will accept late homework; however, she will take points off of the grade.
B. The Grade 11 class finished the test early; indeed, they were allowed to read quietly
before the bell.
C. Since Donna was the last to leave class, she was the first on the bus.
D. No one expected so many people at the evacuation area; furthermore, we ran out of
food. ____8. What is the nature of the underlined transition in the given sentence? “A total
lockdown in the entire city had been implemented, so several businesses stopped operating
for a month.”
A. Time B. Addition C. Comparison D. Cause and effect
____9. ‘Vertically challenged’ is what example of language feature?
A. jargon B. slang C. idiom D. euphemism
____10. What is cohesion?
A. Cohesion introduces new ideas in a text.
B. A special type of argument used in writing. C. Cohesion is a special type of glue that
writers use to make ideas stick together.
D. The way in which an author uses sentence structure to make the text more
understandable to the reader.

ACTIVITY 2 SCORE:__________
Add the correct end punctuation to complete each sentence.
1. What is the name given to the 2019 novel corona virus _____
2. People of all ages can be infected by the new coronavirus-2019-nCoV ____
3. Take steps to protect yourselves from the virus, like following good respiratory
hygiene.____
4. What a terrible and dangerous disease is COVID-19____