RESEARCH

- Research as the systematic science of collecting, observing, evaluating

and reporting on geographical pheromone in a specific area.
OR
- Research as the serious study of a subject that is intended to discover
new facts or test new ideas.
OR
- Research is a careful collection of data/in formation based on a problem,
and using the data and making conclusion out of those collected.
OR
- Research is a scientific and systematic way of searching for an in depth
information about certain social phenomena or aspects.

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARSH TOPIC

a) It must be logical
- It should be reasonable
b) It must be systematic ally.
- It must be follow steps.
c) It must be replicable
- When it is repeated, it must be being the same answer.
d) It must end with a good conclusion.
e) It is empirical evidences involving accurate observation and description
of data.
f) It has a goal.
- It is therefore directed towards solving a specific problem.
g) It is scientific
- It is based on empirical evidence with carefully designed study.
h) It should aim at solving a specific problem
i) The topic should be clear and focused.
j) It should generate new knowledge, facts, principles and laws.
k) It should be researchable
l) Must have specific and clearly stated research objectives.

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 STAGE /STEP OF CONDUCTING RESEARCH
I. Identification of the problem
II. Literature review
III. Hypothesis formulation
IV. Research site
V. Research tools
VI. Data collection
VII. Data analysis and interpretation
VIII. Testing the hypothesis
IX. Data presentation and reporting writing

TYPES OF RESEARCH
I. Applied Research.
- This is the types of research which aims at finding solution for an
immediate problem facing the society, industry or business. It is also
known as Action Research.

II. Basic Research fundamental or pure research.

- it is a type of research carried out for the sake of generating
knowledge.
- It is mainly concerned with generalization and formulation of
theories.
III. Analytical Research
- It is types of research which use facts already available and analyses
these facts these facts to make a critical evaluation of the materials.
IV. Qualitative Research
- This one which explains the data in descriptive manner.
V. Quantitative Research
- This is the information which explains distribution of phenomena in
a quantity form or by using a numbers.

VI. The conceptual Research

- Is the research which is related to some abstract ideas. It is used to
development concepts.
VII. Empirical Research
- It relies on intensive interpretation of data and come up with
conclusion which is capable of being verified through observation or
experiment.
-

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VIII. Explanatory Research
- Is the research which explains about certain social phenomena.
IX. Exploratory Research
- Is a study which conducted when areas are explores things like gold,
iron, diamond etc. and other material related to mining.
-
THE OBjECTIVES OF RESEARCH
(i)To gain new knowledge to be added to the existing one.
(ii)To develop theories to explain various issues or matters.
(iii) To solve different social and economic problems
Such as diseases, poor economic
(iv)To evaluate success or failure of different projects.
- As the case of the universal primary education (UPE) programmed
in Tanzania.
(v)To solve the academic issues eg poor performance in school
(vi)To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual
or group or situation.
(v) To solve political disorder.
(vi)To solve agriculture problem
(vii) To improve the standard living of people.
(viii)To determine the frequency with which something occurs
(ix)To discover answers to different disturbing questions.

THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

(i)Research help scientist to improve human activities such as
agriculture, industries

(ii) It helps the government to improve laws, policies that govern the
societies and economic.
(iii)Research also provide an accurate solution to social problem e.g.
diseases.
(iv)It is useful to one who is preparing for further studies.
(v)To find answers to existing questions e.g. what are the reasons for
corruption?
(vi)It used as to improve academic issues.
(vii)Research used to solve diseases problem such as malaria
(viii)Through research used generate new knowledge

(ix)To look for solution to existing problems e.g. economic

problem, social problems, political problems.
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 (x) It helps to improve standard living of the peoples

DISADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH
(i)It consume time to conduct the research
(ii) Research is very expensive to conduct.
(iii)It needs more knowledge to conduct the research.

THE BROBLEM THAT FACED RESEARCH

- Language barrier
- Problem of insecurity
- Problem of money
- Poor infrastructure e.g. Road
- Lack of cooperation between research and respondent
- Shortage of equipment’s in conducting research
- Bad belief
- Tropical diseases
- Research need expert knowledge about research technique
and so one needs to the trained.

DATA
Data refers to body information collected in the field.

SOURCES OF DATA
(i)Primary data
- These are the data collected directly from the field by the
research.
- They are first-hand information.
(i)Secondary data
- These are the data collected by the researcher from existing
information such as books, magazine, newspaper, pamphlets.

RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES.

Research method
- Are those methods or techniques that are used for conduction
of research.
Research techniques

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 - Are the behavior and instruments used in research operation
e.g data recording, processing.
Research tools
- Is a technique or method of data collection.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
- The method of data collection namely:-
a) Observation method
b) Interview method
c) Questionnaire method
d) Focus group discussion
OBSERVATION METHOD
- Is the method of data collection which involves the use sense
of organs to look at the phenomena and records what is seen.

TYPES OF OBSERVATION
- There are two types of observation
a) Participant observation(DIRECT)
b) Non – participant observation

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
- Is the method of data collection the research become part and
parcels of people under study.

NON- PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

- Is a method in which a research observes actions, behaviors
and activities of the researched group without participating in
the life of those people.
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THR ADVANTAGE OF OBSERVATION METHOD
(i)It avoids language barriers.
(ii) The data are recorded as they occur or observed.
(iii)The method helps to develop the spirit of self – reliance in pupils.
(iv)The method allows full participation of the learner in the teaching –
learning process
(v) Firsthand information is easily collected.
(vi) A researcher gets to know ideas of the group one is observing or studying.
(vii)It helps to develop skill in data collection.
(viii)Researcher can know the behaviors and the mood of the group.
(ix)It is suitable even where people one not able to read or write.
(x)The Method saves time.

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Xi.The method helps researcher to store memory

THE DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION

(i)Observation is cost full in terms of time and money
(ii)The blind cannot be involved in doing observation.
(iii)Non - participant observation does not capture the natural setting of the
group he is studying.
(iv) This method needs much, geographical knowledge.
(v)When people know that they are studies they change other behavior
(vi)Observation is only possible with small of population.
vii. some geographical phenomena are not easily obtained
viii. it is subjective because data is based on personal observation.
ix. one may be biased and may not record the information correctly

IMPORTANT THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN COLLECTING DATA BY FIELD

OBSERVATION METHOD
(i)What to be observed in the field.
(ii)How to record the observation in the field.
(iii)How to control the accuracy of observation.
(iv)How to create good relationship with the respondents in the field.

INTERVIEW METHOD
- This is a method of collecting data by asking people question
directly face to face and record their responses.

TYPES INTERVIEW
A. STRUCTURE INTERVIEW
- In this interview the interviewer (researcher) has questions
which he/she ask each respondent in the same order and
Manner.
B. UN STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
- In this interview, a researcher does not prepare question
where he/she is asking respondent according to situation.

ADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW
a) The interview enables the researcher to obtain enquired data
quickly.
b) His possible to get additional data through further discussion.

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 c) It ensures quick response from the respondent.
d) It allows interviewer/researcher to ask direct questions to the
respondents.
e) It allows the researcher to collect a wide range of data.
f) It is flexible to change the questions depending on the
preventing situation.
g) It permits the researchers to be sure that the respondent
understood properly.
h) It give in depth information
i) It save time
j) It is systematic since questions are prepared before the
interview
k) The answers given are more reliable

DISADVANTAGE OF INTERVIEW METHOD

a) It is time consuming
b) It is cost full because researchers have to travel to meet respondents.
c) It cannot provide very reliable information on issues which happened a
long time ago.
d) Interviewing require a high level of skills.
e) Interviews involves smaller samples because they are time consuming
f) Interviewers need to be trained to avoid bias.
g) The respondents tend to be, subjective.

THE PROCEDURE OF CONDUCTING INTERVIEW

a) Greater a friendly atmosphere where the two can talk easily.
b) Maintain warmth and friend line, this enables the respondents to
express in detail their thoughts and feelings
c) Create confidence to the respondents
d) Encouraging the respondent to keep on talking.
e) Avoid the use of a tape – recorder.
f) Be neutral in tone and should not suggest away answer.
g) Spend some time to explain briefly the purpose of the interview.

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

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 - Is a research method which involves intensive discussion on
particular issues normally done in small group of (5 – 7)
people.
AIMS OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
- It aims on the group to get additional information.

ADVANTAGE OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

a) Respondents feel the sense of involvement as they are involved in
discussion.
b) It is good in community participation activities.
c) It enables the research to get quick information about a particular
problem.
d) The method gives real and value to be information.
e) It is a rapid way of conducting research.
f) It ends with a wide range of information.
g) Develop critical thinking to participants.
h) Members become more active in discussion
i) Researcher becomes active person in direction
j) This is a good method when researcher needs to test an idea or
reaction on specific topic.

DISADVANTAGES OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

(i)Selection of the group may involves bias
(ii) It becomes difficult to analyze the data collected.
(iii)One few respondents may be active in discussion and dominate
others.
(iv) Since it is surprise members may not be in a good position to
Participate in discussion and give their contributions.
(v) It is time consuming method.

QUESTIONNAIRES
- Are pieces of papers with the pre- pared questions given to
the respondents to be answered.
- His is a method of collecting data which involves the use of
written do how questions which the respondents individually
respond by writing.

-
TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE

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 - There are two types:-
(i)Structured or closed – ended questionnaires.
- The respondent fills the closed ended questionnaire without
any need for interviewer to be there.
(ii) Unstructured or open – ended questionnaires.
- This kind of questionnaire constitutes a number of questions
which involve the respondent to give answer.

ADVANTAGE OF QUESTIONAIRES METHOD

(i) Data can be collected for first hand
(ii)It costs less in term of money.
(iii)It avoids researcher’s bias.
(iv)It can use even where there is shortage of sample.
(v)A researcher gets a lot of information from many respondents
(vi)It saves time.
(vii) confidentiality is maintained

DISADVANTAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRES METHOD

(i) It is used only for literacy.
(ii) Responses may not be truthful.
(iii) The method is time consume
(iv) It is only used where people can read and route.
(v) Data can be collected for first hand.
(vi) A research end up with many answers which became
difficult to compare
(vii) Respondent may cheat.
viii) It is expensive
ix) The researcher has no time to make clarification
x) There is no opportunity to ask for further information related
to answers given

THE PROCEDURES CONSIDERED IN PRE PARING A

QUESTIONNAIRES
(i) The questions must be short, simple and straight forward.

(ii)The questions should be asked in a systematic manner.

(iii)The questions should be strictly relevant to the topic .

(iv)The questions should be polite.

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 (v)Questions which may annoy the respondent should be
avoided.

VI. The questions should be free from bias.

MEASUREMENTS
- There are number of measurements which can be done using
very simple equipotent.
- If measurements are done condition the results can be used to
test by prosthesis. Among the things that can be main in the
field involve the following.
a) Pacing – used to estimate distance.
b) Estimating – at time there are no instruments available for
measurements estimation is used estimate things like
height.
c) Courting – is done as a way of establishing accuracy.

ADVANTAGE OF MEASUREMENT METHOD

a) The method gives accurate data.
b) It is a quick way of collecting data.
c) It is easy to measure and read the information shown
on the instruments.

DISADVANTAGES OF MEASUREMENTS METHOD

a) Where estimation or pacing is used, errors are likely to
occur.
b) At times data may not be accurate. This could be brought
about by errors in instruments.

RAPID APPRAISAL
-it is an approach that is systematically and quick collect data from the field
when the time is limited.

Advantage of rapid appraisal

i) It save time
ii)It may use low cost
iii)raw data is obtained
iv)it may solve immediate problems
v)it may deal with designing a large study

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 Disadvantage of rapid appraisal
i)Some people may dominate the meeting
ii)it need skilled person
iii)it cannot ensure confidentiality of collecting data
iv) it cannot be used on sensitive data

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK OR HYPOTHESIS

- Isa tentative assumption or prediction that is made before or
research starts.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESIS
a) It should be simple and clearly.
b) It should be precisely.
c) It should be testable.
d) It should be reasonable.
e) It should be consistent with most know facts.
f) It should be started in simplest term.
g) It must be specific.
h) It should be indicating relationship between variables.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

(i)null hypothesis:-
- Is a negative hypothesis which rejects the suggestion given
by the researcher.
(ii)An alternative (positive) hypothesis:-
- Is a positive hypothesis which accepts the suggestion given by
the researcher.

IMPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESIS
a) It contributes the development of theory.
b) It indicates the type of data regained.
c) It determines the most appropriate technique of data
hypothesis.
d) It helps to suggest which type of research is likely to be
most appropriate.
e) It helps to define which facts are not related and which
are related.
f) It specifies the sources of data which shall be studies.

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 THE SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS
i)observation
ii)experience
iii)suggestion
iv)environment
v)analogies

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
- This is systematic plan that brings together in an organized
form the plan needed to accomplish the research OR
- Is a description or plan to be followed in carrying out the
proposed study.
NB.
- It indicates the objectives the objectives, methods, statement
of the problem, research, hypothesis, research questions,
significance of the study, literature allow and other important
issue to be followed in carrying out the study.

THE PURPOSES OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

a) It helps the researcher to think over important issues
about the study.

b) Before conducting researches sometimes a research

need to get go ahead from the client.

c) A research proposal is used for administrative purpose.

d) It helps the researcher to evaluate the study.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL

(i) It guides the researcher what to do where to do and
when to do.
(ii)It direct researcher to formulate instrument of research
and interpretation of data.
(iii)It saves time, money and fort of the researcher design.
(iv) It help researcher to know the population to be used in
the study.
(v)It shows the boundary on how research should ends.

THE FORMAT OR CONTENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

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 - The format refers to the general pattern of the organization
and arrangements of the study. The format of the research
proposal each be divided into three parts.
a) Part I – Preliminary pages.
b) Part II – The main body of the research proposals.
c) Part III – Bank pages.

THE COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL

a) The title
b) Problem and its setting/problem which can be
researched
c) Research hypothesis.
d) Literature review.
e) Time scheme due/work plan
f) Budget chart
g) Reference.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
What is sampling?
- This is a process of selecting a sample (persons, objects or
units) from a population or universe.
What is sample? This is a part of population which is selected to
represents other for studies.

Sample size: - This refers to the total number of items to be

selected from the population to constitute a
sample.
Sampling frame: - This is a complete or reliable list of an
elements in a population from which a sample
will be selected or drawn.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SAMPLE
a) It must have enough number of representatives
b) It must cover wide geographical area.
c) It must have a wide range of types of elements to reduce
biases.
d) It must be selected by researcher himself.

IMPORTANCE OF SAMPLE
a) Sample help researcher to save time.
b) It enables a researcher to save money and man power.
c) It enables researcher to make a detailed study as he studies
only a small part of the population.
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 d) Sample minimizes bias.
e) Quick collection of data.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
- Are the procedures or processes of getting a sample.
- Are the methods or ways used in selecting samples from the
population for study such as normally sampling, by systematic
sampling

THE MAINLY TYPES OF SAMPLING

- There and two mainly types of sampling.
a) Probability sampling: -
- This is a sampling method where selection of sample is done
randomly by chance.
b) Non – probability sampling
- This is the one where selection of elements from population is
not done randomly.

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

(i) Simple random sampling
- This is a type of sampling techniques which provides on equal
chances to every member in the defined population to be
included in the study.
(ii) Cluster sampling technique.
- Is sampling technique where by the sample are selected from
different geographical regions called clusters for example area
A, Area B, Area C, Area D.

(iii) Stratified sampling techniques.

- Refers to the method of sampling using grouping of members
or units in the population. The groups are homogenous called
strata.
(iv)Multistage sampling techniques.
- Is the probability sampling techniques where by the samples
from the population are obtained by stages. The sample tends
to decrease stage to stage.

(v)Systematic sampling techniques.

- This type of sampling is used when a large population is
involved.

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 NON – PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
(i) Quota sampling technique
- is the types of sampling techniques begins by dividing the population
into relevant strata or sub-group.
(ii) Convenience, sampling technique
- is a non-probability sampling technique where by the most available
elements in a population happen to be present at the time of
conducting research are selected for study.
(iii) Judgmental/purposive sampling techniques.
- The samples selected is based on the knowledge of a population and
the purpose of the study.
(iv) Snowball/Refetral sampling
- This involves selectin elements which meets criteria and asking them to
recommend you to others. E.g. studying people who are drug pushers.
DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH
What is documentary Research?
- This is the method of collecting data which involves references to past
publications and official document.

MERITS OF DOCUMENTARY RESEACH

(i)The method is cheap since the relevant publications are readily
available.
(ii)Libraries are source of official accepted
(iii)Secondary sources provide information on which may not easily
acquired for primary sources.
(iv)Data collected are made easily because it is based on the extraction
of analyzed information.
DEMERITS OF DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH
(i)Available data in most cases are out dated.
(ii)Some secondary data may be incomplete.
(iii)The reburied data may appear in a format that is not appropriate to
the study being under taken
(iv) Classified secondary data may not be available to the research.

VARIABLES
Variables is a characteristic that the researcher would like to observe or
manipulate in a research.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
I. Independent variable-it used to determine its effects on another variable.

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independent variable-it is an outcome influences of independent treatment
conditions.

RESEARCH DESIGN
What is Research design?
- Is a specific plan/strategy or structure which shows how data will be
collected effectively and efficiently.
Or as a structure or plan or conceptual frame work of a research.

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Researchers have identified three types of research design.
(i) Survey design
- This is a strategy of gathering data from a large population. It
Involves Collection of data from a sample selected from a
population.
(ii) Case study design
- This is involving collection of data by analyzing a particular social unit/
organization institution or programmer social unit therefore becomes a
case for investigation.
(iii) Experimental design
- These bases on experimental group of people or objects.
(iv)Correlation Research design
It aims of exploring relationship to make predictions. Also referred
to as prospective research design.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH DESIGN

i)it helps the researcher to prepare tools to be used.
ii) it helps the researcher to organize his/her ideas.
iii) it saves time of conducting research
iv) it helps in minimizing the cost of conducting research.
v)it gives guideline to the researchers on what to start and what to end up.
vi)it facilitates proposal writing.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

i) it should be flexible
ii)it should be appropriate and efficient so as to minimize biasness.

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 iii)it should be able to yield maximum information with minimum
expenditure, time and money.
FEATURES RESEARCH DESIGN
i)it includes the cost budget of the research.
ii)it specifies sources and types of information relevant to the research
problem
iii) it specifies method to be used for data collection and analysis.
iv) it includes the time which will be taken in conducting the research.

FIELD WORK
What is field work?
- Is a study activity that enables us going out in the field to learn
geographical /phenomena in order to get a practical knowledge.
- Is the science of selecting, observing, evaluation and reporting on
geographical information in a specific area. The fields work in the field
only.
IMPORTANCE OF FIELD WORK
(i)It help to understand the problems facing the specific areas e.g diseases.
(ii)It help the people to understand the environment situation.
(iii)It provide the source of geographical knowledge and primary data from the
different area of the field.
(iv) It provide the clearly relationship between man and his environment.
(v) It provide knowledge which make the students to be aware and critically in
his/her assessment.
(vi) Students are involved in a practical learning situation as opposed to more
theoretical class room learning.
(vii)It provide a wide range of geographical techniques such as sampling,
observation, recording, measurements.
THE OBJECTIVES OF FIELD WORK
(i)To apply geographical knowledge gained in the class room to what is see and
observed in the field.
(ii)To make identification and classification of the landscape features such as
landforms rocks, soils, drainage.
(iii)To find out the answers for questions raised as a result of reading, field
observation and experimentation.
(iv) To identify specific geographical problems which requires further field
study and discussion in the class room
(v)To develop the ability of the students to use geographical techniques of
Collecting observing, area using and presenting data on the problems of the

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 physical and human environmental.

NB.
IMPORTANCE OF FIELD WORK
(i)It encourages critical thinking.
(ii)It makes geographical real.
(iii)It develops the skills of observation and sketching.

DISADVANTAGE OF FIELD WORK

(i)It deals more description rather than evaluation.
(ii)It consume much time.
(iii) it is very expensive

RESEARCH PROBLEM
What is Research problem?
- As that specific aspect of the situation which will be studied in order to
lead to a solution of the problem.
OR
- Is an issue to be examined or a question that needs a solution.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM

(i)It must be specific.
(ii)It should be capable of being tested.
(iii)It the problem should be stated dearly and precisely.
(iv)It must be stated in simple terms so as to be easy to understand.
(v) it must stimulate critical thinking
(vi) it should have a goals and objectives
(vii) it must be clearly defined and well understood.
THE SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
(i) from existing current problems.
(ii)from reading from books in a library
(iii)from different theory
(iv)from technological theory
(v)from personal experience or daily problem

FIELD RESEARCH
- Is a techniques field study where a problem of geographical nature is
investigation the field and tested to solve it.
OR

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 - Is the investigation of a geographical problem in the field.

PROBLEM THAT FACED FIELD RESEARCH

(i)Transport problems. E.g. bad roads.
(ii)Climatic problem e.g. rainfalls.
(iii)Language problems.
(iv)Poor or lack of instruments.
(v)Poor cooperation. E.g. researcher and respondent.
(vi)Diseases
(vii)Money problem
(viii)It is good explanation and not good for testing hypothesis.
(ix)Field research is conducted on a smaller place and specific people.
(x)If a researcher has no good know ledge on research be/she Early out a
research.
THE OBJECTIVES OF FIELD RESEARCH
(i)To discovery of new know ledge.
(ii)To develop theories to explain various matters or issues.
(iii)To solve different social political economic problem e.g. diseases, poverty.
(iv)To evaluate success or failure of different projects e.g. UPE.
(v)For academic requirements.
(vi)Explanation of phenomena e.g. climatic change, volcanic eruption,
drought.

ADVANTAGE OF RESEARCH FINDING

(i)They are used to solve social problem in the country.
(ii)They are used by agricultural experts to improve agriculture.
(iii)Useful in preparation of teaching and learning materials like books, founds.
(iv)It is used to correct political disorder by improving things like democracy
and good governance.
(v)It help distribution of social services e.g. To find the areas.
(vi)It used by health experts to control outbreak of diseases like Malaria.
(vii)Used as a tool to improve the general living standard of the people.
(viii)It used by the police and intelligent unit to insure security in the country

HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
- Is the third stage in research procedures in which the researcher set the
tentative predictions of the research outcomes.

PROBLEM FACED HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION

(i)Sufficient knowledge about a problem.

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(ii)Bias.
(iii)Unclear hypothesis.
- Poor presented problem, poor language, and ambiguity.
(iv)Time
- Enough time to think (alternative
(v)Off track hypothesis formulation

THE STEPS OR PROCEDURES OF RESEARCH

(i)Identification of problem
ii)literature review
iii)formulation of hypothesis
iv)research design
v) sample and sampling procedures
vi)preparation of research instruments
vii)piloting of instruments
viii)data collections
ix)data processing and analysis
xi)report writing

LITERATURE REVIEW
This is passing through what others have done in relation to the topic in
problem identification.it can be books, magazine.

SIGNIFICANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

i) it helps the researcher to select to research design.
ii) it helps the researcher to select the appropriate tools.
iii)it help the researcher to select adequate sample
iv) it help the researcher to re-define his or her research problem.
v)it helps the researcher to avoid unnecessary repetition of works which have
already been done
PRIMARY SOURCES OF DATA
-are the data which obtained directly from the fields

IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY DATA

I.it helps to develop knowledge and skills

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ii. it helps to gets real information
iii. it help to create critical thinking
iv. it help gets a lots of information

SECONDARY DATA
Are the data obtained from existing information e.g. books, magazine

IMPORTANCE OF SECONDARY DATA

i.it help to formulate hypothesis
ii.it helps to get a lot of information
iii.it helps to minimize costs
iv.to develops knowledge and skills
v.it helps the researcher to avoid unnecessary repetition of works.

USES OF RESEARCH OUTPUT

I. It helps the researcher to identify needs of the societies.
Ii. It useful to improve the government policies, laws, which govern the
societies and economic.
Iii.It useful by researcher to improve and enhances development of the
societies.
Iv.It is useful to solve the problem facing the societies such as diseases.
V. It useful to solve political disorder e.g. civil war
Vi. It useful to improve human activities such as agriculture, industries
Vii. It useful to improve and enhances the development of the societies

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