Solution

CHAPTERWISE SAMPLE PAPER

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(c) α -particles
Explanation:
α -particles are charged particles, so they are deflected by an electric field.

2. (a) all the charges are in unstable equilibrium

Explanation:
The net force on each charge is zero. Therefore, all the charges are in equilibrium. If we slightly displace the charge -q to the
right, the net force of attraction will further displace it to the right i.e., away from its mean positive. The equilibrium is,
therefore, unstable.
3.
(b) electrostatic
Explanation:
Coulomb force, also called electrostatic force or Coulomb interaction, attraction. or repulsion of particles or objects because of
their electric charges. The strength of the electric field is given by the electric field or the Coulomb field which is E = F/q.

4.
(d) charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform
Explanation:
charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform

qλ
5. (a) 2π ε0 r

Explanation:
qλ

2π ε0 r

6.
(d) Electrons flow from the conductor to the earth
Explanation:
After earthing a positively charged conductor electrons flow from earth to conductor and if a negatively charged conductor is
earthed then electrons flows from conductor to earth.

7.
(d) E1 = 2E2
Explanation:
The electric field at any axial point is twice the electric field at any equatorial point of the dipole at the same distance. E1 = 2E2

8.
(b) 2 : 1
Explanation:
When the two conducting spheres touch each other there will be a flow of charge until they both have the same potential. Let
R1 and R2 be the radii of spheres 1 and 2, respectively. Let Q1 and Q2 be the charges on spheres 1 and 2, respectively, after

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 they are separated.
Let the common potential=V,
Q1 = 4π∈o R1

Q2 = 4π∈o R2

R1 = 10cm
R2 = 20cm
Q1
Surface charge density on sphere 1,σ 1 =
2
4πR
1

Q2
Surface charge density on sphere 2, σ 2 =
2
4πR
2
2
σ1 Q1 R
2
= ×
σ2 Q2 2
R
1
2
σ1 R1 R
2
= ×
σ2 R2 2
R
1

σ1 R2
=
σ2 R1
σ1 20
=
σ2 10

σ1 : σ2 = 2 : 1

9.
⃗
F
(c) 8

Explanation:
→
The electric field at a distance r from the dipole is E = K
2P

3
, so E ∝ 1

3
r r

Force on charge q is F = qE also F ∝

1

3
r

If distance r is doubled, then force will F ′

=
F

10.
(d) Each one of these
Explanation:
If the electric field is E and the area is A, the electric flux associated with the area is ϕ = EA cos θ.
Where θ represents the angle formed between the surface and the electric field.
The electric flux is clearly dependent on the electric field strength, area, and angle between the surface and the electric field.

11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
12.
(b) zero
Explanation:
The forces on charge +Q at vertex A are shown in the figure.

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 The resultant force on charge +Q at A is
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
F' = √F + F + 2F F cos 120 = F
2 2 ∘

13.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
The electric flux through the cube,
q
ϕ =
ε0

q
A cube has six faces of equal area, therefore, electric flux through each face = 1

6
⋅ ϕ =
1

6
(
ε0
) =
1

6
× total flux

14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
As, σ = σ (given)
1 2
2
q q q r

∴
1

2
=
2

2
or q
1
=
1

2
[Let r1 and r2 be two different radii.]
4πr 4πr 2 r
1 2 2

Then the ratio of electric field intensifies near the surface of spherical conductors,
2
E1 q1 4πε0 r
2
= ×
E2 2 q2
4πε0 r
1
2
q1 r q1 q2
=
q2
×
2

2
=
q2
×
q1
=1
r
1

i.e., E1 = E2

15.
–
(d) -2√2
Explanation:
Net force on charge Q = 0
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
qQ qQ QQ
∴ √(k ) + (k ) = k
2 2 2
a a ( √2a)

√2kqQ QQ
or 2
= k
2
a 2a
Q –
or q
= 2√2

Q –
Q and q must have opposite signs, so q
= -2√2

Section B
16. Here q = 4μC = 4 × 10-6 C, q0 = 1 C
By the principle of superposition, the force acting on a charge of 1 C placed at the origin is
qq0
F= 4πε0
[
1

2
+
1

2
+
1

2
+ …]
r r r
1 2 3

= 9 × 109 × 4 × 10-6 × 1 [ 1

2
+
1

2
+
1

2
+ …]
1 2 4

Sum of the infinite geometric progression

a 1 4
= = =
1−r 1 3
1−
4

∴ F = 9 × 109 × 4 × 10-6 × 4

3
= 4.8 × 104 N
17. a. Since the electric field lines emanating from A and C, therefore the charges A and C are positive.
b. From a larger charge, relatively greater number of electric field lines emanate from charge C. Therefore, the charge C has the
largest magnitude.
c. The electric field cannot be zero between the unlike charges pairs, such as A and B or B and C. It can be zero between two
like charges (i.e. A and C) only. Further, the point, where the electric field is zero, would be closer to smaller charge and
farther away from the larger charge.
Therefore, the electric field is zero near the charge A.

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18. Given, surface charge density is 4 × 1-6 C/m2 and the mass of the particle is 5 × 10-6 g.
The electric field, E = σ

2ε0
−6
4×10
=
−12
2(8.85× 10 )

= 2.26 × 105 N/C

Therefore, the electric field is = 2.26 × 105 N/C.
The electric force qE acts in the upward direction if the particle is given a charge q. The particle's weight is balanced by this force,
F = qE.
The force F is downward force. So, mg = qE.
Substitute the values into the formula,
(5 × 10-6) (9.8) = q(2.26 × 105)
−6
(5× 10 )(9.8)
q= 5
2.26×10

= 2.2 × 10-10 C
Therefore, the charge applied is 2.21 × 10-10 C.
19. The locations of the charges are shown in the figure.

The electric flux through the sphere of radius 2a,

1
ϕ1 = (2q)
ε0

The electric flux through the sphere of radius 8a

1 1
ϕ2 = (2q − q) = (q)
ε0 ε0

ϕ1 2
∴ =
ϕ2 1

Section C
20. Given, ^
E = 50x i

and ΔS = 25cm 2
= 25 × 10
−4
m
2

As the electric field is only along the X-axis, so flux will pass only through the cross-section of the cylinder.
Magnitude of electric field at cross-section A:
E = 50 × 1 = 50NC
A (because Distance of first face from the origin is x = 1m)
−1

Magnitude of electric field at cross-section B:

E = 50 × 2 = 100NC
B ( because Distance of second face from origin is x = 1 + 1 = 2m)
−1

The corresponding electric fluxes are

−4 ∘
ϕA = EA ⋅ ΔS = 50 × 25 × 10 × cos 180
2 −1
= −0.125Nm C

and ϕ B = EB ⋅ ΔS = 100 × 25 × 10
−4
× cos 0
∘

2 −1
= 0.25Nm C

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 i. So, the net flux through the cylinder,
2 −1
ϕ = ϕA + ϕB = −0.125 + 0.25 = 0.125Nm C

ii. Using Gauss's law,

q q
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ dl = ⇒ 0.125 =
ε0 −12
8.85×10
−12
⇒ q = 8.85 × 0.125 × 10

−12
⇒ q = 1.1 × 10 C

So, the charge enclosed by the cylinder is 1.1 × 10 −12

C .
21. a. Fig. shows the forces on the metal ball when the upper plate of the capacitor is positively charged.

If E is strength of the electric field between the plates, then the apparent weight of the ball,
mg' = m g + q E
qE
or g ′
= g +
m

The period of oscillation of the ball is given by

−
− −−−−−−
l l
t = 2π√ = 2π√
g′ g+qE/m

Since (g + q E/m) > g, the time period of the ball will decrease.
b. When the upper plate of the capacitor is made negative, then
mg' = mg - q E
Obviously, the period of oscillation of the ball will be
−−−− −−
1
t = 2π√
g−qE/m

Since (g - qE/m ) < g, the time period of the ball will increase.
22. Distance between the spheres, A and B, r = 0.5 m
Initially, the charge on each sphere, q = 6.5 × 10-7 C
When an uncharged sphere is brought near the charged sphere, the charge is induced on the uncharged sphere. Thus in the given
question,
q
When sphere A is touched with an uncharged sphere C, 2
the amount of charge from A will transfer to sphere C. Hence, charge
q
on each of the spheres, A and C, is 2
.
q
When sphere C with charge 2
is brought in contact with sphere B with charged, total charges on the system will divide into two
equal halves given as,
q
+q
2 3q
=
2 4
3q
Each sphere will share each half. Hence, charge on each of the spheres, C and B, is 4
.
q 3q
× 2
q 3q 3q
Force of repulsion between sphere A having charge and sphere B having charge =
2 4
=
2 4 4πϵ0 r2 8×4πϵ0 r2

−7 2
3×(6.5× 10 )
= 9 × 10 9
×
2
8×(0.5)

= 5.703 × 10-3 N
Therefore, the force of attraction between the two spheres is 5.703 × 10-3 N.
23. Gauss' law states that the total flux through a closed surface is times to the net charge enclosed by the closed surface.
1

ε0
q
Mathematically, ϕ E = ∮
s
E ⋅ dS =
ε0
.
Here, ε is the absolute permittivity of the free spaced, q is the total charge enclosed and E is the electric field at the area element
0

dS.

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 Consider a thin cylindrical Gaussian surface S with charged wire on its axis and point P on its surface.

Then net electric flux through surface S is

∘ ∘ ∘
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ ds = ∫ EdS cos 90 + ∫ EdS cos 0 + ∫ EdS cos 90
s
U pper plane f ace Curved surf ace Lower plane f ace

ϕ = 0 + EA + 0 or ϕ = E ⋅ 2πl
But by Gauss's theorem, ϕ = q/ε = λl/ε where, q is the charge on length l of wire enclosed by cylindrical surface S and λ is
0 0

uniform linear charge density of wire.

λl
∴ E × 2πl =
ε0

λ
⇒ E =
2π ε0 r

Thus, electric field of a line charge is inversely proportional to distance directed normal to the surface of charged wire.
Section D
24. Particles 1 and 2 have negative charges because they are being deflected towards the positive plate of the electrostatic field.
Particle 3 has a positive charge because it is being deflected towards the negative plate.
Acceleration acting on charge q in y-direction,
qE
a= F

m
=
m

Therefore, deflection of charged particle in time t in y-direction is

at2 =
qE
h=0×t+ 1

2
1

2 m
q
i.e., h ∝ m
q
As the particle 3 suffers maximum deflection in y-direction, so it has highest charge to mass ( m
) ratio.
a. Negative charge.
b. (iii) and (iv). The particles must have charges of the same sign and same e

m
ratio.
c. To find m
e
, we measure the vertical displacement h as the particle crosses the capacitor plates.
Time taken by a particle to cross the capacitor plates,
t= v
l

t2 = 0.5
qE
∴ h= 1

2 m
eE

m
(
l

v
)

OR
i. Consider a dipole of length 2a as shown in the figure

q 1
E+ = ×
q 4πϵo 2 2
r +a
q 1
E−q = ×
4πϵo 2 2
r +a

Now break the electric field into its components. The components normal to dipole axis cancel away. The components along
the dipole axis add up.

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 Total electric field is opposite to dipole moment.
⃗
^
E = − (E+q + E−q ) cos θp
−2qa
= ^
p
2 2 3/2
4πϵ0 (r + a )

−p ⃗
=
3/2
2 2
4π∈o (r + a )

ii. At far off point r >> a

−p ⃗
⃗
E =
3
4π∈o r

When distance is halved.

−p ⃗
⃗
E =
3
r
4π∈o ( )
2

−8p ⃗
=
3
4π∈o r

Therefore E⃗ becomes 8 times

iii.

p1 = q × 2 Cm (along OA)
p2 = q × 2 Cm (along OD)
−−−−−−
pnet = √p 2
1
+ p
2
2

–
= 2√2 q Cm
Electric field at centre O
kppne t
E=
2 2 3/2
(r + a )

at point O, r = 0 , a = 1 m
k×2√2q – 2√2q
E = = 2√2kq =
3 4π∈o
1

Along DC
25. i. Gauss's law:
The law relates the flux through any closed surface and the net charge enclosed with in the surface. The law states that the
total flux of the electric field E over any closed surface is equal to times the net charge enclosed by the surface.
1

ε0
q
ϕ = ε0

Since The electric flux (ϕ) through curved surface = ∮ Edscosθ. ϕ = ∮ Eds [∵ θ = 0; cosθ = 1] = E(2rπ l) [The surface area of
the curved part is] since E and ds are right angles 2π rl to each other, the electric flux through the plane caps = 0.
∴ Total flux through the Gaussian surface, ϕ = E(2π rl). The net charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is, q = λ l ∴ By Gauss's
(2πrl)λl λ
law,= E ε0
or E = 2π ε0 r
. The direction of electric field E is radially outward, if line charge is positive and inward, if the
line charge is negative.
dQ
ii. The length of wire is l and linear charge density is λ = kx, so linear charge density λ = dx

Now, dq = λ dx = kxdx
l l 1 2
Q = ∫ dq = ∫ kxdx = kl
0 0 2

As per Gauss law,

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 Q
ϕ =
ε0

where, ϕ = electric flux, Q = net charge enclosed in Gaussian surface

ε = permittivity of medium
0
2

Hence, ϕ = kl

2ε0

OR
a. Gauss's law in electrostatics: It states that total electric flux over the closed surface S in vacuum is 1

ε0
times the total charge
(q) contained in side S.
→ −
→
q
∴ ϕE = ∮ E ⋅ dS =
ε0
S

Let an infinitely long line charge having linear charge density λ . Assume a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r and length
l coaxial with the line charge to determine its electric field at distance r.

Total flux through the cylindrical surface,

→ → → −
→ → −
→ → −
→
∮ E ⋅ ds = ∮ E ⋅ dS 1 + ∮ E ⋅ dS 2 + ∮ E ⋅ dS 3
S1 S2 S3

∘ ∘ ∘
= ∮ E dS1 ⋅ cos 0 + ∮ E dS2 ⋅ cos 90 + ∮ E dS3 ⋅ cos 90
S1 S2 S3

= E ∮ dS1 = E × 2πrl

Since λ is the charge per unit length and l is the length of the wire,
Thus, the charge enclosed
q = λl

According to Gaussian law,

→ −
→
q
∮ E ⋅ dS =
ε0
S

or, E × 2πrl = λl

ε0

λ
∴ E =
2π ε0 r

b. Electric field intensity at a distance r from line charge of density λ is

λ
E =
2π ε0 r

∴ Field intensity on negative charge (r = 0.02 m)

−4 9
4× 10 ×9× 10 ×2 8
E1 = = 3.6 × 10 N /C
0.02

Force on negative charge

−8 8
F1 = qE1 = 2 × 10 (3.6 × 10 ) = 7.2N

It is directed towards the line charge.

Similarly field intensity at positive charge (r = 0.022 m)
−4 9
4× 10 ×9× 10 ×2 8
E2 = = 3.27 × 10 N /C
0.022

Force on positive charge

−8 8
F2 = qE2 = 2 × 10 (3.27 × 10 ) = 6.54N

It is directed away from the line charge.

∴ Net force on the dipole,

F = F1 - F2 = (7.2 - 6.54)N = 0.66 N

F is towards the line charge.

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26. a. Inside

The point P is inside the spherical shell. The Gaussian surface is a sphere through P centered at ‘O’
Flux through this surface = E × 4πr 2

However there is no charge enclosed by this Gaussian surface. Hence using Gauss’s Law
2
E × 4πr = 0

⇒ E=0
Outside

To calculate Electric Field E⃗ at the outside point P, we take the Gaussian surface to be a sphere of radius ‘r’ and with center
O, passing through P.
Electric Flux through the Gaussian surface
2
φ = E × 4πr

Charge enclosed by this the Gaussian surface = σ × 4πR 2

By Gauss’s Law
2
2 σ×4πR
E × 4πr = = q/ϵ0
ϵ0

Where q= total charge on the spherical shell.

q
∴ E =
2
4πϵ0 r

1 q
⃗ ^
E = r
′ 2
4πϵ r
0

b.

c. Electric flux passing through the square sheet

→
⃗
ϕ = ∫ E ⋅ ds

= EA cos θ

=200 × 0.01 × cos 60o

= 1.0 Nm2/C
OR

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The electric dipole of charges + q and - q separated by distance 2a is shown in the figure.

It is placed in a uniform electric field at an angle θ with it.

i. Force on charge +q, F ⃗ 1 = qE
⃗
in the direction of E⃗ Force on charge −q, F ⃗
2 = −qE
⃗
in the opposite direction of E⃗
∴ Net translatory force on dipole = F ⃗ 1
⃗
+ F2

→
⃗ ⃗
= +qE − qE = 0

Hence, no translatory force acts on it.

ii. But the two equal, parallel and unlike forces form a couple which rotates the dipole in a direction, thus the moment of the
couple is known as torque which is given by:
τ = Force× perpendicular distance between the two forces

τ = qE × 2asin θ

τ = pEsin θ
where, p = q × 2a = dipole moment.
iii. Work done in rotating the dipole through 180° is given by:
w = ∫ dW
∘ ∘
180 180
w=∫ 0
τ dθ = pE ∫
0
∘ sin θdθ
∘

w = pE[− cos θ] 180

0
′

w = −pE [cos 180 ∘

− cos 0 ]
∘

W = pE [1 + 1] = 2pE

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