Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 1

Class 12 - Physics

1.
(b) Millikan
Explanation:
Charge on an electron was calculated by Millikan.

2.
(c) four times.
Explanation:
four times.

3.
(b) 12.83 ×10 V/m 4

Explanation:
Fe = mg

4eE = density × volume × g = d × 4

3
× π × r3 × g
Given, d = 2g/cc = 2000 kg/m3; r = 10-6 m
Thus, 4 × 1.6 × 10-19 × E = 2000 × 4

3
× 3.14 × 10-18 × 9.8
E = (2000 × 4

3
× 3.14 × 10-18 × 9.8) / (4 × 1.6 × 10-19) = 12.83 × 104 V/m

4.
(b) (i) and (iii)
Explanation:
According to Coulomb’s law, electric force binds the electrons of an atom to its nucleus and atoms together to form molecules.

5.
(c) − (1.0 × 10 3 N

C
^
) i

Explanation:
Using E = F

E= − (1.0 × 10 3 N

C
^
) i

6.
(d) any closed surface
Explanation:
Gauss's law is valid for any closed surface.

7.
(b) charge, which is a fraction of a coulomb is not possible
Explanation:
Charge quantization means that the charge cannot take any arbitrary values, but only values that are integral multiples of the
fundamental charge.

8. (a) −10 3
Nm /C
2

Explanation:

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 q
Electric flux is given by ϕ = ∈0
since amount of charge not depends on size and shape so by making radius double the amount
of charge remain same, so electric flux remain same.
9. (a) Ea = 2Eq
Explanation:
Electric field at any axial point is twice the electric field at the same distance along the equatorial line
∴ Ea = 2Eq

10.
(c) Gaussian surface
Explanation:
The surface that we choose for the application of Gauss’s law is called the Gaussian surface.

11. (a) 3.0 × 104 Vm-1

Explanation:
Given: Electric dipole moment,
−8
p = 2 × 10 N /C

Maximum torque, τ = 6 × 10
−4
N − m
∘
θ = 90

Electric field, E = ?
The torque acting on the dipole:
τ = pE sin θ

−4 −8
⇒ 6 × 10 = 2 × 10 × E

4 −1
⇒ E = 3 × 10 V m

4πq
12. (a) 1

6 4πε0

Explanation:
q 1 4πq
ϕE = =
ε0 6 (4π ε0 )

13.
(b) 4 μC
Explanation:
τ = pE sin θ

= q × 2a × E sin θ

−3
τ 8×10
q = = = 4μC
2a E sin θ −2 5 0
2× 10 ×2× 10 ×sin 30

14.
(b) ∞
Explanation:
K= E

′
E

As E' = 0 for a conductor, hence K = ∞ for conductor only, i.e., for an insulator K cannot be ∞ .

15.
(c) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
Explanation:
As we know that,
q
Linear charge density, λ = , where, L is length of rod
L
q
Volume charge density, ρ = V
, where, V is volume
The electric field is quantified by electric field intensity.
The unit of torque is Newton meter.

16.
(d) charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform

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 Explanation:
charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform

17.
(d) M-1L-3T4A2
Explanation:
Dimension of Permittivity is given by = [Charge]2 × [Force]–1 × [Distance]–2
Or, ε0 = [AT]2 × [M1 L1 T-2]–1 × [M0 L1 T0]–2 = [M-1 L-3 T4 A2] = M-1L-3T4A2

18.
(c) E ∝ r2
Explanation:
ρ ∝ r ⇒ ρ = αr

dp = ρ dV = α r × 2 π dr × l

Using Guass's theorem,

r 2
∫ 2παlr dr
E ×2πrl = 0

ε0

3 2

E= 2παlr

3ε0 ×2πrl
=
αr

3ε0

∴ E ∝ r2

19.
(d) Each one of these
Explanation:
If the electric field is E and the area is A, the electric flux associated with the area is ϕ = EA cos θ.
Where θ represents the angle formed between the surface and the electric field.
The electric flux is clearly dependent on the electric field strength, area, and angle between the surface and the electric field.

20.
mg
(b) e

Explanation:
Force exerted by electric field = Weight of water drop
eE = mg
mg
or E = e

21. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

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 Resultant of electric in tensity at O due to B and C is equal and opposite to that due to A.

22. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
23.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

24.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The total electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity, according to Gauss'
law.
Inverse square dependency of the electric field on distance isthe basis of Gauss' theorem.
Therefore, both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation of assertion.

25. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
If the two electric lines of force can intersect each other then at the point of intersection, we can draw two tangents to the two
lines of force. This would mean two directions of electric field intensity at the point of intersection, which is not possible.
26.
(d) zero
Explanation:
zero, qnet is the algebraic sum of all the charges inside of the area S. here qnet = q - q = 0
Hence flux = zero

27. (a) along the diagonal BD

Explanation:
At the centre O, the forces due to the charges at A and C cancel out. The forces due to the charges at Band D add up along BD.
The total force is along BD.
28.
(c) E along KO
Explanation:
E along KO

29.
(d) 4
Explanation:
The electric field is always normal to the surface of a conductor. On the surface of a metallic solid sphere, the electrical field is
oriented normally (i.e. directed towards the centre of the sphere) and inside the conductor electric field is zero. So, 4th line is
correct.

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30. (a) 251 NC-1
Explanation:
Electric field at an axial point of the disc at distance r is

E= σ

2ε0
[1 −
x
]
√R2 + x2

σ x
= × 2π × [1 − ]
4πε0 2
√R + x2

= 9 × 109 × 10 × 10-9 × 6.28 [1 − 2

] NC-1
√9+4

NC-1 = 251.2 NC-1

2
= 90 × 6.28 × [1 − ]
√13

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 2

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
When an object is moved against the electric field it gains some amount of energy which is defined as the electric potential energy.
For any charge, the electric potential is obtained by dividing the potential energy by the quantity of charge and the surface which
is the locus of all points which are at the same potential is known as the equipotential surface.

(i) (b) spheres

Explanation:
spheres
(ii) (b) Zero
Explanation:
Zero
(iii) (b) scalar
Explanation:
scalar
(iv) (a) sphere
Explanation:
sphere
(v) (d) cylindrically symmetric
Explanation:
cylindrically symmetric
2. (b) 45 cm
Explanation:
Here C = 50pF = 50 × 10-12 F, V = 104 V
R= 1

4πε0
⋅ C = 9 × 109 mF-1 × 50 × 10-12 F

= 45 × 10-2 m = 45 cm
3. (c) 2.5 μC
Explanation:
As q = CV = 25 × 10-12 × 105 = 2.5 μC

4. (d) [M-1 L-2 T4 A2]

Explanation:
[M-1 L-2 T4 A2]
5. (a) both V and R
Explanation:
As charge, q = CV = (4πε R) V 0

∴ q depends on both V and R.

6. (c) 64q, 4C
Explanation:

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 64 drops have formed a single drop of radius R.
Volume of large sphere = 64 × Volume of small sphere
⇒ R = 4r and Qtotal = 64q
4 3 4 3
∴ πR = 64 πr
3 3

C' = 4πε 0R ⇒ C
′
= (4πε0 ) .4r ⇒ C' = 4C
Section B
7.
(b) 12, 4
Explanation:
CP = C1 + C2 = 16 μF
C1 C2
Cs = = 3μF
C1 + C2

or C1C2 = 3(C1 + C2) = 3 × 16 = 48 μF

C1(16 - C1) = 48
On solving, C1 = 12 μ F, C2 = 4 μF

8.
(b) 54 × 10-6 J
Explanation:
W = qV = 6 × 10-6C × 9 V = 54 × 10-6 J

9.
(d) 4 W
Explanation:
1 2 2
W = CV ⇒ W ∝ V
2
2
W2 ΔV2
∴ = ( )
W1 ΔV1

2 2
60−30 30
= ( ) = ( ) = 4
30−15 15

or W2 = 4W1 = 4W

10.
(b) 200μC, 200μC
Explanation:
10×20 20
Ceq = = μF
10+20 3
20
q = Ceq V = μF × 30V = 200μC
3

11. (a) no work is done

Explanation:
On the equipotential surface, the electric field is normal to the charged surface (where the potential exists) So that no work will
be done.
12.
(d) inverse ratio of capacitors
Explanation:
When capacitors are connected in series, they have equal charge but the potential difference across them is given by
Q Q
V1 =
C1
; V2 =
C2
... and so on.
Therefore, V ∝
1

13. (a) planes parallel to YZ-plane

Explanation:
Planes perpendicular to X-direction i.e., planes parallel to YZ-plane will be the equipotential surfaces.

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14.
(b) infinite
Explanation:
The permittivity of metals is very high compared to the permittivity of free space. So dielectric constant for metal is infinite.

15. (a) independent of the distance between the plates

Explanation:
2
σ Q Q
F = QE = Q = Q =
2ε0 2Aε0 2Aε0

F is independent of the distance between the plates.

16. (a) 12πε 0
V

Explanation:
V =
4

3
πR
3
and A = 4π R2
V R 3V
∴ = ⇒ R=
A 3 A

3V 12π ε0 V
C = 4πε0 R = 4πε0 ( ) =
A A

17.
(b) 160 MW
Explanation:
qV 6
W 4×4×10
P = = = W
t t 0.1

= 160 MW

18.
(d) C V 2

Explanation:
When two charged conductors are connected by a conducting wire, flow of charge will continue until they acquire same
potential. Here the two spheres are oppositely charged. So after connecting common potential will be
V +(−V )
Vc =
2
=0
Initial energy of system is
2 2
CV C(−V )
Ui = +
2 2

Ui = CV2
Final potential is zero, so Uf = 0
2
ΔU = Ui − Uf = C V

19.
(b) - qLE
Explanation:
When the dipole is in the direction of the field then net force is qE + (-qE) = 0 and its potential energy is minimum P= -pE
Here, p is an electric dipole defined by the product of charge and distance between them: p = qL
thus P= -qLE

20.
(b) 1 ⋅ 1 × 10 −10

Explanation:
Here, r = 1 m
Now, C = 4 π ε r 0

= 1
× 1 = 1 ⋅ 11 × 10
9
−10
F
9×10

21.
(d) is zero.
Explanation:

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 For an equipotential surface, VA = VB
So, work done = 0

22.
(b) varies as 1

r
where r is the distance from the axis
Explanation:
The electric field at point distance r from the axis of the capacitor and located in the annular region (the region between the two
cylinders) of a cylindrical capacitor with linear charge density λ is given by E = λ

2π ε0 r

Thus, E ∝ 1

This field is higher near the inner cylinder.

23.
(b) 4
Explanation:
Dielectric constant of air is 1. All dielectrics generally have a value of the dielectric constant greater than 1.
F
K =
Fm

where Fm is the force between two charged particles in a medium of dielectric constant K and F is the force between the two
charges when placed in air.The force between two charges is greatest in air or vacuum and it decreases when any medium is
placed between the charges. K cannot have negative, fractional or zero values.

24.
(c) −(6^i + 5^j + 2k
^
)

Explanation:
⃗ ∂V ^ ∂V ^ ∂V ^
E = − i − j − k
∂x ∂y ∂z

⃗ ^ ^ ^
E = −(6y) i − (6x − 1y + 2z) j − (2y)k

At the point (1, 1, 0),

⃗ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ −1
E = −6 i − 5 j − 2k = −(6 i + 5 j + 2k)NC

25.
(d) cylindrical capacitor with outer cylinder earthed
Explanation:
A submarine cable consists of an inner conductor which carries power. This conductor is covered by an insulator, which acts as
a dielectric. The dielectric material is covered by a metal coating called shield, which is connected to ground. The cable acts as
a cylindrical capacitor, with the conductor acting as the inner cylinder, and the metal shield as the outer cylinder which is
connected to earth.

26.
(b) 3

2
CV
2

Explanation:
The charges Q1 and Q2 on the two capacitors Q1 = CV; Q2 = (2C)(2V) = 4CV
The capacitors are connected in parallel in such a way that the positive plate of one is connected to the negative plate of the
other.
Q2 − Q1 4CV −CV
The common potential V =
C+2C
=
3C
= V

The final energy U f =

1

2
CV
2
+
1

2
(2C ) V
2
=
3

2
CV
2

Section C
27.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:

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 Electric field for parallel plate capacitor in vacuum = E = σ

ε0

Electric field in dielectric = E ′

=
σ

κε0

Since, the value of κ for Kerosene oil is greater than 1, then E < E and hence V
′ ′
< V. Hence, the assertion is true.
Dielectric constant of Kerosene oil is greater than 1. Hence, the reason is false.

28.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
1
F = qE ⇒ F ∝ q
2

F cannot be equal to charge per unit area.

29.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

30.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

31.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

Section D

32. (a)

Explanation:
E=− dV

dx

For 0 < x < 2

The slope is positive, dV

dx
> 0

So, electric field intensity = -E

For 2 < x < 4
The slope is positive, dV

dx
= 0

So, electric field intensity =0

For 4 < x < 6
dV
The slope is positive, dx
< 0

So, electric field intensity = +E

So, E vs. x graph will be as below:

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33. (a) 4.65 cms-1
Explanation:
−9 −9
−3×10
Va = 9 × 10
9
[
3×10

0.01
+
0.02
] = 1350 V
−9 −9
−3×10
Vb = 9 × 10
9
[
3×10

0.02
+
0.01
] = -1350 V
Va - Vb = 2700 V
1 2
mv = q (Va − Vb )
2
−−−−−−− −−−−−−−−−−
2q( Va − V ) −9
b 2×2× 10 ×2700
v = √ = √
m −3
5×10

= 4.65 × 10-2 ms-1

= 4.65 cms - 1
34. (a) 12.5 μJ
Explanation:
The equivalent network is a balanced Wheatstone bridge.

C×C C×C
Ceq = + = C
C+C C+C

Charge on capacitor between terminals a and b

Q CV
= =
2 2

Energy stored in this capacitor

2 2 2 2 2
(Q/2) Q C V CV
= = = =
2C 8C 8C 8
−6 2
1× 10 ×(10) 100 −6
= = × 10 J
8 8

= 12.5 μJ
35.
2
Q
(b)
2A∈0

Explanation:
A∈0
capacitance of conductor is ,C = d
1 2
U = CV
2
2
A∈0 V
=
2d
2
dU ∈0 AV d 1
= ( )
dd 2 dd d

2
ϵ0 AV
= −
2
2d
2
−dU ϵ0 AV
Force of attraction between the plates = dd
=
2
2d

Now, Q = CV. Substituting for V = Q/C and putting the value of C, we get,
2
Q
⇒ F =
2Aϵ0

36.
qQ
(d) − 6π ε0 L

Explanation:

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 1 q −q 1 q q
VC = [ + ] = [ − ] = 0
4πε0 AC BC 4πε0 L L

1 q −q 1 q q q
VD = [ + ] = [ − ] = −
4πε0 AD BD 4πε0 3L L 6π ε0 L

Work done in moving the charge +Q along the semicircle CRD is

q qQ
W = +Q (VD − VC ) = +Q (− − 0) = −
6π ε0 L 6π ε0 L

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 3

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
q
The rate of flow of charge through any cross-section of a wire is called electric current flowing through it. Electric current (I) = . t

Its SI unit is ampere (A). The conventional direction of electric current is the direction of motion of positive charge. The current is
the same for all cross-sections of a conductor of the non-uniform cross-section. Resistance is a measure of the opposition to
current flow in an electrical circuit.

(i) (c) diode

Explanation:
diode
(ii) (c) scalar quantity
Explanation:
scalar quantity
(iii) (a) zero
Explanation:
zero
(iv) (b) conventional current
Explanation:
conventional current
(v) (a) free electron density
Explanation:
free electron density
Section B
2.
(b) Mobility
Explanation:
The charge carrier in most metals is the negatively charged electron. The mobility of the charge carrier is defined as the drift
velocity of the charge carrier per unit electric field. It is denoted by μ andμ = v /E is given as. The Sl unit of μ is m2V-1s-1.
d

3.
(c) 1

3
Ω

Explanation:
Let r Ω be the internal resistance of the battery
ε
In first case: = 2A
r+ 2

ε
In second case: = 0.5 A
r+ 9

r+ 9
∴ = 4 or r = 1

3
Ω
r+ 2

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 4.
(d) for Si increases and for Cu decreases
Explanation:
Si is a semiconductor, its resistivity increases with the decrease in temperature. Cu is a conductor, its resistivity decreases with
the decrease in temperature.

5.
(b) 1.25 × 1019
Explanation:
V 200
I = = = 2 A
R 100

Again, I = ne

or, 2 = ne(since, t = 1 s)
or, n = = 2

e
2

−19
1.6×10

∴ n = 1.25 × 1019

6. (a) 19.2 kW
Explanation:
Total resistance of the wires = 150 × 0.5 = 75 Ω
Current through the wires,
l= ΔV
=
ΔR
= 16 A8

0.5

P = I2R = (16)2 × 75 = 19200 W = 19.2 kW

7.
(c) absorbed
Explanation:
When current is passed from the lower temperature to the higher temperature side, work has to be done against the higher
potential. Hence energy is absorbed.

8. (a) R = R (1 + αt)
t 0

Explanation:
resistances are related as R t = R0 (1 + αt)

9.
(c) ohm cm
Explanation:
The unit of resistivity is ohm cm.

10.
E
(d) 3

Explanation:
E

11.
(b) 87.5 %
Explanation:
Input energy when the battery is charged
= VIt = 15 V × 10 A × 8 h = 1200 Wh
The energy released when the battery is discharged
= 14 V × 5 A × 15 h = 1050 Wh
Watt-hour efficiency of the battery
Energy output
= =
1050
= 0.875 = 87.5 %
Energy input 1200

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 Section C
12.
(d) Both A and R are false.
Explanation:
When two bulbs are connected in series, the resistance of the circuit increases and so the voltage in each decreases, hence the
brightness and the temperature also decreases. Due to decrease in temperature, the resistance of the carbon filament will
slightly increase while that of metal filament will decrease. Hence, carbon filament bulb will glow more brightly (P = i2R).
Also carbon is not a semiconductor.

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The metallic body of electrical appliance is connected to the 3rd pin which is an earth pin. By any chance if the metallic body
gets connected to the LIVE line, current flows to earth through this pin without giving any shock to the user. Hence, assertion is
true.
Electric bulb does not have any metallic encloser and hence there is no requirement of earth pin. So, the reason is also true and
properly explains the assertion.
Section D
14.
(d) 1

3
A, 3 V
Explanation:
Current in the circuit is
Net emf ε2 − ε1
I= =
Net resistance R + r1 + r2

8 − 4
= =
4

12
=
1

3
A
9 + 1 + 2

VPQ = P.D. across R = 1

3
A, 3 V

15. (a) 2

6
A
Explanation:
Net emf 2 + 2 − 2
I= = =
2

6
A
R + 3r 4.5 + 3 × 0.5

16.
(b) 15 Ω
Explanation:
L1
In the first case, 5

R
=
100−L1
...(i)
1.6l1
In the second case, 5

R
=
100−1.6l1
...(ii)
2

On dividing (ii) by (i), we get

1.6(100 − 4)
2=
100 − 1.64

or 200 - 3.2 l1 = 160 - 1.6 l1

or 1.6 l1 = 40
⇒ l1 = 25
From (i), 5

R
=
25

75

⇒ R = 15Ω

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 4

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Ampere's law gives a method to calculate the magnetic field due to given current distribution. According to it, the circulation
⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl
⃗
of the resultant magnetic field along a closed plane curve is equal to μ times the total current crossing the area bounded
0

by the closed curve provided the electric field inside the loop remains constant. Ampere's law is more useful under certain
symmetrical conditions. Consider one such case of a long Straight wire with circular cross-section (radius R) carrying current I
uniformly distributed across this cross-section.

(i) (b)
μ0 I

2πr

Explanation:
Magnetic field due to a long current carrying wire at r
μ
B= 2π
0 I

μ Ir
(ii) (a) 0

2
2πR

Explanation:
Let I' = be the current in region r < R
2

Then, l' = I

2
2
π (r ) or l
′
=
Ir

2
πR R
′ 2
μ I μ Ir μ Ir
So, magnetic field, B = 2πr
0
=
0

2
=
0

2
2π R r 2πR

(iii)

(b)

Explanation:
Magnetic field due to a long straight wire of radius a carrying current I at a point distant r from the centre of the wire
is given as follows

μ0 Ir
B= 2
For r < a
2πa
μ0 l
B= 2πa
For r = a
μ l
B= 2πr
0
For r > a
The variation of magnetic field B with distance r from the centre of wire is shown in the figure.
(iv) (c) 1
Explanation:

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 Let the magnetic fields due to a long straight wire of radius R carrying a steady current I at a distance I from the
centre of the wire are
μ Ir
B1 = 0

2
(For r < R)
2πR
μ0 I
and B2 = 2πR
(For r > R)
R μ0 I R μ0 l μ0 I μ0 I
So, the magnetic field at r = 2
is B1 = 2
(
2
) =
4πR
and at r = 2R B2 = 2π(2R)
=
4πR
2πR

∴ Their corresponding ratio is

B1 ( H0 I/4πR)

B2
=
( μ I/4πR)
=1
0

(v) (b) zero at any point inside the pipe

Explanation:
zero at any point inside the pipe
Section B
2.
(b) 2 × 10-2 J
Explanation:
magnetic moment (m)= 2Am2 and magnetic field (B)is =5 x 10-3 T
The potential energy of a magnetic dipole of moment m placed in a magnetic field is U = −mB cos θ
When the magnet is aligned in the direction of the field, and the initial potential energy Ui = -mB
When the magnet is aligned opposite to the direction of the field θ = 180 , its potential energy is Uf = mB
Work done in rotating the magnet is equal to the change in its potential energy.
W = Uf - Ui = mB - (-mB)
= 2mB = 2 × 2 × 5 × 10 −3

−2
= 2 × 10 J

3.
(c) 10 μsec
Explanation:
25
Tp = = 5μs
5

From the above problem,

Tα = 2Tp = 2 × 5 = 10μ sec

μ0 qf
4. (a) 2R

Explanation:
q
Current,I = T
= qf

μ I μ qf
0 0
B= =
2R 2R

5.
(c) 4B
Explanation:
The radii of the coils in two cases are R1 and R2.
R1
Then, L = 2πR 1 = 2 × 2πR2 ⇒ R2 =
2
μ I μ nI μ 2I μ I
∴ B=
2R1
0
and B ′
=
0

2R2
=
0

R1
= 4
0

2R1
= 4B
2( )
2

6.
–
(b) 2√2
Explanation:
Magnetic field at the centre
μ i
0
B1 =
2R

Magnetic field on the axis

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VBC
 2
μ0 iR
B2 =
3

2 2
2(x + R ) 2

μ i
0
=
5

2 2 R
3
B1 –
∴ = 2 2 = 2√2
B2

7.
(c) 0.015 Ω
Explanation:
The value of each division is 20μA. The range of the galvanometer I = 20 × 30 = 600μA
g

To convert it into an ammeter of range I = 1A, a shunt S is connected in parallel to it.

Ig −6
600×10
S = G = × 25 = 0.015Ω
I−Ig −6
1−600×10

8.
(c) shrink
Explanation:
shrink

9.
(c) 1.25 × 10 −5
T

Explanation:
μ0 I −7
4π× 10 ×1
B= =
2r 0.1

−6
= 12.56 × 10

−5
= 1.25 × 10 T

10.
(c) 1.26 × 10-4 T
Explanation:
μ NI −7
0 4π× 10 ×50×2
B= = T
2a 2×0.05

= 1.26 × 10-4 T

11.
(d) perpendicular to the magnetic field
Explanation:
F = Bilsin θ
θ is the angle between the direction of current and the direction of magnetic field.

So, when θ = 90o, the force is maximum.

12.
(b) 0.20 Nm
Explanation:
τ = NIAB sin θ

= 50 × 2 × (0.12 × 0.1) × 0.2 sin 60o

= 0.24 × 0.866 = 0.2078 ≈ 0.20 Nm

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VBC
13.
(b) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, one stable while the other is unstable
Explanation:
τ = mB sin θ

When m⃗ ↑↑ B⃗ , θ = 0 , τ = 0
∘

loop is in stable equilibrium.

When m⃗ ↑↓ B⃗ , θ = 180 , τ = 0
∘

loop is in unstable equilibrium.

14.
(c) remains constant
Explanation:
As the magnetic force always at right angle to the direction of motion of charged particle. So work done is zero, hence kinetic
energy remains constant.

15.
(c) 2 × 10-5 T, acting towards north
Explanation:
2 × 10-5 T, acting towards north

16. (a) perpendicular to the magnetic field

Explanation:
The plane of the coil will orient itself so that its area vector becomes parallel to the magnetic field. Then τ ∘
= mB sin 0 = 0 .
17.
(d) same as at Q
Explanation:
As per Biot Savart Law, Magnetic field at a point is inversely proportional to square of distance from the current carrying
conductor. Therefore magnitude of magnetic field is same at both points P and Q, irrespective of their position from the
conductor.

18.
(d) attract each other
Explanation:
Two parallel beams of positrons moving in the same direction set up two parallel currents flowing in the same direction. Hence
they attract each other.

19. (a) helix

Explanation:
it traces the helical path.
20.
(d) The needles become tangential to the ring
Explanation:
The current carrying wire has a magnetic field around it and the lines of force are in the form of concentric circles with their
centers on the wire. Magnetic force acts along the tangent to the circle i.e. along the direction of magnetic field.

21.
(d) I

I0
=
1

11

Explanation:

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VBC
 Ig G
S =
I0 − Ig

Ig G
or I 0 − I8 =
S
I0 G 25 I0
or I8
− 1 =
S
=
2.5
= 10 or Ig
= 11

Ig
or I0
=
11
1

Section C
22.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Explanation:
In the case of metallic rod, the charge carriers flow through whole of the cross-section. So, the magnetic field exists both inside
as well as outside. However, magnetic field inside the rod will go on decreasing as we go towards the axis.

23.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Explanation:
The deflection in the spring of moving coil galvanometer is given by:
eθ = BI N A
BIN A BN A
or θ = =
e
× I , i.e., θ ∝ I
e

If some magnetic material is inserted inside the coil, the magnetic field increases which means more deflection for same
current, i.e., sensitivity increases.
Reason is wrong as soft iron can be easily magnetized or demagnetized.

24.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

25.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
In this case, we cannot be sure about the absence of the magnetic field because if the electron moving parallel to the direction
of the magnetic field, the angle between velocity and applied magnetic field is zero, and the force experienced by the electron
is zero (F = 0).
Then, the also electron passes without deflection.

26.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
The force experienced by a charge particle in a magnetic field is given by,
⃗ ⃗
F = q(v ⃗ × B)

which is independent of mass. As q, v and B are same for both the electron and proton, hence both will experience same force.

27. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The force on a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field always acts in direction perpendicular to the direction of
motion of the charge. As work done by magnetic field on the charge is zero, [W = FS cosθ], so the energy of the charged
particle does not change.
28. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

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VBC
 Due to the metallic frame, the deflection on a frame is only due to current on a coil and magnetic field, not due to vibration in
the string. If the string starts oscillating, due to the presence of a metallic frame in the field make these oscillations are damped.
29.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
When charged particle enters the uniform field they makes angle θ with the field. Then its path is decided by combined effect
of two component of velocity. v cos θ parallel to the field. Due to the parallel field the charge will follow a linear path and due
to the perpendicular component (v sin θ) of the field will be circular. This results in a helical path whose axis is parallel to the
parallel component of the field.

30.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Explanation:
The direction of magnetic field due to current carrying conductor can be found by applying right hand thumb rule or right hand
first rule. When electric current is passed through a circular conductor, the magnetic field lines near the centre of the conductor
are almost straight lines. Magnetic flux direction is determined only by direction of current.

31.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false

Section D
32.
μ0
(d) B⃗ = 4π
I

R
^ ^
(π i + 2k)

Explanation:
μ0 I
The field at O due to each linear part, B⃗ 1
⃗
= B3 =
4πR
∘
(sin 90
∘ ^
+ sin 0 ) (− k)

μ I
0
= (−k)
4πR

The field at O due to the semicircular part,

μ I
⃗ 0 ^
B2 = (− i )
4R
μ0 I
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ^ ^
B0 = B1 + B2 = (π i + 2k)
4πR

33.
(c) less than 5Ω
Explanation:
Let resistance of ammeter is x.
V = IRTOTAL
10 = 2(x + R)
x+R=5
∴R=5–x
i.e. value of R is less than 5Ω.

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VBC
 μo Iα
34. (a) 4πr

Explanation:
μ Iα
Magnetic inductions due to AB and CD conductors are zero and due to arc BC = o

4πr

35.
μo I μo I
(c) 4r
+ 4πr

Explanation:
Magnetic field due to AB conductor is zero, magnetic field due to semicircular arc BCD and straight conductor DE are in the
same direction so adding up.
μo I μo I μo I μo I μo I
Thus, net magnetic field, B = 1

2
×
2r
+
2πr
=
2r
[
1

2
+
1

π
] =
4r
+ 4πr

36.
(b) rotational as well as translational motion
Explanation:
The magnitude of the magnetic field due to I2 and hence the magnetic force on AB decreases from A.

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VBC
 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 5

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. (a) Copper
Explanation:
Copper
2.
(b) potential is zero at all points on the right bisector
Explanation:
The magnetic potential at any point is the amount of work done in bringing a unit north pole from infinity to that point. At any
point on the right bisector, the potentials due to the two poles are equal and opposite.

3.
(c) diamagnetism
Explanation:
Diamagnetism is a universal property among all substances.

4.
−−−
(d) T = 2π√
I

MB

Explanation:
−−−
Time period of oscillation of a magnetic needle is T = 2π√
I

MB

5. (a) [L2A]
Explanation:
Magnetic moment = Current × area
[M] = [L2A]
6. (a) Copper
Explanation:
as Copper is diamagnetic substance.
7.
(d) χ ∝ T −1

Explanation:
−1
χ ∝ T

8.
(b) Absolute Permittivity
Explanation:
Absolute Permittivity

→
9. (a) ∮ B⃗ . ds = 0
Explanation:
Since magnetic monopoles do not exist, flux entering the closed surface is equal to flux leaving the surface. Hence net
magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero.
10.
(c) due to spin and orbital motions of electrons both
Explanation:

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VBC
 due to spin and orbital motions of electrons both

11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
12. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Hysteresis loss in the core of the transformer is directly proportional to the hysteresis loop area of the core material. Since soft
iron has narrow hysteresis loop area, that is why the soft iron core is used in the transformer.
14. (a) C
Explanation:

A.

−−−−−−− –
2 2
m = √m + m = √2m
het

B.

mnet = 0

C.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2 2 ∘
m = √m + m + 2m cos 30
net
−−−−−−−−−−− −−−−−−
–
= m√2 (1 + cos 30∘
) = √2 + √3m

D.

−−−−−−−−−− −
∘ –
m = m√2 (1 + cos 60 ) = √3m
net
Clearly, m is maximum in C.
15.
(d) J/T
Explanation:
µB = 9.27×10–24 J/T

Section B
16. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
The field of a hollow wire with a constant current is homogeneous. Curves in the graph shown give, as functions of radius
distance r, the magnitude B of the magnetic field inside and outside four long wires a, b, c and d, carrying currents that are
uniformly distributed across the cross-sections of the wires. Overlapping portions of the plots are indicated by double labels.

2/3
VBC
(i) (c) a
Explanation:
It can be seen that slop of curve for wire a is greater than wire c.
(ii) (a) less than in wire c
Explanation:
Inside the wire
μ μ
B(r) = 0

2π
I

2
r ⇒
dB
=
dr
0

2π
I

2
r
R R
I
i.e., slope ∝ 2
∝ Current density
πR

(iii) (b) c
Explanation:
Wire c has the greatest radius.
(iv) (d) zero at any point inside the pipe
Explanation:
zero at any point inside the pipe
(v) (a) outside the cable
Explanation:
outside the cable

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VBC
 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 6

Class 12 - Physics
Section A

1. (a) 2 BoL2Wb
Explanation:
The loop can be considered in two planes:

i. Plane of ABCDA is in X-Y plane So its vector A⃗ is in Z-direction so

^ 2^
A1 = |A|k = L k

ii. Plane of DEFAD is in Y-Z plane

So A = |A|i = L i
2
2

2 ^ ^
∴ A = A1 + A2 = L ( i + k)

B = B0 (i + k)
the magnetic flux linked with uniform surface of area A in uniform magnetic field is given by,
2 2
ϕ = B ⋅ A = B0 (i + k) ⋅ L (i + k) = B0 L [i. i + i. k + k. i + k. k]

= B0L2[1 + 0 + 0 + 1] ∵ cos 90 ∘
= 0

= 2 B0L2Wb

2. (a) two times

Explanation:
ε = N BAω sin ωt i.e., ε ∝ ω
ε2 2ω
= = 2
ε1 ω

3.
(b) Lenz's law
Explanation:
According to Lenz's law, the direction of an induced e.m.f always opposes the change in magnetic flux that causes the e.m.f.

4. (a) 1

2
2
Li

Explanation:
If current I flows through a coil of self-inductance L, then magnetic field energy stored in it is 1

2
2
Li .
5.
(c) 1.0 V
Explanation:
using Faraday's law

6.
(d) 12 A, 5 A
Explanation:

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VBC
 When motor is turned on
V 120
i = = = 12A
R 10

When it has reached maximum speed, the back emf is 70 V, then current will be
V 120−70
i = = = 5A
R 10

7.
AB
(c) R

Explanation:
AB

8.
(c) 5 π
Explanation:
dI
ε= M
dt
d
= M [I0 sin ωt] = M I0 ω cos ωt
dt

Emax = M I0 ω [Max. value of cos ωt = 1]

= 0.005 × 10 × 100π = 5πV

9.
(d) 16V
Explanation:
ϕ = 3t2 + 4t + 9
dϕ
= 6t + 4
dt

At t = 2s, |ε| = 6 × 2 + 4 = 16V

10.
(d) Crooke's dark space
Explanation:
At 0.02 mm, the entire discharge tube is filled up with Crooke's dark space.

11.
(b) τ ln (10/9)
Explanation:
−t

I = I0 (1 − e τ )

and I = 0.1I 0
−t
9
e τ =
10
t 10
= ln
τ 9
10
t = τ ln
9

12.
(c) 1

2μ0
B Al
2

Explanation:
1 2
U = Li
2

For a solenoid,
2
μ N A
0
L=
l
N
B = μ0 i
l
Bl
i =
μ N
0

2/4
VBC
 2 2
μ N A
Thus, U = 1

2
(
0

l
)(
Bl

μ0 N
)

1 2
U = B Al
2μ0

13.
(c) Energy
Explanation:
Energy

14.
(d) 3.14 ×10 −5
V

Explanation:
ω = 2πn

n=
60

60
= 1 rev/sec
1 2 1 −4 −5
e= Bω l = × 0.4 × 10 × 2 × 3.14 × 1 × 0.5 × 0.5 = 3.14 × 10 V
2 2

15.
(c) 10
Explanation:
10

16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
17.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Emf will always induces whenever, there is change in magnetic flux. The current will induced only in closed loop.

18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
19. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
As it is tried to push a bar magnet towards a coil, magnetic flux increases. According to Faraday's law, induced e.m.f. is
generated. As the number of turns increases, induced e.m.f. increases.
According to Lenz's law, induced e.m.f. always opposes the change in magnetic flux that causes the induction of e.m.f. So, the
induced e.m.f. will oppose the motion of the bar magnet towards the coil. As the number of turns increases, opposition
increases. Hence, both assertion and reason are true and the reason explains the assertion properly.
20.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Due to the change of flux, the anticlockwise current is induced in the coil which opposes the motion of the magnet and so a < g.

Section B
21. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In year 1820 Oersted discovered the magnetic effect of current. Faraday gave the thought that reverse of this phenomenon is also
possible i.e., current can also be produced by magnetic field. Faraday showed that when we move a magnet towards the coil which
is connected by a sensitive galvanometer. The galvanometer gives instantaneous deflection showing that there is an electric
current in the loop. Whenever relative motion between coil and magnet takes place an emf induced in coil. If coil is in closed

3/4
VBC
circuit then current is also induced in the circuit. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.

(i) (b) moving out of the solenoid.

Explanation:
More rapid is the movement of bar magnet, more is the deflection observed in the galvanometer.
(ii) (d) increase in both
Explanation:
Two circular loops carrying current in the same direction will attract each other. If they are now separated, induced
currents will try to keep status quo, by increasing the current in both the coils.
(iii) (d) less than g
Explanation:
Acceleration of the magnet will not be equal to g. It will be less than g. This is because, as the magnet falls, amount
of magnetic flux linked with the ring changes.
An induced emf is developed in the ring which opposes the downward motion of the magnet.
(iv) (b) resistance of the coil
Explanation:
The magnitude of induced emf set up in the coil does not depend upon the resistance of the coil whereas induced
current set up in the coil depend upon the resistance of the coil.
(v) (c) neither emf nor current is induced in the coil.
Explanation:
As long as a coil of metal is kept stationary in a magnetic field, even if it is non-uniform unless it is changing with
respect to time, there will be no induced emf or current in the coil.

4/4
VBC
 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 7

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
(d) √R 2
+ (XL − XC )

Explanation:
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
√R2 + (XL − XC )

2.
(b) 13.3 μF
Explanation:
V = 170 volt, f = 60 Hz, i = 0.85 A
1 i
V = i XC = i =
ωC 2πf C

Thus, Capacitance required,

i 0.85 −6
C = = = 13.3 × 10 F = 13.3μF
2πf V 2×3.14×60×170

3. (a) 84.8 V
Explanation:
Vrms = 0.707 V0 = 0.707 × 120 V = 84.8 V

4. (a) 90o
Explanation:
90o
5. (a) Current
Explanation:
Current increases in a step-down transformer.
6. (a) 10 Ω
Explanation:
10 Ω
7.
(c) Over a full cycle the capacitor C does not consume any energy from the voltage source.
Explanation:
The current in a capacitor is ahead of voltage in phase by 90o.
π
Pav = εms Irms cos (− )= 0
2

8.
(d) R, L
Explanation:
π π
The phase difference between the alternating current and emf in R-L circuit varies between zero to 2
, but never equal to 2
.

9.
(c) X

Explanation:
X

1/4
VBC
10.
(c) 1.82 A, 3.2 ms
Explanation:
L = 0.5H
R = 100Ω

V = 240 volt
f = 50Hz
– –
Peak voltage, V 0 = V √2 = 240√2 = 339.41volt

Angular frequency, ω = 2πf = 2 × 3.14 × 50 = 314rad/ sec

Maximum current in circuit,

V0 339.41
i0 = = = 1.82A
2 2 2
√R2 + ω2 L2 √(100) + (314) (0.5)

ωL 314×0.5
tan ϕ = = = 1.57
R 100
∘ 57.5π
ϕ = 57.5 = rad
180

Now, ϕ = ωt
57.5π
= 314t
180
57.5×3.14 −3
t = = 3.19 × 10 s = 3.2ms
180×314

11.
(d) 1.1 V
Explanation:
Vs Ns Vs 40000
= ⇒ =
Vp Np 220 200

∴ Vs = 44000 V
P.D. per turn = 44000

40000
= 1.1 V

12.
(c) [M0L0TA0]
Explanation:
CR is the time constant of CR-circuit.
0 0 0
∴ [C R] = [ M L TA ]

13.
(b) 115.0 Ω
Explanation:
R = 115Ω

−6
C = 1.25μF = 1.25 × 10 F

−3
L = 4.5mH = 4.5 × 10 H

Resonant angular frequency,

1 1 1
ω0 = = =
−5
√LC √4.5× 10−3 ×1.25× 10−6 7.5×10

Given that the angular frequency of the ac source ω = ω . It means that XL = XC 0

Hence, Impedance,
−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −−−− −−−
2 2 2
Z = √R + (XL − XC ) = √115 + 0

Z = 115Ω

14.
(b) 2000 W
Explanation:
When the frequency of the supply equals the natural frequency of the circuit,
XL = XC
In this case, impedance Z = R

2/4
VBC
 Average power,
Vrms R
Pav = Vrms × irms × cos ϕ = Vrms × ×
Z Z

As, Z = R
2
( Vrms ) 200×200
Pav = = = 2000W
R 20

15.
(d) 4 A
Explanation:
2 2
Irms Rt = 4I Rt
dc

Irms = 2Idc = 2 × 2 =4A

16.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

17. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
18.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
−
−
Quality factor of a series LCR circuit is Q = R
1
√
L

C
. Assertion is true.
Resonant frequency
Quality factor is also defined as Q = . So, as bandwidth decreases, Q increases. So, reason is also true. But
Bandwidth
reason does not explain the assertion.

19. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
20.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The mean average value of alternating current (or emf) during a half, cycle is given by Im = 0.636 I0 (or Em = 0.636 E0) During
the next half cycle, the mean value of ac will be equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. For this reason the average value
of ac over a complete cycle is always zero. So the average value is always defined over a half cycle of ac.

Section B
21. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
At power plant, a transformer increases the voltage of generated power by thousands of volts so that it can be sent of long
distances through high-voltage transmission power lines. Transmission lines are bundles of wires that carry electric power from
power plants to distant substations.
At substations, transformers lower the voltage of incoming power to make it acceptable for high volume delivery to nearby end-
users.
Electricity is sent at extremely high voltage because it limits so-called line losses. Very good conductors of electricity also offer
some resistance and this resistance becomes considerable over long distances causing considerable loss.

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VBC
At generating station, normally voltage is stepped up to around thousands of volts. Power losses increase with the square of
current. Therefore, keeping voltage high current become slow and the loss is minimised.
Another option of minimizing loss is the use of wires of super-conducting material. Super-conducting materials are capable of
conducting without resistance, they must be kept extremely cold, nearly absolute zero, and this requirement makes standard super-
conducting materials impractical to use. However, recent advances in super-conducting materials have decreased cooling
requirement. In Germany recently 1 km super-conducting cable have been installed connecting the generating station and the
destination. It has eliminated the line loss and the cable is capable of sending five times more electricity than conventional cable.
Using super-conducting cables Germany has also get rid of the need of costly transformers.
Transformers generate waste heat when they are in operation and oil is the coolant of choice. It transfers the heat through
convection to the transformer housing, which has cooling fins or radiators similar to heat exchangers on the outside.
Flush point is a very important parameter of transformer oil. Flashpoint of an oil is the temperature at which the oil ignites
spontaneously. This must be as high as possible (not less than 160o C from the point of safety).
Fire point is the temperature at which the oil flashes and continuously burns. This must be very high for the chosen oil (not less
than 200o C).
(i) (b) Statement (d) is true.
Explanation:
At power plant, a step-up transformer increases the voltage of generated power by thousands of volts, so that it can be
sent of long distances through high-voltage transmission power lines.
At substations, step-down transformers lower the voltage of incoming power to make it acceptable for high-volume
delivery to nearby end-users.
(ii) (d) All of these
Explanation:
Super-conducting materials are capable of conducting without resistance. So, this eliminates the line loss and the
cable is capable of sending more electricity than conventional cable. Using super-conducting cables, one can get rid
of the need of costly transformers.
(iii) (d) Since current decreases with increase of voltage
Explanation:
At generating station, normally voltage is stepped up to around thousands of volts. Power losses increase with the
square of current. Therefore, keeping voltage high, current becomes low and the loss is minimized.
(iv) (a) convection
Explanation:
Transformers generate waste heat when they are in operation and oil is the coolant of choice. It transfers the heat
through convection to the transformer housing.
(v) (d) the temperature at which the oil ignites spontaneously.
Explanation:
Flush point is a very important parameter of transformer oil. Flashpoint of an oil is the temperature at which the oil
ignites spontaneously. This must be as high as possible (not less than 160oC from the point of safety).

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 8

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
−
− −
−
εμ
(b) √ ε0 μ
0

Explanation:
The velocity of an e.m. wave in free space,
1
c =
μ ε
√ 0 0

The velocity of an e.m. wave in a medium, v = 1

√με

Therefore, the refractive index of the medium,

√με
−
− −
−
με
c 1
n= = × = √
v √μ0 ε0 1 μ0 ε0

2.
(c) transverse electromagnetic wave
Explanation:
Solar is radiation is transverse e.m. wave.

3.
(d) 1

√ε0 μ0

Explanation:
1
c =
μ ε
√ 0 0

4.
→ →
(d) E × B
Explanation:
→ →
The direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves is given by E × B

5.
(b) radiowaves, infrared rays, visible rays, X-rays
Explanation:
λ > λ > λ > λx
radio infrared visible

6.
(c) 1.8 × 108 m/s
Explanation:
c
ν =
μ ε
√ r r
8 8
3×10 3×10
= =
√1.2×2.14 1.67

= 1.8 × 108 ms-1

7.
(b) 1 : 1
Explanation:
Average energy by electric field E0 is Uav
2
B

Uav =
1

2
ε0 E
0
2
But E0 = cB0 and energy in magnetic field UAv = 2μ0
0

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 (Uav)electric field = 1

2
E0 (cB0)2 = 1

2
2
ε0 c B
2
0

1 1 2 2 1
= ε0 ⋅ (B0 ) ∵ c =
2 μ0 ε0 μ0 ε0

(Uav)electric field = 2μ
1 2
B
0
= (Uav) (magnetic field)
0

(U av )
electric field
Ratio = =
1
, i.e., 1: 1
(U av ) magnetic field 1

Therefore, the ratio of contributions by the electric field and magnetic field components to the intensity of electromagnetic
wave is 1:1.

8. (a) Polarization
Explanation:
Only transverse waves can be polarized. Longitudinal waves do not undergo polarization.
Whereas both, transverse and longitudinal waves can undergo interference, diffraction and reflection.
9.
(c) Radiowaves, X-rays, Visible rays
Explanation:
Radiowaves have wavelength > 0.1m
X-rays have wavelength 1nm to 10-3 nm
visible rays have wavelength 400nm to 700nm

10.
(b) 1

√με

Explanation:
In a material medium, v = 1
for an em wave.
√με

11.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A is false but R is true.

12.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The circular motion of the charged particles is an accelerated motion and an accelerated charge emits electromagnetic radiation.
15.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Section B
16. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
LASER: Electromagnetic radiation is a natural phenomenon found in almost all areas of daily life, from radio waves to sunlight
to x-rays. Laser radiation - like all light - is also a form of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation that has a
wavelength between 380 nm and 780 nm is visible to the human eye and is commonly referred to as light. At wavelengths longer

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than 780 nm, optical radiation is termed infrared (IR) and is invisible to the eye. At wavelengths shorter than 380 nm, optical
radiation is termed ultraviolet (UV) and is also invisible to the eye. The term laser light refers to a much broader range of the
electromagnetic spectrum that just the visible spectrum, anything between 150 nm up to 11000 nm (i.e., from the UV up to the far
IR). The term laser is an acronym which stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Einstein explained
the stimulated emission. In an atom, electron may move to higher energy level by absorbing a photon. When the electron comes
back to the lower energy level it releases the same photon. This is called spontaneous emission. This may also so happen that the
excited electron absorbs another photon, releases two photons and returns to the lower energy state. This is known as stimulated
emission.
Laser emission is therefore a light emission whose energy is used, in lithotripsy, for targeting and ablating the stone inside human
body organ.
Apart from medical usage, laser is used for optical disk drive, printer, barcode reader etc.
(i) (d) light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Explanation:
The term laser is an acronym which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".
(ii) (b) release of two photons by absorbing one photon when electron comes back from higher to lower energy level
Explanation:
Einstein explained the stimulated emission. In an atom, electron may move to higher energy level by absorbing a
photon. When the electron comes back to the lower energy level it releases the same photon. This is called
spontaneous emission. This may also so happen that the excited electron absorbs another photon, releases two
photons and returns to the lower energy state. This is known as stimulated emission.
(iii) (c) Both 150 nm - 400 nm and 700 nm - 11000 nm
Explanation:
The term "laser light" refers to a much broader range of the electromagnetic spectrum that just the visible spectrum,
anything between 150 nm up to 11000 nm (i.e., from the UV up to the far IR).
(iv) (c) A medical application
Explanation:
Laser emission is therefore a light emission whose energy is used, in lithotripsy, for targeting and ablating the stone
inside human body organ.
(v) (c) Optical disk drive
Explanation:
An optical disc drive (ODD) is a disc drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible
light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or form optical discs.

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 9

Class 12 - Physics

1.
(c) 25
Explanation:
actual depth = H
U= 4

Apparent depth = actual depth/U

= H/4/3 = 3H/4
shift = actual depth- apparent depth
3H
=H- 4
H
= 4

= h * 100/4/4 = 25%

2. (a) 90°
Explanation:
o
360
Number of images, n = θ
− 1

360 360 ∘
θ= = = 90
(n+1) 4

3. (a) Total internal reflection

Explanation:
Optical fibres are fabricated with high-quality composite glass/quartz fibres. Each fibre consists of a core and cladding. The
refractive index of the material of the core is higher than that of the cladding. When a signal in the form of light is directed at
one end of the fibre at a suitable angle, it undergoes repeated total internal reflections along the length of the fibre and finally
comes out at the other end as shown in figure.

4.
(b) He has to direct the beam at an angle to the vertical which is slightly less than the critical angle of incidence for total
internal reflection
Explanation:
He has to direct the beam at an angle to the vertical which is slightly less than the critical angle of incidence for total internal
reflection.

5.
(d) act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies
Explanation:
The relation between focal length f, the refractive index of the given material μ , R1 and R2 is known as lens maker's formula
and it is 1

f
= (μ − 1) (
1

R1
−
1

R2
)

R1 = ∞, R2 = −R
R
f =
(μ−1)

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 Here, R = 20 cm, μ = 1.5. On substituting the values, we get
R 20
f = = = 40cm
μ−1 1.5−1

As f > 0 means converging nature. Therefore, the lens act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies.

6. (a) A + δ m = 2i
Explanation:
For refraction through prism,
i1 + i2 = δ + A and r1 + r2 = A
For minimum deviation,
i1 = i2 = i and r1 = r2 = r
(A+ δm )
So, i = 2

∴ A+δ m = 2i
7.
(b) 21 cm
Explanation:

Distance between two positions of lens, L1L2 = 40 cm and OI = 100cm

Let distance of object from L1 = x, therefore u = -x, hence x + 40 + x = 100 or x = 30 cm
For L1 we have, u = -30 cm and v = 70 cm
Putting values in lens formula,
1 1 1
= −
f v u

1 1 1
= +
f 70 30

On solving we get, f = +21 cm

8.
(d) convergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
Explanation:
μ
1 2 1 1
= ( − 1)( − )
f μ1 R1 R2

R1 = -R and R2 = R, hence,
1 1.5 1 1 1.5−1.75 −2 0.5 1
= ( − 1) ( − ) = ( )( ) = =
f 1.75 −R R 1.75 R 1.75R 3.5R

or f = 3.5 R
Since focal length is positive, the lens acts as a converging lens.

9.
(c) 1.35
Explanation:
μ2 μ1 μ2 − μ1
− =
v u R

Putting v = 3 cm
μ1 = 1

u = ∞

R = 0.78 cm

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 μ2 1 μ2 −1
− =
3 ∞ 0.78

∴ μ2 = 1.35

10. (a) π
Explanation:
When a wave is reflected into rarer medium from the surface of a denser medium, it undergoes a phase change of π radian.
11.
(d) Diamond to air
Explanation:
Diamond to air

12.
(d) (i) Between F and C, (ii) Between P and F
Explanation:
When the object is placed between C and F in front of a concave mirror, the imager is formed beyond C. Image is magnified,
real and inverted.
When the object is placed between P and F in front of a concave mirror, the image is formed behind the mirror. Image is
magnified, virtual and erect.

13.
(d) 1.5
Explanation:
Refractive index = 6000

4000
= 3

2
= 1.5

14.
(b) 30 cm
Explanation:

c 3
μ= =
υ 2

From figure, R2 = d2 + (R - t)2

2

R2 - d2 = R 2
{1 −
t

R
}

2
d 2t
1 −
2
= 1 −
R
[neglecting higher terms]
R
2
2 (3)
Thus, R = d

2t
= =
90

6
= 15cm
2×(0.3)

Now, 1

f
= (μ − 1) (
1

R1
−
1

R2
)

1 3 1
= ( − 1) ( )
f 2 15

f = 30 cm

15. (a) 32 cm
Explanation:
1 μ2 1 1
= ( − 1)( − )
f μ R1 R2
1

In air,
1 1.5 1 1 1 1
= ( − 1)( − ) = 0.5( − )
f 1 R1 R2 R1 R2

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 In water,
1 1.5 1 1 1 1 1
= ( − 1)( − )= ( − )
′ R1 R2 8 R1 R2
f 4/3

Hence, f' = 4f = 4× 8 = 32 cm
16. (a) Total internal reflection
Explanation:
Total internal reflection principle is used in optical fibre.
17. (a) 2f
Explanation:
The focal length of each part will be 2f
18.
(b) spherical aberration
Explanation:
spherical aberration

19.
(d) both objective and eye-piece have short focal lengths
Explanation:
Angular magnification or magnifying power of compound microscope is defined as ratio of angle made at eye by image formed
at infinity to the angle made by object, if placed at distance of distinct vision from an unaided eye.
Magnification = LD

fo fe

where, L- length of the tube of microscope, D = 25 cm

Now as, m ∝ 1/fo
and m ∝ 1/fe
∴ both eye piece and objective must be of smaller focal lengths, so, that magnification is higher.

20.
(b) binoculars gives three dimensional view
Explanation:
As both eyes are used for viewing, binoculars project a 3D image and provide a better in depth perception and a broader field
of vision i.e., binocular lens gives the proper three dimensional image.

21.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

22. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Human eye, by changing curvature at a lens of the eye adjusted its focal length according to object position. This is the
property of accommodation.
23.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
√6 –
Refractive index of diamond with respect to the liquid is = √2
√3

So, critical angle for the diamond-liquid pair of media is sin −1

(
1 ∘
) = 45 .
√2

For total internal reflection, angle of incidence should be greater that critical angle.
Since, angle of incidence is 30o, total internal reflection cannot take place.
So, the assertion is false. But the reason is true.

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24. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
u=f+x
Using mirror formula,
1 1 1
+ =
v u f

Or, 1

v
−
1

(f +x)
= −
1

f (f +x)
∴ v = −
x

size of image
Magnification (m) =
size of object
=- v

u
f (f +x) f
1
|m| = × =
x f +x x

So, the assertion and reason both are true and the reason properly explains the assertion.
25.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
The wavelength of wave associated with electrons (de Broglie waves) is less than that of visible light. We know that resolving
power is inversely proportional to wavelength of wave used in microscope. Therefore the resolving power of an electron
microscope is higher than that of an optical microscope. De broglie relation λ = . h

mv

26.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Since μ = μ 1 2
μ
From Snell's law, sin i

sin r
=
μ1
2
=1
⇒ sin i = sin r ⇒ i = r
Therefore, the light beam does not bend at all.

27. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
28. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
The nature of the image formed due to a convex mirror does not change with changing distance of the object. It is always
virtual, erect and smaller. Therefore convex mirror are used for back view. It can cover a large field of vision.
29.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
For an equiconvex lens, R1 = R2 = R
1 1 1
From f
= (μ − 1) (
R1
−
R3
) (using lens maker's formula]
For air long. μ = 1.5 placed in air. Therefore, 1
= (1.5 - 1) 2

R
⇒ f = R.
f

30. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
31.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Explanation:
Focal length of a mirror does not depend upon the medium in which it is placed. Hence, it will remain unchanged (fm = R

2
),
while the focal length will increase because

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 1 a 1 1
= ( ng − 1) ( − )
fa R1 R2

1 1 1
and fw
= (
w
ng − 1) (
R1
−
R2
)

where wng < ang

The refractive index of water is 4

3
which is greater than air.

32.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
Speed of light is slower in glass compared to that in air. Hence the refractive index of glass is more than that of air. So, the
reason is true.
When a double convex air bubble is formed within a glass slab, the refractive index of the medium of the bubble is less than the
refractive index of the surrounding medium. Hence, the lens will not behave like a converging lens. It will behave like a
diverging lens. So, the assertion is false.

33.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Explanation:
By reducing the aperture, a clear image is obtained and thus, the sensitivity of the camera increases. While in actual practice
very large apertures give blurred images because of aberrations, so do very small apertures also but due o the phenomenon
called diffraction. The best images are, therefore, generally obtained with intermediate apertures. Also, the focussing of the
object at different distances is achieved by slightly altering the separation of the lens from the film.

34.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
The light travelling from air to glass cannot suffer total internal reflection because for total internal reflection, the essential
condition is that light should travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium with incidence angle more than the critical angle.

35. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
36.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
According to Snell's law the critical angle is given by, sin C = 1

where μ is refractive index of medium. Since μ decreases with increase in λ , hence C is minimum for the violet colour which
has smallest wavelength.

37.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

38. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
When the sun is close to setting, refraction will affect the top part of the sun differently from the bottom half. The top half will
radiate its image truly while the bottom half will send an apparent image since the bottom portion of the sun is being seen
through a thicker more dense atmosphere. The bottom image is being sent intensely and gives the impression of being flattened
or elliptical shape.

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39.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A is false but R is true.

40.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
The light-gathering power (or brightness) of a telescope is directly proportional to the area of the objective lens, i.e., light-
2

gathering power ∝ πr or 2 πD

4
, where D is the diameter of the objective lens. Thus, the telescope will have large light-
gathering power if the diameter of the objective lens is large. So, increasing the objective diameter even far off stars may
produce an image of optimum brightness.

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 10

Class 12 - Physics
1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Wavefront is a locus of points which vibratic in same phase. A ray of light is perpendicular to the wavefront. According to
Huygens principle, each point of the wavefront is the source of a secondary disturbance and the wavelets connecting from these
points spread out in all directions with the speed of wave.
The figure shows a surface XY separating two transparent media, medium-1 and medium-2. The lines ab and cd represent
wavefronts of a light wave travelling in medium- 1 and incident on XY. The lines ef and gh represent wavefronts of the light wave
in medium- 2 after refraction.

(i) (c) parallel beam in each medium

Explanation: Since the path difference between two waveform is equal, light traves as parallel beam in each
medium.
(ii) (a) (ϕ − ϕ ) is equal to (ϕ − ϕ )
d f c e

Explanation: Since all points on the wavefront are in the same phase,
ϕ = ϕ and ϕ = ϕ
d c f e

∴ ϕd − ϕf = ϕc − ϕe

(iii) (a) phase

Explanation: Wavefront is the locus of all points, where the particles of the medium vibrate with the same phase.
(iv) (c) spherical
Explanation: spherical
(v) (b) All of these
Explanation: All of these
2. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In Young's double slit experiment, the width of the central bright fringe is equal to the distance between the first dark fringes on
the two sides of the central bright fringe.
In given figure below a screen is placed normal to the line joining the two point coherent source S1 and S2. The interference
pattern consists of concentric circles.

(i)
2
y
(c) d [1 − 2
]
2D

Explanation: The optical path difference at P is

Δx = S1P - S2P = d cos θ

∵ cos θ = 1 - θ

2
for small θ
2 2
θ y
∴ Δ x = d (1 − 2
) = d [1 − 2
] , where D + d = D
2D

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 −−−−−−−−−
(ii)
(a) D√2 (1 − nλ

d
)

Explanation: For nth maxima,

⇒ Δx = nλ
2
y
d [1 −
2
] = nλ
2D

y = radius of the nth bright ring

−−−−−−−−−

= D√2 (1 − nλ

d
)

(iii) (b) 998

Explanation: At the central maxima, θ = 0.
Δx = d = nλ
d 0.5
⇒ n= λ
= −3
= 1000
0.5×10

Hence, for the closet second bright fringe, n = 998.

(iv) (b) constant phase difference
Explanation: Light waves from two coherent sources must have a constant phase difference.
(v) (b) all of these
Explanation: Interference is shown by transverse as well as mechanical waves.
3.
(b) 0
Explanation: Wavefront is the locus of all points those are in same phase.
4. (a) plane
Explanation: When the point source or linear source of light is a very large distance, a small portion of the spherical or
cylindrical wavefront appears to be plane. Such a wavefront is plane wavefront.
5.
(b) spherical
Explanation: When light diverges from a point source, it moves in the form of the diverging spherical wavefront.
6.
(b) 442 nm
Explanation: We know that, μ = λ 1 /λ2

650 650
1.47 = ⇒ λ2 = = 442 nm
λ2 1.47

7.
(b) n, λ

μ
and v

Explanation: Frequency n remains same

μ= or λmed =
λ
λ λ

μ
med

μ=
v

vme d
, vmed = v

8. (a) 549 nm
v1
Explanation: μ = v2

λ1
Also, μ = λ2

v1 λ1
This gives v2
=
λ2

Putting the values of v 1

8 8
= 1.94 × 10 , v2 = 3 × 10 and λ1 = 355nm , we get
λ2 = 549nm

9.
(b) are longitudinal waves and require a medium to travel.
Explanation: According to Huygens, light waves are longitudinal waves and require a material medium to travel. For this
reason Huygens assumed the existence of a hypothetical medium called luminiferous aether.
10.
(b) 1.78

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 Explanation: Position of 8th bright fringe in the medium = Position of 5th dark fringe in air
′
8λ D λD

d
= (2 × 5 - 1) 2d
8λD 9λD
⇒ =
μd 2d

∴ μ=
16

9
= 1.78
11. (a) 1.2 mm
Explanation: β = Dλ

d
⇒ β ∝ λ

β2 λ2
∴ =
β1 λ1

λ2
⇒ β2 =
λ1
⋅ β1 =
6000

5000
× 1 mm = 1.2 mm

12. (a) 2
Explanation: At the centre of a bright fringe,
I0 = I + I + 2√I I cos 0o = 4I
−−

β
At a point distant 4
(or ϕ = 2π

4
= π

2
) intensity is
−−
I' = I + I + 2√I I cos π

2
= 2I
I0

′
=
4I

2I
=2
I

13.
(b) 633 nm
xd
Explanation: We know D
= mλ

= 6.33× 10-7 m = 633 nm

−6

So, wavelength λ = 9.49×0.2×10

3×1

14.
(b) 6 × 10-5 cm
Explanation: For nth dark fringe,
x = (2n - 1)
′
n
Dλ

2d

∴ 10-3 = (2 × 2 - 1) 1×λ

−3
2×0.9×10

or λ = 6 × 10-7 cm =6× 10-5 cm

15.
(b) sin-1
3

Explanation: For first minimum,

d sin θ = λ
∘

d sin 30o = 5500 A

∘ ∘
5500
d= 0.5
A = 11000 A
For first secondary maximum,
d sin θ = ′ 3λ

2
3×5500 3
sin θ ′
=
2×11000
=
4

= sin-1
′ 3
∴ θ
4

16. (a) 4200 A

2λ1
Explanation: 2 θ 1 =
a
2λ2
2 θ = 0.7 × 2 θ
2 1 =
a
∘

λ2 = 0.7 λ = 0.7 × 6000 A1

= 4200 A
17. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2n+1)λ
Explanation: For reflected system of the film, the maxima or constructive interference is 2μt cos r = 2
while the
maxima for transmitted system of film is given by equation 2μt cos r = nλ where t is thickness of the film and r is angle of

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 refraction. From these two equations we can see that condition for maxima in reflected system and transmitted system are just
opposite.
19.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
20. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
21.
(d) A is false and R is also false
Explanation: A is false and R is also false
22.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: The beautiful colours are seen on account of interference of light reflected from the upper and lower surfaces of
the thin film. As the conditions for constructive and destructive interference are dependent on wavelength of light, therefore,
coloured interference fringes are observed.

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 11

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(c) 1.5 V
hc
Explanation: λ
= eV0 + W0
hc
′
= eV'0 + W0
λ
′
eV + W0
λ 0
∴ ′
=
λ e V0 + W0
′
eV + W0
0 100 1
⇒ = =
e V0 + W0 200 2

⇒ 2eV'0 + 2W0 = eV0 + W0

e V0 − W0 7.7−4.7
′
⇒ eV = =
0 2 2

= 1.5 eV
2.
(c) 1030
Explanation: Energy of a photon,
−34 8
hc 6.62× 10 ×3× 10
E = = J
λ 198.6

Number of photons emitted per second

P 1000×198.6 30
N = = = 10
E −34 8
6.62× 10 ×3× 10

3.
(b) greater than v( )1/2 4

Explanation: According to Einstein's phtoelectric equation, when the exciting wavelength is λ ,

hc 1 2
hν = = hν0 + mv
λ 2

When the exciting wavelength is 3λ

4
,
hc 1 ′2
= hν0 + mv
3λ/4 2

or 1

2
mv
′2
=
4

3
hc

λ
− hν0 =
4

3
(hν0 +
1

2
2
mv ) − hν

or 1

2
mv
′2
=
1

3
hν0 +
4

3
mv
2

1 ′2 4 2
⇒ mv > mv
2 3

or v ′2
>
4

3
v
2

or v ′
> v (4/3)1/2
4. (a) hc

Explanation: hc

5.
(b) ultraviolet region
Explanation: ultraviolet region
6.
(b)

Explanation:

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 7.
(b) quite less than other metals
Explanation: Work function of alkali metals is quite less than that of other metals.
8.
(b) h

√2mK
2
p −−−−
Explanation: K = 1

2
mv
2
=
2m
⇒ p = √2mK

h h
∴ λ = =
p √2mK

9.
(b) β -particle
Explanation: As λ = h

mv
, of the given particles (β -particle is the lightest, so it will have maximum de-Broglie wavelength.
10. (a) -0.5
Explanation: -0.5
11.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: A is false but R is true.
12. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
13.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both statement are true; but even it radiation of single wavelength is incident on photosensitive surface, electrons
of different KE will be emitted.
14.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: A is false but R is true.
15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Case Study
16. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. It is the basic unit of all light.
According to Einstein, photons have energy equal to their frequency times Planck's constant. The intensity of the light
corresponds to the number of photons.
The basic properties of photons are:
i. They have zero mass and rest energy. They only exist as moving particles.
ii. They are elementary particles despite lacking rest mass.
iii. They have no electric charge.
iv. They are stable.
v. They carry energy and momentum which are dependent on the frequency.
vi. They can have interactions with other particles such as electrons, such as the Compton effect.
vii. They can be destroyed or created by many natural processes, for instance when radiation is absorbed or emitted.
viii. In free space, they travel at the speed of light.
(i) (d) Planck's constant
Explanation: Photons have energy equal to their frequency times Planck's constant. E = hv.

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(ii) (b) Number of photons
Explanation: Number of photons
(iii) (d) 0
Explanation: 0
(iv) (d) Statement (c) is wrong.
Explanation: Photons have zero mass.
(v) (d) Statement (a) is wrong.
Explanation: Photons can be destroyed or created by many natural processes, for instance when radiation is absorbed
or emitted.

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 12

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(c) 0.66 eV
Explanation: E = E 4 − E3

13.6 13.6
= − − (− )
2 2
4 3

= −0.85 + 1.51

= 0.66eV

2.
(b) n = 3 to n = 2
Explanation: n = 3 to n = 2
3.
(c) 5.6 ×10 Hz 14

Explanation: If electron jumps from n2 orbit to n1 orbit, then E2 - E1 = hν ,

E2 - E1 = 2.3 eV = 2.3 × 1.6 × 10-19 J

Also, planck's constant (h) = 6.63 × 10-34 Js

E2 − E1 −19
2.3×1.6×10
Therefore, frequency of the emitted photon, ν = h
=
−34
14
= 5.6 × 10 Hz
6.6×10

4.
(c) 4 a0

Explanation: Since r ∝ n2, the radius of the second orbit is 4 a0

5.
mp
(b) m

Explanation: Bohr magneton, μ B =

eh

2me

Nuclear magneton, μ N =
eh

2mp

μB mp

∴ =
μ m
N

6.
(d) 10-8 cm
∘

Explanation: Radius of first orbit of H-atom = 0.53A ≈ 10 −8

cm.
7.
(c) n = 4 and n = 3 states
Explanation:
n(n−1)
= 6
2

n2 - n -12 = 0
( n - 4) (n + 3) = 0 or n = 4

8.
(c) Neon street sign
Explanation: Neon street sign gives a line emission spectrum.

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 9. (a) 4 → 3
Explanation: Infrared radiation is emitted when transition occurs from any higher energy level to n = 3, 4 or 5 level.
10. (a) directly proportional to z1z2
1
Explanation: K = 2
M1 v
2

1 q1 q2 1 z1 e⋅ z2 e
= =
4πε0 r0 4πε0 r0

For a given r0, K ∝ z 1 z2

11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
12. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Electron is bounded to the nucleus by electrostatic forces of attraction. So total energy is negative.
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
15.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: According to Rutherford, "the entire positive charge and most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a small
volume called the nucleus, with electrons revolving around the nucleus just as planets revolve around the Sun." So, the
assertion is false.
The electron orbiting around the nucleus radiates energy. As a result, the radius of the orbit continuously decreases and the
electron falls into the nucleus. So, the stability of an atom is not explained. Hence, the reason is true.
Case Study
16. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, the entire positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are concentrated in the
nucleus. The electrons move in orbits around the nucleus. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. Because the nucleus is
extremely small as compared to the atom, most of an atom is empty space. The protons and the neutrons are held together in the
nucleus by very strong nuclear forces.
1
(i) (c) R = R0 A 3

Explanation: R = R0 A 3

(ii) (d) 1 : 1
Explanation: 1 : 1
(iii) (c) X = 93 ; Y = 239
Explanation: X = 93 ; Y = 239
(iv) (d) short-range forces.
Explanation: short-range forces.
(v) (c) not suffer more than one scattering and gold nucleus is 50 times heavier than alpha particle.
Explanation: not suffer more than one scattering and gold nucleus is 50 times heavier than alpha particle.

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTE R13

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. (a) an alpha particle
Explanation: Alpha decay is the decay of uranium 238U92 to thorium 234Th90 with the emission of a helium nucleus 4He2.
238 234 4
U → Th + He
92 90 2

2.
(d) 28.4 MeV
Explanation: △ m = 2(1.0073 + 1.0087) - 4.0015 = 0.0305u
B.E. = △ mc2
B.E. = (0.0305 u)c2
B. E = (0.0305u) × 931M eV /u

B.E. = 28.4 MeV

3.
(b) A1/3
Explanation: R = R 0A
1/3

4. (a) elastic collision of neutrons with heavy nuclei will not slow them down
Explanation: For elastic collision masses of both must be equal so that they can exchange the velocities. To slow down the
speed of neutron substance should be made up of 1 proton for perfectly elastic i.e., we need light nuclei not heavy. In heavy
nuclei, the only direction will change not the speed.
5.
(d) more stable nucleus than its neighbours
Explanation: more stable nucleus than its neighbours
6.
(b) kinetic energy is high enough to overcome the coulomb repulsion between nuclei.
Explanation: High temperature is needed so that reacting nuclei have enough kinetic energy to overcome the coulomb
repulsion between them.
7.
(d) M < [N - Mn + Z - Mp]
Explanation: The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent nucleons.
8.
(b) Neutron
Explanation: Neutrons and protons have equal masses which is 1.6 × 10-27Kg.
9.
(d) directly proportional to the mass number
Explanation: The volume of the nucleus is directly proportional to the total number of nucleons. As the average radius of a
1

nucleus with A nucleons is given by R = R 0A

3 , where R0 = 1.2 × 10-15 m. So, we can say that the average volume of the
nucleus is directly proportional to no. of nucleons.
10.
(c) 17.6 eV
Explanation: 2
1
H+
3
1
H⟶
4
2
He +
1
0
n+ Q

2 3 4 1 2
Q = [m ( H) + m ( H) − m ( He) − m ( n)] c
1 1 2 0

= [2.014102 + 3.016050 - 4.002603 -1.008665]

= 931.5 MeV

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 = 0.018884 × 931.5 MeV
= 17.6 MeV
11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
12. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
1

Explanation: Radius of nucleus = R = R0 A . 3

So, Volume of nucleus, V = 4

3
πR
3
0
A
Considering mass of proton = mass of neutron
=m
The mass of the nucleus = M = mA
M mA m
So, density = V
= 4 3
= 4 3
πR A πR
3 0 3 0

So, the mean density is independent of mass number.

So, assertion and reason both are true and the reason properly explains the assertion.
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
14.
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Explanation: Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
15. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Case Study
16. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
The graph below shows the binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number. Elements with a high binding energy per nucleon
are very difficult to break up. Iron 56 is close to the peak of the curve and has one of the highest binding energies per nucleon of
any isotope.

(i) (a) mass defect of nucleus

Explanation: mass defect of nucleus
(ii) (c) 10-15 m
Explanation: 10-15 m
(iii) (d) 0.0024
Explanation: 0.0024
(iv) (c) packing fraction
Explanation: packing fraction
(v) (a) N ≥ Z
Explanation: N ≥ Z

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 Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 14

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(b) lowers the potential barrier
Explanation: When a forward bias is applied across the p-n junction, the applied voltage opposes the barrier voltage. Due to it,
the potential barrier across the junction is lowered. Hence, depletion layer width reduces and the barrier height is decreased.
2.
π √3
(b) 8

Explanation: Packing fraction for a bcc lattice,

3
4 √3a
4 3 2× π( )
2× πr 3 4 π √3
= 3
= =
a3 a3 8

3.
(d) rectifier
Explanation: The unidirectional flow of current through a p-n junction enables it to be used as a rectifier.
4. (a) anisotropic
Explanation: Crystalline solids are anisotropic as they show different physical properties along different directions.
5.
(d) p-type semiconductor
Explanation: Indium impurity in germanium produces p-type semiconductors.
6. (a) excess of electrons
Explanation: When a strong current is passed through a semiconductor, many covalent bonds break up due to heating and
thereby liberating a large number of free electrons.
7. (a) Diffusion of holes from p to n and electrons from n to p
Explanation: n-type semiconductor has greater concentration of electrons and p-type semiconductor has greater concentration
of holes. During formation of pn junction, and due to the concentration gradient across p and n sides, there is diffusion of holes
from p to n and electrons from n to p.

8. (a) 10-3 to 106 Ω cm

Explanation: Resistivity of a semiconductor at room temp, is in between 10-3 to 106 Ω cm.
9.
(b) ne = nh
Explanation: ne = nh

10.
(b) Forward biasing, 0 A
Explanation: Forward biasing, 0 A
11.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: When a semiconductor is doped with a donor impurity (i.e. the impurity atoms have five valence electrons), the
four of the five valence electrons form covalent bonds with the four electrons of semiconductor, while the fifth electron is free
and increase the electron concentration in the semiconductor These semiconductors are called n-type semiconductor. But if the
semiconductor is doped with an atom having three valence electrons, then concentration of hole is more the concentration of
electron. These semiconductor are called p-type semiconductors or semiconductor with acceptor impurity.
12.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: At 0 K, all semiconductors are insulators. The valence band at 0 K is completely filled and there are no free
electrons in conduction band. At room temperature due to thermal energy, the electron jump to the conduction band. When the

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 temperature increases, a large number of electrons cross over the forbidden gap and jump from valence band to conduction
band. Thus with rise in temperature conductivity increases. The covalent bonds of semiconductor breaks only when it is heat up
extremely either by increase in temperature or by supplying strong current. After which it behaves like conductor and no longer
possesses the property of low conduction, hence it is said to be damaged.
13.
(d) Both A and R are false.
Explanation: In p-n junction, the diffusion of majority carriers takes place when junction is forward biased and drifting of
minority carriers takes place across the junction, when reverse biased. The reverse bias opposes the majority carriers but makes
the minority carriers to cross the p-n junction. Thus the small current in μA flows during reverse bias.
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: In half wave rectifier, the one diode is biased only when a.c. is in positive half of its cycle. For negative half of
the a.c. cycle the diode is reversed biased and there is no output corresponding to that. Since for only one-half cycle we get a
voltage output, because of which it is called half wave rectifier.
15.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Study of junction diode characteristics shows that the junction diode offers a low resistance path, when forward
biased and high resistance path when reverse biased. This feature of the junction diode enables it to be used as a rectifier.
Case Study
16. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Semiconductor diodes in logic gates: These are also used to perform logic operations. Both small and large states of logic gates
are comparable with forward and reverse the biased state of semiconductor diodes. Thus diodes help in OR, NAND, AND gates.
Classification of various diodes are given below:-

(i) (c) one PN junction

Explanation: one PN junction
(ii) (b) increase
Explanation: increase
(iii) (b) rectifier
Explanation: rectifier
(iv) (a) drift of charges
Explanation: drift of charges
(v) (d) unidirectional
Explanation: unidirectional

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