Chapter 3:

Energy Equation

Fluid Mechanics
SMJC2113

Ts. Dr. Faizah Che Ros

Dept. Chemical and Environmental ENgineering
Malaysia Japan International Institute of technology
3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.1 Introduction of Energy Equation

There are several restrictions on the use of Bernoulli’s equation:

• Valid only for incompressible flow
• There can be no mechanical devices such as pumps, fluid motors, or
turbines between the two sections of interest
• There can be no energy lost due to friction or to the turbulence
created by valves and fittings in the flow system.
• There can be no heat transferred into or out of the fluid.

However in reality, no system satisfies all these restrictions

3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.1 Introduction of Energy Equation
• Fig 3.27 shows the typical pipeline
installation, showing a pump,
valves, tees, and other fittings.
• The fluid enters from the lower
left, where the suction line draws
fluid from a storage tank.
• The inline pump adds energy to
the fluid and causes it to flow into
the discharge line and then
through the rest of the piping
system.

Fig. 3.27 Typical pipeline installation, showing a pump, valves,

tee, and other fittings.
3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.2 Energy Losses and Additions
3.8.2.1 Pumps
• A pump is a common example of a
mechanical device that adds energy to
a fluid.
• An electric motor or some other
Figure 3.28Gear pump (source of photo: Sauer-Danfoss Company. Ames)
prime power device drives a rotating
shaft in the pump.
• The pump then takes this kinetic
energy and delivers it to the fluid,
resulting in fluid flow and increased
fluid pressure.

Figure 3.29 Piston pump (source of photo: Sauer-Danfoss Company. Ames)

3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.2 Energy Losses and Additions
3.8.2.2 Fluid Motors
• Fluid motors, turbines, rotary
actuators, and linear actuators are
examples of devices that take energy
from a fluid and deliver it in the form
of work, causing the rotation of a shaft
or the linear movement of a piston.
• The hydraulic motor shown in Fig. 3.30
is often used as a drive for the wheels
of construction equipment and trucks
and for rotating components of
material transfer systems, conveyors,
agricultural equipment, special
machines, and automation Figure 3.30 Hydraulic motor (source of photo: Sauer-Danfoss Company.
equipment. Ames)
3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.2 Energy Losses and Additions
3.8.2.3 Fluid Friction 3.8.2.4 Valves & Fittings
• A fluid in motion offers frictional • Elements that control the direction or flow
resistance to flow. rate of a fluid in a system typically set up
• Part of the energy in the system is local turbulence in the fluid, causing energy
converted into thermal energy (heat), to be dissipated as heat.
which is dissipated through the walls • Whenever there is a restriction, a change in
of the pipe in which the fluid is flow velocity, or a change in the direction of
flowing. flow, these energy losses occur.
• The magnitude of the energy loss is • In a large system the magnitude of losses
dependent on the properties of the due to valves and fittings is usually small
fluid, the flow velocity, the pipe size, compared with frictional losses in the pipes.
the smoothness of the pipe wall, and • Therefore, such losses are referred to as
the length of the pipe minor losses.
3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.3 General Energy Equation
• We will account for energy losses and additions in a system in terms of energy per unit weight of
fluid flowing in the system. This is also known as “head”.
• Specifically, we will use the following terms

• The magnitude of energy losses produced by fluid friction, valves, and fittings is directly
proportional to the velocity head of the fluid.
• This can be expressed mathematically as

• The term K is the resistance coefficient.

3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.3 General Energy Equation
The general energy equation is an expansion of
Bernoulli’s equation, which makes it possible to
solve problems in which energy losses and
additions occur. Fig 3.31 shows the fluid flow
system illustrating the general energy equation.
For such a system the expression of the principle
of conservation of energy is
Eq. 3-13

Eq. 3-14
Figure 3.31 Fluid flow system illustrating the general energy equation

Eq. 3-15

It is essential that the general energy equation be written in the direction of flow, that is, from the reference
point on the left side of the equation to that on the right side.
Example 3.7
Water flows from a large reservoir at the rate of 0.034 m3/s through a pipe system as shown
in Fig. 3.32. Calculate the total amount of energy lost from the system because of the valve,
the elbows, the pipe entrance, and fluid friction.

Figure 3.32 Pipe system for example 3.7

 Solution 3
Because Q was given as 0.034 𝑚 Τ𝑠 and the area
of a 7.6-cm-diameter jet is 0.0045 𝑚2 , we have
Q 0.034m3 1
v2 = =  2
= 7.56m / s
A s 0.0045m
( 7.56 ) m2
2 2
v s2
2
=  = 2.913m
2g s2 ( 2 )( 9.81) m
Thus, the total amount energy lost is

v22
hL = ( z2 − z1 ) − = 7.62m − 2.913m
2g
Because we are looking for the total energy lost from the
hL = 4.707m
system, solve this equation for hL, you should have
Example 3.8
The volume flow rate through the pump
shown in Fig. 3.33 is 0.014m3/s. The fluid
being pumped is oil with a specific gravity
of 0.86. Calculate the energy delivered by
6 cm
the pump to the oil per unit weight of oil
flowing in the system. Energy losses in the
system are caused by the check valve and
friction losses as the fluid flows through
the piping. The magnitude of such losses
has been determined to be 1.86Nm/N.
8 cm

Figure 3.33 Pump system for example 3.8

Solution
Solving for the velocities and using the flow areas for
the suction and discharge pipes:
5.03 2.79 m/s
Eq. 3-16 2.83 4.95 m/s
Thus, we get
Evaluate each of the terms in Eq. 3-16 separately and then
(4.95) (2.79)
combine them at the end. 0.85 m

The energy delivered to the system is

0.85 m 42.11 m or 42.11 N.m/N

Notice that point B is at a higher elevation than point A and,

therefore the result of zB – zA is that is a positive number.
𝑍𝐵 − 𝑍𝐴 = 1.0m
Use continuity to find each velocity
3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.4 Power Required by Pumps
• Power is defined as the rate of doing By using Example 3.8, we can calculate
work. In fluid mechanics we can modify the power delivered by the pump to the
this statement and consider that power is oil
the rate at which energy is being
transferred. 3
𝑃𝐴 = 42.11 𝑁. 𝑚 3𝑁 𝑚
ൗ𝑁 × 8.44 × 10 ൗ 3 × 0.014 ൗ𝑠
• Power is calculated by multiplying the 𝑚
energy transferred per newton of fluid by 𝑃𝐴 = 4975.72 𝑁. 𝑚/𝑠
the weight flow rate. This is
Because 1.0W = 1.0 N.m/s, we can
express the result in watts
• Because W = γQ, we can also write
𝑃𝐴 = 4976 W = 4.97 kW
Eq. 3-17
where PA denotes power added to the
fluid, γ is the specific weight of the fluid
flowing through the pump, and Q is the
volume flow rate of the fluid.
3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.5 Mechanical Efficiency of Pumps
• The term efficiency is used to denote the ratio By using Example 3.8, we can calculate the
of the power delivered by the pump to the power input to the pump if 𝑒𝑚 is known.
fluid to the power supplied to the pump. For commercially available pumps, the
• Because of energy losses due to mechanical value of 𝑒𝑚 is published as part of
friction in pump components, fluid friction in performance data. If we assume the pump
the pump, and excessive fluid turbulence in in Example 3.8 to be 82%, then
the pump, not all of the input power is
delivered to the fluid. 𝑃𝐴 4.97
𝑃𝐼 = = = 6.06 kW
• Then, using the symbol 𝑒𝑚 for mechanical 𝑒𝑚 0.82
efficiency, we have
Note: The value of 𝑒𝑚 will always be less than 1.0.
Eq. 3-18
Example 3.9
For the pump test arrangement shown in Fig. 3.34, determine the mechanical efficiency of
the pump if the power input is measured to be 2.87 kW when pumping 125 m3/h of oil
(𝛾=8.8 kN/m3).

15 cm 10 cm

Figure 3.34 Pump test system for Example 4.10

Solution
The next term is 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0 due to the same elevation.
Next term is the difference in velocity head

 10 
Because we want to find power delivered Q = (125m / hr ) 
3
 = 0.035m3
/s
by the pump,  3600 
Calculate A1=1.767 x 10–2 m2 and A2=7.854 x 10–3 m2, we get

𝑄 0.035𝑚3 1
Starting at point 1, 𝑣1 = = × = 1.981𝑚/𝑠
𝐴1 𝑠 1.767 × 10−2 𝑚2
𝑄 0.035𝑚3 1
𝑣2 = = × = 4.456𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 𝑠 7.854 × 10−3 𝑚2
9810N kN 𝑣22 − 𝑣12
𝛾𝑚 = 13.54 = 132.83 3 = 0.812𝑚
m3 m 2𝑔
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 + 𝛾𝑚 0.52m − 𝛾𝑜 (0.52m)

𝑝2 − 𝑝1 𝛾𝑚 (0.52m) 𝛾𝑚 Solving for ℎ𝑎 we get

= − 0.52𝑚 = − 1 0.52m
𝛾𝑜 𝛾𝑜 𝛾𝑜
ℎ𝑎 = 7.33m + 0 + 0.812m = 8.142m
𝑝2 −𝑝1 132.83 kN/m3
= − 1 0.52m = 7.33m
𝛾𝑜 8.8 kN/m3
Solution
The power delivered to the pump is
8.8𝑘𝑁 𝑚3ൗ )
𝑃𝐴 = ℎ𝑎 𝛾𝑄 = (8.142𝑚)( )(0.035 𝑠
𝑚3
𝑃𝐴 = 2.51 kW

The 𝑒𝑚 of the pump is

𝑃𝐴 2.51
𝑒𝑚 = = = 0.87
𝑃𝑖 2.87
 3.8 Application of Energy Equation
3.8.6 Power Delivered to Fluid Motors
• The energy delivered by the fluid to a mechanical device such as a fluid motor or a turbine is
denoted in the general energy equation by the term hR.
• This is a measure of the energy delivered by each unit weight of fluid as it passes through the
device.
• We find the power delivered by multiplying hR by the weight flow rate W:
Eq. 3-19
where PR is the power delivered by the fluid to the fluid motor.
• Not all the power delivered to the motor is ultimately converted to power output from the
device.
• Mechanical efficiency is then defined as

Note: The value of 𝑒𝑚 will always be less than 1.0.

Example 3.10
Water at 10°C is flowing at a rate of 115
L/min through the fluid motor shown in Fig.
4.19. The pressure at A is 700 kPa and the
pressure at B is 125 kPa. It is estimated that
due to friction in the piping there is an
energy loss of 4 Nm/N of water flowing.
(a) Calculate the power delivered to the
fluid motor by the water.
(b) If the mechanical efficiency of the fluid
motor is 85 percent, calculate the
power output.

Figure 4.19 Fluid motor for Example 4.11

Solution
The energy delivered by the water to the turbine is

Because we want to find power output

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 𝑣𝐴2 − 𝑣𝐵2 (a) power delivered to the fluid motor by the water. is
ℎ𝑅 = + 𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝐵 + − ℎ𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔
As usual, solve value of each term,

(b) If the mechanical efficiency of the fluid motor is 85

percent, calculate the power output.
Exercise 3.5
A test setup to determine the energy 7.6 cm dia. pipe
loss as water flows through a valve is
shown in figure. Calculate the energy
loss if 0.003 cumecs of water at 5°C
is flowing. Calculate the resistance
coefficient K if the energy loss is
𝑣2
expressed as 𝐾( )
2𝑔
Exercise 3.6
The system shown in figure
below delivers 600 L/min of
water. The outlet is directly into
the atmosphere. Determine the
energy losses in the system.

5 cm dia.
copper
pipe
Exercise 3.7
The pump in the figure delivers water
from the lower to the upper of reservoir
at the rate of 0.057 cumecs. The energy
loss between the suction pipe inlet and
the pump is 1.83 m and between the
pump outlet and the upper reservoir is
3.66 m. Both pipes are 15 cm steel pipe.
Calculate
a) the pressure at pump inlet
b) the pressure at the pump outlet
c) the total head on the pump
d) the power delivered by the pump to
the water
Exercise 3.8 4 cm dia. steel 6.5 cm dia. steel
The test setup in the figure measures pipe pipe

a pressure difference between inlet

and outlet of the fluid motor. The
flow rate of hydraulic oil (SG=0.90) is
511 L/min. Compute the power
removed from the fluid by motor and
calculate the power delivered by the
motor if it has an efficiency of 78
percent.