LISTOFEXPERIMENTS

S.NO. NAMEOFTHEEXPERIMENT Page No.

1 To study wave guide components.

2 To study the characteristics of Gunn oscillator & Gunn diode as
modulated source.
3 Study of wave guide horn and its radiation pattern and
determination of the Beam width.
4a To study isolation and coupling coefficient of a magic Tee.
4b To measure coupling coefficient, Insertion loss & Directivity of
a Directional coupler.
5a To measure attenuation and insertion loss of a fixed and
variable attenuator.
5b To measure isolation and insertion loss of a three port
Circulators/Isolator.
6 To measure the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient in
a Microwave Transmission line.
7 To measure the frequency of a microwave source and
demonstrate relationship among guide dimensions, free space
wavelength and guide wavelength.
8 To study the Characteristics of Reflex Klystron tube & to
determine its electronic tuning range.
9 To measure the gain of a waveguide horn antenna
 EXPERIMENTNO.1

AIM :- To study wave guide components.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:-Flanges, Twisted waveguide, wave guide tees, Directional

Coupler, Attenuator,Isolators, Circulators, Matched terminator, Slide screw tuner, Slotted
Section, Tunable probe, Horn antennas, Movable Short, Detector mount.

THEORY:-A pipe with any sort of cross-section that could be used as a wave guide or
System of conductors for carrying electro magnetic wave is called a wave guide in which
the waves are truly guided.

(1) FLANGES:-Flanges are used to couple sections of waveguide components.These

Flanges are designed to have not only mechanical strength but also desirable
electric characteristics.
(2) TWISTED WAVEGUIDE:-If a change in polarization direction is required,
twisted section may be used. It is also called rotator.
(3) WAVE GUIDE TEE:-Tees are junctions which are required to combine or split
two signals in a waveguide. Different type of tees are :-
(a)H-PLANE TEE:-All the arm of the H-plane Tee lies in the plane of the
Magnetic field which divides among the arm.This is thus a current or
parallel junction.
(b) E-PLANE TEE:-It lies in the plane of electric field.It is voltage or series
junction.In this signal is divided into two parts having same magnitude but
in opposite phase.
(c)MAGIC TEE:-If another arm is added to either of theT-junction.Then a
hybrid
T-junction or magic tee is obtained.The arm three or four is connected to
arm1&2 but not to each other.
(4) DIRECTION COUPLER:- The power delivered to a load or an antenna can be
Measured using sampling technique in which a known fraction of the power is
Measured so that the total may be calculated. A number of coupling units used for
such purpose are known as directional coupler.
(5) ATTENUATORS:-It consists of a resistive wane inside the waveguide to absorb
Microwave power according to its position w.r.t side wall of the waveguide.
Attenuation will be maximum if the wane is placed at center.
(a) Fixed Attenuators: In this the position of resistive wane is fixed, it
 absorbs constant amount of power.
(b) Variable Attenuators:-In this the position of resistive wane can be
changed with the help of micrometer.
(6) ISOLATORS:-Ferrite is used as the main material in isolator.Isolator is a
microwave Device which allows RF energy to pass through in one direction with
very little loss, while RF power in the reverse direction is absorbed.
(7) CIRCULATORS:-A microwave circulator is a multi port junction device where
the power may flow in the direction from1 to 2, 2 to 3, &so on...
(8) MATCHED TERMINATION:-A termination producing no reflected wave at any
Transverse section of the waveguide.It absorbs all the incident wave.This is also
equivalent to connecting the line with its characteristic impedance.
(9) SLOTTED SECTION:-A length of waveguide in which an on radiating slot is cut
on the broader side. This is used to measure the VSWR.
(10) SLIDE SCREW TUNER:- A screw or probe inserted at the top of wave guide
(parallel to E) to develop susceptance the magnitude & sign of which is controlled
by depth of penetration of screw and it can be moved along the length of wave
guide.
(11) H–PLANE BEND:-An H-plane bend is a piece of waveguide smoothly bends in
a plane parallel to magnetic field for the dominant mode (Hard bend).
(12) E–PLANE BEND:-An E-plane bend is a piece of waveguide smoothly bends in a
Plane of electric field (Easy bend).
(13) HORN ANTENNAS:-The components which radiates& Intercept EM energy is
of Course the antenna.The open-ended waveguide,in which the open end is flared
so that It looks like a horn, is called horn antenna.There are several types of
horns–Sectional E-plane horn, Sectional H- plane horn and Pyramidal horn.
(14) MOVABLE SHORT:-It is adjustable load which moves along the length of
wave guide and adjusted to get SWR.

RESULT:-Students have been able to appreciate the purpose and usage of various
Components.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Handle all components with care and do not allow any damage to take place.
2. Do not rub/scratch the inner polished surfaces of the components with any sharp
edged body.
3. If demonstrating any assembly of components, ensure that there is no cross
threading and proper tightening.
 EXPERIMENTNO.2

AIM:- To study the characteristics of Gunn oscillator Gun diode as modulated source

APPARATUS REQUIRED:- Gunn Diode, Gunn power supply, PIN Modulator,

Isolator, Frequency meter, Variable Attenuator, Detector mount, Wave guide stand,
VSWR meter, Cables and accessories.

THEORY: - The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in

bulk semiconductor which has two conduction bands, minima separated by an
energy gap. A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field region which
travel towards the anode. When this high field domain reaches the anode, it
disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving towards
anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode to anode
gives oscillation frequency. In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a
resonant cavity, the Oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension than
by diode itself.

BLOCKDIAGRAM:-

Gunn Power CRO VSWR

supply Meter

Gunn Isolator Pin Frequency Variable Detector

Oscillator Modulator Meter Attenuator Mount

PROCEDURE:-
(1) Set the components and equipments as shown in block diagram.
(2) Initially set the variable attenuator for minimum attenuation. (3)Keep the
control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below:
Meter Switch - ‘OFF’
Gunn bias knob - Fully anti-clockwise Pin bias knob -
Fully anti-clockwise Pin Mod frequency - Any position
(4) Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below: Meter Switch -
Normal

Page 4
 Input Switch - Low Impedance
Range db Switch - 40 db
Gain Control knob - Fully clockwise
(5) Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of
operation.
(6) Switch ‘ON’ the Gunn Power Supply, VSWR meter and Cooling Fan
VOLTAGE–CURRENT CHARACTERISTIC
(1)Turn the meter switch of Gunn power supply to voltage position. (2)Measure
the Gunn diode current Corresponding to the various voltages (3)Plot the
voltage and current reading on the graph
(4)Measure the threshold voltage, which corresponds to the graph.

OBSERVATIONS:-

S.N Voltage Current

O

GRAPH:- I

RESULTS:- The values of voltage and current is measured and the graph is drawn.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1.Use fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. 2.Ensure tight connections of the
apparatus 3.Avoid cross connections of the threads.
4.Use stabilized power supply.

Page 5
 EXPERIMENTNO.3

AIM:- Study of wave guide horn and its radiation pattern and determination of the Beam
width
APPARATUSREQUIRED:-Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Klystron mount,
Isolator, Frequency Meter, Two horn antennas, Detector mount, Radiation pattern
table, Cooling fan, VSWR meter, Cables and accessories.

THEORY:- If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will
be radiation from this end. In case of a rectangular wave guide this antenna
presents a mismatch of about 2:1 and it radiates in many directions. The match
will improve if the open wave guide is a horn shape.
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often
the power intensity as a junction of the aspect angle at constant distance from the
radiating antenna. An antenna pattern consist of several lobes, the main lobe, side
lobe, and back lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is
normally to keep the power in the side lobes and back lobe as low aspossible.

BLOCKDIAGRAM:-
Klystron Cooling
Power supply Fan VSWR
Meter

horn
Klystron mount Isolator Variable Frequency Detector
+ Klystron tube Attenuator Meter Mount
horn
PROCEDURE:-

(1) Set the equipment as shown in fig. Keeping the axis of both antennas in
same line.
(2) Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum position.
(3) Keep the control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below: Meter
Switch - ‘OFF’
Mod Switch - AM
Beam voltage knob - Fully anti-clockwise Reflector voltage
- Fully clockwise AM- amplitude knob
and frequency knob - Around mid position.
Page 6
 (4) Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below: Meter Switch -
Normal
Input Switch - Low Impedance
Range db Switch - 40 db GainControl knob - Mid
position
(5) ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and Cooling Fan
(6) Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob.
(7) Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.
(8) Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of
power supply.
(9) Turn the receiving horn to the left in 5°steps up to 40°- 50° and note the
corresponding VSWR db reading in normal db range.
(10) Repeat the above step but this time turn the receiving horn to the right and
note down the readings.
(11) Draw a relative power pattern, i.e., output vs. angle.

OBESERVATIONSANDCALCULATIONS:-

S.N Angle VSWR

O

Page 7
GRAPH:- VSWR

Angle

RESULT:-The radiation pattern is drawn using the values of angle and VSWR.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1.Use fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. 2.Ensure tight connections of the
apparatus 3.Avoid cross connections of the threads.
4. Use stabilized power supply.

Page 8
 EXPERIMENT NO.4(a)
AIM:- To study isolation and coupling coefficient of a magic Tee

APPRATUSREQUIRED:-Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Klystron mount,

Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator, Detector mounts, Magic Tee,
Wave guide stand, Cooling fan, VSWR meter, Cables and accessories.

THEORY:- The Magic Tee is a four port device & it is a combination of the E & H
plane Tee. If the power is fed into arm 3 (H- arm), the electric field divides equally
between arm 1 and 2 with same phase, and no electric field exists in arm 4. If the
power is fed in arm4 (E- arm), it divides equally into arm1 and 2 but out of phase
with no power to arm 3. Further, if the power is fed fromarm 1 and 2, it is added in
arm3 (H- arm), and it is subtracted in E-arm, i.e.,arm 4.The basic parameters to be
measured for magic Tee are defined below:

A. Isolation:- The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power
supplied by the generator connected to the E-arm(port 4) to the power detected at
H-arm (port3) when side arms 1 and 2 are terminated in matched load.
Hence, Isolation 3-4 =10 log10 P4 / P3

C. ouplingCoefficient:- It is defined as Cij= 10 –α / 20

Where α is attenuation / isolation in db when i is input arm and j is output arm.
Thus α =10 log Pi / Pj
Where Pi is the power delivered to arm i and Pj is power detected at j arm.
BLOCKDIAGRAM:-

Microwave Isolator Frequency Variable Slotted Detector

Source Meter Attenuator Section Mount

Matched
Termination
1
Detector
Mount 4 Tee 3

Matched
Termination

Page 9
PROCEDURE:- Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient

(1) Set the equipments as shown in fig.

(2) Remove the tunable probe and magic Tee from the slotted line and connect the
detector mount to the slotted line.
(3) Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency and Tune
the detector for max. Output.
(4) Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator; gain control knob of VSWR meter and note down the reading (let it
be P3).
(5) Without changing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of
VSWR
meter, carefully place the magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm to slotted
line, detector to E-arm and matched termination to arm1 and 2. note down the
reading of VSWR meter (let it be P4).
(6) Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3 – P4 in db. (7)Determine the
coupling coefficient from equation given. (8)The same experiment may be
repeated for other ports also. (9)Repeat the same for other frequencies.

OBSERVATIONSANDCALCULATIONS:-
P3 = P4=
Calculate Isolation and coupling coefficient using
Isolation 3-4 = 10 log10 P4 / P3 α = 10 log Pi / Pj

RESULT:-Measured values for Isolation and coupling coefficient are I =

=

PRECAUTIONS:-
1.Use fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. 2.Ensure tight connections of the
apparatus 3.Avoid cross connections of the threads.
4.Use stabilized power supply.

Page 10
 EXPERIMENTNO.4(b)

AIM:- To measure coupling coefficient,Insertion loss & Directivity of a Directional

coupler.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:-Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Klystron mount,

Isolator, Cooling fan, Frequency Meter, Detector mount, Variable Attenuator, Wave
Guide stand, VSWR meter, MHD coupler, Matched Termination,Cables and
accessories.

THEORY:- A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the

incident and reflected wave separately. It consist of two transmission lines,main arm
and auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other. The diagram is given
below. The
power entering in port 1 in the main arm divides between port 2 and port 4 almost no
power comes out of port 3. Power entering in port 2 is divided between port 1 and 3.
4
3

1 2

Assuming power is entering fromport 1, then The coupling factor is defined as

Coupling (db) = 10 log 10 P1 / P4

Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion of
coupler. It is defined as:
Insertion loss = 10 log10P1/ P2.

The directivity of the coupler is a measure of separation between incident wave and the
reflected wave. It is measured as the ratio of two power outputs from the auxiliary line
when a given amount of power is successively applied to each terminal of the main line
with other port terminated by matched load. Hence Directivity is given by
D (db) = 10 log10 P4f/ P4r
Page 11
Where P4fand P 4rare the measured powers at port 4with equal amount of power is fed to
port 1 and 2 respectively.
BLOCKDIAGRAM:-

VSWR
Meter

Cooling
Microwave Isolator Variable Frequency Detector
Fan
Source Attenuator Meter Mount

MHD 3 Detector VSWR Matched

2 Coupler Mount Meter Termination

MHD 3 Detector VSWR Matched

1 Coupler Mount Meter Termination

MHD Detector VSWR Matched

2
Coupler Mount Meter Termination
1

PROCEDURE:-Measurement of Couplingf actor, Insertion loss &Directivity

(1) Set the `equipments as shown in fig.

Page 12
 (2) Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
(3) Remove the MHD coupler and connect the detector mount to the frequency
meter. Tune the detector for max. Output.
(4) Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator, gain control knob of VSWR meter and note down the reading
(letit be X).
(5) Insert the D.C as shown in fig. With detector mount to the auxiliary port 4 and
matched termination to port 2. Without changing the position of variable
attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
(6) Note down the reading on VSWR meter (let it be Y) and calculate coupling
factor using X &Y, which will be in db.
(7) Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 4 and match
termination From port2 without disturbing the setup.
(8) Connect the matched termination to the aux. Port 4 and detector to port 2 and
measure the reading on VSWR meter (let it be Z).
(9)Compute insertion loss using X & Z in db. (10)Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
(11) Connect the D.C in the reverse direction i.e. port 2 to frequency meter side,
matched termination to port1 and detector mount to port 4, without disturbing
the position of the variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
(12) Note down the reading and let it be Y0 .Compute the directivity as Y- Y0.
(13)Repeat the same for other frequency.

OBSERVATIONANDCALCULATIONS:-

Calculate D, C and I using the equations as given above.

RESULT:-The measured value for MHD coupler are

Coupling coefficient = Insertion loss = Directivity =
.

PRECAUTIONS:-

1.Use fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. 2.Ensure tight connections of the
apparatus 3.Avoid cross connections of the threads.
4.Use stabilized power supply.

Page 13
 EXPERIMENTNO.5(a)

AIM:- To measure attenuation and insertion lossof a fixed and variable attenuator.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:-Microwave source, Isolator, Frequency meter, Variable

attenuator, Slotted line, Tunable probe, Detector mount, Matched termination,VSWR
meter, test fixed and variable attenuator and Accessories.

THEORY: - The attenuator are two port bidirectional devices which attenuates some
power when inserted into the transmission line.
AttenuationA(db)==10logP1/P2
Where,P1=Power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the
line.P2
==Power absorbed/detected by the load with attenuator in the line.The attenuators
consist Of a rectangular waveguide with a resistive vane inside it to absorb microwave
power According to their position with respect to side wall of the waveguide.An electric
field is Maximum at centre in TE mode; the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is
placed at centre of the waveguide.Moving from centre towards the side wall, attenuation
decreases in the fixed attenuator, the vane position is fixed whereas invariable
attenuator,its position Can be changed by the help of micrometer or by other methods.
Following characteristics of attenuators can be studied: 1.InputVSWR.
2.Insertionloss (in case of variable attenuator). 3.Amount of attenuation offered into
the lines.
4.Frequency sensitivity,i.e.,variation of attenuation at any fixed position of vane
and Frequency is changed.

BLOCKDIAGRAM: -

Klystron Cooling
Power supply Fan

Klystronmount Isolator Frequency Variable Slotted Detector

+ Klystron tube Meter Attenuator Section mount

VSWR Detector
Attenuator
Meter mount

Page 14
PROCEDURE:-

Insertion Loss/Attenuation Measurement

1. Remove the tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from the slotted section
in the above set up.
2. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector mount also for
Maximum deflection on VSWR meter (Detector mount's output should be connected
to VSWR meter).
3. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator (not
test attenuator) and gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let it be P1.
4. Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line, without disturbing any
position on the set up. Place the test variable attenuator to the slotted line and detector
mount to other port of test variable attenuator. Keep the micrometer reading of test
variable attenuator to zero and record the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P2. Then
the insertion loss of test attenuator will be P1–P2db.
5. For measurement of attenuation of fixed and variable attenuator, after step 4 of above
measurement, carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without
disturbing any position obtained up to step 3. Place the test attenuator to the slotted line
and detector mount to the other port of test attenuator. Record the reading ofVSWR
meter. Let it be P3. Then the attenuation value of fixed attenuator or attenuation value
of variable attenuator for particular position of micrometer reading will be PI - P3 db.
6. In case of variable attenuator, change the micrometer reading and record the VSWR
meter reading. Find out attenuation value for different position of Micrometer reading
and plot a graph.
7. Now change the operating frequency and whole step should be repeated for finding
Frequency sensitivity of fixed and variable
attenuator.
OBSERVATIONANDCALCULATIONS:- RESULT:-

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. Use fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. 2.Ensure tight connections of the
apparatus 3.Avoid cross connections of the threads.
4. Use stabilized power supply.

Page 15
 EXPERIMENTNO.5(b)

AIM:- To measure isolation and insertion loss of a three port Circulators /Isolator.

APPARATUSREQUIRED :-Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Klystron mount,

Isolator, Circulator, Slotted Section, Tunable probe, Frequency Meter, Variable
Attenuator, Detector mount, Wave guide stand, Cooling fan, VSWR meter, Cables
and accessories.

THEORY:-
ISOLATOR:- The isolator is a two-port device with small insertion loss in forward
direction and a large in reverse attenuation.
CIRCULATOR:- the circulator is a multi port junction that permits transmission in
certain ways. A wave incident in port 1 is coupled to port 2 only, a wave incident
at port 2is coupled to port3only and so on . Following is the basic parameters of
isolator and circulator for study.
A. Insertion loss:- The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input portto the
power detected by a detector in the coupling arm, i.e., output arm with other
port terminated in the matched load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss.
B. Isolation:- It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the input power detected at
not coupled port with other port terminated in the matched load..
C. InputVSWR:- The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of
voltage maximum to voltage minimum of the standing wave existing on the
line, when one port of it terminates the line and others have matched
termination.

BLOCKDIAGRAM:-MeasurementofVSWR

VSWR
Meter

probe
Microwave Isolator Frequency Variable Slotted
Source Meter Attenuator Section

Isolator or Matched
Circulator Termination

Page 16
MeasurementofInsertionlossandIsolation
VSWR
Meter

Microwave Isolator Frequency Variable Slotted Detector

Source Meter Attenuator Section Mount

Isolator or Matched
Circulator Termination

Isolator or Matched
Circulator Termination

PROCEDURE:-
(a) Input VSWR Measurement:
(1) Set up the components and equipments as shown above with input port of
isolator or circulator towards slotted line and matched load on other
portsof it.
(2) Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
(3)With the help of slotted line, probe and VSWR meter, find out SWR of the
isolator or circulator as describe earlier for low and medium SWR
measurements. (4)The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for
other
frequencies.

(b) Measurement of Insertion loss & Isolation:

(1) Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect
the detector mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount
should be connected with VSWR meter.
(2) Energize the microwave source for max. output for a particular frequency
of operation. Tune the detector mount for max. output in VSWR meter.

Page 17
 (3) Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator, gain control knob of VSWR meter and note down the reading
(let it be P1).
(4) Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing
the
position of setup. Insert the isolator / circulator between slotted line and
detector mount. Keeping input port to slotted line and detector at its output
port. A matched termination should be placed at third port in case of
circulator.
(5) Record the readings in the VSWR meter. If necessary change range – db
switch to high or lower position and taking 10 db changes for one set
change of switch position (let it be P2).
(6) Compute insertion loss on P1-P2in db.
(7) For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected
reverse, i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input port with other
port terminated by matched termination. After setting a reference level
without isolator or circulator in the set up as described in insertion loss
measurement. Let same P1level is set.
(8) Record the reading of VSWR meter after inserting the isolator or circulator
(let it
be P3).
(9) Compute isolation as P1 – P3in db.
(10) The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
(11) Repeat the same for other frequency.

OBSERVATIONSANDCALCULATIONS:-
Calculate VSWR, Insertion Loss and Isolation as per formulas given above.

RESULT:- Measured values are follows :

VSWR =
Insertion loss = Isolation =

PRECAUTIONS:-
1.Use fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. 2.Ensure tight connections of the
apparatus 3.Avoid cross connections of the threads.
4. Use stabilized power supply.

Page 18
 EXPERIMENTNO.6

AIM:- To measure the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient in a Microwave
Transmission line.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:-Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Klystron mount,

Isolator, Frequency Meter, Slotted section, Tunable Probe, Variable Attenuator,
Wave guide stand, VSWR meter, Movable short, Matched Termination, S-S Tuner,
Cables and accessories.

THEORY:- The electromagnetic field at any point of termination line may be considered
as the sum of two traveling wave, the ‘incident wave’ propagates from
generator And reflected wave propagates towards the generator. The reflected
wave is setup by reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or
from load impedance. The presence of two traveling waves, gives rise to
standing wave along the line. The maximum field strength is found where two
waves are in phase and minimum where the two waves adds in opposite phase.
The distance between two successive minimum (or maximum) is half the guide
wavelength
on the line. The ratio of electric field strength of reflected and incident wave is
called reflection coefficient. The voltage standing wave ratio is defined as ratio
between maximum or minimum field strength along the line.
Hence, VSWR, S =Emax./ Emin
Reflection Coefficient, ρ = Er / Ei= (Z –Zo )/(Z + Zo)

Where Z is the impedance at a point on line, Zo is characteristic impedance.

The above equation gives following equation:
|ρ| = S -1
S+1

Page 19
BLOCKDIAGRAM: -

Cooling VSWR
Klystron Fan Meter
Power supply

Probe
Klystronmount Isolator Frequency Variable Slotted S-S
+ Klystron tube Meter Attenuator Section Tuner

Matched
Termination

PROCEDURE:-
(1)Set the components and equipments as shown in block diagram. (2)Keep variable
attenuator at maximum position.
(3) Keep the control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below: Meter Switch -
‘OFF’
Mod Switch - AM
Beam voltage knob - Fully anti-clockwise Reflector voltage
- Fully clockwise AM- amplitude and
frequency knob - Mid position.
(4) Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below:
Meter Switch - Normal
Input Switch - Low Impedance
Range db Switch - 40 / 50 db Gain Control knob -
Mid position
(5) ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and Cooling Fan
(6) Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob.
(7) Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.
(8) Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power
supply.

Page 20
 (9) Tune the plunger, reflector voltage, and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR
meter.
(10) If necessary, change the range db-switch, variable attenuator position and gain
control knob to get deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.
(11) Move the probe along the slotted line, the deflection will change.

MEASUREMENTOFLOWANDMEDIUMVSWR
(1) Move the probe along with slotted line to get max. deflection in VSWR meter.
(2)Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter
indicates1 on normal SWR scale.
(3) Keep all the control knob as it is, move probe to next minimum position and
read the VSWR on scale and record it.
(4) Repeat the above step for change of S-S Tuner probe depth and record the
corresponding SWR.

OBSERVATIONANDCALCULATIONS:-
Calculate SWR and Reflection coefficient using
Emax.= Emin.=
VSWR, S = Emax. / Emin
|ρ| =S -1
S+1

RESULT:- Standing wave ratio and Reflection coefficient are measured & equal to
SWR =
ρ =

PRECAUTIONS:-

5. Use fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. 6.Ensure tight connections of the
apparatus 7.Avoid cross connections of the threads.
8.Use stabilized power supply.

Page 21
 EXPERIMENTNO.7

AIM:-To measure the frequency of a microwave source and demonstrate relationship

. among guide dimensions ,free space wavelength and guide wavelength

APPARATUSREQUIRED:-Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Klystron mount,

Isolator, Frequency Meter, Slotted section, Tunable Probe,Variable Attenuator, Wave
guide stand, VSWR meter, Movable Short / Matched Termination, Cables and
accessories.

THEORY: - For dominant TE 10mode in rectangular wave guides λ o,λ g,and λ c are
Related as below
c
Where,1 / λ o 2 = 1 / λg 2 + 1 / λ 2

λ o= free space wavelength λ g= Guide wavelength

λ c = Cut off wavelength
For dominant TE 10mode λ c= 2a where a is broad dimension of wave guide . The
following relationship can be proved.
C =f λ
Where, C is velocity of light and f is frequency.

BLOCKDIAGRAM: -

VSWR
Klystron Cooling Meter
Power supply Fan

Probe
Klystronmount Slotted Matched
Isolator Frequency Variable Termina
+ Klystron tube Meter Attenuator Section
t ion

Movable
Short

PROCEDURE:-

(1) Set the components and equipments as shown in block diagram. (2)Initially set the
Page 22
variable attenuator for maximum position. (3)Keep the control knobs of Klystron
Power Supply as below:
Meter Switch - ‘OFF’ Mod Switch - AM
Beam voltage knob - Fully anti-clockwise Reflector voltage
- Fully clockwise AM- amplitude knob-
Around fully clockwise AM- frequency knob-
Around mid position.

(4)Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below: Meter Switch -

Normal
Input Switch - Low Impedance
Range db Switch - 50 db
Gain Control knob - Mid position

(5)‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and Cooling Fan
(6) Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob.
(7) Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter. (8)Maximize
the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob
of power supply.
(9)Tune the plunger, reflector voltage, and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR
meter. (10)Tune the frequency meter knob to get the‘dip’on the VSWR scale and
note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter.
(11)Replace the termination with movable short, and detune the frequency meter.
(12)Move probe along with the slotted line, the deflection in VSWR meter will vary.
Move the probe to a minimum deflection position,to get accurate reading, it is
Necessary to increase the VSWR meter range db switch to higher position.Note
and record the probe position.
(13)Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again.
(14)Calculate the guide length wave as twice the distance between successive
minimum
positions obtained as above.
(15) Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension ‘a’ which will be around 22.86
mm for X- band.
(16) Calculate the frequency by following equation.

Page 23
 f =C / λ = C√1/ λ 2
+1/ λ 2
g c
where C = 3 X10m8/s i.e.velocity of light.
(17) Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
(18) Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.

OBESERVATIONSANDCALCULATIONS:-
Calculate frequency using the equation λg= 2d
d = first min. – second min.
λC = 2a
f =C /λ= C √ 1/ λ 2 +1/ λ 2
g c

RESULT:- Measured frequency f =

PRECAUTIONS:-
1.Use fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. 2.Ensure tight connections of the
apparatus 3.Avoid cross connections of the threads.
4.Use stabilized power supply.

Page 24
 EXPERIMENTNO:8

AIM:- To study the Characteristics of Reflex Klystron tube & to determine its electronic
tuning range.

APPARATUSREQUIRED :-Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Klystron mount,

Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator, Detector mount, Wave guide stand,
Cooling fan, VSWR meter, Cables and accessories.

THEORY:- The reflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a

continuous electron beam in to microwave power. Electron Beam emitted is
accelerated towards the anode cavity. After passing the gap in the cavity electron
travel
towards the repeller electrode which is at a high negative potential (V r ). The electron
beam never reach the repeller because of the negative field and returned back towards
the gap.The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the
retarded electrons leave at the reduced velocity. the electrons leaving the resonator
will need different time to return, due to change in velocities. as a result, returning
electrons group together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass through resonator,
they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such time
that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage, energy will be delivered to the
resonator; and klystron will oscillate. The dimension of resonant cavity primarily
determines the frequency. A small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the
reflector voltage. This is called Electronic Tuning Range.

BLOCKDIAGRAM:-

Microwa Isolator Frequenc Variable Detecto VSWR

ve y r
Source Meter Attenuato Mount Meter
r

PROCEDURE:-MODESTUDYOFAKLYSTRONTUBE:-

(1) Set the equipment as shown in fig.

(2)Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum position. (3)Keep the
control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below:

Page 25
 Meter Switch - ‘OFF’
Mod Switch - AM
Beam voltage knob - Fully anti-clockwise
Reflector voltage -Fully anti-clockwise
AM- amplitude -Around fully clockwise
AM- frequency -Around mid position.
(4) Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below: Meter Switch -
Normal
Input Switch - Low Impedance
Range db Switch - 40 db
Gain Control knob - Mid position
(5) Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and Cooling Fan.
(6)Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set
beam voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob. (7)Adjust the
reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.
(8) Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob
of power supply.
(9) Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for the max. Output.
(10) Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position,
when there is ‘dip’ on VSWR meter. Read directly the frequency meter
between two horizontal lines and vertical marker.
(11) Change the reflector voltage and read the frequency for each reflector
voltage and plot the graph .

OBSERVATIONS:-

S.N epeller voltage Frequency

OR

RESULT:- Frequency and Repeller voltage curve is drawn and is in accordance with the
stipulated curves of Klystron.

Page 26
 EXPERIMENTNO.9

AIM :-To measure the gain of a waveguide horn antenna.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-Microwave source, Frequency meter, Isolator, Variable

attenuator, Detector mount,Two horn antenna, Turntable, VSWR meter and Accessories.

THEORY: -If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be
Radiation from this end.In case of a rectangular waveguide this antenna presents a
Mismatch of about 2:1and it radiates in many directions.The match will improve if the
Open waveguide is a horn shape.
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often the power
Intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the
Radiating antenna.The power intensity at the maximum of the main lobe compared to the
Power intensity achieved from an imaginary Omni directional antenna (radiating
equally In all direction) with the same power fed to the antenna is defined as in gain of
the antenna.

3 db Beam Width
The angle between the two points on a main lobe where the power intensity is half the
Maximum power intensity.
When measuring an antenna pattern, it is normally most interesting top lot the pattern far

Far field pattern is achieve data minimum distance of 2D2 (for rectangular
Horn Antenna)
λ0
Where D is size of the broad wall of horn aperture in free space wavelength.

It is also very important to avoid disturbing reflection.Antenna measurement are

normally
.
Several methods to measure the gain of antenna. One method is to compare the unknown
Identical antennas, as transmitter and other as receiver from following formula the gain
Can be calculated.
Pr = Ptλ0G1G2
(4 π S)2

Where, Pt=transmitted power

Pr=received power
Page 27
 G1, G2=gain of transmitting and receiving antenna,
S=radial distance between two antenna λ0=free space wavelength.
If both transmitting and receiving antenna are identical having gain G, then

Pr = Ptλ0G2
(4 π S)2

G =4 π S √Pr/ Pt
λ
In the above equation Pt, Pr, S and λ0 can be measured and gain can be computed.As
From the above equation it is not necessary to know the absolute value of P t and Pr
only Ratio is required, which can be measured by VSWR
meters.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Klystron Cooling
Power supply Fan VSWR
Meter

horn
Klystronmount Isolator Variable Frequency Detector
+ Klystron tube Attenuator Meter Mount

horn

PROCEDURE:-

GAIN MEASUREMENT

1. Set up the equipments as shown in Fig.Both horns should be in line.

2. Keep the ranged b switch of VSWR meter at 50db position with gain control
full. 3.Energize the Gunn Oscillator for maximum out put at desired frequency
with
Modulating amplitude and frequency of Gunn Power Supply and by tuning of
detector.

Page 28
 4. Obtain full scale deflection inVSWR meter with variable attenuator.
5. Replace the transmitting horn by detector mount and change the appropriate
range Db position to get the deflection on Scale(donot touch the gain control
knob).
Note and record the ranged b position and deflection of VSWR meter.
6. Calculate the difference in db between the power measured in step 4 and 5.
7.Convert G into db in above example
G db=-10log318=-15.02db
8.The same setup can be used for other frequency of operation.

OBSERVATIONSANDCALCULATIONS:

CONCLUSIONSANDRESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:-

1.Use fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. 2.Ensure tight connections of the
apparatus 3.Avoid cross connections of the threads.
4.Use stabilized power supply.