PRACTICAL FILE

Course: RF and Microwave

Engineering
Course Code:EIECC20

Submitted to:- Submitted by:-

Ms. Pradnya Amrish Aditya Kargeti
Gajbhiye
2022UEI2853
S. No.
INDEX TITLE Signature
1.
Study of microwave components and Instruments

Simulate an air-filled WR-90 waveguide Using Ansys

2.
HFSS as shown in fig to obtain field patterns, intrinsic
Impedance and wavelength of the firts 4 modes

3. To design Microstrip patch antenna and study the different

antenna parameters.

Design
4. (a)Cylindrical DRA and
(b)Cylindrical DRA with Z-shape slot
at 2.4 GHz using HFSS. Compare the performance metrics like
frequency response , bandwidth, gain, and efficiency for both type
of DRA.

5. Set up an experimental to measure frequency power and

wavelength of Microwave signal

Set up an experimental to measure SWR and reflection

6. coefficient
 Experiment-1
Aim: - Study of microwave components and Instruments

Theory: -

Microwave engineering deals with the study and design of microwave circuits, components, and systems.
Microwaves typically operate in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. The study of microwave
components and instruments is essential for understanding signal propagation, measurement techniques, and the
behavior of various microwave devices.

Applications of Microwave Components

Radar Systems: Used in military, air traffic control, and weather forecasting.
Satellite Communications: Ensures efficient signal transmission over long distances.
Medical Applications: Microwave imaging and therapy.
Industrial Heating: Utilized in drying, cooking, and material processing.

Microwave Test bench (Microwave Trainer Kit – Klystron Source Based)

Study of Waveguide Antenna and radiation Pattern.

Determination of Beam width and measurement of Gain, Directivity.
Measurement of VWSR of a given Antenna.
KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY

Klystron Power Supply generates Voltage required for driving the reflex Klystron Tube like 2k25 ( a Source
of Microwave energy ). It is absolutely stable, regulated and saw tooth generators, for amplitude and
frequency modulation.

GUNN POWER SUPPLY

Gunn power supply comprises of an electronically regulated power supply and a square wave generator
designed to operate the Gunn Oscillator and Pin Modulator.
VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATION (VSWR) METERS

It is a high gain, Voltage amplifier turned at the centre frequency of 1KHz. It is used for measuring VSWR,
attenuation and total mismatch on the line.
Microwave Test bench X BAND : FREQUENCY : 8.2 TO 12.4 GHz

Study of Reflex Klystron Characteristics, transit time, mode nos, Electronic Tuning Range, Electronic Tuning
sensitivity.
Measurement of Guide Wavelength and frequency of Signal in Rectangular waveguide using slotted line
carriage.
Measurement of VSWR of a given Load and Find Steps to Improve it.
 Multi-Hole Directional Coupler

It is a four port waveguide junction consisting of primary main wavelength and a secondary auxiliary waveguide.
They can Sample a small amount of microwave power for measurement purpose. They are designed to measure
incident and reflected power, SWR Values, provide a signal path to a receiver or perform other desirable
operations. The coupling is done through holes on the broad side of the waveguide. The diameter in the no of
holes in a row and the number of rows vary according to coupling sector required. Scientific Microwave offers
3dB, 10dB, and 20dB couplers to its customers with minimum VSWR.

Phase Shifters

Phase shifters are used in those applications where fixed and variable amount of phase shift is required in the
waveguide system. The magnitude of guided wavelength is changed to get the desired wave shift. Most commonly
used phase shifters consist of dielectric slab to introduce the phase shift in the waveguide system. The dielectric
slab is made up of low loss dielectric material.
Pin Modulator

PIN Diode modulators offer an ideal way for amplitude and the pulse modulation of microwave signal through wide
range of frequencies. These modulators utilize PIN Diode which are mounted across the waveguide line a R.F.
isolated DC bias lead passing to an external TNC (F) Connectors.

Slide Screw Tuners

It is used for impedance matching in the transmission lines. A tuning screw attached with a micrometer along with
the carriage helps in the impedance matching. Mismatches upto 20:1 can be tuned to a VSWR of less than 1.02 at any
frequency in the waveguide band.
Slotted Section With Probe Carriage

This system consists of a transmission line (Waveguide), a travelling probe carriage and facility for attaching/
detecting instruments. The slot made in the center of broad face do not radiate from any power of dominant mode.
Slotted section is basically used to measure standing wave ratio (VSWR). The precession built probe carriage
having centimeters scale with a vernier reading of 0.1mm least count is used to measure the position of the probe.
Additionally slotted section can be used to measure impedance, reflection coefficient and the return loss.

Twists

Twists are made from a section of the standard waveguide, which has been precisely twisted, maintaining the
internal dimension of the waveguide. These are used to rotate the plane of polarization of waveguide transmission
line.
Waveguide Horn Antennas

Horns are open ended Waveguide in which open end is flared so that it looks like horn. Commonly
used horn antennas are pyramidal horn, E Sectorial, H Sectorial Horn and the pick up horns. These
horns are used to determine the gain of the antenna under test by convectional substitution method
and are also used as general purpose radiators. They are also used as reference sources in dual channel
antenna test receivers and can be used as pick up horns for radiation monitoring.

Matched Termination

In making measurement of waveguide component it is often desirable to absorb the power propagated
down the waveguide. These are designed in such a way to absorb the maximum energy without having
appreciable reflection assuring low VSWR.
Attenuators

For perfect matching sometimes it is required that the microwave power in a waveguide be absorbed completely
without any reflection and insensitive to frequency. For this attenuators are used. Attenuators are commonly
used for measuring power gain or loss in dB’s for providing isolation between instruments, for reducing the
power input to a particular stage to prevent overloading. Scientific Microwave offers fixed and variable
attenuators to its customers.
Variable attenuators
These attenuators provide continuous attenuation power upto 20 dB.

Isolator

An Isolator is a non reciprocal transmission device that is used to isolate one component from reflections of
other components in the transmission lines. An ideal isolator completely absorbs the power for propagation in
one direction and provides lossless transmission in the opposite direction.
Detector Mount

Detector Mount are used detect the low frequency signals with the help of the IN23 detector diode. The Detector
Diode is mounted on the broad wall of the waveguide. A shorting plunger is used to tune the max power near the
detector diode
E-Plane TEE

An E-plane TEE is a waveguide tee in which the axis of side arm is parallel to the E field of the main guide. If the
collinear arms are symmetric about the side arms, there are two arm characteristics. When wave are fed into the
side arms, the wave appear in the collinear arms will be in opposite phase and in the same magnitude.
H-Plane TEE

An H-Plane TEE is a waveguide TEE in which the axis of its side arm is shunting the E field or parallel to the H
field of the main guide and attaching the another waveguide.
Magic TEE

It is the combination of E-Plane TEE and H-Plane TEE. This four port waveguide junction combines the
power dividing prosperities of E and H-Plane TEE.
Direct Reading Frequency Meter (DRF)

It is constructed from cylindrical cavity resonator with a variable short circuit termination. The shorting
plunger is used to change the resonance frequency of the cavity by changing the cavity length. DRF measures
the frequency directly. It is particularly useful when measuring frequency differences of small changes.
Frequency Meter (Micrometer type)

These frequency meters are intended for moderate accuracy application in microwave measurement and are
usually best for this purpose. These permit full power flow down the transmission line except at the turned
frequency. It consists of a cavity, plunger and the section of standard waveguide. The plunger ensures precise
control of its position enabling frequency measurement with high accuracy.
 Experiment-2
Aim: -Simulate an air-filled WR-90 waveguide Using Ansys HFSS as shown in fig to obtain field patterns,
intrinsic Impedance and wavelength of the firts 4 modes

Theory:-

HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator) in Ansys is an advanced 3D electromagnetic simulation software us

for designing high-frequency electronic components. It is widely employed for RF, microwave, and millimeter-
wave applications.
Key Features of HFSS in Ansys:
Finite Element Method (FEM): Uses adaptive meshing and FEM to solve complex electromagnetic field problem
with high accuracy.
3D Electromagnetic Simulation: Ideal for analyzing antennas, PCB interconnects, waveguides, filters, and
connectors.
Adaptive Meshing: Automatically refines the mesh in regions requiring higher precision.
S-Parameter Analysis: Supports scattering parameter (S-parameter) calculations for network characterization.
Radiation and Far-Field Analysis: Provides detailed radiation patterns for antenna designs.
Integration with Circuit Design: Seamlessly connects with Ansys tools like Ansys Designer for co-simulation.
Parametric Analysis: Allows variable sweeps and design optimization.
Automatic Port Creation: Simplifies wave port, lumped port, and terminal port setups.
Applications of HFSS in Ansys
Antenna Design: Analysis of gain, efficiency, and radiation patterns.
Microwave Components: Design and simulation of filters, couplers, and resonators.
Waveguides and Transmission Lines: Ensures accurate signal integrity and impedance matching.
RFID and IoT Devices: Optimizes wireless communication systems.
Biomedical Applications: Simulates electromagnetic wave interactions with biological tissues.
Common Workflow in HFSS
Geometry Creation: Design 3D models of the component.
Material Assignment: Assign dielectric, metal, or custom materials.
Boundary Conditions: Define perfect electric conductors (PEC), radiation boundaries, etc.
Port Setup: Specify wave ports, lumped ports, or terminal ports.
Meshing: Perform adaptive meshing for precise calculations.
Solution Setup: Define frequency sweep and simulation parameters.
Results Analysis: Visualize field patterns, S-parameters, and performance metrics.
To set up an HFSS design, follow this general procedure. Note that after you insert a design, you do not need to
perform the steps sequentially, but they must be completed before a solution can be generated.

I - Insert an HFSS design into a proje. c t

1) Project menu, click Insert HFSS Design

The new design is listed in the project tree. It is named HFSSDesignn by default, where n is the order in which the
design was added to the project. The 3D Modeler window appears to the right of the Project Manager. You can
now create the model geometry

II -Selecting the Solution Ty pe

Before you draw the model, specify the design’s solution type.

1) he HFSS menu, click Solution Type. TheSolution Type dialog box appears.

2) Select Dven Modal in the solution types.

We select Driven Modal as our model is a rectangular waveguide and Driven modal is used for calculating the
mode-based S-parameters of passive, high-frequency structures such as microstrips, waveguides, and
transmission lines, which are “driven” by a source
III- Setting the Model’s Units of Measurement

You can then choose to display the model’s dimensions in the new units, or rescale the model’s dimensions to the
new units.

To set the model’s units of measurement:

1. On the 3D Modeler menu, click Units. The Set Model Units dialog box appears.

2. Select the new units for the model from the Select units pull-down list.

You can select the Rescale to new units option to rescale the dimensions to the new units. Clear tR
h ee s c a l e to
new units option (the default) to convert the dimensions to the new units without changing their scale

3. Click OK to apply the new units to the model.

IV- Drawing a Model

You can create 3D objects by using H FSS’Ds raw commands. Objects are drawn in th3eD Modelerwindow.

To draw a WR-90 Rectangular waveguide ,

1. On the HFSS menu, click Draw. The Draw dialog box appears.SelectBox
 2. Dimensions of the box can be specified while drawing the box .At the lower end of the screen on the right is
the Coordinate entry
fields

3. Enter the Initial XYZ coordinates and then enter the length in XY&Z direction in dX,dY&dZ .
For e.g to draw the box with initial point to be origin and propogation along X axis. Since it is a WR-90 rectangular
waveguide the dimensions are a=2.286cm , b=1.016cm.

Once you Draw the box the properties window opens up , you can also specify the coordinates and size of the box
here

The properties window can also be obtained by

V- Assigning Materials
1) Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to get the 3D Modeler menu
2) On the 3D Modeler menu, click Assign Material.

3) The Select Definition window appears. By default, it lists all of the materials in Ansoft’s global material
library as well as the project’s local material library.

4. Select a material from the list. Select Air or vacuum for the whole box as our rectangular waveguide is not
filled with any dielectric.
5. Click OK.
6. The material you chose is assigned to the object.
VI- Assigning Boundaries
Boundary conditions specify the field behavior at the edges of the problem region and object interfaces.

1) Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to select faces

Select Face

2) Click on the faces to select the faces which are to be assigned to be a perfect conductor
3) On the HFSS menu, click Boundaries.Select Assign and choose Finite conductivity.

Assign Finite conductivity to 4 faces excluding the Port 1 and Port 2

VII- Assigning Excitations
Excitations in HFSS are used to specify the sources of electromagnetic fields and charges, currents, or voltages on
objects or surfaces in the design.

Assigining excitations is a two step process

VII.a) Assign Ports

b)Assign an Intergration Lines or Terminal lines separately for each modes

a) Assigning Ports

1. Select the object face to which you want to assign the port.
2. Click H FSS>Excitations>Assign>Wave Port.

Wave port represents the surface through which a signal enters or exits the geometry. Hence 2 ports are required
to be defined. HFSS assumes that each wave port you define is connected to a semi-infinitely long waveguide
that has the same cross-section and material properties as the port. HFSS generates a solution by exciting each
wave port individually.

3 The Wave Port wizard appears.

. Type the port’s name in theName text box or accept the default name, and then cliN
ckext.
4
.
 5. To specify more than one mode to analyze at the port, type a new value i nNt huem b e r of Modesbox, and
then click Update. The mode spreadsheet is updated to include the total number of modes

b) Defining Integration Line

An integration line needs to be specified to define a port mode. Since we are analysing the WR-90 waveguide
for the first 4 modes we need to specify 4 intergration lines

1. Select New Line from the mode’s Integration Line list.

2. The dialog box disappears while you draw the vector

3.

4. Select the start point of the vector in one of the following ways
4.a. Click the point. Or Type the point’s coordinates in the X, Y, and Z boxes at the lower end of the screen
5. Select the endpoint of the vector using the mouse or the keyboard. The endpoint defines the direction and
length of the integration line.
6. The Wave Port or Lumped Port dialog box reappears.

.
VIII- Solution Setup
a) Adaptive solution setup
b Frequency sweep setup
)
Adaptive solution setup

1. On the HFSS menu, point toAnalysis Setup, and then clickAdd Solution Setup

Or

2. The Solution Setup dialog box appears. It is divided among the following tabs:

General - Includes general solution settings

Advanced - Includes advanced settings for initial mesh generation and adaptive analysis
Ports - (if a port was defined) Includes mesh generation options for model ports
Defaults - Enables you to save the current settings as the defaults for future solution setups or revert
the current settings to HFSS’s standard settings.

3. Click the General tab.

3.a For Driven solution types, do the following:

1. Enter the Solution Frequency in the frequency units.

The minimum value for adaptive Mesh Frequency is 2/3rd of the final frequency required .Although it is
recommended to just adapt to the Final frequency.
Since we are analyzing the first 4 modes of the WR-90 waveguide the Cut-Off Frequency of the last mode is
16 Ghz. Hence the Final Frequency is a value, which is higher than that. For e.g. 20Ghz

2 .Enter the Maximum Number of Passes = 10

The Maximum Number of Passes value is the maximum number of mesh refinement cycles that you
would like HFSS to perform. This value is a stopping criterion for the adaptive solution; if the
maximum number of passes has been completed, the adaptive analysis stops. If the maximum
number of passes has not been completed, the adaptive analysis will continue unless the convergence
criteria are reached
3. Enter the Delta s =. 002
The delta S is the change in the magnitude of the S-parameters between two consecutive passes.

4. Click Ok
HFSS computes the following matrix data
S, Y, and Z Parameters
VSWR
Excitations: - Gamma and Zo

Plotting the results

HFSS> Results> Create Report
Or you can also go to the project tree and right click on results and click create report. The Create report
window dialog box appears.

1) Select the report type you want to view from the pull down list on the top of the dialog box
2) Select the type of plot you want to create, from the display type pull down list.
3) Click OK
The Traces dialog box appears
4) In the Solution list, click the solution containing the data you want to plot.
5) In the domain list, click a domain. For modal and terminal S- parameter reports, the domain can be
frequency or time. In this case we want frequency domain.
6) Click on Add Trace, click Done
Plot of propagation constant vs. frequency for the first four modes using Theoretical v

Similarly you can draw plots for wavelength vs. frequency and impedance vs. frequency from the data
given in the solution data box.
1. In the project tree, right-click the solution setup of interest, and then click Matrix Data on the
shortcut menu.The Solution Data dialog box appears. The Matrix Data tab is selected.
2. In the Simulation pull-down list, click the solution setup and solved pass - adaptive, single
frequency solution, or frequency sweep - for which you want to view matrices.
3. Select the type of matrix you want to view: S,Y, and Z matrices or Zo (characteristic impedance.).
The wavelength data is displayed when you check the gamma box. The available types depend on the
solution type.

4. Select the format — Magnitude/ Phase, Real/ Imaginary, dB/ Phase, Magnitude, Phase, Real,
Imaginary, or dB — in which to display the matrix information. The available formats depend on the
matrix type being displayed.
Impedance vs. Frequency for the first four modes

Wavelength vs. frequency for the first four modes

Field Patterns for E and H fields:

On the project tree click onPort Field Display>wave port 1>mode1

The TE10 mode will be displayed in the model

Similarly click on mode2, mode3 and mode 4

TE20
TE01

TE,TM11
E field pattern in [v/m]

H Field Pattern in [v/m]

 EXPERIMENT - 3

OBJECTIVE:
1. To design microstrip patch antenna and study the different antenna
parameters.

SOFTWARE USED: ANSYS HFSS Software

THEORY:

Design of a microstrip patch antenna and study the different antenna parameters
The rectangular patch is by far the most widely used configuration. It is very easy to analyse using both
the transmission line and cavity models.
The diagram of a basic half-wave patch antenna is shown in Figure 4. It consists of a large
patch of metal into which energy is coupled from a microstrip feed. The physical patch dimensions are
width W and length L. It is fed by a microstrip feed line with width which is usually chosen so that the
characteristic impedance of the feed line is 50 ohms. Like any other device, an antenna has an input
impedance. If the feed line shown in the diagram were connected directly to the edge of the antenna,
the input impedance at that point would be in the hundreds of ohms, which would be a poor match to
the 50 ohm line being connected there. To match the input line (which is 50 ohms) to the high
impedance of the patch, a simple quarter-wave transformer is used. Such a transformer is visible on the
microstrip patch board.
A single-feed patch antenna like the one shown in Figure 4 resonates at a frequency
determined by the length of the antenna L, which is approximately half a wavelength (taking into effect
wavelength shortening by the substrate). The radiated polarization is parallel to edges of the patch in
the resonant direction. Because the patch is backed by a ground plane, we expect most of the radiation
to be on the patch side of the substrate, and very little radiation behind the ground plane.
HFSS DESIGN STEPS AND OBSERVATIONS:
This example has been shown for rectangular patch antenna resonating at 2.4 GHz on an FR-4 epoxy
substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm.
STEP1: Create a substrate by selecting a Box from upper palate of 60x60x1.6 mm3, substrate is FR4
epoxy.

5
STEP 2: Create a ground by selecting a Box from upper palate of 60x60x0.035 mm3 ,
material is copper.

STEP-3: For modelling of patch ,create a box by selecting a Box from upper palate of
29x38x0.035 mm3 , material is copper.

STEP-4: For Inset_cut, Create a box by selecting a Box from upper palate of 9.5x5x0.035
mm3 of copper material.

6
STEP-5: At last, Subtract Inset_cut box from Patch by selecting both the box.

7
STEP-6: For giving feed to patch we have to create a feedline by selecting a Box of
30x3x0.035 mm3 at the feed point, of copper material. And unite it with the existing patch.

STEP-7: For assigning the radiation boundary. Change the drawing plane to XY, Create a
Radiation box by selecting a box of 80x80x50 mm3 , and assign boundary radiation.

STEP-8: For assigning Excitation. Change the drawing plane to YZ. A rectangular sheet has
been created at the feed end, and assign the lumped excitation properly.

8
STEP-9: Complete the solution setup by assigning solution setup and solution frequency as
2.4 GHz.

9
STEP-10: Add frequency sweep.

STEP-11: Validate the structure and analyse all. For results, go to results section and choose
rectangular plot .

10
RESULTS & DISCUSSION:
❑ S- Parameter:

STEP-12: Validate the structure and analyse all. For VSWR result, go to result section and
choose rectangular plot.

11
❑ VSWR- Parameter:

❑ 2D- Radiation Pattern:

STEP-13_1: Define the infinite sphere. Assign proper trace. From the results section in
the create farfield report. Rectangular plot

12
STEP-13_2: Change in Families

STEP-14: 3D- Polar plot setting. From the results section in the create far field report. 3D
polar plot.

13
 ❑ 3D Polar Plot:

STEP-15_1: Gain plot setting. Assign in Trace. From the results section in the create farfield
report. Rectangular plot

14
STEP-15_2: Assign in Families

15
 ❑ Gain Plot & Reflection coefficient

STEP-16_1: Assign in Traces. From the results section in the create farfield report.
Rectangular plot.

16
Step-16_2: Assign in Families.

❑ Axial Ratio

17
 EXPERIMENT 5

AIM:- Set up an experiment to measure frequency, power

and wavelength of microwave signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:- Klystron tube 2k25,klystron
power supply 5kps-610,klystron mount , XM- 251,isolator
Xl-621, Frequency meter X F710, Variable attenuator,
Slotted section Xs-651, Tunable Probe Xp-655, VSWR Meter
SW-115, Waveguide Stand, Movable short XT-481, Matched
Termination XL-400

THEORY:-

For dominant TE10 mode 1/λb^2 = 1/λg^2 + 1/λc^2

where λb is the free-space wavelength, λg is the wavelength

of the radio waves in the guiding medium (such as a
waveguide or coaxial cable), and λc is the cutoff wavelength
of the guiding medium.

For TE10 mode Ia=2a where a is broad dimension of

waveguide.

9
OBSERVATIONS:

a = 2.286cm, λc = 2a = 4.572cm

10
RESULT:-

Frequency, power and wavelength of microwave signal were

determined.

11
 EXPERIMENT 6
OBJECTIVE:-
To determine the Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) and reflection coefficient.
EQUIPMENT:-

Klystron tube (2K25),Klystron Power,Supply (SKPS - 610),VSWR Meter

Isolator,(XF621)Frequency Meter (XF710), Variable Attenuator (XA-520),
Signal Tuning Probe (XP668), Waveguide Stand (XU696), Movable Short/
Termination (XLA09), Bend and ANG CableTuner (XTA44)

THEORY:-

The electromagnetic field at any point in a transmission line may be

considered as the sum of two waves: the Incident Wave, which propagates
from the source to the load, and the Reflected Wave, which propagates
towards the generator. The reflected wave arises due to discontinuities in the
line or from the load impedance. The superposition of these waves forms a
Standing Wave pattern along the line.

The maximum field strength occurs where the waves add in phase, and the
minimum occurs where they are in opposite phase. The distance between
successive minima (or maxima) is half the wavelength (λ/2.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Arrange equipment as shown in Figure 5.
2. Set variable attenuator to minimum attenuation.
3. Adjust VSWR Meter controls:
Range: 40 dB/50 dB
Input Switch: Low Impedance
Meter Switch: Normal
Gain: Mid position
4. Configure Klystron Power Supply controls:
Beam voltage: OFF
Reflector Voltage Knob: Fully clockwise
AM Amplitude Knob: Fully clockwise
Steps
1. Switch ON all devices, including cooling fan.
2. Set beam voltage to 300 V and adjust reflector voltage for deflection in
VSWR Meter.
3. Tune plunger and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR Meter.
 S.No. VSWR Measurement REFELECTION COE.

1.
LOW

MEDIUM
2.

3. HIGH

RESULT:-
Thus standing wave ratio is determined and reflection coefficient is calculated.