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Shell Script Basics

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1 views

Shell Script Basics

Uploaded by

joshihimanshu358
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shell Script Basics

1. What is a Shell Script?

 A shell script is a text file containing a series of commands that are


executed by a shell interpreter.
 Common shell interpreters include Bash, sh, zsh, etc.

2. Creating a Shell Script

1. Open a text editor (e.g., nano, vim, or a GUI editor).


2. Write your script, starting with the shebang line:

bash
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#!/bin/bash

3. Save the file with a .sh extension (e.g., script.sh).

3. Running a Shell Script

 Method 1: Directly execute it (requires execution permissions):

bash
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chmod +x script.sh # Make it executable
./script.sh # Run the script

 Method 2: Run with the interpreter explicitly:

bash
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bash script.sh

Key Features and Syntax

1. Comments

 Use # to add comments. Comments are ignored by the interpreter.

bash
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# This is a comment
echo "Hello, World!"

2. Variables

 Assign values to variables without spaces.


bash
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name="John"
echo "Hello, $name"

 Use $ to access a variable’s value.

3. Input and Output

 Input: Use the read command.

bash
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echo "Enter your name:"
read name
echo "Welcome, $name!"

 Output: Use the echo command.

bash
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echo "This is a message"

4. Control Structures

a. If Statements

bash
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if [ condition ]; then
# Code to execute if condition is true
else
# Code to execute if condition is false
fi

Example:

bash
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if [ "$name" == "Alice" ]; then
echo "Hello, Alice!"
else
echo "You're not Alice."
fi

b. Loops

 For Loop:
bash
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for i in 1 2 3; do
echo "Number: $i"
done

 While Loop:

bash
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count=1
while [ $count -le 5 ]; do
echo "Count: $count"
count=$((count + 1))
done

5. Functions

Define reusable blocks of code:

bash
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my_function() {
echo "This is a function."
}

my_function # Call the function

6. Command Substitution

Run a command and use its output:

bash
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current_date=$(date)
echo "Current date: $current_date"

7. File Operations

 Check if a file exists:

bash
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if [ -f "file.txt" ]; then
echo "File exists."
else
echo "File does not exist."
fi
 Create a file:

bash
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touch newfile.txt

8. Redirection

 Redirect output to a file:

bash
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echo "Hello" > output.txt # Overwrites the file
echo "World" >> output.txt # Appends to the file

 Redirect input from a file:

bash
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wc -l < input.txt # Count lines in the file

 Redirect errors:

bash
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ls nonexistentfile 2> error.txt # Write errors to error.txt

Useful Commands

Command Description
pwd Print the current directory
ls List files in the directory
cd Change directory
cp Copy files
mv Move/rename files
rm Remove files/directories
echo Print messages
cat Display file contents
grep Search text in files
chmod Change file permissions
date Display current date/time

Example Shell Script


bash
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#!/bin/bash
# A simple script to display system info

echo "Welcome, $(whoami)!"


echo "Current Date and Time: $(date)"
echo "Your Current Directory: $(pwd)"
echo "System Uptime: $(uptime)"

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