Motto: "In God We Trust"[1]

show
Other traditional mottos:[2]

Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"[3]

Duration: 1 minute and 29 seconds.1:29

Show globe (states and D.C. only)Show the U.S.

and its territoriesShow territories with their exclusive
economic zoneShow all

Capital Washington, D.C.

38°53′N 77°1′W

Largest city New York City

40°43′N 74°0′W

Official langua None at the federal level[a]

ges

National English[b]
language

Ethnic groups By race:

(2020)[4][5][6]  61.6% White
 12.4% Black
 6% Asian
  1.1% Native American
 0.2% Pacific Islander
 10.2% two or more races
 8.4% other
By origin:
 81.3% non-Hispanic or Latino
 18.7% Hispanic or Latino

Religion 

(2023)[7] o 67% Christianity

 33% Protestanti
sm
 22% Catholicis
m
 1% Mormonism
 11%
other Christian
 22% unaffiliated
 2% Judaism
 6% other religion
 3% unanswered

Demonym(s) American[c][8]

Government Federal presidential republic

• President Joe Biden

• Vice President Kamala Harris

• House Mike Johnson

Speaker

• Chief Justice John Roberts

Legislature Congress
• Upper house Senate

• Lower house House of Representatives

Independence
from Great Britain

• Declaration July 4, 1776

• Confederation March 1, 1781

• Recognized September 3, 1783

• Constitution June 21, 1788

Area

• Total area 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,520 km2)[10]

[d]
(3rd)

• Water (%) 7.0[9] (2010)

• Land area 3,531,905 sq mi (9,147,590 km2)

(3rd)

Population

• 2023 estimate 334,914,895[11]

• 2020 census 331,449,281[e][12] (3rd)

• Density 87/sq mi (33.6/km2) (185th)

GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate

• Total $29.168 trillion[13] (2nd)

• Per capita $86,601[13] (8th)

GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate

• Total $29.168 trillion[13] (1st)

• Per capita $86,601[13] (6th)

Gini (2022) 41.7[f][14]

medium inequality
 HDI (2022) 0.927[15]
very high (20th)

Currency U.S. dollar ($) (USD)

Time zone UTC−4 to −12, +10, +11

• Summer (DST UTC−4 to −10[g]

)

Date format mm/dd/yyyy[h]

Drives on right[i]

Calling code +1

ISO 3166 code US

Internet TLD .us[16]

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United

States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is
a federal union of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48
contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the
states of Alaska to the northwest and the archipelagic Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island
territories and various uninhabited islands.[j] The country has the world's third-
largest land area,[d] largest exclusive economic zone, and third-largest population,
exceeding 334 million.[k] Its three largest metropolitan areas are New York, Los
Angeles, and Chicago, and its three most populous states are California, Texas,
and Florida.
Paleo-Indians migrated across the Bering land bridge more than 12,000 years ago,
and formed various civilizations and societies. British colonization led to the first
settlement of the Thirteen Colonies in Virginia in 1607. Clashes with the British
Crown over taxation and political representation sparked the American Revolution,
with the Second Continental Congress formally declaring independence on July 4,
1776. Following its victory in the 1775–1783 Revolutionary War, the country
continued to expand westward across North America, resulting in the dispossession
of native inhabitants. As more states were admitted, a North–South division over
slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of America, which fought
states remaining in the Union in the 1861–1865 American Civil War. With the victory
and preservation of the United States, slavery was abolished nationally. By 1900,
the country had established itself as a great power, a status solidified after its
involvement in World War I. After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941,
the U.S. entered World War II. Its aftermath left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the
world's two superpowers and led to the Cold War, during which both countries
struggled for ideological dominance and international influence. Following
the Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the U.S. emerged
as the world's sole superpower, wielding significant geopolitical influence globally.
The U.S. national government is a presidential constitutional federal
republic and liberal democracy with three separate branches: legislative, executive,
and judicial. It has a bicameral national legislature composed of the House of
Representatives, a lower house based on population; and the Senate, an upper
house based on equal representation for each state. Federalism provides
substantial autonomy to the 50 states, while the country's political
culture promotes liberty, equality, individualism, personal autonomy, and limited
government.
One of the world's most developed countries, the United States has had the largest
nominal GDP since about 1890 and accounted for over 15% of the global
economy in 2023.[l] It possesses by far the largest amount of wealth of any
country and has the highest disposable household income per
capita among OECD countries. The U.S. ranks among the world's
highest in economic competitiveness, productivity, innovation, human rights,
and higher education. Its hard power and cultural influence have a global reach. The
U.S. is a founding member of the World Bank, Organization of American
States, NATO, and the United Nations,[m] as well as a permanent member of the UN
Security Council.
Etymology
Further information: Names of the United States, Demonyms for the United States,
and United Colonies
The first documented use of the phrase "United States of America" is a letter from
January 2, 1776. Stephen Moylan, a Continental Army aide to General George
Washington, wrote to Joseph Reed, Washington's aide-de-camp, seeking to go "with
full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek
assistance in the Revolutionary War effort.[20][21] The first known public usage is
an anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg newspaper, The Virginia
Gazette, on April 6, 1776.[20][22][23] By June 1776, the "United States of America"
appeared in the Articles of Confederation[24][25] and the Declaration of Independence.
[24]
The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on
July 4, 1776.[26]
The term "United States" and the initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in
English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is
also common.[27] "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout
the U.S. federal government, with prescribed rules.[n] In English, the term "America"
rarely refers to topics unrelated to the United States, despite the usage of
"the Americas" as the totality of North and South America. [29] "The States" is an
established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad;
[30]
"stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb. [31]
History
Main article: History of the United States
For a topical guide, see Outline of the history of the United States.
Indigenous peoples
Main article: History of Native Americans in the United States
Further information: Native Americans in the United States and Pre-Columbian era

Cliff Palace, a settlement of ancestors of the Native

American Pueblo peoples in present-day Montezuma County, Colorado, built
between c. 1200 and 1275[32]
The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia across the Bering land
bridge about 12,000 years ago;[33][34] the Clovis culture, which appeared around
11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas. [35][36] Over
time, indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and
some, such as the Mississippian culture, developed agriculture, architecture,
and complex societies.[37] In the post-archaic period, the Mississippian cultures were
located in the midwestern, eastern, and southern regions, and the Algonquian in
the Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard, while the Hohokam
culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the southwest.[38] Native population
estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European
immigrants range from around 500,000[39][40] to nearly 10 million.[40][41]
European settlement and conflict (1607–1765)
Main articles: Colonial history of the United States and Colonial American military
history
See also: European colonization of the Americas
 The 1750 colonial possessions of Britain (in pink and
purple), France (in blue), and Spain (in orange) in present-day Canada and the
United States
Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading
to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from Puerto Rico and Florida to New
Mexico and California.[42][43][44] France established its own settlements along
the Great Lakes, Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico.[45] British colonization of
the East Coast began with the Virginia Colony (1607) and Plymouth Colony (1620).
[46][47]
The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut established precedents for representative self-
governance and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American
colonies.[48][49] While European settlers in what is now the United States experienced
conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European
tools for food and animal pelts. [50][o] Relations ranged from close cooperation to
warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced
Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity.
[54][55]
Along the eastern seaboard, settlers trafficked African slaves through
the Atlantic slave trade.[56]
The original Thirteen Colonies[p] that would later found the United States were
administered as possessions of Great Britain,[57] and had local governments with
elections open to most white male property owners.[58][59] The colonial population
grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations; [60] by the 1770s, the natural
increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had
been born overseas.[61] The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for the
development of self-governance,[62] and the First Great Awakening, a series
of Christian revivals, fueled colonial interest in religious liberty.[63]
For a century, the American colonists had been providing their own troops and
materiel in conflicts with indigenous peoples allied with Britain's colonial rivals,
especially France, and the Americans had begun to develop a sense of self-defense
and self-reliance separate from Britain. The French and Indian War (1754–1763)
took on new significance for all North American colonists after Parliament
under William Pitt the Elder concluded that major military resources needed to be
devoted to North America to win the war against France. For the first time, the
continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a "world war".
The British colonies' position as an integral part of the British Empire became more
apparent during the war, with British military and civilian officials becoming a more
significant presence in American life.
The war increased a sense of American identity as well. Men who otherwise never
left their own colony now traveled across the continent to fight alongside men from
decidedly different backgrounds but who were no less "American". British officers
trained American officers for battle, most notably George Washington; these officers
would lend their skills and expertise to the colonists' cause during the American
Revolutionary War to come. In addition, colonial legislatures and officials found it
necessary to cooperate intensively in pursuit of a coordinated, continent-wide
military effort.[64] Finally, deteriorating relations between the British military
establishment and the colonists, relations that were already less than positive, set
the stage for further distrust and dislike of British troops.
American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)
Main articles: American Revolution and American Revolutionary War
Further information: History of the United States (1776–1789) and History of the
United States (1789–1815)

Declaration of Independence, a portrait by John

Trumbull depicting the Committee of Five presenting the draft of the Declaration to
the Continental Congress on June 28, 1776, in Philadelphia
Following their victory in the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert greater
control over local colonial affairs, resulting in colonial political resistance; one of the
primary colonial grievances was a denial of their rights as Englishmen, particularly
the right to representation in the British government that taxed them. To
demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, the First Continental Congress met in
1774 and passed the Continental Association, a colonial boycott of British goods
that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in
the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, igniting the American Revolutionary
War. At the Second Continental Congress, the colonies appointed George
Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and created a
committee that named Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence.
Two days after passing the Lee Resolution to create an independent nation the
Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776. [65] The political values of the American
Revolution included liberty, inalienable individual rights; and the sovereignty of the
people;[66] supporting republicanism and rejecting monarchy, aristocracy, and all
hereditary political power; civic virtue; and vilification of political corruption.
[67]
The Founding Fathers of the United States, who included Washington,
Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James
Madison, Thomas Paine, and many others, were inspired by Greco-
Roman, Renaissance, and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas.[68][69]
The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and established a decentralized
government that operated until 1789.[65] After the British surrender at the siege of
Yorktown in 1781 American sovereignty was internationally recognized by
the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to
the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to Spanish Florida.
[70]
The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which the
country's territory would expand with the admission of new states, rather than the
expansion of existing states.[71] The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the
1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went
into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate
branches that together ensured a system of checks and balances.[72] George
Washington was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and
the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of
the more centralized government.[73][74] His resignation as commander-in-chief after
the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's
first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in the
United States and the peaceful transfer of power, respectively.[75][76]
Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)
Further information: History of the United States (1815–1849) and History of the
United States (1849–1865)

Historical territorial expansion of the United States

Division of the states during the American Civil War:

Union states
Border states
Confederate states
Territories
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the
United States.[77][78] Lingering issues with Britain remained, leading to the War of
1812, which was fought to a draw. [79][80] Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast
territory in 1819.[81] In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand
westward, many with a sense of manifest destiny.[82][83] The Missouri
Compromise attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the
expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it,
admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It further prohibited
slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30′ parallel.[84] As
Americans expanded further into land inhabited by Native Americans, the federal
government often applied policies of Indian removal or assimilation.[85][86] The Trail
of Tears (1830–1850) was a U.S. government policy that forcibly removed and
displaced most Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to lands far to
the west. These and earlier organized displacements prompted a long series
of American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi.[87][88] The Republic of
Texas was annexed in 1845,[89] and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of
the present-day American Northwest.[90] Victory in the Mexican–American
War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California, Nevada, Utah, and much of
present-day Colorado and the American Southwest.[82][91] The California gold rush of
1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading
to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent,
the California genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the early
1870s,[92] just as additional western territories and states were created. [93]
During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies, though
the practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution.
[94]
States in the North enacted abolition laws,[95] though support for slavery
strengthened in Southern states, as inventions such as the cotton gin made the
institution increasingly profitable for Southern elites.[96][97][98] This sectional
conflict regarding slavery culminated in the American Civil War (1861–1865).[99]
[100]
Eleven slave states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America,
while the other states remained in the Union.[101][102] War broke out in April 1861
after the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter.[103][104] After the January
1863 Emancipation Proclamation, many freed slaves joined the Union army.[105] The
war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of
Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg, and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after
the Union's victory in the Battle of Appomattox Court House.[106] The Reconstruction
era followed the war. After the assassination of President Abraham
Lincoln, Reconstruction Amendments were passed to protect the rights of African
Americans. National infrastructure, including transcontinental
telegraph and railroads, spurred growth in the American frontier.[107]
Post–Civil War era (1865–1917)
Main article: History of the United States (1865–1917)
Duration: 2 minutes and 27 seconds.2:27An Edison Studios film showing
immigrants arriving at Ellis Island in New York Harbor, a major point of entry for
European immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries [108][109]
From 1865 through 1917 an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the
United States, including 24.4 million from Europe. [110] Most came through the port of
New York City, and New York City and other large cities on the East Coast became
home to large Jewish, Irish, and Italian populations, while many Germans and
Central Europeans moved to the Midwest. At the same time, about one
million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England.[111] During
the Great Migration, millions of African Americans left the rural South for urban
areas in the North.[112] Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867.[113]
The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction and white supremacists
took local control of Southern politics.[114][115] African Americans endured a period of
heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the nadir of
American race relations.[116][117] A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy
v. Ferguson, emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force,
allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, sundown towns in the
Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country, which would be
reinforced by the policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home Owners'
Loan Corporation.[118]
An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of
cheap immigrant labor[119] led to rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, allowing the United States to outpace the economies of
England, France, and Germany combined. [120][121] This fostered the amassing of
power by a few prominent industrialists, largely by their formation
of trusts and monopolies to prevent competition.[122] Tycoons led the nation's
expansion in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. The United States
emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry.[123] These changes were
accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality, slum conditions,
and social unrest, creating the environment for labor unions to begin to flourish.[124]
[125][126]
This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which
was characterized by significant reforms. [127][128]
Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy; the
islands were annexed in 1898. That same year, Puerto Rico, the Philippines,
and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the Spanish–
American War. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July
4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S.
territories.)[129] American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after
the Second Samoan Civil War.[130] The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased
from Denmark in 1917.[131]
Rise as a superpower (1917–1945)
Main article: History of the United States (1917–1945)
 The Trinity nuclear test in 1945, part of the Manhattan
Project and the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. The World Wars permanently
ended the country's policy of isolationism and left it as a superpower.
The United States entered World War I alongside the Allies of World War I, helping
to turn the tide against the Central Powers.[132] In 1920, a constitutional
amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage.[133] During the 1920s and '30s,
radio for mass communication and the invention of early television transformed
communications nationwide.[134] The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great
Depression, which President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to with the New Deal,
a series of sweeping programs and public works projects combined with financial
reforms and regulations. All were intended to protect against future economic
depressions.[135][136]
Initially neutral during World War II, the U.S. began supplying war materiel to
the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after
the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.[137][138] The U.S. developed the first
nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war.[139][140] The United States was one of the
"Four Policemen" who met to plan the post-war world, alongside the United
Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China.[141][142] The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed
from the war, with even greater economic power and international political
influence.[143]
Cold War (1945–1991)
Main article: Cold War
Further information: History of the United States (1945–1964), History of the United
States (1964–1980), and History of the United States (1980–1991)

Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign

the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at the White House in 1987.
After World War II, the United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical
tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to dominate
world affairs.[144][145][146] The U.S. utilized the policy of containment to limit the USSR's
sphere of influence, and prevailed in the Space Race, which culminated with
the first crewed Moon landing in 1969.[147][148] Domestically, the U.S. experienced
economic growth, urbanization, and population growth following World War II.
[149]
The civil rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a
prominent leader in the early 1960s.[150] The Great Society plan of President Lyndon
Johnson's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws,
policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of
lingering institutional racism.[151] The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought
significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes
toward recreational drug use and sexuality.[152][153] It also encouraged open defiance
of the military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973) and wide
opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in
1975).[154] A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the
large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the
majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed. [155] The late 1980s
and early 1990s saw the fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union,
which marked the end of the Cold War and left the United States as the world's sole
superpower.[156][157][158][159]
Contemporary (1991–present)
Main articles: History of the United States (1991–2008) and History of the United
States (2008–present)

The Twin Towers in New York City during

the September 11 attacks in 2001 The January 6

United States Capitol attack in 2021
The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history, a
dramatic decline in U.S. crime rates, and advances in technology. Throughout this
decade, technological innovations such as the World Wide Web, the evolution of
the Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law, rechargeable lithium-
ion batteries, the first gene therapy trial, and cloning either emerged in the U.S. or
were improved upon there. The Human Genome Project was formally launched in
1990, while Nasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade
online in 1998.[160]
In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states expelled
an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait.[161] The September 11
attacks on the United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist militant organization al-
Qaeda led to the war on terror, and subsequent military interventions in
Afghanistan and Iraq.[162][163] The cultural impact of the attacks was profound and
long-lasting.
The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession, the largest
economic contraction since the Great Depression. [164] Coming to a head in the
2010s, political polarization in the country increased between liberal and
conservative factions.[165][166][167] This polarization was capitalized upon in the January
2021 Capitol attack,[168] when a mob of insurrectionists[169] entered the U.S.
Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power [170] in an attempted
self-coup d'état.[171]
Geography
Main article: Geography of the United States
See also: Borders of the United States

A topographic map of the United States

The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area behind Russia
and Canada.[d][172][173] The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia occupy a
combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km2).[10][174][175] The coastal
plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in
the Piedmont plateau region.[176]
The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack massif separate the East Coast from
the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest.[177] The Mississippi River System,
the world's fourth-longest river system, runs predominantly north–south through the
heart of the country. The flat and fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the
west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast.[177]
 The Grand Canyon in Arizona
The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the
country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado.[178] Farther west are the
rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts.[179] In the northwest
corner of Arizona, carved by the Colorado River over millions of years, is the Grand
Canyon, a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its
overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape.
The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast.
The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the State of
California,[180] about 84 miles (135 km) apart.[181] At an elevation of 20,310 feet
(6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and continent.
[182]
Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian
Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands.
The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains,
the Yellowstone Caldera, is the continent's largest volcanic feature. [183] In 2021, the
United States had 8% of global permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of
cropland.[184]
Climate
Main article: Climate of the United States
See also: Climate change in the United States

The Köppen climate types of the United States

With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate
types. East of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the
north to humid subtropical in the south.[185] The western Great Plains are semi-arid.
Many mountainous areas of the American West have an alpine climate. The climate
is arid in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in
coastal Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska
is subarctic or polar. Hawaii, the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in
the Caribbean and Pacific are tropical.[186]
States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's
tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley.[187] Overall, the United
States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other
country.[188][189] Extreme weather became more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st
century, with three times the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. In
the American Southwest, droughts became more persistent and more severe. [190]
Biodiversity and conservation
Main articles: Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States

The bald eagle, the national bird of the United

States since 1782[191]
The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic
species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United
States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii,
few of which occur on the mainland. [192] The United States is home to
428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians,[193] and around
91,000 insect species.[194]
There are 63 national parks, and hundreds of other federally managed parks,
forests, and wilderness areas, managed by the National Park Service and other
agencies.[195] About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally
managed,[196] primarily in the Western States.[197] Most of this land is protected,
though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for
military purposes.[198][199]
Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable
resources and nuclear energy, air and water pollution, biodiversity, logging
and deforestation,[200][201] and climate change.[202][203] The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged with addressing most
environmental-related issues.[204] The idea of wilderness has shaped the
management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act.
[205]
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and
endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife
Service implements and enforces the Act.[206] In 2024, the U.S. ranked 34th among
180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index.[207] The country joined
the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016 and has many other environmental
commitments.[208]
Government and politics
Main article: Politics of the United States
Further information: Elections in the United States, Political ideologies in the United
States, Americanism (ideology), and American civil religion

The U.S. Capitol Building, the seat of legislative

government, is home to both chambers of the U.S. Congress: the Senate (in left
wing of building) and the House of Representatives (right wing).

The White House, the residence and workplace of the

U.S. president and the offices of the presidential staff

The Supreme Court Building, which houses the nation's highest court
The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a separate federal capital
district, Washington, D.C. It also asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated
territories and several uninhabited island possessions.[17][209] The U.S. is the world's
oldest surviving federation,[210] and its presidential system of national
government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent
states worldwide following their decolonization.[211] It is a liberal representative
democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law".
[212]
The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's supreme legal
document, also establishing the structure and responsibilities of the national federal
government and its relationship with the individual states. The U.S. Constitution is
the world's oldest national constitution still in effect (from March 4, 1789).
National government
Main article: Federal government of the United States
Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal
government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a
strong system of checks and balances.[213]
 The U.S. Congress, a bicameral legislature made up of the Senate and
the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves
treaties, has the power of the purse,[214] and has the power of impeachment.
[215]
The Senate has 100 members (2 from each state), elected for a six-year
term. The House of Representatives has 435 members, each elected for a
two-year term; all representatives serve one congressional district of
equivalent population. Congressional districts are drawn by each state
legislature and are contiguous within the state. [216] The Congress also
organizes a collection of committees, each of which handles a specific task or
duty. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power
to investigate and oversee the executive branch.[217] Congressional
oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's
subpoena power.[218] Appointment to a committee enables a member to
develop specialized knowledge of the matters under its purview. The various
committees monitor ongoing governmental operations, identify issues
suitable for legislative review, gather and evaluate information, and
recommend courses of action to the U.S. Congress, including but not limited
to new legislation. The two major political parties have appointment power in
deciding each committee's membership. Committee chairs are assigned to a
member of the majority party.
 The U.S. president is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military,
chief executive of the federal government, and has the ability to
veto legislative bills from the U.S. Congress before they become law.
However, presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two-
thirds supermajority vote in both chambers of Congress. The president
appoints the members of the Cabinet, subject to Senate approval, and names
other officials who administer and enforce federal laws through their
respective agencies.[219] The president also has clemency power for federal
crimes and can issue pardons. Finally, the president has the right to issue
expansive "executive orders", subject to judicial review, in a number of policy
areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential running
mate. Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a
presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is
technically an indirect election in which the winner will be determined by
the U.S. Electoral College. There, votes are officially cast by individual
electors selected by their state legislature.[220] In practice, however, each of
the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required to
confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. Each state is allocated two
electors plus one additional elector for each congressional district, which in
 effect combines to equal the number of elected officials that state sends to
Congress. The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is
allocated three electoral votes. Both the president and the vice president
serve a four-year term, and the president may be reelected to the office only
once, for one additional four-year term.[q]
 The U.S. federal judiciary, whose judges are all appointed for life by the
president with Senate approval, consists primarily of the U.S. Supreme Court,
the U.S. courts of appeals, and the U.S. district courts. The U.S. Supreme
Court interprets laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.[221] The
Supreme Court has nine members led by the Chief Justice of the United
States. The members are appointed by the sitting president when a vacancy
becomes available.[222] In a number of ways the federal court system operates
differently than state courts. For civil cases that is apparent in the types of
cases that can be heard in the federal system. Their limited
jurisdiction restricts them to cases authorized by the United States
Constitution or federal statutes. In criminal cases, states may only bring
criminal prosecutions in state courts, and the federal government may only
bring criminal prosecutions in federal court. The first level in the federal
courts is federal district court for any case under "original jurisdiction", such
as federal statutes, the Constitution, or treaties. There are twelve federal
circuits that divide the country into different regions for federal appeals
courts. After a federal district court has decided a case, it can then
be appealed to a United States court of appeal. The next and highest court in
the system is the Supreme Court of the United States. It has the power to
decide appeals on all cases brought in federal court or those brought in state
court but dealing with federal law. Unlike circuit court appeals, however, the
Supreme Court is usually not required to hear the appeal. A "petition for writ
of certiorari" may be submitted to the court, asking it to hear the case. If it is
granted, the Supreme Court will take briefs and conduct oral arguments. If it
is not granted, the opinion of the lower court stands. Certiorari is not often
granted, and less than 1% of appeals to the Supreme Court are actually
heard by it. Usually, the Court only hears cases when there are conflicting
decisions across the nation on a particular issue, or when there is an obvious
error in a case.
The three-branch system is known as the presidential system, in contrast to
the parliamentary system, where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many
countries around the world imitated this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the
United States, especially in the Americas.[223]
Political parties
Main articles: Political parties in the United States and List of political parties in the
United States
See also: Political party strength in U.S. states
 U.S. state governments (governor and legislature) by
party control, as of 2024:
Democratic control
Republican control
Split control
The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed
independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties.
[224]
Since then, the United States has operated as a de facto two-party system,
though the parties in that system have been different at different times. [225] The two
main national parties are presently the Democratic and the Republican. The former
is perceived as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived
as relatively conservative.[226]
Subdivisions
Main articles: U.S. state and County (United States)
See also: State governments of the United States and Local government in the
United States
Further information: List of states and territories of the United States, Indian
reservation, Territories of the United States, and Territorial evolution of the United
States
In the American federal system, sovereign powers are shared between two levels of
elected government: national and state. People in the states are also represented
by local elected governments, which are administrative divisions of the states.
[227]
States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and further divided
into municipalities. The District of Columbia is a federal district containing the U.S.
capital, Washington, D.C..[228] The federal district is an administrative division of the
federal government.[229] Federally recognized tribes govern 326 Indian reservations.
[230]
Foreign relations
Main articles: Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the
United States

The United Nations headquarters has been situated

along the East River in Midtown Manhattan since 1952; in 1945, the United States
was a founding member of the UN.
The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has the
world's second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024. It is a permanent member of the
United Nations Security Council,[231] and home to the United Nations headquarters.
[232]
The United States is a member of the G7,[233] G20,
[234]
and OECD intergovernmental organizations.[235] Almost all countries
have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country.
Likewise, nearly all countries host formal diplomatic missions with the United
States, except Iran,[236] North Korea,[237] and Bhutan.[238] Though Taiwan does not
have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.
[239]
The United States regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter
potential Chinese aggression.[240] Its geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-
Pacific when the United States joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with
Australia, India, and Japan.[241]
The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom[242] and
strong ties with Canada,[243] Australia,[244] New Zealand,[245] the Philippines,[246] Japan,
[247]
South Korea,[248] Israel,[249] and several European Union
countries (France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Poland).[250] The U.S. works closely
with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with countries in
the Americas through the Organization of American States and the United States–
Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement. In South America, Colombia is traditionally
considered to be the closest ally of the United States. [251] The U.S. exercises full
international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia, the Marshall
Islands, and Palau through the Compact of Free Association.[221] It has increasingly
conducted strategic cooperation with India,[252] but its ties with China have steadily
deteriorated.[253][254] Since 2014, the U.S. has become a key ally of Ukraine;[255] it has
also provided the country with significant military equipment and other support in
response to Russia's 2022 invasion.[256]
Military
Main article: United States Armed Forces
See also: Military history of the United States

The Pentagon, the headquarters of the U.S.

Department of Defense in Arlington County, Virginia, is one of the world's largest
office buildings with over 6.5 million square feet (600,000 m2) of floor space.
The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and
appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
The Department of Defense, which is headquartered at the Pentagon near
Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up
of the U.S. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Space Force.[257] The Coast
Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and
can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime.[258]
The United States spent $916 billion on its military in 2023, which is by far
the largest amount of any country, making up 37% of global military spending and
accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP. [259][260] The U.S. has 42% of the world's
nuclear weapons—the second-largest share after Russia. [261]
The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind
the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces.[262] The military
operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad, [263] and maintains deployments
greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[264]
State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority
of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under
the command of the state's governor.[265][266][267] They are distinct from the
state's National Guard units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A
state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the National
Defense Act Amendments of 1933, which created the Guard and provides for the
integration of Army National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and
(since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.[268]
Law enforcement and criminal justice
Main articles: Law of the United States, Law enforcement in the United States,
and Crime in the United States
See also: Censorship in the United States and Race and crime in the United States

J. Edgar Hoover Building, the headquarters of

the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in Washington, D.C.
There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the
United States.[269] Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police
departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions. The
state police departments have authority in their respective state, and federal
agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals
Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting civil
rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.
[270]
State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials, [271] and federal courts handle
designated crimes and appeals of state court decisions.[272]
There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The American
prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent
systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2023, "these
systems [held] almost 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons,
3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigration detention
facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment
centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories." [273] Despite
disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal
prisons, state prisons, local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities.[274] Federal
prisons are run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been
convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees. [274] State prisons, run by
the official department of correction of each state, hold sentenced people serving
prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses. [274] Local jails are
county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also
hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year). [274] Juvenile correctional
facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term
placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be
confined.[275]
As of January 2023, the United States has the sixth-highest per capita incarceration
rate in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and
jail population in the world, with almost 2 million people incarcerated.[273][276][277] An
analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed
U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries,
driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".[278]
Economy
Main article: Economy of the United States
Further information: Economic history of the United States and Tourism in the
United States

The U.S. dollar, the most-used currency in

international transactions and the world's foremost reserve currency[279]
The U.S. has been the world's largest economy nominally since about 1890.[280] The
2023 nominal U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) of more than $27 trillion was the
highest in the world, constituting over 25% of the global economy or 15%
at purchasing power parity (PPP).[13][281] From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded
annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of
the G7.[282] The country ranks first in the world by nominal GDP,[283] second when
adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPP),[13] and ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per
capita.[13] It possesses the highest disposable household income per
capita among OECD countries.[284] As of February 2024, the total federal government
debt was $34.4 trillion.[285]
 Microsoft, the world's biggest company by market
[286]
capitalization, has its global headquarters in Redmond, Washington, north of
Seattle.
Of the world's 500 largest companies by revenue, 136 are headquartered in the
U.S. as of 2023,[287] which is the highest number of any country. [288] The U.S. dollar is
the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's
foremost reserve currency, backed by the country's dominant economy, its military,
the petrodollar system, and its linked eurodollar and large U.S. treasuries market.
[279]
Several countries use it as their official currency, and in others it is the de
facto currency.[289][290] It has free trade agreements with several countries, including
the USMCA.[291] The U.S. ranked second in the Global Competitiveness Report in
2019, after Singapore.[292] Although the United States has reached a post-industrial
level of development[293] and is often described as having a service economy,[293]
[294]
it remains a major industrial power.[295] As of 2021, the U.S. is the second-largest
manufacturing country after China.[296]

The New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, the

world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization [297]
New York City is the world's principal financial center[298][299] and the epicenter of the
world's largest metropolitan economy.[300] The New York Stock
Exchange and Nasdaq, both located in New York City, are the world's two largest
stock exchanges by market capitalization and trade volume.[301][302] The United
States is at or near the forefront of technological advancement and innovation[303] in
many economic fields, especially in artificial
intelligence; electronics and computers; pharmaceuticals; and
medical, aerospace and military equipment.[172] The country's economy is fueled by
abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.
[304]
The largest trading partners of the United States are the European Union,
Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India,
and Taiwan.[305] The United States is the world's largest importer and the second-
largest exporter.[r] It is by far the world's largest exporter of services.[308]
Americans have the highest average household and employee
income among OECD member states,[309] and the fourth-highest median household
income,[310] up from sixth-highest in 2013.[311] With personal consumption
expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,[312] the U.S. has a heavily consumer-
driven economy and is by far the world's largest consumer market.[313] Wealth in the
United States is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population own
72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.
[314]
Income inequality in the U.S. remains at record highs,[315] with the top fifth of
earners taking home more than half of all income [316] and giving the U.S. one of the
widest income distributions among OECD members. [317][318] The U.S. ranks first in the
number of dollar billionaires and millionaires, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22
million millionaires as of 2023.[319] There were about 582,500 sheltered and
unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in 2022, with 60% staying in an
emergency shelter or transitional housing program. [320] In 2022, 6.4 million children
experienced food insecurity.[321] Feeding America estimates that around one in five,
or approximately 13 million, children experience hunger in the U.S. and do not know
where they will get their next meal or when. [322] As of 2022, 37.9 million people, or
11.5% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty.[323]
The United States has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through
government action than most other high-income countries.[324][325] It is the
only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid
vacation nationally[326] and is one of a few countries in the world without federal paid
family leave as a legal right.[327] The United States has a higher percentage of low-
income workers than almost any other developed country, largely because of a
weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk
workers.[328]
Science, technology, spaceflight and energy
Main articles: Science and technology in the United States, Space policy of the
United States, and Energy in the United States
See also: Communications in the United States
The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th
century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. [329] Methods for
producing interchangeable parts and the establishment of a machine tool industry
enabled the large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th
century.[330] By the early 20th century, factory electrification, the introduction of
the assembly line, and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass
production.[331] The United States is widely considered to be the leading country in
the development of artificial intelligence technology.[332][333][334] In 2022, the United
States was (after China) the country with the second-highest number of published
scientific papers.[335] In 2021, the U.S. ranked second (also after China) by the
number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design
applications (after China and Germany), according to World Intellectual Property
Indicators.[336] In both 2023 and 2024, the United States ranked third (after
Switzerland and Sweden) in the Global Innovation Index.[337][338] The U.S. has
the highest total research and development expenditure of any country [339] and
ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.[340] In 2023, the United States was ranked the
second most technologically advanced country in the world (after South Korea)
by Global Finance magazine.[341]

U.S. astronaut Buzz Aldrin saluting the American

flag on the Moon during the 1969 Apollo 11 mission; the United States is the only
country that has landed crews on the lunar surface.
The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning
with the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) in 1958.[342][343] NASA's Apollo program (1961–1972) achieved
the first crewed Moon landing with the 1969 Apollo 11 mission; it remains one of the
agency's most significant milestones.[344][345] Other major endeavors by NASA include
the Space Shuttle program (1981–2011),[346] the Voyager program (1972–present),
the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes (launched in 1990 and 2021,
respectively),[347][348] and the multi-mission Mars Exploration Program (Spirit and
Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance).[349] NASA is one of five agencies
collaborating on the International Space Station (ISS);[350] U.S. contributions to the
ISS include several modules, including Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007),
and Tranquility (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational support. [351] The
United States private sector dominates the global commercial spaceflight industry.
[352]
Prominent American spaceflight contractors include Blue
Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and SpaceX. NASA programs
such as the Commercial Crew Program, Commercial Resupply Services, Commercial
Lunar Payload Services, and NextSTEP have facilitated growing private-sector
involvement in American spaceflight.[353]
As of 2023, the United States receives approximately 84% of its energy from fossil
fuel, and the largest source of the country's energy came from petroleum (38%),
followed by natural gas (36%), renewable sources (9%), coal (9%), and nuclear
power (9%).[354][355] The United States constitutes less than 4% of the world's
population, but consumes around 16% of the world's energy. [356] The U.S. ranks as
the second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases.[357]
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in the United States
 Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport,
serving the Atlanta metropolitan area, is the world's busiest airport by passenger
traffic with over 75 million passengers in 2021. [358]
The U.S. Department of Transportation and its divisions provide regulation,
supervision, and funding for all aspects of transportation except for customs,
immigration, and security. (The latter remain the responsibility of the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security.) Each U.S. state has its own department of
transportation, which builds and maintains state highways. Depending upon the
state, this department might also directly operate or supervise other modes of
transportation.
Aviation law is almost entirely the jurisdiction of the federal government;
the Federal Aviation Administration regulates all aspects of civil aviation, air traffic
management, certification and compliance, and aviation safety. Vehicle traffic laws,
however, are enacted and enforced by state and local authorities, with the
exception of roads located on federal property (national parks, military bases) or in
the unorganized U.S. territories. The United States Coast Guard is the primary
enforcer of law and security on U.S. waterways, inland as well as coastal, but
economic jurisdiction over coastal tidelands is shared between state and federal
governments. The country's inland waterways are the world's fifth-longest, totaling
41,009 km (25,482 mi).[359]
Passenger and freight rail systems, bus systems, water ferries, and dams may be
under either public or private ownership and operation. U.S. civilian airlines are all
privately owned. Most U.S. airports are owned and operated by local government
authorities, and there are also some private airports. The Transportation Security
Administration has provided security at most major airports since 2001.

Interchange between Interstate 10 and Interstate

45 in Houston, Texas
Commercial railroads and trains were the dominant mode of transportation in the
U.S. until the mid-twentieth century. The introduction of jet airplanes and airports
serving the same major routes accelerated a decline in demand for interstate and
intercity rail passenger service by the 1960s. The completion of the Interstate
Highway System also hastened the sharp curtailment of passenger service by the
railroads. These significant developments led to the creation of the National
Railroad Passenger Corporation, now called Amtrak, by the U.S. federal
government in 1971. Amtrak helps to maintain limited intercity rail passenger
service in most parts of the country. It serves most major U.S. cities, but outside
the Northeast, California, and Illinois it typically runs only a few trains per day. More
frequent Amtrak service is available in regional corridors between certain major
cities, particularly the Northeast Corridor between Washington,
D.C., Philadelphia, New York City and Boston; between New York City and Albany; in
metropolitan Chicago; and in parts of California and the Pacific Northwest. Amtrak
does not serve several major U.S. destinations, including Las Vegas and Phoenix,
Arizona.
The American civil airline industry is entirely owned by corporations and has been
largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned.
[360]
The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-
based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways.
[361]
Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States,
including the top five and the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International
Airport.[362][363] As of 2022, there are 19,969 airports in the U.S., of which 5,193 are
designated as "public use", including for general aviation and other activities.[364]
The overwhelming majority of roads in the United States are owned and maintained
by state and local governments. Roads maintained only by the U.S. federal
government are generally only found on federal lands (such as national parks) or at
federal facilities (like military bases). The Interstate Highway System, with its large,
open freeways linking the states, is partly funded by the federal government but
owned and maintained by the state government hosting its section of the interstate.
Some states fund and build their own large expressways—often called "parkways"
or "turnpikes"—that generally use tolls to pay for construction and maintenance.
Likewise, some privately owned roads may use tolls for this purpose.
Public transportation in the United States includes bus, commuter rail, ferry, and
sometimes airline service. Public transit systems serve areas of higher population
density where demand is greatest. Many U.S. cities, towns, and suburbs are car-
dependent, however, and subrurban public transit is less common and service far
less frequent. Most U.S. urban areas have some form of public transit, notably city
buses, while the largest (e.g. New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Boston, San
Francisco, and Portland, Oregon) operate extensive systems that also
include subways or light rail.[365] Most public transit service in the United States is
run by local governments, but national and regional commuter lines serve major
U.S. urban corridors.
Personal transportation in the United States is dominated by automobiles,[366]
[367]
which operate on a network of 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) of public
roads, making it the longest in the world.[368][369] The country's rail transport network,
also the longest in the world at 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2 km),[370] handles
mostly freight.[371][372] Of the world's 50 busiest container ports, four are located in
the United States. The busiest in the U.S. is the Port of Los Angeles.[373]
The Oldsmobile Curved Dash and the Ford Model T, both American cars, are
considered the first mass-produced[374] and mass-affordable[375] cars, respectively. As
of 2023, the United States is the second-largest manufacturer of motor
vehicles[376] and is home to Tesla, the world's most valuable car company.
[377]
American automotive company General Motors held the title of the world's best-
selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.[378] The American automotive industry is the
world's second-largest automobile market by sales, having been overtaken by China
in 2010,[379] and the U.S. has the highest vehicle ownership per capita in the world,
[380]
with 910 vehicles per 1000 people.[381] By value, the U.S. was the world's largest
importer and third-largest exporter of cars in 2022. [382]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of the United States
Population
Main articles: Americans and Race and ethnicity in the United States
See also: List of U.S. states by population

The 10 most populous U.S.

states
(2020 U.S. census)[383][384]

Population
State
(millions)

California 39.0

Texas 30.5

Florida 22.6

New York 19.6

Pennsylvania 13.0

Illinois 12.5

Ohio 11.7

Georgia 11.0

North
10.8
Carolina

Michigan 10.0
The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, 2020, [s]
[385]
making the United States the third-most-populous country in the world, after
China and India.[172] According to the Bureau's U.S. Population Clock, on July 1, 2024,
the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400
people per day.[386] In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6%
were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married. [387] In 2023,
the total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman, [388] and, at 23%,
it had the world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households in 2019.
[389]

The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one
million members.[390] White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East,
or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United
States population.[391][392] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest
group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute
the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S.
population.[390] Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing
5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans
account for about 1%,[390] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal
government.[393] In 2022, the median age of the United States population was 38.9
years.[394]
Language
Main article: Languages of the United States

Most spoken languages in the U.S.

While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is by far the most
commonly spoken and written.[395] Although there is no official language at the
federal level, some laws, such as U.S. naturalization requirements, standardize
English, and most states have declared it the official language. [396] Three states and
four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to
English, including Hawaii (Hawaiian),[397] Alaska (twenty Native languages),[t]
[398]
South Dakota (Sioux),[399] American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish),
Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In
total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States. [400] In Puerto
Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English. [401]
According to the American Community Survey (2020),[402] some 245.4 million people
out of the total U.S. population of 334 million spoke only English at home. About
41.2 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used
language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more
include Chinese (3.40 million), Tagalog (1.71 million), Vietnamese (1.52
million), Arabic (1.39 million), French (1.18 million), Korean (1.07 million),
and Russian (1.04 million). German, spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010,
fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020. [403]
Immigration
Main article: Immigration to the United States
See also: United States Border Patrol

The Mexico–United States border wall between San

Diego (left) and Tijuana (right)
America's immigrant population of nearly 51 million is by far the world's largest in
absolute terms.[404][405] In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and U.S.-born
children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall
U.S. population.[406] In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45%
(20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent
residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million)
were unauthorized immigrants.[407] In 2019, the top countries of origin for
immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the
Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%). [408] In fiscal year 2022, over one million
immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal
residence.[409] The United States led the world in refugee resettlement for decades,
admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined. [410]
Religion
Main article: Religion in the United States
See also: List of religious movements that began in the United States
Religious affiliation in the U.S., according to a 2023 Gallup poll:[7]
Protestantism (33%)
 Catholicism (22%)
Non-specific Christian (11%)
Judaism (2%)
Mormonism (1%)
Other religion (6%)
Unaffiliated (22%)
Unanswered (3%)
The First Amendment guarantees the free exercise of religion in the country and
forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.[411][412] Religious
practice is widespread, among the most diverse in the world,[413] and profoundly
vibrant.[414] The country has the world's largest Christian population.[415] Other
notable faiths include Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, many New
Age movements, and Native American religions.[416] Religious practice varies
significantly by region.[417] "Ceremonial deism" is common in American culture.[418]
The overwhelming majority of Americans believe in a higher power or spiritual
force, engage in spiritual practices such as prayer, and consider themselves
religious or spiritual.[419][420] In the "Bible Belt", located within the Southern United
States, evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally, whereas New
England and the Western United States tend to be more secular.[417] Mormonism—
a Restorationist movement, whose members migrated westward from Missouri and
Illinois under the leadership of Brigham Young in 1847 after the assassination
of Joseph Smith[421]—remains the predominant religion in Utah to this day. [422]
Urbanization
Main articles: Urbanization in the United States and List of United States cities by
population
About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs;[172] about half of
those reside in cities with populations over 50,000. [423] In 2022, 333 incorporated
municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million
residents, and four cities—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston—had
populations exceeding two million.[424] Many U.S. metropolitan populations are
growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West. [425]

 v
 t
 e
Largest metropolitan areas in the United States
 2023 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau[426]

Ran Ran
Name Region Pop. Name Region
k k

Northeas 19,498,24 Northe

1 New York 11 Boston
t 9 t

12,799,10 Riverside–San
2 Los Angeles West 12 West
0 Bernardino

3 Chicago Midwest 9,262,825 13 San Francisco West

Dallas–Fort
4 South 8,100,037 14 Detroit Midwes
Worth

5 Houston South 7,510,253 15 Seattle West

New York
6 Atlanta South 6,307,261 16 Minneapolis–Saint Paul Midwes

Washington,
Los Angeles 7 South 6,304,975 17 Tampa–St. Petersburg South
D.C.

Northeas
8 Philadelphia 6,246,160 18 San Diego West
t

9 Miami South 6,183,199 19 Denver West

10 Phoenix West 5,070,110 20 Baltimore South

Health
See also: Healthcare in the United States, Healthcare reform in the United States,
and Health insurance in the United States
 Texas Medical Center in Houston is the largest
medical complex in the world.[427][428] As of 2018, it employed 120,000 people and
treated 10 million patients annually. [429]
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), average American life
expectancy at birth was 77.5 years in 2022 (74.8 years for men and 80.2 years for
women). This was a gain of 1.1 years from 76.4 years in 2021, but the CDC noted
that the new average "didn't fully offset the loss of 2.4 years between 2019 and
2021". Higher overall mortality due especially to the health impact of the COVID-19
pandemic as well as opioid overdoses and suicides were held mostly responsible for
the previous drop in life expectancy. [430] The same report stated that the 2022 gains
in average U.S. life expectancy were especially significant for men, Hispanics, and
American Indian–Alaskan Native people (AIAN). Starting in 1998, the life expectancy
in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans'
"health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since. [431] The U.S. has one of
the highest suicide rates among high-income countries.[432] Approximately one-third
of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.[433] The U.S.
healthcare system far outspends that of any other country, measured both in per
capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare
outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated. [434] The
United States is the only developed country without a system of universal
healthcare, and a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health
insurance.[435] Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor (Medicaid) and
for those age 65 and older (Medicare) is available to Americans who meet the
programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed
the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[u][436] Abortion in the United States is
not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states. [437]
Education
Main article: Education in the United States
 77% of American college students attend public
institutions[438] such as the University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson in
1819.
American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K-12,
"kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. School systems are operated
by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by
the U.S. Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school
or an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade)
until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the
final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave
school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[439] The U.S. spends more on education per student
than any country in the world,[440] an average of $18,614 per year per public
elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021. [441] Among Americans age
25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college,
37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.
[442]
The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.[172][443] The country has the most Nobel
Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards).[444][445]
U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's
top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States,
including 19 of the top 25.[446][447] American higher education is dominated by state
university systems, although the country's many private universities and
colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community
colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two
years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter
academic programs, and lower tuition. [448]
As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student
than the OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined
public and private spending.[449] Colleges and universities directly funded by the
federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and
government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval
Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan
forgiveness programs in place,[450] student loan debt increased by 102% between
2010 and 2020,[451] and exceeded $1.7 trillion as of 2022.[452]
Culture and society
Main articles: Culture of the United States and Society of the United States
 The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)
on Liberty Island in New York Harbor was an 1866 gift from France that has become
an iconic symbol of the American Dream.[453]
Americans have traditionally been characterized by a unifying political belief in an
"American Creed" emphasizing consent of the governed, liberty, equality under the
law, democracy, social equality, property rights, and a preference for limited
government.[454][455] Culturally, the country has been described as having the values
of individualism and personal autonomy,[456][457] as well as having a strong work
ethic,[458] competitiveness,[459] and voluntary altruism towards others.[460][461]
[462]
According to a 2016 study by the Charities Aid Foundation, Americans donated
1.44% of total GDP to charity—the highest rate in the world by a large margin.
[463]
The United States is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and
values.[464][465] It has acquired significant cultural and economic soft power.[466][467]
Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Europe, Africa, or
Asia (the "Old World") within the past five centuries.[468] Mainstream American
culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European
immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by
slaves from Africa.[469] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin
America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a
homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants
contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream American culture.
The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility,
plays a key role in attracting immigrants. [470][471] Whether this perception is accurate
has been a topic of debate.[472][473][474] While mainstream culture holds that the
United States is a classless society,[475] scholars identify significant differences
between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.
[476][477]
Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being
ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well. [478]
The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is an agency of the United
States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to
"develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for the
humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the
cultural heritage of the United States."[479] It is composed of four sub-agencies:
  National Endowment for the Arts
 National Endowment for the Humanities
 Institute of Museum and Library Services
 Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities
The United States is considered to have the strongest protections of free speech of
any country under the First Amendment,[480] which protects flag desecration, hate
speech, blasphemy, and lese-majesty as forms of protected expression.[481][482][483] A
2016 Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of
free expression of any polity measured.[484] They are the "most supportive
of freedom of the press and the right to use the Internet without government
censorship."[485] The U.S. is a socially
progressive country[486] with permissive attitudes surrounding human sexuality.
[487]
LGBT rights in the United States are advanced by global standards.[487][488][489]
Literature
Main articles: American literature and American philosophy
See also: List of American novelists and List of playwrights from the United States

Mark Twain, whom William Faulkner called "the father of

American literature"[490]
Colonial American authors were influenced by John Locke and various
other Enlightenment philosophers.[491][492] The American Revolutionary Period (1765–
1783) is notable for the political writings of Benjamin Franklin, Alexander
Hamilton, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson. Shortly before and after
the Revolutionary War, the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-
British national literature.[493][494] An early novel is William Hill Brown's The Power of
Sympathy, published in 1791. Writer and critic John Neal in the early- to mid-
nineteenth century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture
by criticizing predecessors such as Washington Irving for imitating their British
counterparts, and by influencing writers such as Edgar Allan Poe,[495] who took
American poetry and short fiction in new directions. Ralph Waldo
Emerson and Margaret Fuller pioneered the
influential Transcendentalism movement;[496][497] Henry David Thoreau, author
of Walden, was influenced by this movement. The conflict
surrounding abolitionism inspired writers, like Harriet Beecher Stowe, and authors of
slave narratives, such as Frederick Douglass. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet
Letter (1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did Herman
Melville's Moby-Dick (1851). Major American poets of the nineteenth
century American Renaissance include Walt Whitman, Melville, and Emily Dickinson.
[498][499]
Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born in the West. Henry
James achieved international recognition with novels like The Portrait of a
Lady (1881). As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered
around industrial workers, women, and the rural poor. [500]
[501]
Naturalism, regionalism, and realism were the major literary movements of the
period.[502][503]
While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors
working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions,
peoples, and cultures.[504] Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-
American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an
independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and
celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these
writings were a key influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s
among francophone writers of the African diaspora.[505][506] In the 1950s, an ideal of
homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great American Novel,
[507]
while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated
the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and
the failings of society.[508][509] Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in
previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-
conscious experiments with language.[510] As of 2024 there have been 12 American
laureates for the Nobel Prize in literature. [511]
Mass media
Main article: Mass media in the United States
See also: Newspapers in the United States, Television in the United
States, Broadcasting in the United States, Public broadcasting in the United
States, Internet in the United States, Radio in the United States, and Video games
in the United States
 Comcast Center in Philadelphia, headquarters of Comcast,
one of the world's largest telecommunications companies and media conglomerates
Media is broadly uncensored, with the First Amendment providing significant
protections, as reiterated in New York Times Co. v. United States.[480] The four major
broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia
Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox
Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all
commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a
variety of niches.[512] As of 2021, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listen
to broadcast radio, while about 40% listen to podcasts.[513] As of 2020, there were
15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC).[514] Much of the public radio broadcasting is
supplied by NPR, incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act
of 1967.[515]
U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street
Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today.[516] About 800
publications are produced in Spanish.[517][518] With few exceptions, newspapers are
privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own
dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of
papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities
often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers,
such as The Village Voice in New York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five
most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo,
and Facebook—all of them American-owned.[519]
As of 2022, the video game market of the United States is the world's largest by
revenue.[520] There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in
California alone.[521]
Theater
Main article: Theater in the United States
 Broadway theaters in Theater District, Manhattan
The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United
States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily
influenced by the British theater.[522] By the middle of the 19th century America had
created new distinct dramatic forms in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and
the minstrel show.[523] The central hub of the American theater scene is the Theater
District in Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-
Broadway.[524]
Many movie and television celebrities have gotten their big break working in New
York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or
resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget
theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community
theater culture.[525]
The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented
at an annual ceremony in Manhattan. The awards are given for Broadway
productions and performances. One is also given for regional theater. Several
discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including a Special Tony
Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson
Award.[526]
Visual arts
Main articles: Visual art of the United States and Architecture of the United States

American Gothic (1930) by Grant Wood is one of the most

famous American paintings and is widely parodied.[527]
Folk art in colonial America grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that
allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct
from Europe's tradition of high art, which was less accessible and generally less
relevant to early American settlers.[528] Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship
in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example,
the prevailing medieval style of woodworking and primitive sculpture became
integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of Renaissance styles in
England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would
have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but
American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles
change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to
continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far
longer than those in Western Europe.[480]
The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts
tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an
exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S.
art scene.[529]
Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new and
individualistic styles, which would become known as American modernism. Major
artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson
Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy
Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. Major photographers
include Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Dorothea Lange, Edward Weston, James
Van Der Zee, Ansel Adams, and Gordon Parks.[530]
The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought global fame to
American architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.
[531]
The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is the largest art museum in the
United States[532] and the fourth-largest in the world.
Music
Main article: Music of the United States
American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as
traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music.
Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for
generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland
Europe, or Africa.[533] The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in
particular have influenced American music. [534] Banjos were brought to America
through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts
led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century. [535]
[536]
The electric guitar, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the
1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the
development of rock and roll.[537]
 The Country Music Hall of Fame and
Museum in Nashville, Tennessee
Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and old-time music were adopted and
transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz grew from blues
and ragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and
recordings of composers such as W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton. Louis
Armstrong and Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.
[538]
Country music developed in the 1920s,[539] rock and roll in the 1930s,
[537]
and bluegrass[540] and rhythm and blues in the 1940s.[541] In the 1960s, Bob
Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most
celebrated songwriters.[542] The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in
the United States in the 1970s.[543]
The United States has the world's largest music market with a total retail value of
$15.9 billion in 2022.[544] Most of the world's major record companies are based in
the U.S.; they are represented by the Recording Industry Association of
America (RIAA).[545] Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as Frank
Sinatra[546] and Elvis Presley,[547] became global celebrities and best-selling music
artists,[538] as have artists of the late 20th century, such as Michael Jackson,
[548]
Madonna,[549] Whitney Houston,[550] and Prince,[551] and the early 21st century,
such as Taylor Swift and Beyoncé.[552]
Fashion
Main article: Fashion in the United States

Haute couture fashion models on

the catwalk during New York Fashion Week
The United States is the world's largest apparel market by revenue.[553] Apart from
professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly
informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing;
however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of American
styles.[554] New York, with its fashion week, is considered to be one of the "Big Four"
global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study demonstrated
that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with
American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century. [555]
The headquarters of many designer labels reside in Manhattan. Labels cater
to niche markets, such as preteens. New York Fashion Week is one of the most
influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice a year; [556] while the
annual Met Gala in Manhattan is commonly known as the fashion world's "biggest
night".[557][558]
Cinema
Main article: Cinema of the United States

The iconic Hollywood Sign, in the Hollywood Hills,

often regarded as the symbol of the American film industry
The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a district
in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also
metonymous for the American filmmaking industry. [559][560][561] The major film
studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially
successful and most ticket-selling movies in the world. [562][563] Since the early 20th
century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood,
although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and
film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization. [564] The Academy
Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of
Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,[565] and the Golden Globe Awards have
been held annually since January 1944. [566]
The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of
Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s, [567] with screen actors
such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[568][569] In the
1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood Renaissance", [570] was defined by grittier
films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[571] The
21st century has been marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which
came to rival traditional cinema.[572][573]
Cuisine
Main article: American cuisine
Further information: List of American regional and fusion cuisines
 A Thanksgiving dinner with roast turkey, mashed
potatoes, pickles, corn, candied yams, cranberry jelly, shrimps, stuffing, green
peas, deviled eggs, green salad, and apple sauce
Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey, sweet
potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and pervasive
examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early settlers and later
immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour,
[574]
beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine. [575][576] New World crops,
especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are part of a
shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans prepare or purchase
traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion. [577]
Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, doughnuts, french
fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, hamburgers, hot dogs, and American
pizza derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups. [578][579][580][581] Mexican
dishes such as burritos and tacos preexisted the United States in areas later
annexed from Mexico, and adaptations of Chinese cuisine as well as pasta dishes
freely adapted from Italian sources are all widely consumed.
[582]
American chefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and
internationally. In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine
Angell and Frances Roth. This would become the United States' most prestigious
culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior
to successful careers.[583][584]
The United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for
2020,[585][586] and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the
nation's workforce directly.[585] It is the country's second-largest private employer
and the third-largest employer overall.[587][588] The United States is home to over
220 Michelin Star-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.
[589]
Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with
the first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.[590][591]
[592]
In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states,
with California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine. With more than 1,100,000
acres (4,500 km2) under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine-producing
country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.[593][594]
The American fast-food industry developed alongside the nation's car culture.
[595]
American restaurants developed the drive-in format in the 1920s, which they
began to replace with the drive-through format by the 1940s.[596][597] American fast-
food restaurant chains, such as McDonald's, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Dunkin'
Donuts and many others, have numerous outlets around the world. [598]
Sports
Main article: Sports in the United States
See also: Professional sports leagues in the United States, National Collegiate
Athletic Association, and United States at the Olympics

American football is the most popular sport in the

United States; in this September 2022 National Football League game,
the Jacksonville Jaguars play the Washington Commanders at FedExField.
The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American
football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey.[599] While most major U.S.
sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European
practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American
inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.
[600]
Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities
that predate European contact.[601] The market for professional sports in the United
States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of
all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. [602]
American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the
United States;[603] the National Football League has the highest average attendance
of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions
globally.[604] However, baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "national sport" since
the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular
professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their
premier leagues are, respectively, the National Basketball Association, Major
League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and the National Hockey League. The most-
watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing,
particularly NASCAR and IndyCar.[605][606]
On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion
annually,[607] and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as
the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are some of
the most watched national sporting events. [608] In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports
level serves as a feeder system for professional sports. This differs greatly from
practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports
organizations serve this function. [609]
Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer
Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of
Europe.[610] The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los
Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968
medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country. [611][612][613]
In international professional competition, the U.S. men's national soccer team has
qualified for eleven World Cups, while the women's national team has won the FIFA
Women's World Cup and Olympic soccer tournament four times each.[614] The United
States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and will co-host, along with Canada and
Mexico, the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[615] The 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was also
hosted by the United States. Its final match was watched by 90,185, setting the
world record for most-attended women's sporting event at the time. [616]
See also
 Lists of U.S. state topics
 Outline of the United States
Notes
1. ^ Twenty-eight of the 50 states recognize only English as an official
language. The State of Hawaii recognizes both Hawaiian and English as
official languages, the State of Alaska officially recognizes 20 Alaska
Native languages alongside English, and the State of South
Dakota recognizes English and all Sioux dialects as official languages.
Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language.
2. ^ English is the de facto language. For more information,
see Languages of the United States.
3. ^ The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to
Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2), the United
States is the third-largest country in the world by land area,
behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-
largest, behind Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water
areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included
(bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the
fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.
Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[18]
Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[19]
5. ^ Excludes Puerto Rico and the other unincorporated islands because
they are counted separately in U.S. census statistics
6. ^ After adjustment for taxes and transfers
7. ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time
zones in the United States.
8. ^ See Date and time notation in the United States.
9. ^ The U.S. Virgin Islands use left-hand traffic.
10.^ The five major territories outside the union of states are American
Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S.
Virgin Islands. The seven undisputed island areas without permanent
populations are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston
Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty
over the unpopulated Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla
Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.[17]
11.^ The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of
334,914,895 residents (2023) is for the 50 states and the District of
Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S.
territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a
continuously updated but unofficial population
clock: www.census.gov/popclock
12.^ Based on purchasing power
13.^ Including agencies such as the International Monetary Fund and
the World Health Organization
14.^ The official U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual has
prescribed specific usages for "U.S." and "United States" as part of
official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders,
proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork;
and covers and title pages",[28] "United States" is always used. In a
sentence containing the name of another country, "United States"
must be used. Otherwise, "U.S." is used preceding a government
organization or as an adjective, but "United States" is used as an
adjective preceding non-governmental organizations (e.g. United
States Steel Corporation).[28]
15.^ From the late 15th century, the Columbian exchange had been
catastrophic for native populations throughout the Americas. It is
estimated that up to 95 percent of the indigenous populations,
especially in the Caribbean, perished from infectious diseases during
the years following European colonization;[51] remaining populations
were often displaced by European expansion. [52][53]
16.^ New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
17.^ Per the U.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three, proposed by
the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the States on
March 29, 1961
 18.^ A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and
services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter,
after China.[306] However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the
world's largest exporter.[307]
19.^ This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole,
excludes the five unincorporated territories (Puerto Rico, Guam,
the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana
Islands) and minor island possessions.
20.^ Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan
Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg
Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper
Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper
Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian
21.^ Also known less formally as Obamacare
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