•

Unit 5
Applications of Data Warehousing and Data Mining in
Government
Topic Covered
• Introduction to
• Data Warehouse
• Data Mining
• National Data Warehouses:
• Census Data,
• Prices of Essential Commodities;
• Other Areas for Data Warehousing and Data Mining:
• Agriculture,
• Rural Development,
• Health,
• Planning,
• Education,
• Commerce and Trade,
• Other Sectors
Data Warehousing Introduction
Problem: Heterogeneous Information Sources
•

“Heterogeneities are everywhere”

Personal
Databases

World
Scientific Databases
Wide
Web
Digital Libraries
 Different interfaces
 Different data representations
 Duplicate and inconsistent information
Problem: Data Management in Large Enterprises
• Vertical fragmentation of informational systems (vertical stove pipes)
• Result of application (user)-driven development of operational systems

Sales Planning Suppliers Num. Control

Stock Mngmt Debt Mngmt Inventory
... ... ...

Sales Administration Finance Manufacturing ...

Goal: Unified Access to Data
•

Integration System

World
Wide
Personal
Web
Digital Libraries Scientific Databases Databases

• Collects and combines information

• Provides integrated view, uniform user interface
• Supports sharing
The Traditional Research Approach
 Query-driven (lazy, on-demand) • Disadvantages of Query-
Driven Approach
• Delay in query
Clients
processing
• Slow or unavailable
information sources
• Complex filtering and
Integration System Metadata
integration
• Inefficient and
...
potentially expensive for
Wrapper Wrappe Wrapper frequent queries
r • Competes with local
processing at sources
... • Hasn’t caught on in
Source Source Source industry
The Warehousing Approach
 Information integrated in advance
 Stored in Data warehouse for direct querying and analysis
Clients

Data
Warehouse

Integration System Metadata

...

Extractor/ Extractor/ Extractor/

Monitor Monitor Monitor

...
Source Source Source
Advantages of Warehousing Approach
• High query performance
• But not necessarily most current information
• Doesn’t interfere with local processing at sources
• Complex queries at warehouse
• OLTP at information sources
• Information copied at warehouse
• Can modify, annotate, summarize, restructure, etc.
• Can store historical information
• Security, no auditing
• Has caught on in industry
What is a Data Warehouse?
• “A data warehouse is simply a single, complete, and consistent store of data obtained
from a variety of sources and made available to end users in a way they can
understand and use it in a business context.”
• -- Barry Devlin, IBM Consultant

• “A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant and non-volatile collection of

data in support of management's decision making process.”

• “A data warehouse is a copy of transaction data specifically structured for query and analysis.”
A Data Warehouse is...
• Stored collection of diverse data
• A solution to data integration problem
• Single repository of information
• Subject-oriented
• Organized by subject, not by application
• Used for analysis, data mining, etc.
• Optimized differently from transaction-oriented db
• User interface aimed at executive
• Large volume of data (Gb, Tb)
• Non-volatile
• Historical
• Time attributes are important
• Updates infrequent
• May be append-only
• Examples
• All transactions ever at WalMart
• Complete client histories at insurance firm
• Stockbroker financial information and portfolios
Summary
Business Business Information
Information Guide Interface

Data
Data
Warehouse
Warehouse
Catalog

Data Warehouse
Population

Enterprise
Modeling Operational Systems
Warehouse is a Specialized DB (OLAP)
Standard DB Warehouse
• Mostly updates  Mostly reads
• Many small transactions  Queries are long and complex
• Mb - Gb of data  Gb - Tb of data
• Current snapshot  History
• Index/hash on p.k.  Lots of scans
• Raw data  Summarized, reconciled data
• Thousands of users (e.g., clerical users)  Hundreds of users (e.g., decision-
makers, analysts)
Types of Data in DW
• Business Data - represents meaning
• Real-time data (ultimate source of all business data)
• Reconciled data
• Derived data
• Metadata - describes meaning
• Build-time metadata
• Control metadata
• Usage metadata
• Data as a product - intrinsic meaning
• Produced and stored for its own intrinsic value
• e.g., the contents of a text-book
Data Warehouse Architectures: Conceptual View
• Single-layer Operational Informational
• Every data element is stored once only systems systems

• Virtual warehouse

“Real-time data”
• Two-layer
• Real-time + derived data
• Most commonly used approach in Operational
systems
Informational
systems

industry today

Derived Data

Real-time data
Three-layer Architecture: Conceptual View
• Transformation of real-time data to derived data really requires two steps
Operational Informational
systems systems
View level
“Particular informational
Derived Data
needs”

Reconciled Data
Physical Implementation
of the Data Warehouse

Real-time data
Warehouse Architecture
Client Client
Query & Analysis

Warehouse

Integrator Metadata

Extractor/ Extractor/ Extractor/

Monitor Monitor Monitor

Source Source ... Source

Data Warehousing: Two Distinct Issues
(1) How to get information into warehouse
“Data warehousing”
(2) What to do with data once it’s in warehouse
“Warehouse DBMS”- Data Mining
• Both rich research areas
• Industry has focused on (2)

ETL- Extract , Transform , Load

Issues in Data Warehousing
• Warehouse Design
• Extraction
• Wrappers, monitors (change detectors)
• Integration
• Cleansing & merging
• Warehousing specification & Maintenance
• Optimizations
• Miscellaneous (e.g., evolution)
Data Extraction
• Source types
• Relational, flat file, WWW, etc.
• How to get data out?
• Replication tool
• Dump file
• Create report
• ODBC or third-party “wrappers”
Issues
• Warehouse uses relational data model or multi-dimensional data
model (e.g., data cube)
• On the other hand, source types
• Relational, OO, hierarchical, legacy
• Semistructured: flat file, WWW
• How do we get the data out?
• Warehouse must be kept current in light of changes to underlying sources
• How do we detect updates in sources?
Wrapper
Converts data and queries from one data model to another

Data Queries Data

Model
Model
B
A Data

Extends query capabilities for sources with limited capabilities

Queries Wrapper Source

Wrapper Generation
• Solution 1: Hard code for each source
• Solution 2: Automatic wrapper generation

Wrapper
Wrapper Definition
Generator
Wrapper Approach
• Source-specific adapter (a.k.a. wrapper, translator)
• “Thickness” of adapter depends on source
• Data model used (e.g. rel. schema vs. unstructured)
• Interface (i.e., query language, API)
• Active capabilities (i.e., triggers)
• Degree of autonomy (e.g., same owner & modifiable vs. controlled by
external entity & no changes possible)
• Cooperation (e.g., friendly vs. uncooperative)
Routine When...
• Many tools for dealing with “standard situations”
• Standard sources with full/many capabilities
• e.g., most commercial DBMSs, all ODBC-compliant sources
• Standard interactions
• e.g., pass-through queries, extraction from rel. tables, replication
• Cooperative sources or sources under our control
• Tools
• Replication tools, ODBC, report writers, third-party “wrappers”
Not So Routine When...
• “Non-standard situations”
• Unstructured or semistructured sources with little or no explicit
schema
• Uncooperative sources
• Sources with limited capabilities (e.g., legacy sources, WWW)
• Few commercial tools
• Mostly research
Data Transformations
• Convert data to uniform format
• Byte ordering, string termination
• Internal layout
• Remove, add & reorder attributes
• Add key
• Add data to get history
• Sort tuples
Monitors
• Goal: Detect changes of interest and propagate to integrator
• How?
• Triggers
• Replication server
• Log sniffer
• Compare query results
• Compare snapshots/dumps
Data Integration
• Receive data (changes) from multiple wrappers/monitors and
integrate into warehouse
• Rule-based
• Actions
• Resolve inconsistencies
• Eliminate duplicates
• Integrate into warehouse (may not be empty)
• Summarize data
• Fetch more data from sources (warehouse updates)
• etc.
Data Cleansing
• Find (& remove) duplicate tuples
• e.g., Jane Doe vs. Jane Q. Doe
• Detect inconsistent, wrong data
• Attribute values that don’t match
• Patch missing, unreadable data
• Notify sources of errors found
Data Mart
• A data mart is a segment of a data warehouses that can provided information for
reporting and analysis on a section, unit, department or operation in the company,
e.g., sales, payroll, production, etc.
• Data marts contain a subset of organization-wide data that is valuable to specific
groups of people in an organization.
• In other words, a data mart contains only those data that is specific to a particular
group.
• For example, the marketing data mart may contain only data related to items,
customers, and sales.
• Data marts are confined to subjects.
• Windows-based or Unix/Linux-based servers are used to implement data marts.
They are implemented on low-cost servers.
• The implementation cycle of a data mart is measured in short periods of time, i.e.,
in weeks rather than months or years
• The life cycle of data marts may be complex in the long run, if their planning and
design are not organization-wide.
 Data Mart

Data Sources
• Data marts are small in size.
• Data marts are customized by
department.
• The source of a data mart is
departmentally structured data
warehouse.
• Data marts are flexible. Data Warehouse

Data Marts
A data mart
• A data mart is a segment of a data warehouses that can
provided information for reporting and analysis on a
section, unit, department or operation in the company, e.g.,
sales, payroll, production, etc.

• Read more from here

• https://www.javatpoint.com/data-warehouse-
architecture#:~:text=A%20data%20warehouse%20architecture%20is,chara
cterized%20by%20standard%20vital%20components.
OLAP Vs OLTP
• Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) –
• Online Analytical Processing consists of a type of software tools that are used for data analysis
for business decisions.
• OLAP provides an environment to get insights from the database retrieved from multiple
database systems at one time.
• Examples
• Any type of Data warehouse system is an OLAP system. Uses of OLAP are as follows:
• Spotify analyzed songs by users to come up with the personalized homepage of their songs
and playlist.
• Netflix movie recommendation system.
• Online transaction processing (OLTP) –
• Online transaction processing provides transaction-oriented applications in a 3-tier
architecture.
• OLTP administers day to day transaction of an organization.
• Examples – Uses of OLTP are as follows:
• ATM center is an OLTP application.
• OLTP handles the ACID properties during data transaction via the application.
• It’s also used for Online banking, Online airline ticket booking, sending a text message, add a
book to the shopping cart.
OLAP Vs OLTP
OLAP (Online analytical processing) OLTP (Online transaction processing)
Consists of historical data from various Databases. Consists only operational current data.
It is subject oriented. Used for Data Mining, Analytics,
It is application oriented. Used for business tasks.
Decision making,etc.
The data is used in planning, problem solving and The data is used to perform day to day fundamental
decision making. operations.
It provides a multi-dimensional view of different business
It reveals a snapshot of present business tasks.
tasks.
The size of the data is relatively small as the historical
Large amount of data is stored typically in TB, PB
data is archived. For ex MB, GB
Relatively slow as the amount of data involved is large.
Very Fast as the queries operate on 5% of the data.
Queries may take hours.
It only need backup from time to time as compared to
Backup and recovery process is maintained religiously
OLTP.
This data is generally managed by CEO, MD, GM. This data is managed by clerks, managers.
Only read and rarely write operation. Both read and write operations.
ROLE OF DATA WAREHOUSING & DATA MINING IN E-GOVERNANCE

• Governments deal with large amount of data. To ensure that such data is put to an
effective use in facilitating decision-making, a data warehouse is constructed over the
historical data.
• It permits several types of queries requiring complex analysis on data to be addressed by
decision-makers.
• The efficiency of Government can be increased by using the Data Warehouses and Data
Mining.
• The scope and use of data warehousing & Data mining in all the dimensions of e-
governance like
• Government to Citizen (G2C)
• Citizen to Government (C2G)
• Government to government (G2G)
• Government to Business (G2B)
• Government to NGO (G2N).
ROLE OF DATA WAREHOUSING & DATA MINING IN E-GOVERNANCE

• Government organization, are analyzing current and historic data to identify useful
patterns from the large database so that they can support their business strategy
• Their main emphasis is on complex, interactive, exploratory analysis of very large dataset
created by the integration of data from across all the part of the organization and that data
is fairly static (historical data)
• Three complementary trends are their
• Data warehouse
• OLAP
• Data Mining
ROLE OF DATA WARE HOUSE IN E-GOVERNANCE
• Need for data warehouse
• Governments deal with enormous amount of data. In order that such data is put to an effective use in
facilitating decision-making, a data warehouse is constructed over the historical data.
• It permits several types of queries requiring complex analysis on data to be addressed by decision-
makers.
• When used properly, it can help planners and decision makers in making informed decisions leading to
positive impact on targeted group of citizens.
• However to use information to it's fullest potential, the planners and decision makers need instant
access to relevant data in a properly summarized form.
• In spite of taking lots of initiative for computerization, the Government decision makers are currently
having difficulty in obtaining meaningful information in a timely manner because they have to request
and depend on IT staff for making special reports which often takes long time to generate.
• An Information Warehouse can deliver strategic intelligence to the decision makers and provide an
insight into the overall situation. This greatly facilitates decision-makers in taking micro level decisions
in a timely manner without the need to depend on their IT staff.
• By organizing person and land-related data into a meaningful Information Warehouse, the Government
decision makers can be empowered with a flexible tool that enables them to make informed policy
decisions for citizen facilitation and accessing their impact over the intended section of the population.
Benefit of a data warehouse for e-governance
• Citizen facilitation is the core objective of any Government body.
• For facilitating the citizens of a state or a country, it is important to have the
right information about the people and the places of the concerned territory.
• Hence a data warehouse built for e-Governance can typically have data related
to person and land.
• Such a data warehouse can be beneficial to both the Government decision
makers and citizens as well in the following manner:
• Benefit for the decision makers
• Benefit for the citizens
Benefit for the decision makers
• They do not have to deal with the heterogeneous and sporadic information
generated by various state-level computerization projects as they can access
current data with a high granularity from the information warehouse.
• They can take micro-level decisions in a timely manner without the need to
depend on their IT staff.
• They can obtain easily decipherable and comprehensive information without the
need to use sophisticated tools.

• They can perform extensive analysis of stored data to provide answers to the
exhaustive queries to the administrative cadre. This helps them to formulate
more effective strategies and policies for citizen facilitation
Benefit for the citizens
• They are the ultimate beneficiaries of the new policies formulated by the
decision makers and policy planner's extensive analysis on person and land-
related data.
• They can view frequently asked queries whose results will already be there
in the database and will be immediately shown to the user saving the time
required for processing.
• They can have easy access to the Government policies of the state.

• The web access to Information Warehouse enables them to access the

public domain data from anywhere.
Benefit of a data warehouse for e-governance
• The data warehouse has enough potential to access the impact of various welfare
schemes across the population of the state.
• The planners can design schemes focused on specific target groups and achieve
high impact.
• The decision-makers can carry out analysis of population profile across the state in
areas of economy, education, family units, shelter, etc.
• The warehouse can also be used for rural and urban development planning,
agricultural yield and cropping pattern analysis and much more.
• These analyses will help in making decisions that are focused and the benefit of the
government policies can reach the intended group.
• The various types and number of queries that can be handled by the data
warehouse are limited only by the intelligence of the person using the data
warehouse and the data fed to it.
Data Mining : Motivation
• Huge amounts of data
• Need for turning data into useful information
• Fast growing amount of data, collected and stored in large and
numerous databases exceeded the human ability for
comprehension without powerful tools
Data Mining and e-Government
• Recently coined term for confluence of ideas from statistics (Probability,
Regression, Correlation, standard deviation etc) and computer science
(machine learning and database methods) applied to large databases in
science, engineering and business.
• Extracting or “mining” knowledge from large amount of data
• Exploration and analysis of large quantities of data to discover meaningful
pattern from data
• Knowledge discovery from data (KDD)
Data Mining and e-Government
•
Data Mining and e-Government
•

Classification
Clustering
Inductive Analysis Knowledge Base
Time Series Analysis
Association
Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) Process

Data Selection(1) Relevant Data from various sources

Data Pre Processing(2) Consistent State , Removal of unnecessary information

Data Transformations(3) Suitable Format

Data Mining(4) Algorithms

Pattern Evaluation(5) Patterns and Knowledge

Knowledge Fig: Steps in Data Mining

Representation(6) Data Visualization Process/Phases of KDD in Database
Knowledge Discovery in Databases

https://www.javatpoint.com/kdd-process-in-data-mining
Data Mining Architecture
ROLE OF DATA MINING IN E-GOVERNANCE
• It is well known that in Information Technology (IT) driven society, knowledge
is one of the most significant assets of any organization.
• The role of IT in E-governance is well established. Knowledge Pragmatic use of
Database systems, Data Warehousing and Knowledge Management technologies
can contribute a lot to decision support systems in E-governance.
• Knowledge discovery in databases is well-defined process consisting of several
distinct steps. Data mining is the core step, which results in the discovery of
hidden but useful knowledge from massive databases.
• A formal definition of Knowledge discovery in databases is given as :“Data
mining is the non trivial extraction of implicit previously unknown and
potentially useful information about data”.
• Data mining technology provides a user- oriented approach to novel and hidden
patterns in the data.
ROLE OF DATA MINING IN E-GOVERNANCE
• The discovered knowledge can be used by the E-governance administrators to improve the quality of
service.
• Traditionally, decision making in E-governance is based on the ground information, lessons learnt in the
past resources and funds constraints.
• However, data mining techniques and knowledge management technology can be applied to create
knowledge rich environment.
• An organization may implement Knowledge Discovery in databases (KDD) with the help of a skilled
employee who has good understanding of organization.
• KDD can be effective at working with large volume of data to determine meaningful pattern and to
develop strategic solutions.
• Analyst and policy makers can learn lessons from the use of KDD in other industries E-governance data is
massive. It includes centric data, resource management data and transformed data.
• E-governance organizations must have ability to analyze data.
• Treatment records of millions of patients can be stored and computerized and data mining techniques may
help in answering several important and critical questions related to organization .
Knowledge Discovery in E-governance
• Data mining is an essential step of knowledge discovery. In recent years it has attracted great
deal of interest in Information industry.
• Knowledge discovery process consists of an iterative sequence of
• data cleaning,
• data integration,
• data selection,
• data mining pattern recognition and
• knowledge presentation.
• In particulars, data mining may accomplish class description, association, classification,
clustering, prediction and time series analysis.
• Data mining in contrast to traditional data analysis is discovery driven.
• Data mining is a young interdisciplinary field closely connected to data warehousing,
statistics, machine learning, neural networks and inductive logic programming.
• Data mining provides automatic pattern recognition and attempts to uncover patterns in data
that are difficult to detect with traditional statistical methods.
• Without data mining it is difficult to realize the full potential of data collected within
healthcare organization as data under analysis is massive, highly dimensional, distributed
and uncertain.
Knowledge Discovery in E-governance
Data Mining Cycle
• For Goverment organization to succeed they must have the ability to capture,
store and analyze data
• Online analytical processing (OLAP) provides one way for data to be analyzed
in a multi-dimensional capacity.
• With the adoption of data warehousing and data analysis/OLAP tools, an
organization can make strides in leveraging data for better decision making.
• Many organizations struggle with the utilization of data collected through an
organization online transaction processing (OLTP) system that is not integrated
for decision making and pattern analysis.
• For successful E-governance organization it is important to empower the
management and staff with data warehousing based on critical thinking and
knowledge management tools for strategic decision making.
• Data warehousing can be supported by decision support tools such as data mart,
OLAP and data mining tools.
Data Mining Cycle
• A data mart is a subset of data warehouse. It focuses on selected subjects. Online analytical
processing (OLAP) solution provides a multi-dimensional view of the data found in relational
databases.
• With stored data in two dimensional format OLAP makes it possible to analyze potentially large
amount of data with very fast response times and provides the ability for users to go through the
data and drill down or roll up through various dimensions as defined by the data structure.
• The traditional manual data analysis has become insufficient and methods for efficient computer
assisted analysis indispensable.
• A Data Warehouse is a semantically consistent data store that serves as a physical
implementation of a decision support data model and stores the information on which an
enterprise needs to make strategic decisions.
• A data warehouse is also often viewed as architecture constructed by integrating data from
multiple heterogeneous sources to support structured and/or ad-hoc queries, analytical reporting
and decision making
Data Mining technique in E-governance
•
There are various data mining techniques available with their suitability
dependent on the domain application.
• Statistics provide a strong fundamental background for quantification and
evaluation of results.
• However, algorithms based on statistics need to be modified and measured
before they are applied to data mining
ROLE OF DATA MINING IN E-GOVERNANCE
• It is well known that in Information Technology (IT) driven society, knowledge is one of the most significant assets of any
organization. The role of IT in E-Governance is well established. The importance of collecting data that reflect the
business or scientific activities or services to achieve competitive advantage is widely recognized now. Powerful systems
for collecting data and managing it in large databases are already in place in most large and mid range government sectors.
However, the bottleneck of turning this data in to success is the difficulty of extracting knowledge about the system that is
studied from collected data.
 What services should be promoted to the clients?
 What is the probability that certain clients will respond to the planned services?
 Will the client default on a loan or pay back on schedule?
 What medical diagnosis should be assigned to the patient?
 How large the peak loads of a telephone or energy network are going to be?
 Why the facility suddenly starts to produce defective services?
• These are all the questions that can probably be answered if the information hidden among megabytes of data in database
can be found explicitly and utilized. Modeling the investigated system, discovering relations that connect variables in a
database are the subjects of data mining. Modern data mining systems self learn from the previous history of the
investigated system, formulating and testing hypotheses about the rules, which this system obeys. When concise and
valuable knowledge about the system of interest has been discovered, it can and should be incorporated into some decision
support system which helps the Heads to make wise and informed decisions.
Benefits of a Data mining for E-Governance
• Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable
information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable core. Both
processes require either sifting through an immense amount of material, or intelligently
probing it to find exactly where the value resides.
• Automated prediction of trends and behaviors:
• Data mining automates the process of finding predictive information in large databases.
Questions that traditionally required extensive hands-on analysis can now be answered
directly from the data, quickly. A typical example of a predictive problems include
forecasting bankruptcy and other forms of default, and identifying segments of a
population likely to respond similarly to given events.
• Automated discovery of previously unknown patterns:
• Data mining tools sweep through databases and identify previously hidden patterns in
one step.
Benefits of a Data mining for E-Governance
• Databases can be larger in both depth and breadth:

• The databases can have more columns and rows. Usually, analysis must often limit the number of variables they
examine when doing hand-on analysis due to time constraints. Yet variables that are discarded because they seem
unimportant may carry information about unknown patterns. High performance data mining allows users to
explore the full depth of a database, without pre-selecting a subset of variables. The data mining databases contain
larger samples (more rows) as they yield lower estimation errors and variance, and allow users to make inferences
about small but important segments of a population.

• Data mining techniques can yield the benefits of automation on existing software and hardware platforms, and
can be implemented on new systems as existing platforms are upgraded and new products are developed. When
data mining tools are implemented on high performance parallel processing systems, they can analyze massive
databases in minutes. Faster processing means that users can automatically experiment with more models to
understand complex data. High speed makes it practical for users to analyze huge quantities of data. Larger
databases, in turn, yield improved predictions.
CONCLUSION
• A Data Warehouse is a collection of computer based information that is critical to successful execution of
Government initiatives.
• It provides tools to satisfy the information needs of the Government at all levels not just for complex data
queries, but as a general facility for getting quick, accurate and often insightful information.
• Data Mining is the natural evolution of query and reporting tools. Everyone, who creates queries and
reports, benefits from having Data Mining capabilities.
• Since Data Mining process is systematic, it offers Government the ability to discover hidden patterns in their
data-patterns that can help them understand client behavior.
• A large number of e-Governance applications are already in operation in most of the states and at the
federal government .
• The necessary DWM infrastructure has to be created at the at all level and sufficient number of officials
have to be trained on DWM.
• This is the right time for introducing DWM in the e-Governance arena and to further strengthen the e-
Governance system
• Once the desired results are achieved, the same can be replicated in other sectors of the government.
Application Arease
• Read More from Class Note as well
National data warehouse
• A national data warehouse refers to a centralized repository that
stores and manages large volumes of data from various sources
across an entire country.
• It serves as a comprehensive and integrated data platform that
facilitates data analysis, decision-making, and policy formulation at a
national level.
• National data warehouses typically include data from multiple sectors
such as demographics, economy, health, education, transportation,
environment, and more. Here are some key aspects and benefits of
national data warehouses:
National data warehouse
• Centralized Data Storage: National data warehouses provide a centralized location for storing and
managing diverse datasets from different government agencies, departments, and other relevant
sources. This centralized approach ensures data consistency, reduces duplication, and enables
efficient data sharing and collaboration.
• Data Integration: National data warehouses integrate data from various sectors and sources,
enabling cross-domain analysis and insights. By combining disparate datasets, policymakers can
gain a comprehensive view of the nation's conditions, trends, and challenges, facilitating
evidence-based decision-making.
• Data Standardization and Quality Control: National data warehouses enforce data
standardization and quality control processes to ensure that data is accurate, reliable, and
consistent across different sources. This helps eliminate inconsistencies, improve data integrity,
and enhance the reliability of analysis and decision-making.
• Data Analysis and Insights: National data warehouses enable advanced data analytics and mining
techniques to extract valuable insights from vast datasets. By applying statistical methods,
machine learning algorithms, and visual analytics tools, policymakers can uncover patterns,
trends, correlations, and predictive models, which inform evidence-based policies and strategies.
National data warehouse
• Policy Formulation and Evaluation: National data warehouses support policymakers in formulating and
evaluating policies across various sectors. By leveraging comprehensive and up-to-date data, policymakers
can assess the impact of existing policies, identify areas requiring intervention, and develop targeted
strategies to address social, economic, and environmental challenges.
• Monitoring and Reporting: National data warehouses facilitate real-time monitoring and reporting of key
performance indicators (KPIs) and progress toward national goals and targets. This helps track the
effectiveness of policies, monitor the state of the nation, and ensure transparency and accountability in
governance.
• Data Security and Privacy: National data warehouses implement robust security measures to protect
sensitive and personal information. Access controls, encryption, and anonymization techniques are
employed to safeguard data privacy and comply with relevant data protection regulations.
• Data Sharing and Collaboration: National data warehouses promote data sharing and collaboration
among government agencies, researchers, and other stakeholders. By providing a centralized platform,
data can be shared securely, promoting interdisciplinary research, policy coherence, and informed
decision-making.
• Overall, national data warehouses play a crucial role in harnessing the power of data to inform policy
formulation, improve governance, and drive national development. By integrating and analyzing diverse
datasets, these repositories enable evidence-based decision-making, enhance efficiency, and contribute
to the overall welfare of the country and its citizens.
National data warehouse : prices of essential commodities
• A data warehouse focused on prices of essential commodities can be a valuable tool for monitoring and
analyzing price trends, supply and demand dynamics, and market fluctuations. Here are some key aspects
and benefits of a data warehouse specifically dedicated to essential commodities prices:
• Data Collection and Integration: The data warehouse would gather data from various sources, including
government agencies, commodity exchanges, wholesalers, retailers, and market surveys. It would
integrate data on prices of essential commodities such as food grains, vegetables, fruits, oilseeds, pulses,
dairy products, and other items.
• Historical Data Storage: The data warehouse would store historical price data over a significant period,
allowing for analysis of long-term trends, seasonal variations, and cyclical patterns. This historical data can
be used to assess price volatility, track inflationary pressures, and inform policy decisions related to
market interventions and price stabilization measures.
• Real-time Data Updates: The data warehouse would ensure regular updates of real-time price data,
capturing the latest market information on essential commodities. This would provide policymakers,
traders, and consumers with up-to-date insights into market conditions, helping them make informed
decisions regarding purchasing, trading, and policy formulation.
• Price Analysis and Forecasting: The data warehouse would facilitate price analysis and forecasting
through data mining and statistical modeling techniques. By analyzing historical price patterns, economic
indicators, weather conditions, and supply-demand factors, it can generate forecasts, identify price
trends, and predict potential price fluctuations.
 National data warehouse : prices of essential commodities
• Market Monitoring and Early Warning Systems: The data warehouse would support the development of
market monitoring systems and early warning mechanisms. By analyzing price data alongside other
relevant information, such as production levels, imports/exports, and inventory levels, it can identify
potential supply shortages, price spikes, or market manipulations, enabling proactive interventions to
mitigate their impact.
• Policy Evaluation and Decision Support: The data warehouse would assist policymakers in evaluating the
effectiveness of existing policies and formulating new ones. By analyzing the impact of policy
interventions on commodity prices, it can provide insights into the success and challenges of price
stabilization measures, food security programs, subsidies, and trade policies.
• Price Transparency and Consumer Empowerment: The availability of a comprehensive data warehouse
on essential commodity prices promotes price transparency and empowers consumers. Accessible price
information allows consumers to compare prices across regions, make informed purchasing decisions, and
advocate for fair pricing practices.
• Reporting and Visualization: The data warehouse would enable the generation of reports, charts, and
visualizations to present price data in a user-friendly and actionable format. These visual representations
can aid policymakers, researchers, and market participants in understanding complex price dynamics,
identifying trends, and communicating insights effectively.
• By providing a centralized repository of essential commodity price data, a data warehouse can enhance
transparency, improve market efficiency, inform policy decisions, and empower consumers and
stakeholders in the essential commodities sector. It facilitates evidence-based decision-making and
 Data mining and data warehousing in Agriculture
• Data mining and data warehousing have numerous applications in agriculture, enabling farmers,
researchers, and organizations to make informed decisions, optimize resources, and improve
agricultural practices. Here are some key applications:
• Crop Yield Prediction: Data mining techniques can be used to analyze historical agricultural data,
including weather patterns, soil conditions, crop characteristics, and farming practices. By applying
machine learning algorithms, farmers can predict crop yields for specific regions and make informed
decisions regarding planting strategies, resource allocation, and marketing.
• Pest and Disease Management: Data mining can help identify patterns and correlations between crop
health, pest infestations, disease outbreaks, and environmental factors. By analyzing large datasets,
farmers can detect early warning signs of pests or diseases and implement targeted control measures,
such as precision spraying or crop rotation, to minimize losses and optimize pesticide use.
• Soil Analysis and Fertility Management: Data mining techniques can analyze soil composition data,
nutrient levels, and crop performance to identify relationships and optimize soil management practices.
By integrating data from various sources, including soil samples, weather data, and historical crop yields,
farmers can make data-driven decisions about soil amendments, irrigation, and fertilization.
 Data mining and data warehousing in Agriculture
• Precision Agriculture: Data mining and data warehousing play a crucial role in precision agriculture, which
involves using technology to optimize resource utilization and maximize productivity. By combining data from
sensors, drones, satellite imagery, and equipment monitoring systems, farmers can create detailed field maps,
detect variability within the fields, and make precise decisions about seeding, fertilization, irrigation, and
harvesting.
• Supply Chain Management: Data warehousing facilitates the integration and analysis of data across the
agricultural supply chain, including farm production, processing, transportation, and distribution. By analyzing
this data, stakeholders can gain insights into inventory management, demand forecasting, quality control, and
logistics optimization, resulting in improved efficiency, reduced waste, and better customer satisfaction.
• Market Analysis and Price Forecasting: Data mining techniques can analyze market data, including historical
prices, consumer behavior, and macroeconomic indicators, to forecast agricultural commodity prices. These
insights help farmers, traders, and policymakers make informed decisions about production levels, storage,
marketing, and pricing strategies.
• Livestock Management: Data mining and data warehousing can be applied to livestock management by
analyzing data collected from sensors, health records, feeding patterns, and genetics. This allows farmers to
monitor animal health, optimize feeding strategies, detect anomalies, and improve breeding programs, leading
to increased productivity and animal welfare.
• Overall, data mining and data warehousing enable the agricultural sector to leverage large amounts of data to
gain valuable insights, optimize resource allocation, improve decision-making, and enhance sustainability and
productivity in farming practices.
 Data mining and data warehousing in Health
• Data mining and data warehousing play a significant role in the health sector, assisting in various areas to
improve healthcare delivery, decision-making, and patient outcomes. Here are some key applications:
• Clinical Decision Support Systems: Data mining techniques can be used to analyze large volumes of patient
data, including electronic health records (EHRs), medical images, and lab results. By applying machine learning
algorithms, healthcare professionals can extract valuable insights, identify patterns, and make more accurate
diagnoses, leading to improved treatment decisions and patient care.
• Disease Surveillance and Outbreak Detection: Data mining and data warehousing enable the analysis of
health-related data from multiple sources, including hospital records, public health databases, and social
media feeds. By monitoring patterns and trends, health authorities can detect and respond to disease
outbreaks, identify high-risk populations, and allocate resources effectively.
• Healthcare Resource Optimization: Data mining and data warehousing can help optimize healthcare resource
allocation, including hospital bed management, workforce planning, and medical supply chain management. By
analyzing historical data and predicting future demand, healthcare administrators can make data-driven
decisions to improve resource utilization and efficiency.
• Adverse Event Detection and Pharmacovigilance: Data mining techniques can be applied to monitor and
analyze adverse drug events and medication safety data. By mining data from sources such as electronic health
records, social media, and post-market surveillance systems, potential safety concerns can be identified,
leading to timely interventions and improved patient safety.
 Data mining and data warehousing in Health
• Fraud Detection and Prevention: Data mining techniques can be used to analyze healthcare insurance claims
data to identify fraudulent activities and patterns of abuse. By applying advanced analytics, anomalies and
suspicious patterns can be detected, leading to proactive measures to prevent fraud, waste, and abuse in
healthcare systems.
• Health Research and Clinical Trials: Data mining and data warehousing allow researchers to analyze vast
amounts of medical and clinical data to gain insights into disease patterns, treatment effectiveness, and
patient outcomes. By uncovering correlations and relationships, researchers can design more targeted clinical
trials, develop personalized medicine approaches, and advance medical knowledge.
• Population Health Management: Data mining and data warehousing facilitate the analysis of population-level
health data, such as demographic information, disease prevalence, and health behavior patterns. This
information helps policymakers and public health officials identify priority areas, design preventive programs,
and allocate resources to improve population health outcomes.
• Health Policy and Planning: Data mining and data warehousing assist policymakers in analyzing health-related
data to inform evidence-based policies and strategies. By analyzing data on healthcare utilization, disease
burden, and health outcomes, policymakers can identify gaps, monitor progress, and make informed decisions
to improve healthcare systems and population health.
• These applications demonstrate how data mining and data warehousing in the health sector of governance can
lead to enhanced decision-making, improved healthcare delivery, and better health outcomes for individuals
and populations.
 Data mining and data warehousing in rural development
• Data mining and data warehousing have several applications in rural development, enabling governments,
organizations, and policymakers to gain insights and make informed decisions to address the specific
challenges and needs of rural areas. Here are some key applications:
• Agricultural Development: Data mining and data warehousing can be used to analyze agricultural data,
including crop yields, soil characteristics, weather patterns, and farming practices in rural areas. By identifying
patterns and correlations, policymakers and agricultural agencies can develop targeted interventions, such as
improved farming techniques, access to credit and markets, and appropriate irrigation and fertilization
practices, to enhance agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods.
• Infrastructure Planning: Data mining techniques can help analyze demographic data, transportation patterns,
and infrastructure needs in rural areas. By understanding population distribution, travel patterns, and
infrastructure gaps, policymakers can make data-driven decisions about the development of roads, bridges,
schools, healthcare facilities, and other essential infrastructure, improving connectivity and quality of life in
rural communities.
• Education and Skill Development: Data mining and data warehousing can assist in analyzing educational data,
including school enrollment, performance metrics, and educational outcomes in rural areas. By identifying gaps
and challenges, policymakers can develop targeted educational initiatives, provide necessary resources, and
implement skill development programs to improve educational access, quality, and outcomes in rural
communities.
 Data mining and data warehousing in Health
• Healthcare Access and Delivery: can analyze healthcare data, including disease prevalence, health
infrastructure, and healthcare utilization in rural areas. This analysis can help policymakers identify gaps in
healthcare access and design interventions to improve healthcare delivery, enhance telemedicine services,
allocate resources effectively, and address specific health challenges faced by rural populations.
• Natural Resource Management: can assist in analyzing environmental data related to rural areas, such as land
use patterns, water resources, and biodiversity. This data analysis can support policymakers in making
informed decisions regarding sustainable resource management, conservation efforts, and the implementation
of policies that promote environmental sustainability in rural development.
• Poverty Alleviation and Social Welfare: can be applied to analyze socioeconomic data, including poverty
indicators, income levels, and social welfare programs in rural areas. By identifying vulnerable populations and
understanding the factors contributing to poverty, policymakers can develop targeted poverty alleviation
programs, social safety nets, and livelihood enhancement initiatives to uplift rural communities.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: enable the collection, storage, and analysis of data for monitoring and evaluating
rural development programs and policies. By tracking key indicators and assessing the impact of interventions,
policymakers can make evidence-based decisions, identify areas for improvement, and ensure accountability in
rural development efforts.
• These applications demonstrate how data mining and data warehousing can support rural development by
providing insights into agricultural practices, infrastructure planning, education, healthcare, natural resource
management, poverty alleviation, and monitoring and evaluation. By leveraging data-driven approaches,
policymakers can foster sustainable development, enhance quality of life, and bridge the rural-urban divide
Data mining and data warehousing in Agriculture