* Centinuous tme signals

) Elementry tr signal
a) Urnit sr Step
n20
9t is deftned as u)=| for
0 for nco
Jt is epyesen ted as belo

) Unit Yamp func tion

The unit vamp fnc ts cefned as

(t) = t foy t20

:o oy t<o

be ebtauned by applye ng unit step func to

) Ramp func
mtrgrat Tnteqyale d
cn be Bbla ined by feren tiakng 7amp

Unit Smpulse fkune

Lnit impulse func s defkned as
and
 )

d) Sinusodlia l
Sanal
4 Conti nous tone sinusodial siqnal s given by
A ’ Amp2itude
Angulor fragueny Crad leec)
Phase angle Cvadians)

xlt) = Aat
where A a ’ Keal volue
en the value ef A, we get diferent siqnals
Cons tat
Df a =othe
)
Butput alt) is
A

the A will be t ve xlt) will be

freng oporkenbal signal

lt)Agat
 xle) will be a
a deaging tyonlental

The lomplex eponenial snal is gien y

xle) =
et
S’ Complex vavable deknec as

in above equakiom,
subuikhng x ) otja)t
e

sttjt

z4) t jat
xlt)
on the values o ,

s: 0, 20, xlt) , The siqral is a pue 0c signal.

t)

at
b) 2 -0, then S= c alt) = e The sinal decays
exponentalky foo and gro Cyponentially or ro.
 Consider
a us ket
glven sejuenee
is shifting time The
Bhiftng Time )
teme) lonkemous Signal(s eperation Basic *
Aeat lt): x 4)
1) t) dgnal
ebtained. ts
Siqnal
al grouocng Eponen
al y 2,tnite with e>0 If e)
blained. i's
deagig byporentaly 2,krile The c<0 Tfd)
sodia l
-0 sqnal Senusodkal
of awith exlt)=
j9t
tja 8==0, Tf )
 Shiftng x) may be delay on advance the Signal
The time Shithmg
time.
9f tT is a tve shftng, tt is vepesenled as belou

is a -ve shiftng, it is vepesented as beloo

xlt)

i) Time veyersal Can be obtain edl

The time reversal of a siqnal ,(t) is denoted by
above
by foldg the signal
Z,()= 2, (-)
JE is illustraled as shown beloo

-2
(onsidey a cignal alt) fet cnto amplifer ath a gain
A=3 The outat oill
oll be armplifted and represenled as
ylt) 3 zll
xlt)

The Butput ylb ts idenical to input siqnat (al)) but ts

3 ime s that
amplitu de
i) Time scaleng belo
shoon
Cet us considley

-2

The time sealig fedtor

amplfcation facloy
be the amptitade faete
a) A=2 at)
A>| Amplifed n Enlavged.
2
 b)
the mage Compesse

* Sqnal Aaáikon
Sum of tuo
tc continous tme siqnal Can be obtaine bu
theiy values at instant

2,lt)= i oct<l
2 |<42

2<t<3
2

digral subtrackon
of two continous time siqnals lan be
Subtracion

Bblained b subtrac t ng9 their values at every ns tant

t
 * Mulkeplcation Sipals
Multplicalion of teo Contino usus ttme Siqnals
obtained by mup)tiying the Sigrals
A(4). ,() ,):

7;)

* Class<fca bion of Continous time siqnals

i) Rztar Periodic Apeidic
i) Random sinal
’ Penode Aperiockc to be
A Cont nuous tme siqnal s Sai be periodic if
it
sahsty the comdction
t

Asianal cs Said to be Aperiodic if t coesn't satisty

*l7) zl) for atleas t ene value of t
)T ohich above Condition is knocon as
sakty the
time period T.
) The fundamental bme period l) is calculaled by
 signal Causal
(t-) u e )
-2t
sinalNon-cousal signal Causal
z-):e
e) :)
éuli) x()
t-l
t
tme tnous Con nom-causal
for and*Causal
T
so
(sonts)l).8in
)
5 o
jest x()
Soln
jest the for T theCalalate
* Energy and poer ignal (contnous time).
lim
T»00 dt
-T
T
P= lim
ct

) pouser ad ms value of the gven igmal

Retemine the puser
Contincus
i) lt) z Acosla,t+ e) t diste
T n’ ds Cre te
lim 2

T-’0
-T P
T
2
P: lim
T5 27
A
-1
Pyms

T-02T | cos(20t +e) dt

P= im 2
T-0 2T tos (9,t 1e) dl
P= lim A2
2T
2

T
P im A'
T 0 2T

lim A T
P
t sn2(an0)
P= im
T0

P= lim
2

|P
2) x)- snt)
7

P= lim
T0 27

P=
T5 2T

P Lim 2

P: um
cos (20t) dt

lim
dt
-) (osxt t sinxt
P: lem

Pwo tis

Prms
t- t-2
ult)- ult-)
ult)- ult-)
1- =0

u()=0
ult-)
Ll=0
t|
 2
lim ul)- ult-d| dt
-[

2
lin

-T

E lim dt
To

P=
Do 2T

lim
To

ut) 2
lim
T

E im
 UNTI-2
n) beka kontnous kme Jiqnal

dt

(2)X
G Birichlet condi tion
) x) shou ld be absolulely integzable
xlt) dt

in) x) should have Anite nambe of

with eny nite intewal.

n) alt) Should have fnite no -of ciscomtinaitie s aifh,

tn tnterval.

Faurier transprm of imgpuse agnal.

F[so]= dt

-ja lo)
: So) e )

F[sto) SO) e dt

J
 Frequency spectnam using Founer bransform
Yepresented as
ts a (omple furc kon of nn and

Xy ’ Real part
X’ Smaginay Aavt
) Hamibude spec truan a

) Phoge- spertrum Phase spertrum

’ Magnitude specbruim ail aluays bave even symoneby and

fo phase spectrum will have odd symmetry
Proper tes of farier transform
for m
&um ot too siqnals e equal smof ouriey trans
of indivi dual
F[ ,0): x,Ga)
F[3): x,()

OTe lonstan ts
 (e)x

dp

de

(oxe
 -fn*]4 (ul)x

t
 ) *erentiaton wrt time
F(z4)) - XGa)

Proof
jot
xlt): X(i2)e
d xt)
dt
dt

d zlt)
dt : jn FX(i2)

F[o- (a'x(9 dt
 Oblain the purior trartform for the guen funcion
xl): ul) and obtain the magnibucde ard phase vaponse
soln F[x0): nlt). e dt

ule) dt

e
dt

Catrjat)
e
dt

-t(at«ja)
dt

-t(at+j2)
e
atj2
X(i2) atj

atj

)'
Cos uot .ult)

1lt) e dt

-at
ecos ot ult) e dt

tt(arjta) cos Oot dt

etloy)

atja