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420 views19 pagesDocScanner 17 Dec 2024 09-56
1 0 clock book
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anu040630Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 19
Only two More than two
tors
Fee! = 11, 13, 15 etc 4,9, 16 etc
_ my
Exa example Joxt+0 and 2x1+3x3 Tx6X5xX4x3x2x145
——Gomplex
Important Point- 1 being neither prime.
° i) is the only even prime number. nor composite number
. 1 is neither prime nor composite.
| Theorem 1.1 : The Fundamental
Theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite number can be , expressed d (factorisec i) asa product of, primes, and
this factorisation is unique, ae from the order in which the prime factors occur.
455 13 Redare prime
1365 e \ . cm Il a + Blue are Composite
+ LCM and HCF _
Lom HF
+ Least Common Multiple « Highest Common Factor
+ Fortwo integers a and b, denoted + For two integers a and b,
LCM(a,b), the LCM is the | denoted HCF(a,b), the HCF is
smallest positive integer that is a highest factor that can divide
evenly divisible by both a and b the two numbers, evenly
+ Product of the greatest power + Product of the smallest |
of each prime factor, involved power of each common i
in the numbers. prime factor in the numbers. |
ae 16=2°
24 and 48 24 = 29x31 112,24 cee
~ SBoaxr towne 4, 28, 56 .
57 Ransho Revision yw HC and LCM
Relation b met
HcF(a.b) x LEM(a.b) = 8x B HCF is always a factor of Lom
2 ICF (86, 24) = 2, woo 2A 2084
v2 Given that HCF ( LOM= Foe (66, 24 7 p= 1032
find LCM (86, 24)
p.q.t. HCF(p, 4.)
6 LCM (p.4.") = WeR(y q).HCF(a, nr). HCF(p, nr)
FIGFCp, q). HCF(q, 1"). HCF(p.r)
ite p.q.t LCM(p, 4.1") 7)
9) = TEMG, @)- EMC. 1). LOM(p. 1) SY
NO HCF (p,
‘Non-terminatin:
‘Ynon perfect square 13, V17,V23
3/non perfect cube Vii, ¥29
|= Theorem 1.2
Let p be a prime number. If p divides a, the! 15 a, where ‘a’ Is a positive integer,
Proof that /2 is an irrational no
Let us assume that /2 is rational
So, Wa=2 (where r and s are integer, s #0)
Suppose rand shave a common factor other than 1, we divide by common factor,
i= z (where a and bare coprime no.)
So, bv2 =a
Squaring on both sides, 2b? = a? (1)
Therefore, 2 divides a?, and by Theorem 1.2, it follows that 2 divides a as well
So, a=2c (cis some integer)
Substituting value of a in eq. (1)
(2c)? = 2b?
that is, 2c? = b? =
This means that 2 divides b? , and so 2 divides b (using Theorem 1.2)
-: aand b have at least 2 as a common factor
But this contradicts that a and b have no common factors other than 1. Hence our
assumption that /2 is rational is incorrect. So, we conclude that J2 Is Irrational.
Ransho Revision 58 expression of variables and coefficients with non-negative
Polynomials can be classified by their degrees, and the
the variable in a polynomial is called the degree.
mial is an
ere) jonents.
ighest power of
f(x) = axtb : 7c
f(x) = ax@+bx+e
2 8x? + 2x +5
3 2x84 OX +X45
, Zeroes
‘ros ofa polynomial are the values of x that mal
| Areal number kis said to be a zero ofa polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0.
|. Zero of alinear polynomial is related to its coefficients
| Zeroes cannot exceed degree of polynomial
| No.of zeroes is equal to no. of times the line intersects or touches the x-axis
Linear Polynomial Quadratic Polynomial Cubic Polynomial
TTT 4
VTTY
ax? + bx +c ax? + bx? +ex+d
p(k) =ak+b=0 2 b paeD)
atpa—2 atBty=—>
Root apa apy =
Inportan i aG + By +a =<
Fo ‘ortant Point a
* Fr polynomial
(ege9) #1 PO) of degree n, the graph of y=p(x) intersects x-axis at utmost points
* Parabota i
: Is U-shi
aa Bare ently upwards(+) or downwards(-) depending on value of a
en qu " lynomial
Vadratic equation is, kx? — k(a + B)x + koB
59 Ransho Revision : awe a TE
“<= Pair of Linear Equation in Two Variab|
Equations of the form ax + by + ¢ = 0, where a, b are non-zero real n es
a, b +0) are called linear equations in two variables """®*"S (le,
If the number of variables used in linear equation is one, then equation
equation in one variable.
© For example, 3x + 4 = 0, 3y +15 = 0; 2t+15=0
If the number of variables used in linear equation is two, then
equation is said to be linear equation in two variables.
For example, 3x + 2y =12; 4x + 6z = 24, 3y + 4t=15
Solution: Solution(s) is/are the value/values for the variable(s) used in e
make(s) the two sides of the equation equal.
Two linear equations of the form ax + by + ¢ = 0, taken together form a s
equations, and pair of values of x and y satisfying each one of the given
solution of the system
¢ Graphical Method
LI
'S Said to by linear
uation which
'ystem of linear
equation is called a
Graphs
Graphical a — ;
Presentation __Mtersecting lines Coincident lines Parallel lines
System Consistent Dependent Consistent Inconsistent
Algebraic 7 . : ,
Evaluation Exactly one solution —_Infinitely many solutions No solution
Ratio of ab ab Gg ab 4
Sale a2” be a2 bp ce aa bn
Example X+3y=6 5x -8y+1=0 BeslOieaee,
2x-3y=12 15x - 24y+3=0 64x + 128y + 5=
Ransho Revision 60 _ Alg o _ Substitution Method
xt2y=3 son(1)
7x - Sy =2 on(2)
4 - Writing on& variable in terms of other
_ x#2y=3
a x=3-2
__.>- Substitute value of x in (1)
ica 7(3 - 2y) — y= 2
21—14y— iy =2
-29y = -19
19
y= 29
step 3 - Substitute value of y in (1) or (2)
19) 49
x=3-2(55)=25 ae
2. Elimination Method
9ox—4y =2 1)
7x—3y =2 (2)
Step 1 - Multiply eq. (1) by 3 & eq. (2) by 4 to make the coefficients of y equal
27x-12y =6 (3)
28x -—12y=8 (4)
Step 2- Subtract eq. (3) from eq. (4) to eliminate y ~ coefficients of y are same
(28x — 27x) — (12y — 12y) = 8-6
ie, x=2
Step 3 - Put value of x in eq. (1) or (2)
9(2) —4y =2
ie, y=4
ages.
For Step 2-
ot it : ‘
i: dh obtain true statement involving no variable, then original pair of equations
as infinitely many solutions.
+ thw ir
‘© oblain false statement involving no variable, then the original pair of
®quations has no solution.
61 Ransho Revision U
sotsfes aa
«Ary equation ol te frm pl
where p(x) is ad
dard form, itis wntten as axt + bx +
gis 2 root of the quadratic equation ax:
+ ba +c =0. This means x = ais a solution to the equation,
«The zerves of quadratic polynomial and the roots of the equation are identical
+ Roots of Equation (Solution) —
1
orization Method
avrtbx+c=0
Split in Two Terms
8 2 polynomial, ig
O. where a= 9,
+x +6=0 (whe
‘Sum of 2 terms = bx a Product of 2 terms = acx2
=
avtbx+c=0> x
Neture of roots
‘Two distinct roots
Two equal roots
No real roots
Ransho Revision
x—24=0
wt6x—4x-24=0
(x+6)(®-4) =0
x=-6;x=4
2. Discriminant Method
Condition
b?-4ac>0
b?-—4ac=0
b?—4ac<0
a
_—b+ vb? —4ac
62
2a
For fraction based question
+ Step 1: Taking LCM and cross mutiptying
+ Step 2 : Simplifying the equations
+ Step 3 : Forming quadratic eq. and factorising it
+ Step 4: Finding the roots
Roots
~b+ Vb? aac
a
a=
vb?=4ac _a&Bare
2a two distinct ay
roots ae
Discriminant - If ax*+bx=c=0, a#0is a quadratic eq. then D = b? — 4ac J ic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained
re 0 the preceding term except the first term.
oe umber is called common difference of the AP, it can be Positive, negative or zero.
ote the first term of an AP by a;, second term by ay,..., nth term by an and the
snail vitference by d. Then the AP becomes ay, a2, a3,..., an
General form of an AP - a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, a+dd.
Common Difference ni term aterm from end
(a+2d) - (a+d) =d a,=a+(n-1)d 1-(n-1)d
Iso called the general term of the AP. If there are m terms in the AP, then am
«291850 Cpe last term which is sometimes also denoted by ‘:
reese matic Progression (AP) has a limited number of terms & last
. a ile an infinite AP has no last term and consists of endless terms.
{"" Term G+ 1)"
by adding a
First term
rsa] a
Val if Middle Te —
. falue of Middle om a4 ja
mt om yt
Term Middle Te -) : (2
iddle Term G) + (5 +1)
nis even
n n
Value of Middle Term a+ G -1)dsatsa
3 a-d, a, atd d
4 a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d 2d
_ a-2d, a-d, a, ard, a+2d d
+ Sum of first n terms of an AP is
S=S[2a+ (n—add]
S=s@+)
+ The n™ term of an AP is the difference of the sum to first n terms and the sum fo
first (n - 1) terms of it, .6., an = Sa So
n(n +1)
2 Ransho Revision
+ Sum of first n Positive integers S,
63 Similar but not con
con,
Congruent it length eae
imilar but n
Congruent if
Congruent
Fadi eguay
imilar Polygons/Triangles
Corresponding Angles Corresponding Sides
Equal
R
Of a triangle to intersect
divided in the same fatio,
Theorem 1 (BPT) : If a line is drawn parallel to one side
other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are
Given : AABC in which DE II BC and intersects AB in D and AC in E A
AE Construction : Join BE, CD and draw
EC ENLBA&DMLCA
Proof: Area of AADE
AD
Prove : —
To Prove DB
1
5BXH
1
ar(ADE) = Sap x EN lly ar(BDE) = DB XEN c
1 Al
ar(BDE) = DB x EN lly ar(oce) = EC x DM
1
ar(ADE) _ZADXEN ap (1)
ar(BDE) 1 “DB
2
ar(ADE) = (2)
ar(DEC) ~ 1. “EC
ZEC x DM
ABDE & ADEC are on same base DE & biw same Parallels BC and DE, so
ar(DBE) = ar(DEC) _ ...(3)
Using (1), (2) & (3)
Ransho Revision
64 BPT): Ifa line divides any two sides of triangle i
converse of BPT) Of triangle in same ratic
poor 2 io the third side. : oe
pele at ¢ & alin intersecting AB in D & AC in E, such that,
vor? AD_Al
pp. EC
pel|BC Construction : Draw DF || to BC
eo:
To er ial DE be not parallel to BC and DF ||BC Since DF || BC using BPT, we oe
proof
wne(1)
(2) (Given)
yeing tnd 2h Fe =
AE ae
ee ee .
a = FC=EC
ison possible when F & E coincide but DF is parallel to BC hence DE is parallel to DC
meorem 3 (AAA Criteria) : If n two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their
oresponding sides are in the same ratio and hence the two triangles are similar
Given: ZA=ZD, ZB=ZE, ZC=ZF Construction : Draw line PQ
AB_BC_ AC
To Prove: DE ‘EF DF D>
Proof : After drawing line PQ, AB = DP , AC = DQ
a
zA=2D (Given)
* AABC = ADPQ (By SAS Criteria) Py
Hence 2B = zDPQ Z 7 iz
PQUEF (Corresponding 2's are equal)
pp_DQ _«) @yBPN
PE QF
ea AB AC
=o OU!
ly AB _BC 13)
6 Ransho Revision
a
E Theorem 4 (SSS Criteria) : If in two triangles, sides of one trig,
the same ratio of ) the sides of the other triangle, then their coy
and hence the two triangles are similar.
AC
DF
ingle are
res naling 5 POrtionay to
"9 angies a they
al
Construction : Draw line PQ such that py
P=,
“AB
& DOG
To Prove: ZA=2D, 2B=2E, 2 “2P=2ZE, 4Q=2F
By AAA criteria, ADPQ = ADEF
In triangles ABC and DPQ, we have
AB = DP, AC = DQ and BC = PQ
* AABC = ADPQ (2) (By SSS criterion)
From (1) and (2),
‘AABC = ADEF
“GRE ZDUZBEZETaZC=ZF)
Theorem 5 (SAS Criteria) : If one angle of a triangle is equal to one
and the sides including these angles are proportional, then the two
Given: Za=zp, AB _ AC
DE
angle of other triangle
triangles are simitar,
Construction : Draw line PQ such that DP = AB
IF and DQ=AC
To Prove: AABC ~ ADEF
Proof : In triangles ABC and DPQ, DP = AB and DQ = AG I.
DE DF
= PP_da
DE DF P @
“- PQUEF (By Converse of BPT)
=> ZP=ZE E F
2Q=ZF (Corresponding angles)
By AAA criterion, ADPQ~ ADEF —~-(2)
From (1) and (2) AABC ~ ADEF
Ransho Revision 66 Co-ordin
“+ Origin = (0,0)
+ Point A = (0, y)(abscissa)
~ Point B = (x, 0)(ordinate)
« Abscissa of every point on y-axis is 9
+ Ordinate of every point on x-axis iso
Distance Formula
PQ= V2 — x)? +6. yi)?
lop = fe ty?
ate (
Sones a
y
Distance Formula for different shapes ©
AB BC=ac
Lea
AB=BC=cD=pa
AC = BD (diagonals)
Scalene ABE BCs CA
, > A Equilateral AB=ac—ca
\sosceles
AB=BC#CA
6 - AB = BC =CD=DA
AC#BD (diagonals)
Al B
AB=CD;BC=DA
AC # BD (diagonals)
mM 1X2 + MX,
“my +m __ Trigonometry and it’s Applications
|. Trigonometric Ratio
« Trigonometric ratios of an etric ratios of an acute angle in a rig
express the relationship between the angle and the length of
its sides.
AC? = JAB? + BC?
eee
Perpendicular _ BC : Base _ AB |
Hypotenuse — AC Hypotenuse AC a
Hypotenuse _ AC Base _ AC Base AB
Perpendicular BC Hypotenuse AB Perpendicular BC
Si’
ri Agonemetiel
Lew AtsnPA=t A |
2.1+tan?A =sec?A
3.cot?A+1=cosec?A
¢ B
Ransho Revision 68 proof of Trigonometric Identities
(1) J
c<— 8
stAtsinZA=1
f i ‘such thatO sASs 90°. So, this is a trigonometric identity.
is true fo!
ys now divide (1) by ABP
Abe BCE AC?
xp? * AB?” AB?
1 +tan?A = sec? A
This is also true forall Asuch thatOsAs 90°.
Let us NOW divide (1) by BC?
Ae Cae AC? Ds
ae * Bc = BC wa
cot? A+1=cosec?A
. Angle of Elevation and Depression —
« Line of Sight: The line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point being
viewed on an object.
« Angle of Elevation: The angle formed between the horizontal and the line of sight
when the object is above the observer.
+ Angle of Depression: The angle formed between the horizontal and the line of
sight when the object is below the observer.
Ransho Revision + Non-intersecting : which do not 4,
intersect the circle
Secant : which intersect circle
with two distinct points
Tangent : which intersect a circle |
in exactly one point
Non-Intersecting Secant
A tangent to a circle intersects it at one point.
Aline intersecting a circle in two points is called a secant.
The tangent to a circle is a special case of the ‘secant, when the i;
two end points of its corresponding chord coincide.
A circle can have two parallel tangents at the Most.
The common point of a tangent to a circle and the circle is called Point of cont, 7
act,
Theorem 1:A tangent to a circle is _ Theorem 2: Length of two tangents drawn
perpendicular to the radius through the from an external point to 4 circle are equa
point of contact. Given : AP and AQ are two tangents i
Given : A circle and tangent AB at point P point A to a circle
Construction : Take any point Q, Construction : Join OP, OQ and OA
other than P, on the tangent AB. Join To Prove :AP = AQ
OQ. Suppose OQ meets the circle ath. proof : From theorem 1
To Prove : OP L AB OP 4 AP and 0Q.1.AQ
Proof: Among allline segments joining = ZOPA = Z0QA=50° (1)
ae ae Pointon AB, shortestone 4, Right angled triangle OPA and OOA
OP =0Q [radii of circle]
Hence, op = OR OPA = Z0QA_ [From (1))
Also, 0Q=OR+RQ [: OP = OR] OA = AO [Common]
0Q>O0R So, by RHS-criterion of congruence, we
0Q > oP get AOPA = AOQA = AP = AQ (Proved)
OP <0Q
Hence, OP AB
P.
; C)
o
Ransho Revision 70 j \ 1015 sh 2 pry
wih
sais a tons
~ area Related To Circles
sector
’
tor ACB: M
Sector AEB : Minor Arc °
tral angle of sector = /
a of arcs of major and minor sector of circle is equal to
si fer0nce of circle
c i
ee of area of major and minor arc is equal to area of circle
T
poundary of sector consists of an arc of circle and the two radii rt
* Ihvoa of major sector = ni? -Area of minor sector
8 21
= 560 Solr
. Angle described by minute hand in 60 min = 360°
. Angle described by minute hand in 1 min = 6°
. Angle described by hour hand in 12 hours = 360°
» Angle described by hour hand in 1 hours = 30°
» Angle described by hour hand in 1 min = 1/2°
+ Area of minor segment PRQ,
ais S cose
. A= [B5x 0 singcose}
rea of major segment = m2 - Area of minor segment Shapes of Solids
=a
4 7
Cuboid
Cube
C=
Right Circular Cylinder
>
Right Circular Cone
Sphere
ww
Hemisphere
Ransho Revision
Surface Area & Volumes
£
Formula
Total Surface Area (TSA) = 20b+. bhe
Volume = Ibh “I
Diagonal = /P Sb? ae
Area of Four walls of Room = 204 d)h
h)
Total Surface Area (TSA) = 6a2
Volume = a3
Diagonal = 3a
Area of Four walls of Room = 4a?
Area of each end = nr2 ~
Curved Surface Area (CSA) = 2nr xh
Total Surface Area (TSA) = 2nr(h +1)
Volume = tr?h
Curved Surface Area (CSA) = mr
Total Surface Area (TSA) = mr(I+1r)
a
Volume = 5 rh
Surface Area (SA) = 4nr?
Vol a
me = =
folume = 5
Curved Surface Area (CSA) = 2nr?
2
Total Surface Area (TSA) = 31"
2
Volume = 37"
— Sans
alues of variable X, then arithmetic mean or simply mean of _
d by X and is defined as
Xp tX2$X3 +
n
xnare nV
is denote’
a
X=
fx, + 2x2 + fax +
f, +f + f3..+ fy —N
pirect Method
_ short-cut Method
| step-Deviation Method
. Median
7 Basic Median
ge ion in increasing order .
nge observation i 9 + Find cumulative cee (et)
ine total observations (n) eae
+ {inis odd, then median value is (n+1)/2 = Observe c.f. which is just greater than N/2
+ finis even, then median value is (n/2) and |For this c.f. the x value is the median
(vi2+1) 7
- Continuous Frequency Distribution WN -
« Find c.. and obtain N/2 z
+ Observe cl. just greater than N/2 Median = 1+ oi Aa
and determine the median class
| =lower limit of median class h = size of median class
{= frequency of median class F = c.f. of class preceding the median class
|g Median = Mode + 2Mean_
1
fequency of class preceding the modal class
‘equency of class following the modal class
73
wer limit of modal class
requency of modal class
width of modal class
Ransho Revision + The theoretical (classical) probability of an event
P(E), is defined as
Me. Pro ability
E, written as
No. of favourable outcome to E
EC) = anecoronloucne ofE ‘Dy
+ Sum of the probabilities of all the elementary ‘events of an ©xPeriment —
O