Real Numbers LETs RECALL * sf R = Real Numbers: All rational and irrational mumbers are called real numbers, ‘All-integers can. be expressed ; as rationals, ‘ for example, 5 = 2 [= Integers: All numbers from fe 2 1, 0,1,2,3.. erie ae Roots of primes like fi = 2,V3,V5 etc. irrational s= = Rational Numbers: Real numbers of the form ©, ei taste ras 4207.42 Lar rational numbers, ‘ALERT! Decimal expansion of rational numbers is terminating — or non-terminating recurring. & Qe= Iratigial Numbers: Real rie which cannot be expressed in the form a and whose decimal expansions are non-terminating and non- * recurring. 5 N= Natural Numbers: Counting numbers are gemember thi ae Beet per > All Natural Numbers are whole numbers, : ™ All Whole Numbers are Integers. *© W = Whole Numbers: Zero along with all | y ay ineceiv aie x sa natural numbers are together called whole | w aii Rational Numbers are Real Numbers. 10,1;2, 3, ...) "© Even Numbers: Natural numbers of the form 2n are called even numbers. {2, 4, 6, ...} * Odd Numbers: Natural numbers of the form 2n ~ 1 are called Odd numbers, {1, 3, 5, ...}pies ei "Prime Nua Te nature unt grten ich oe -dicite by 1 end the runbe itef oe called prime numbers. _Prime riers hase too facts, ond he nutes. or example, 2. 3,5, 7.8 11 ete. i a Nuoibers: The natural mbes wich ae dil by 1 itself any oe, Or muribers are called composite mumnibers. For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 etc. i ‘Note 1 mith prin ne coi mente, er MAIN CONCEPTS L Buclid's Division lemma Given too positive integers «and b, there exit unique integers q Gand t satisfying a= by +1, Of cb, Notice this, Each time isles than b, Each ‘qand ‘1 is unique, UL Application of lemma Euclid’s Division lemma and 72? Steps: * Apply lemma to 56 and 72. * Take bigger number and locate‘ and‘ 2=56%1+16 * Since 16 + 0, consider 56 as the new 56=16x3+8 dividend and 16 as the new divisor, 3 * Again, 8 * 0, consider 16 as new dividend 16=8x2+0 ‘and 8 as new divisor. Since remainder is zero, divisor (8) is HCF. Although Euclid’s Division lemma is stated for only positive integers, it can be extended for all integers except zero, ie, b » 0. ss . UL Constructing a Factor Tree Steps Example: © Write the number as a product of Factorize 48 rime number and a composite number. Sei Begin withthe \ smalest prime ‘umber ale Frame inte wi avaysonlet hand J side of factor tree, * Repeat the process tll all the primes are obtained. \ Prime factorization of 48 = 2! x3P Sea Ree ch doy ge, on mee ee 1. To locate HCF and LCM of two or more positive integers. 2. To prove irrationality of numbers. Pe , 3, To determine the nature of the decimal expansion of rational numbers. 1. Algorithm to locate HCF and LCM of two or more positive integers: : Step I: Factorize each of the given positive integers and express them as a product of ce vat 7 ee Wane order of magnitude of primes. ‘ Step MI: To. ;, identify common prime and find the least and multiph ek in gisee Prime factor and fis powers iply ‘Step III: To find LCM, find the greatest exponent and then multiply them to get the LCM. 2. To prove Irrationality of numbers: © The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is irrational. * The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is i 3, To determine the nature of the decimal expansion of rational numbers: + Let x = p/q, p and q are co-primes, be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then the prime factorization of 'q’ is of the form 25%, m and n are non- negative integers. * Let x = p/q be a rational number such that j the.prime factorization of ‘q! is not of the ae form 2"5%, ‘m’ and ‘n’ being non-negative integers, ‘then x has a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion. Polynomials a LETs RECALL "© “Polynomial” comes from the word ‘Poly’ (Meaning Many) and ‘nomial’ (in this case meaning Terms) — so it means many terms. © A polynomial is made up of terms that are only added, subtracted or multiplied. "© A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form ax? + bx + c, where a, b, c are real tumbers with a » 0. "© Degree — The highest exponent of the variable in the polynomial is called the degree of polynomial. Example: 3x3 + 4, here degree = 3. “% Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial respectively. "A polynomial can have terms which have Constants like 3, ~20, etc, Variables like x and y and Exponents like 2 in 2. ; *© These can be combined using addition, subtraction and multiplication but NOT DIVISION. Alert! 23 can be written as: 23 = 235° 5? can be written as: 5? = 2°54} © The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points, where the = pla) intersects the x-axis, ey [ Ifa and’ the quadratic polynomial ax? + bx + c, then Ifa and b are the zeroes of the qu pol BY cae : Summ of zeroes, 0+ B= —_ = Coefficient of x? ¢ _ Constant term _ Product of zeroes, oB = 5 = Coefficient of x? a Ifa, gare the zeroes ofthe cubic polynomial ax} + bx? + cx + d= 0, then b_ ~Coefficient of x2 CPt os Coeffcientof : ¢ _ Coefficientof x eka | Coefficient of xd _ ~Constant term ind, tby =“ Coefficient of x3 "© Zeroes (a, 3 follow the rules Of algebraic indentities, ie, (a+bP=ar+i+ rap ‘ (2? +B) = (a+b) -2ap ** DIVISION ALGORITHM: If p(s) and 83) are any too polynomials with g(x) + 0 then = Plt) = g(x) x (x) + r(x) Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Recs Pair Of Linear Equations In Two Variables ~ MAIN CONCEPTS 7 *= For any linear equation, each solution (%, y) correspond. és Beers Eo ea peht BE The graph ofa linear equation is a straight line, © sien tl i ; ‘variables. The most general form of a pair of linear equations is equations in tao art by+e=0; © axtby+c,=0 Where ay ty by By cy and cy are real numbers, such tate ey "© A pair of values of variables ‘x’ and ‘y' which satisfy both the enuay i ps equations is said to be a solution of the simultaneous Deir of linear eouations, 8°" System of Ber neni tw Saris canbe nd a On the line. General form is(Graphical method (i) Algebra meted @ Graphical method. The graph of «pair of linear equations in two variables is presented by (i) Algebraic methods, Following are the methods for finding the solution (s) ofa pair of linear () Substitution method (ii) Elimination method ‘ (ii) Cross-multiplication method, s& There are several situations which can be mathematically repres i r a . ly represented by two equations that are ‘not linear to start with. But we allow ther so that they are reduced to a pair of linear equations. ret Seg system. A system of linear equations is said to be consistent if it has at least one | & Inconsistent system. A eystem of linear equations is sid to be inconsistent if it has no solution. CONDITIONS FOR CONSISTENCY Let the two equations be: agtby+c=0 art by +c,=0 z Intersecting lines | Unique solution | Consistent a q ; ae Zz oe Parallel lines Inconsistent ¢ 3 2-p-2 Co-incident lines | Infinite solutions | Consistent Oo Quadratic Equations LETs RECALL * A quadratic polynomial of the form ax? + bx + c, where a * O and a, b, care real numbers, is called @ quadratic equation when ax2 + bx + = 0. Here a and b are the coefficients of x? and x respectively and ‘c’ is a constant term. *® Any value s a solution of a quadratic equation if and only if it satisfies the quadratic equation. *© Quadratic formula: The roots, i.e, a and b of a quadratic equation ax? + bx + c= 0 are given by PEND oy ~b Vb? — due N= He, provided b? - dae» 0.edict the discriminant and is generally denoted byD, a pce rate of vragen quad epuatn. Thus D= 8. fy’ Dy The rules are: : “YD : > The roots are Real and Equal. Meese > The two roots are Real and Unequal. “YD<0 ~————*-b No Real roots exist. = Ifa and are the roots of the atic equation, then Quadratic equation is Bae fase) Lub wense Po fcan re) + « pric! of ral = 0 ah hi Sim fra +9 = Poa + : - \ Coico ge Arithmetic Progression MAIN CONCEPTS ‘© SEQUENCE: A sequence is an arrangement of numbers in a definite order and according to some rule, Example: 3, 5,7, 9... 1s a sequence wher each successive item is 2 greater than the term and 1, 4, 9, 16, pe 25; «i a sequence where each term is the squae of sucesioe nat numbers, : *= TERMS: The various numbers occurrin in a sequence are called ‘terms’. Since the order ofa sequen Size, therefore the terms are known by the postion they occupy in the sequence Example: Ifthe sequence is defined as : 1 3 5, 7 at n ” First Second Third term (ay) term (ay) term (ay) « nth term (a,) or — term ** ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.): ‘An Arithmetic progression is a special case ofa sequence, where the difference between a term and its preceding term is always constant) known as common difference, i.e., d. The arithmetic progression is abbreviated as A.P. The general form of an A.P. is \ a, ad, a+ 2d. For example, 7, 9, 11, 13., Here the com difference is 2. Hence it is an A.P, = In an A.P. with fist term a and common differenced, then term (or the general term) is iva a, =a+(n- 1d. mtohere [a = Example: To find seventh term put n = 7 \ First term, d= common difference, n= term numb 4)" a+(7-I)dora,=a+ 6dThe sum ofthe first n terms ofan A.P. is given by 5,2 Fla + (n= Dal or Fiarn acre Lis the lst term of the finite AP, ax Ifa, carein AP. then b= “> and b is called the arithmetic mean of a and c. E a Triangles ‘yun CONCEPTS , ; s= SIMILAR FIGURES : ©» Two figures having the same shape but not necessarily the same size are called similar figures. + All congruent figures are similar but all similar figures are not congruent. «@ SIMILAR POLYGONS Two polygons are said to be similar to each other, if () their corresponding angles are equal, and (i) the lengths of their corresponding sides are proportional Example: : i : x ee Any two line segments are similar i since length are proportional == Any two circles are similar since radii G eoebioe © oq FF : Festal Any two squares are similar- since “ corresponding angles are equal and ; L | lengths are proportional, Note: Similar figures are congruent if there is one to one correspondence between the figures. \ From above we deduce: ? . A P Any two triangles are similar, if their /\ zy Rg () Corresponding angles are equal DA=pP DB=DQ : z BC=DRTHALES’ THEOREM OR BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEORY Theorem 1: State and prove Thales’ Theorem. 7 Statement: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the Othe, Sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio, fog * Given: In DABC, DE || BC, A pe: AD _ AE To prove: SE = fc Const.: Draw EM ~ AD and DN ~ AE, Join B to E and C to D. Proof: In DADE and DBDE, ar(AADE) _ 4x AD D 3 Sanoe =. Re = aR su(i) [Area of A = %4 * base * corresponding ality In DADE and DCDE, © aF(AADE) _ 4x AEXDN _ AE ar(ACDE) ~ %xECxDN ~EC -(i = DE || BC s=1Given \ ar(@BDE) = ar(DCDE) «(ti sul AS on the same base and between the same parallel sides are equal in areq From (i), (i) and (i), AD = AB CRITERION FOR SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES Two triangles are similar if either of the following three criterions are satisfied: AAA similarity Criterion. If two triangles are equiangular, then they are similar. Corollary(AA similarity). If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar. SSS Similarity Criterion. If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then they are similar. ; SAS Similarity Criterion. If in two triangles, one pair of corresponding sides are proportional and the included angles are equal, then the two triangles are similar. Results in Similar Triangles based on Similarity Criterion: (i) Ratio of corresponding sides = Ratio of corresponding perimeters (ii) Ratio of corresponding sides = Ratio of corresponding medians (iii) Ratio of corresponding sides = Ratio of corresponding altitudes (iv) Ratio of corresponding sides = Ratio of corresponding angle bisector segments. AREA OF SIMILAR TRIANGLES : Theorem 2. The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides. Given: DABC~DDEF . ar(AABQ) _ AaB? _ Bc? _ Act To prove:, ar(ADEF) ~ DE? — EF? ~ DF? Const.: Draw AM * BC and DN ~ EF._ prooft In DABC and DDEF ar(AABQ) _ 4XBCXAM _ BC AM eter WXEFXDN ~ EF‘DN «()) Aree of A = 44 * base x corresponding altitude y DABC ~ DDEF snlGiven \ ae . (Gi) --18ides are proportional © pB=DE BM=DN \ DABM~ DDEN AB _ AM ; \ DET DN - ++ (iii) [Sides are proportional From (i) and (ii), we have: $C = AM (py From (i) and (io), we have: HUaDER oe = 2S Similarly, we can prove that * ar(AABC) _ AB? _ AC? ar(AABC) _ AB? _ BC? _ AC? _ar(@DEF) ~ DE? DF? \ ar(ADEF) DE? EF? DF? __ * _ Results based on Area Theorem: (@) Ratio of areas of two similar triangles = Ratio of squares of corresponding altitudes (Gi) Ratio of areas of two similar triangles = Ratio of squares of corresponding medians (iii) Ratio of areas of two similar triangles = Ratio of squares of corresponding angle bisector : segments. ___Note: Ifthe areas of two0 similar triangles are equal, the triangles are congruent. = PHYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM Theorem 3: State and prove Pythagoras’ Theorem. Statement: Prove that, in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Given: DABC is a right triangle right-angled at B. To prove: AB? + BC? = AC? . Const: Draw BD * AC Proof: In Ds ABC and ADB, 4 eo DA=DA DABC = DADB 4 \ DABC ~ DADB s[AA Similarity B aN Be a w[Sides are proportionals “PAB? = ACAD a.) Now in DABC and DBDC BC=pC su [common DABC = DBDC é sw[each 90° _ \ DABC~ pBDC = [AA Similarity te \ aed {Sides are proportionalBC’=AcDc On adding (i) and (i), we get ABe+BC’=ACAD+ACDC =» AB? + BC’ = AC(AD + Dc) AB+BC?=ACAC . \ ABR BCt= AC? *= CONVERSE OF PHYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM Theorem 4: State and prove the converse of Pythagoras’ Theorem. “A Statement: Prove that, in a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum Squares ofthe other tv sides, then the angle opposite the frst side isa right angi, Me iS Given: In DABC, AB? + BC? = AC? © To prove: DABC = 90° . Const: Draw a right angled DDEF in which DE = AB and EF = BC Proof: In DABC, : AB + BC = AC sssfi) [Given Inrt. DDEF ‘ ; DE + EF = DF [by Pythagoras’ Theorem A AB? + BC? = DF? { From (i) and (ii), we get AC=DFP © AC=DF ‘Now, DE = AB EF=BC DF=AC \ DDEF @ DABC : \ BDEF=DABC DEF = 90° \ BABC = 99° Results based on Pythagoras’ Theorem: () Result on obtuse Triangles. If DABC is an obtuse angled triangle, obtuse angled at B, IFAD * CB, then AC = AB? + BC? + 2’BCBD (i) Result on Acute Triangles, - IF DABC is an acute angled triangle, acute angled at B, and AD * BC, then AC? = AB? + BC 2 BD.BC: 1H Co-ordinate Geometry LETS RECALL E (il) nf DE = AB; EF apg ~[by const [by const [Proved aber. w= [SSS congruence ~[cpcr [by const = Postion of a point Pin th Cartesian plane with respect to co-ordinate aes is represented by ordered pair (x, y).‘ex The line XOX is called the X-axis and YOYeis called the Y-axis. ‘@ The part of intersection of the X-axis and oad ie! lane of ae pa Y-axis is called the origin es The perpendicular distance of a point P - ep-ordinate and is called the bead a Si "sw The perpendicular distance of a point P “coordinate and is called the ortante Aoeteessiiey _ & Signs of abscissa and ordinate in different quadrants are a3, given in the diagram: : rs &@ Any point on the X-axis is of the form (1, 0). © Any point on the Y-axis is of the form (0, y). : 5 The distance between two points P(xy, y,) and Q (ty yy) is en by x2 — P+ (y=? ~Note, bios is the origin, the distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin O(0, 0) is given by “OP = ferry 5 Section formula. The coordinates of the point which divides the line segment je joining the points Alty yy) and B(x, yz) internally in the ratio m :n are: : min AGr, oe Bey) . : Ptx, y= (mae m+ ni : The above formula is section formula. The ratjo m : n can also be written as :1ork:1, The co-ordinates of P can also be written as P(x) = 2 *31, Wa*¥ © The mid- point an the line segement joining the points P(x, y,) and Q(x, y,) is AGy) Paw, Otay Ate y)= (422, aH) | . Herem:n=1:1. * Area of a Triangle. The area of a triangle formed by points AGy ¥), Bey y,) and Clery ys) is by E | “Where D = 5 txy(y, ys) + 24¥s ~ 4) + U1 YP) Where D represents the absolute value,"This po al ee : : : ’ ROM Fs cOnTee IE ie hea neon didn i the ratio 2 : 1, : Co-ordinates of P are given by p~(atgte utyen) ‘ _ *= Area of a quadrilateral, ABCD = ar(DABC) + ar(0ADC) 8S Introduction to Trigonometry LETS RECALL $ "¥ Trigonometry is the science of relationships between the sides and angles of a right-angled triangle. = s “© Trigonometric Ratios: Ratios of sides of right triangle are called trigonometric ratios. Consider triangle ABC right-angled at B. These ratios are always defined with respect to acute angle ‘A’ or angle ‘C’, "= If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining trigonometric ratios of an angle can be easily determined, “= How to identify sides: Identify the angle with respect to which the t-ratios have to be calculated Sides are always labelled with respect to the ‘e’ being considered. Let us look at both cases: ~ oS AC it side i e Ne Case: ZA=6 Case I: co q= cosectg -1 * sec? q- tan? q=1 > we eda a P. tan? q=sec?q -1 © sin q cosec q= 1 D cosqsecq=1 - b tangeotq =1 ___ © ALERT: A t-ratio only depends upon the angle ‘ql and stays thesame for same . angle of different sized right triangles. Value of t-ratios of specified angles: haa 90" aj sin A ~ ae al-lg eee | Sls le se a Sls Not defined 1 bale Not defined: : ite side is 1. Adjacent si, , The vali r exceed 1 (one) as opposite side is 1. Adjacent side ca, j be Bee Har eee acd Hipolitiee is the longest side in a right-angled p, Nee, ‘© “tRATIOS’ OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES a If DABC is a right-angled triangle, right-angled at B, then +: ZA+ZB+ ZC = 180° DA + DC =90° °° angle-sum-property es BI or DC = (90°- DA) ‘ ca Thus, DA and >C 2 known as complementary angles and are related by the Following relationships: . 5 sin (90°~ A)=cos A; cosec (90° - A) = sec A cos (90° - A) = sin A; sec (90° =A) = cosec A tan (90° - A) = cot A; cot (90° ~ A) = tan A Applications of Trigonometry LETS RECALL , "= Line of Sight bea . F When an observer looks from a point E (eye) at an object O then ne 3a the straight line EO between the eye E and the object O is called x the litie of sight. : wz ®= Horizontal When an observer looks from a point E (eye) to another point Q ue Line of Sight which is horizontal to E, then the straight line, EQ between E ae E and Qs called the horizontal line, ¥ "= Angle of Elevation ie When the eye is below, the object, then the observer has to look os up from the point E to the object O. The measure of this rotation see (angle q) from the horizontal line is called the angle of elevation. wes "= Angle of Depression When the eye is above the object, then the observer has to look - down from the point E to the.object. The horizontal line is now parallel to the ground, The measure of this rotation (angle q) ‘from the horizontal line is called the angle of depression. "= How to convert above figure into right triangle. . Case I: Angle of Elevation is known Draw OX perpendicular to EQ. Now B OXE = 90° DOXE is art. , where OE=hypotenuse 4 OX = opposite side (Perpendicular) EX = adjacent side (Base)1; Angle of DePression is known CF Dw OO parallel to E EQ ose Gi) Draw perpendicular EX on OQ¢ ees ji) Now BQEO = DEOX = Interior alternate angles \ DEXOisa rt. D. ph EO" ll OF ict a ie = pase * Cae 7 ysI REMEMBER : Bee ee u « ‘Choose a trigonometric ratio.in Such a tony that it considers the . ; * jnown side and the side that you wish to calculate, : “Trees alioys considered at ground eve unless the problem _* specifically gives the height ofthe observer. ss Object is always considered as a point, i Some People Have Curly Black Hair Turning Permanent Black. y _ __ Perpendicular Base > Perpendicular © sin I= “Hypotenuse 0S 4" ‘Hyptoenuse tage Circles “LETS RECALL © Circle. A circle is a collection of all points in a plane which are at a constant distance from a fixed point. © Centre, The fixed point is called the centre, © Radius. The constant distance from the centre is called the radius. §© Chord. A line segment joining any too points on a circle is called a chord. % Diameter. A chord passing through the centre of the circle is called diameter. It isthe longest © chord. MAIN CONCEPTS : = Tangent. When a line meets the circle at one point or two coinciding points, The lin i is known as A tangent, 9% The tangent toa circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of Contact. ~P OP* 4B The lengths of the two tangents from an external point to a circle are na > AP= pp“Note: If two tangents are drawn to a citcle from‘an external point, then: LENG: 'GMENT Foci PB wal Pure telnet the lengths of tangents from outside point P. PROPERTIES OF TANGENT TO CIRCLE ; , Theorem 1: Prove that the tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to 4, through the point of contact. Taig Given: XY is a tangent at point P to the circle with centre O. To prove: OP * XY : . Const.: Take a point Q on XY other than P and join OQ Proof: If point Q lies inside the circle, then XY will become a secant and not a tangent to the circle. x P \ OQ> oP Be aa is happens with every point on the line XY except the point OP is the shortest of all: the distances of the point O.to the points of XY \ OP” xy 2 w[¢ Shortest side is the Perpendical Theorem 2: A line drawn through the end point of a radius and perpendicular to it i thy tangent to the circle, Given: A circle C(O, 1) and a line APB is perpendicular to ey ~ OP, where OP is radius. To prove: AB is tangent at P. 2 Construction: Take a point Q on the line AB, different from nA P and join OQ. A P QR Proof: Since OP ~ AB \ OP<0Q b OQ>OP [Given \. The point Q lies outside the circle. Therefore, every point on AB, other than P, lies outside the circle. This shows that AB meets te circle at the point P. . Hence, AP is a tangent to the circle at P. Theorem 3. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle an equal. Given: PT and PS are tangents from an external point P to the circle with centre O. To prove: PT = PS eee 1, Const.: Join O to P, T and S. S Proof: In DOTP agd DOSP. OT=OS E sufradii of same circle OP = OP * ..[eommon DOTP = DOSP su [each 90° $ \ DOTP @DOSP : sa[RELS. \ PT=Ps wulepicc. @ They subtend equal angles at the centre i.e, D1 =» 2, (ii) They are equally inclined to the segment joining the centre A to that point jc, D3 = D4. DOAP = DOAQ@ Areas Related To Circles yal CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE sx Circumference of a circle = 2pr aah Gr Arsofe circle = =pr safwhere / is the sadius of circle @ Area of a semi-circle = ude : i s ‘Area of a circular path or ring: * Let ‘R’ and ‘r’ be radii of two circles. ‘Then area of shaded part = pR? - pr? = p(R2= = p(R + 1) (R-1) s& Minor arc and major arc: An arc length is called a major arc, if the arc length enclosed by the two radii is greater than a semi circle, If the arc subtends angle ‘q’ at the centre, then the “Length of minor arc = 32, * 2pr =a x pr Minor Arc Major Arc * 360-6 Length of major arc = 365 * 2pr *= SECTOR OF A CIRCLE AND ITS AREA ‘A region of a circle is enclosed by any two radii and the arc intercepted between too radii is called the sector of a circle. () A secior is called a minor sector if he minor arc ofthe circle is part ofits boundary. \ OAB is minor sector.Area of minor sector = (@) A sector is called a major sector if the major ~ \ OACB is major sector : Area of major sector 360-0 360 360 ‘ " 8 =. pr’); Perimeter of minor sector = 2r + 360 (pr) are of the circle is part of its boundary, 360~9 (pr); Perimeter of major sector = 2r + —2-@ 360 (py) | = Minor Segment. The region enclosed by an arc and a chord is called a segment of the'circ le, region enclosed by the chord PQ & minor arc PRQ is called the minor segment. i Te ) Area of Minor segment Beaker i = Area of corresponding sector - Area of corresponding triangle sion Ss ™ 2 as Q ag 6 sn 8cox® ® -sin® or Sr? 2 n-2sinecoss Minor : 2". 180 aa} segne oa * Major Segment: The region enclosed by the chord PQ & major arc PSQ is called the major segmenf F \ Area of major segment = Area of circle - Area of minor segment c : 5 i 8 i Area of major sector + Area of triangle = xr? —eynr2+hr2cind = 1? x- soins sing TABLE FOR AREA AND PERIMETER Figures. Area 2 Perimeter 8 : 2 Circle pr? es 2pr or pd 1: radius 4 : diameter p= 2 or 3.14 ‘Semicircle (Lae s = pr+2r “gre fT mr Quadrant x Fae Ring z PR +1) (R=1) | 2pR (Outer circu | R; Radius of > ference) bigger circle 2pr (nner circum- | r : Radius of ference) smaller circle are é ‘Sector YR O Fey * PrP *360 .* 2Pt+2r | r: Radius of circle ao a 7 Gi) ZIr 1: length of arc @ @ Tap * 2rsin & qi angle subtended _ by arc at centre&9 Area of Top face = Ib Bottom face = Ib \ b+ b= 215 Area Top face = a? Bottom face = a2 \ a+ ar= 2g? 7 Curved surface | Area of: 2pr+ dork [pr - [re radius : : See Top face= pr “Or, Ih: height of cylinder Bottom face = p | 2pr(r + h) t \ p+ p= pr (Area of Qph+ pe [pth |riradius eee Top face = 0 Or, h height of cylinder % Bottom face = pr® | pr(2h + 1) a ee \ 0+ pe = pre 2 Area of: 2pRh + 2prhi+|pR'h —] R : Radius of outer base ee, sur- |Top face 2pR?-})|prh | ri radius of inner base | facearea=2pRh| = p(R?-P) eee h= height + Internal sur- | Bottom face i fecarea=2prh| = P(R?-F) te Area of: prepl fa I= height ofcone Pl Bottom Face = pr’| Or, prir+l)- | 37H cay so ane = slant heig = Vite 7 Area of: pr’ + pR? Lay, | A= height of frustum Bal plR+r) Top Face = pr? | PR +) au Fi ee Rg +R) | b= slantheight Slice (> 4pr? None 4pr? fer rs radius of sphere — 2 radius of| mee. Pe eee “SpR (Outer) edo 4 ReRadius of outer shell .. @) eo (Inner) None 4pR? + 4p1 3 Py » Radius of inner shell: SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF COMBINATIONS (A) Cone on a Cylinder = eight of elnder x 1 radi cylinder; hy = hei a a Total Sonus ee CAE yam Cire uae aren of eine + area of circular base : = prl + 2prh, + pr2; es Slant height, L= (+h? Total Volume = Volume of cone + Volume of cylinder = ¥/,pr%h, + PPh _ ®) Cone on a Hemisphere: _ Tsheight ofcon:L:slant high ofcone = (FFA r= rin ofcone and hemisphere de nat ‘area = Curved surface area of cone + Curved surface area of hemisphere =prl+ Volume = Volume of cone + Volume of enisphere = 1/3 ph + 28 pr? (©) Conical Cavity in a Cylinder: ¥ radius of cone and cylinder; h : height of cylinder and conical cavity; 1: Slant height Fr Total Surface area %s ‘= Curved surface area of cylinder + Area of bottom face of cylinder I, i + Curved surface area of cone = 2prh + pr? + prl Volume = Volume of cylinder - Volume of cone = préh ~ 13 prh = 2/3 prh (D) Cones on Either Side of Cylinder radius of cylinder and cone;._ hy sheight of cylinder hp : height of cones. tne ha Slant height of cone, = igh +r Surface area = Curved surface aren of 2 cones + Curved surface area of cylinder = 2prl + 2prh, . Volume = 2(Volume of cone) + Volure of eylinder= 2 ph, + phy €) Cylinder with Hemispherical Ends: P + radius of cylinder and hemispherical ends; _h: height of cylinder Total surface area= Curved surface area of cylinder + Curved surface area of 2 hemispheres = 2prh+ Spr? => Volume = Volume of elinder + Volume of hemispheres = prh + $ pr} (F) Hemisphere on Cube or Hemispherical Cavity on Cube: - aside of cube; r: radius of hemisphere. } Surface area = Surface area of cube - Area of hemisphere face ) + Curved surface area of hemisphere = 642 pr? + 2pr= 60+ pr Volumes Volume of cube + Volume of hemisphere = a + $ pr} (G) Hemispherical Cavity in a Cylinder 1: radius of hemisphere; h height of cylinder Total surface area = Curved surface area of cylinder + Surface area of base + Curved surface area of hemisphere, = 2prh + pr2+ 2pr2= 2prh + Spr? Volume = Volume of cylinder ~ Volume of hemisphere = pr2h - 3 pesul Statistics MAIN CONCEPTS AND EORMULAE 5 MEAN (AVERAGE): Mean [Urigrouped Data] —Mean of n observations, xy Xy Xy «+ %y i8 ye teeth 1 \ Sek ea “= MEAN [Grouped Datal. The mean jor grouped data canbe ound by the following three method: (Direct Mean Method: % = : fi = Upper class itt eon cae limit’ [Note: Frequency of a class is centred Chass Math mf hs pdt called clans mark. 2 ji) ‘Assumed Mean Method: In this, an arbitrary mean ‘a’ ‘is chosen which is called, ‘assumed ‘mean’, somewhere in the middle of all the values of x. ee Sidi Xatoe i [where d,= (,- a) (i) Step Deviation Method: Xrat i xh slwhere u,= 4, where kis a common divisor of d, © MEDIAN: Median i$ a measure of central tendency which gives the value of the middle-most observation in the data, th (9 Ungrouped data: Ifn is odd °- Median = "2+ — observation ont ar: Vfnis xen ® Median = 2 observation + 5 +1 observation 2 . Remember! For ungroiiped data first arrange the observations in ascending order or descending onde. 1" (i) Median (Grouped Data): Median =| + zh xh ~-where[! = Lower limit of median class; n = Number of observations; f = Frequency of median class; Gf. = Cumulative frequency of preceding class; h = Class size (Gif) Representing a cumulative frequency distribution graphically as a cumaltive frequency curve, or an ogive of the less than type and of the more than type. The median of grouped data can be obtained graphically as the x-coordinate ofthe point of intersection of the two ogives for this data, *© Mode:(i) Ungrouped Data: The value of the observation having maximum frequency is the mode. : fi-fo (49 Grouped Data: Mode =1+ 37-72 xh ~«Where[! = Lower limit of modal class; f, = Frequency of modal class; f, = Frequency of the class receding the modal class; , = Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class; h = Size of class interval Gf. * Cumulative frequency of preceding class; h = Class size 1, Mode = 3 Median ~ 2 Mean 2, Median = Mode s 2Mecan 3, Mean = 2Median ~ Modeae a >. ae i. a 8 Probability. MAIN CONCEPTS. *© PROBABILITY: Its the numerical measurement of the degree of certainty. — 5 © 1. Theoretical probatitity associated with an event Eis define as “If thre aren’ clementy associated with a random experiment and m of these Ea to the event ten probability of occurence of an event is defined by P(E) as the ratio +”. Number of outcomes favourable to E_ POE) = Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment * 2 IPE) = 1, then itis called a Certain Event. 3. If PE) = 0, then it is called an ‘Impossible Event’. as 4. The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that: 0 € P(E) £ 1 5, An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the Probab of all the elementary events ofan experiment is 1. 6. For any event E, P(E) + P(E) = 1, where E stands for ‘not E’. E and E are al complementary events, 7. Favourable outcomes are those outcomes in the sample space that are favourable bt occurrence of an event. "© SAMPLE SPACE : A collection of all possible outcomes ofan experiment is known as sample space. It is denoted by and represented in curly brackets. Examples of Sample Spaces: z 1. A coin is tossed = Event \_E, = Getting a head (H) on upper face; _E, = Getting a tail (T) on upper face Thus, P(E) = a \ S=(,T) \. Total number of outcomes = 2 2. Two coins are tossed = Event = E ie E, = Gettirig a head on coin 1 anda tail on coin 2 = (H, T) E, = Getting a head on both coin 1 and coin2 = (H, H) : E;= Getting a tail on coin 1 and a head on coin 2 = (T, H) E,= Getting a tail on both, coin 1 and coin2 = (T, T) \ S = (CH, 1), HH) (TH), (1). Total number of outcomes = 4 NOTE: In probability the order in which events occur is important. \.E, GE, are treated as different oucoms 5¥ IMPORTANT TIPS 1, Coin. A coin has two faces termed as Head and Tail. 2, Dice. A dice is a small cube which has between one to six spots or numbers on is sides, whi is used in games, 3, Cards, A pack of playing cards consist of our suits called Hearts, Spades, Diamonds Clubs. Each suit consists of 13 cards. O90