CHAPTER 4

Kinematics
DISTANCE versus DISPLACEMENT
Total length of path (ACB) covered by the particle is called distance.
Displacement vector or displacement is the minimum distance (AB) and
directed from initial position to final position.
C

A B

Displacement is Change of Position Vector

From A0AB Ar = I -I A
Ar
I,=x,i+y,j+z,k B
and

Af =(x,-x,)i+(y,-y)j+(2, -z,)k o
Displacement
Average velocity = Time interval - = At
Distance travelled
Average speed =
Time interval
For uniform motion
Average speed =| average velocity | =| instantaneous velocity |
dY d
Velocity v=
dt dt xi+yj+ zá) -i-yity,jtv,k
dt dt dt

Average Acceleration Total change in velocity

Total time taken At
 Acceleration

di
ä=
dt
-i+vj+v,)=ij.i-a,i
dt dt dt dt 23/144
Important Points About 1D Motion
Distance >| displacement | and Average speed 2 \average velocity |
" If distance > | displacement | this implies
(a) atleast at one point in path, velocity is zero.
Diferentiation Diferentiation
|Displacement Velocity Acceleration
Integration Integration
Motion with Constant Acceleration: Equations of Motion
" In vector form:
v=ü+ t and

a
y²=+ 2a.s and , =k+(2n-1)
2
(S’ displacement in nh second)
" In scalar form (for one dimensional motion):
1
y=ut at S=
2 at =vt-at
y² =u + 2as su+ (20-1)
UNIFORM MOTION
If an object is moving along the straight line covers equal distance in equal
interval of time, it is said to be in uniform motion along a straight line.
DIFFERENT GRAPHS OF MOTION DISPLACEMENT-TIME
GRAPH
S. No. Condition Graph
(a) For a stationary (b) Body moving with|(c) Body moving with a
body a constant velocity constant acceleration
Displacement Displacement Displacement

Time Time Time

(23
KINEMATICS
 S. No. Condition
(d) Body moving (e) Body moving with 24/144
with a constant infinite velocity.
retardation But such motion
Displacement of body is never
possible
Displacement
B

Time
+Time
A

VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
S.No. Condition Graph
(a) Moving with a (b) Moving with (c) Body moving with a
constant velocity a constant constant retardation
Velocity acceleration having and its initial retar
zero initial velocity dation and its initial
Velocity velocity is not zero
Velocity
Time A

Time B
Time

(d) Moving with a (e) Moving with () Moving with

constant retardation increasing decreasing acceleration
with zero initial acceleration Velocity
velocity Velocity
to

Time
Time

NOTES
Slope of velocity-time graph gives acceleration.
W HAND BoOK (PHYSIcs) 24)
 25/144
ACCELERATION-TIME GRAPH
S.No. Condition Graph
(a) When object (b) When object is (c) When object is
is moving moving with moving with
with constant constant increasing constant decreasing
acceleration acceleration acceleration
Acceleration Acceleration Acceleration

Time Time Time

RELATIVE MOTION
Relative Velocity of Rain w.r.t. the Moving Man
Aman walking west with velocity Vm, represented by OA. Let the rain be
falling vertically downwards with velocity v,, represented by OB as shown
in figure.

A m
C
W [r) E

B D

The relative velocity of rain w.r.t. man Vm=,-m will be represented by

diagonal OD of rectangle OBDC.

rm =v+ v +2v, v, cos 90° = /v +vi

IfO is the angle which v.m makes with the vertical direction then

BD
tan = YmA= tan
OB V,

25 KINEMATICS
Swimming into the River
A man can swim with velocity ¼, i.e., it is the velocity of man w.r.t. still
water. If water is also flowing with velocity V¡ then velocity of man relative
to ground V =V+v.
If the swimming is in the direction of flow of water or along 26/144
then

If the swimming is in the direction opposite to the flow of water or along the
upstream then

=V-VR

If man is crossing the river as shown in the figure i.e. Vand V¡ not collincar
then use the vector algebra V=tV, (assumingv>v)
VR

For shortest path

B

V
m

A
For minimum displacement
VR
To reach at B, v sin = v, sin =
V

Time of crossing

t=(d/v cos 0)

HAND BoK (PHYsIcs) 26)

 NOTES
V 27/144
If v, >v then for minimum drifting sin =
VR

For minimum time

A
then d
min

A
(For minimum time)

MOTION UNDER GRAVITY (No Air Resistance)

If an object is falling freely (u = 0) under gravity, then equations of motion
becomes
() v=utgt (ii) h = ut + (ii) v²= u +2gh

NOTES
If an object is thrown upward then g is replaced by -g in above three
cquations.
Ifa body is thrown vertically up with a velocity u in the uniform gravitational
field then
u'
(i) Maximum height attained H=
2g
H
(ii) Time of ascent = time of descent =

(iüi) Total time of flight = 2u

(iv) Velocity of fall at the point of projection = u (downwards)

(v) Gallileo's law of odd numbers: For a freely falling body ratio of
successive distance covered in equal time interval t
S, :S, : S, : .., s, =1:3:5:..,.2n - 1
(27 KINEMATICS
At any point on its path the body will have same speed for upward journey
and downward journey.

h
28/144

If a body thrown upwards crosses a point in time t, and t, respectively then

1
height of point h= gt,,. Maximum height H=
Abody is thrown upward, downward and horizontally with same speed takes
time t, t, and t, respectively to reach the ground then t, ,t, and height
from where the particle was throw is H=

V2

PROJECTION MOTION
Horizontal Motionof Projectile
u cos =u
a, =0
X=u,t= (u cos )t

>u cos 0

HAND BoOK (PHYSIcS) 28

Vertical Motion of Projectile
1
v, =u, - gt where u, =u sin 0; y=ut-,g=usin 0t
Net acceleration = ã = a,i+a,j=-gj
At any Instant
V, =ucos , =usin-gt

For Projectile Motion

Abody crosses two points at same height in time t, and t, the points are at
distance x and y from starting point then
B

(a) x+y=R
(b) t, +,=T
(c) h=½ gtt,
(d) Average velocity from A to B is u cos
If a person can throw a ball to a maximum distance 'x' then the maximum
height to which he can throw the ball will be (x/2).
Velocity of Particle at Time t
v=v,itv,j-u,i+(u, -gt)j = ucos®i +(u sin -gt)j
If angle of velocity v from horizontal is o, then
v, u, -gtusin t- g tan
tan =
ucos
9-5
u cos
V

At highest point: Vy =0, v,=u cos 9

2u sin 9
Time of flight: T= 2u,
2u sin cos 0 u' sin 20 2u,u,
Horizontal range:R= (u cos 0)T =
It is same for q and (90° 0) and maximum for = 45°.
u u' sin' 0
Maximum height: H=
2g 2g
H_1
=-tan
R 4
KINEMATICS
 gx?
Equation of trajectory y = x tan 0 - 2u cos 9 = x tan

Horizontal Projection from a Height h

2h
Time of flight T =
30/144
2h
Horizontal range R =uT =

Angle of velocityat any instant with horizontale= tan

HAND BooK (PHYSIcs) 30)