NE

L A
A P
I N
I ON
OT
M

By Mrs.
Krishnakumari
Bedarkar
What is meant by motion?
• Motion is a change in the position of an
object with time.
• Examples :
• Motion of a toy car
• Motion of a cricket ball hit by a
batsman for a sixer / Four
• Motion of an Aeroplan from one
place to another
• Motion of tire of vehical
 Types of
Motions :

Rectilinear Motion or Motion

Motion in a two dimension: Projectile
alonge the straight line
Motion

Motion in a Three
Dimension
Rolling Motion
Types of
Motions :

Rectilinear Motion or Motion along
the straight line
Motion in a two dimension:
Projectile Motion
Motion in a Three
Dimension
 Rectilinear Motion or Motion along
the straight line
• In rectilinear motion the force acting on
the object and the velocity of the object
both are along one and the same line.
• The distances are measured along the line
only and we can indicate distances along
the +ve and –ve axes as being positive
+Ve Y
and negative, respectively. distance

-Ve X +Ve X
distance distance

-Ve Y
distance
 Displacement:
•
 Path Length:
• Path length is the actual distance travelled by
the object during its motion.
• It is a scalar quantity and its dimensions are
also that of length i.e. meter.
• The Path length of the object between times t 1

and t is the difference between the two

2

positions of the object at the two instances.

Thus, the displacement is given by,
• S = Δx = x – x .
2 1

• It can be Positive or negative, but can nor be

zero.
 Average Speed:
•
•

A B

B C
A
 Instantaneous velocity:
•
 Instantaneous speed:
•
 Points to Remember :
• For uniform rectilinear motion, i.e., for an object
moving with constant velocity along a straight line
• 1. The average and instantaneous velocities are
equal.
• 2. The average and instantaneous speeds are the
same and are equal to the magnitude of the velocity.
• For nonuniform rectilinear motion
• 1. The average and instantaneous velocities are
different.
• 2. The average and instantaneous speeds are
different.
• 3. The average speed will be different from the
magnitude of average velocity.
•
Displacement
Object at Rest

V vs t graph shows straight line

parallel to x axis
x

t Time
Object with Uniform Velocity
along +X - axis

(0,
0) t
V vs t graph shows straight line Passing
through origin.
 Object with Uniform Velocity
along - X - axis
Displacement

t Time

V vs t graph shows straight line with

negative slope
 Object Performing Oscillatory
Motion

V vs t graph shows Zig Zag

Displacement

line
x

t Time
 Object in Nonuniform
Motion
Displacement

t Time

V vs t graph shows Convex or concave curve.

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF
ACCELERATION
 Object moving with
constant Velocity
VELOCITY

t1 t2
t Time
Object with velocity along +X – axis with uniform
acceleration along the same direction

V2
VELOCITY

V1
v

(0,0)
t1 t2

t
 Object with moving with Velocity
with negative uniform
acceleration
VELOCITY

V2

V1
v

t1 t2
t Time
 Object moving with
Nonuniform Acceleration
Slope = acceleration
at that instant time
VELOCITY

t1 t0 t2

t Time
 Uniform Acceleration Non Uniform Acceleration
(In A RectilinearMotion) (In A RectilinearMotion)
1. Velocity-time graph 1. Velocity-time graph is
is linear. Nonlinear.
2. The area under the 2. The area under the
velocity-time graph velocity-time graph
between two between two
instants of time t 1
instants of time t
and t gives the
1

and t gives the

displacement of the
2

displacement of
object during that the object during
time interval. that time interval.
3. The slope of the • The instantaneous
velocity-time graph acceleration of the object at
a given time is equal to the
is the acceleration slope of the tangent to the
of the object curve at that point.
Note: the origin of the velocity axis (for v-t graph) must be
zero.
Equation of Motion for
Uniform Acceleration
and Relative Velocity
 First Equation of Motion for
Uniform Acceleration
•
V2
=V
B
VELOCITY

V1 =u
C
A

D
O
(0,0) t

tim
e
Second Equation of Motion for Uniform
Acceleration

V2 =V
B
VELOCITY

AB
V1 =u
C
C
A

OACD
D
O
(0,0) t

time
 Third Equation of Motion for
Uniform Acceleration

•
 Freely Falling Body.
• When a body starts with zero velocity at a
certain height from the ground and falls under
the influence of the gravity of the Earth , it is
said to be in free fall.
• The only other force that acts on it is that of the
air resistance or friction.
• For displacements of a few metres, this force is
too small and can be neglected.
• The acceleration of the body is the acceleration
due to gravity which is along the vertical
direction and can be assumed to be constant
over distances which are small compared to the
radius of the Earth .
• Thus the velocity and acceleration are both
along the vertical direction and the motion is a
uniform rectilinear motion with uniform
acceleration
• The distance travelled by an object starting from rest and having a uniform
acceleration in successive seconds are in the ratio 1:3:5:7...
• Consider a freely falling object.
• Let us calculate the distances travelled by it in equal intervals of time t0 (say).
• This can be done using the second equation of motion S = u t0 +(1/2) g t02.
• The initial velocity is zero. Therefore, the distance travelled in the first t0 interval = (1/2)
g t02
• For simplification let us write (1/2)g = A.

• Then the distance travelled in the first t0 time interval = d1 = A t02

• In the time interval 2t0, the distance travelled = A(2t0)2.

• t
Hence, the distance travelled in the second t0 interval is d2 = A(4t02 - t02) = 3A 02 = 3d1.
• The distance travelled in time interval 3t0 = A(3t0)2. Thus, the distance travelledin the 3rd
t0 interval = d3 = A(9t02 – 4t02) =5A t02 = 5d1.
• Continuing, one can see that the distances d1, d2, d3 .. are in the ratio 1:3:5:7...
• This is true for any rectilinear motion , starting from rest, with positive uniform
acceleration.
• Ex. A stone is thrown vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity
15 m/s. At the same instant a ball is dropped from a point directly above
the stone from a height of 30 m. At what height from the ground will the
stone and the ball meet and after how much time? (Use g = 10 m/s2 for
ease of calculation).
Ans: Let us assume that the stone and the ball meet after time t . The
0

distances (not displacements) travelled by the stone and the ball in that
time can be obtained from Eq.
Relative Velocity
Relative Velocity
 Relative Velocity
Let us consider two objects A and B which are moving
relative to each other. Then the relative velocity will be the
velocity in which a body A would appear to body B and vice
versa. Mathematically, we nay say that the relative velocity
will be the vector difference between the velocities of two
objects.

We can define relative velocity of object A with respect to

object B as the difference between their velocities,
VAB = VA – VB
Similarly, the velocity of B with respect to A is given by,
VBA = VB - VA
 Relative Velocity

Relative velocity is generally used to describe the motion of

airplanes in the wind or moving boats through water etc. This
velocity is computed according to the person as an observer
inside the object. This can be determined by introducing an
intermediate frame of reference.
Ex. An aeroplane A, is travelling in a straight line with a
velocity of 300 km/hr with respect to Earth . Another
aeroplane B, is travelling in the opposite direction with a
velocity of 350 km/hr with respect to Earth .
What is the relative velocity of A with respect to B?
What should be the velocity of a third aeroplane C
moving parallel to A, relative to the Earth if it has a
relative velocity of 100 km/hr with respect to A?
• Solution: Let V, V and V be the velocities of the three
A B C

planes relative to the Earth . Relative velocity of A with

respect to B
• =V =V-V AB A B

• = 300 – (-350) = 650 km/hr

• Relative velocity of C with respect to A
• = V = V– V
CA C A

• = 100 km/hr.
• Thus, V = V + V
C CA A

• = 400 km/hr
MOTION IN A TWO
DIMENSIONS
 MOTION IN A TWO DIMENSION
• Motion Is Always Considered In A Plane
• The Direction Of Force Acting On An Object Will Not Be In The Same
Line As Its Initial Velocity.
• The Velocity And Acceleration Will Have Different Directions.
• We Have To Used Vector Equation To Find The Velocity And
Acceleration.
• Magnitude Of Average Velocity And Value Of Average Speed Will Be
different.
• Ex. In A Circular Path, Displacement Will Be Zero But Pathlength Will
Be Equal To Its Circumference
 Average Velocity in two
dimension
•
Q
y2
Δ - X1
X2
Y
x2
P
y1

x
1

Y Δ
O X
X
Δx Δx
2
1
•
Q
y2
Δ - X1
X2
Y
x2
P
y1

x
1

Y Δ
O X
X
Δx Δx
2
1
 Instantaneous Velocity in
two dimension
Figure shows the trajectory of
an object moving in two
y2
Q
dimensions.
P V The instantaneous velocity of
Vy the object at point P along the
Vx trajectory is along the tangent
y1 to the curve at P.
x This is shown by the vector PQ.
Its x and y components Vx and
Vy are also shown in the figure.
Y

O
X
 Magnitude and Direction of
acceleration
•
Instantaneous acceleration:
• The instantaneous
acceleration is given by.
Magnitude and Direction of
Instantaneous acceleration
•
• The position vectors of three particles are given by

as a function of time t. Determine the velocity

and acceleration for each, in SI units.
•
 Equations of Motion for an Object travelling
a Plane with Uniform Acceleration:
•
• Eq. I and II can be resolved into their x and y
components so as to get corresponding scalar
equations as follows.
We can thus see that the motion
II along the x direction of an object
I is completely controlled by the x
components of velocity and
I acceleration while that along the
V
y direction is completely
controlled by the y components of
V these quantities. This makes it
easy to study the motion in two
dimensions which gets converted
to two independent rectilinear
V motions along two perpendicular
I directions.
Motion in two dimensions can be
resolved into two independent
motions in mutually
perpendicular directions.
 Relative Velocity in a Plane
•
Projectile Motion
 Projectile Motion
• Any object in flight after being thrown with some
velocity is called a projectile and its motion is
called projectile motion.
• Examples of projectile motion in our day-to-day
life are
• Children throw stones towards trees for getting
tamarind pods or mangoes.
• A bowler bowls a ball towards a batsman in
cricket,
• A basket ball player throws a ball towards the
basket.
The projectile has two components of velocity,
• One in the horizontal, i.e., along x-direction
• Second in the vertical, i.e., along the y direction.
•The acceleration due to gravity acts only along the vertically downward or
direction.
•The horizontal component of velocity, remains unchanged as no force is acting in
the horizontal direction,
•The vertical component changes in accordance with laws of motion with ậx being 0
and ậy (=-g) being the downward acceleration due to gravity (upward is positive).
 The vertical velocity keeps on decreasing x as the projectile goes up and
becomes zero at certain time.
At that time the height of the projectile is maximum.
The velocity then starts increasing in the downward direction as the
particle is now falling under the Earth 's gravitational field with a constant
horizontal component of velocity.
After a while the projectile reaches the ground.
 Vy =0
vy ux = u cosθ
v
P ux
ux
vy v
u
uy Max height (d)
ux
ux Q
Range (R)
vy
Note that the horizontal component of velocity remains the same, i.e.,Ux .
While the vertical component decreases and becomes zero at P.
After that it changes its direction, its magnitude increases and becomes equal
to ux again at Q.
The horizontal distance covered by the projectile before it falls to the ground is
OQ.
 Vy =0
vy
v ux = u cosθ
P ux
ux
vy v
u
uy Max height (d)
ux
ux Q
Range (R)
vy

∵ ay =-g and uy = u sinθ Using the equation, S Direction of

Using the equation, v = u + at = ut + at2 Projectile is given
The component of velocity is Displacement of by
given by Projectile is given by Tan α = vy (t)/ vx(t)
vx = ux = uy = u cosθ Sx = u cosθ . t
vy = uy – gt = u sinθ - gt Sy = u sinθ.t – gt2
 Time Of Flight vy v
Vy =0
ux = u
cosθ
ux
P

• Let the time taken by u ux

vy v
uy Max height (d)

the projectile to reach ux

Range (R)
Q
ux

the maximum height be t . 0

vy

• The trajectory of the object being

symmetrical, so that the object will take
the same time in going up in air and
coming down to the ground.
• At the highest point P, t = t . and V =0 0 y

• Using the equation, v = u – gt = u sinθ - g t

y y 0

• 0 = u sinθ - g t
0

• t = u sinθ / g
0

• Total time in air = T = 2 t 0

 Horizontal Range

(R ) Of The Projectile
The total horizontal distance
It depends on the
travelled by the particle in this
magnitude and direction of
time T can be obtained by
initial velocity of the
using equation, Sx = u cosθ .
projectile as well as the
T
value of acceleration due to
Sx = R , and t =T = 2 t0
gravity at that place.
R = ucosθ . 2 t0 For maximum horizontal
R = u cosθ . 2 . u sinθ / g range,
R = u 2 (2 sinθ cosθ ) / g Sin2θ = 1.
R = u 2 . Sin2θ/g 2 θ = sin-1 (1)
The maximum horizontal 2 θ =900.
distance travelled by the θ = 450.
projectile is called the R = R max = u 2 sin 45/g
R max = u 2 /g for θ = 450.
horizontal range R of the
 Maximum Height of Projectile
The maximum height (H) reached by the projectile is the
distance travelled along the vertical (y) direction in time
t0
.
1
sy  u sin  .t  gt
2

2
 sy  H

u sin 
t  t0 
g

  u sin  
2
u sin 1
 s y  u sin  .  g
 
g 2  g 

2
u
2
sin
2
uy
 sy  
2g 2g
 Equation Of The

Trajectory Of The Projectile
Consider kinematics equation
along the y axis , we get
1
Sy  u sin  .t  gt
2

2
1
 y  u sin  .t  gt
2

2
2
x 1  x 
 y  u sin  .  g 
u cos  2  u cos  
As the projectile starts from x = 0, we
get Sx = x and Sy = y 1  g  2
 y   tan  . x  g x    I
Consider kinematics equation along u cos  
2 2
2
the x axis , we get
Sx = ucosθ . t This is the equation of the trajectory
of the projectile provided that u and θ
are constant.
Eq. I is the form of
Y = Ax + Bx2.
Which is the equation of parabola.
Thus the path i.e., the trajectory of a
projectile is a parabola.
Uniform Circular Motion
 Uniform Circular Motion
• An object moving with constant speed
along a circular path is said to be in
uniform circular motion (UCM).
• Such a motion is only possible if its
velocity is always tangential to its circular
path, without change in its magnitude.
 Conditions for U.C. M.
• To change the direction of velocity, acceleration is a must.
• If the acceleration or its component is in line with the
velocity (along or opposite to the velocity), it will always
change the speed (magnitude of velocity) in which case it
will not continue its uniform circular motion.
• In order to perform UCM, the acceleration must be
• (i) perpendicular to the tangential velocity,
• (ii) of constant magnitude and
• (iii) always directed towards the centre of the circular
trajectory.
• Such an acceleration is called centripetal (centre seeking)
acceleration and the force causing this acceleration is
centripetal force.
• In order to realize a circular motion, there
are two requirements;
• (i) tangential velocity and
• (ii) centripetal force of suitable constant
magnitude.
• An example is the motion of the moon
going around the Earth in a nearly circular
orbit as a result of the constant
gravitational attraction of fixed magnitude
felt by it towards the Earth.
Radius Vector, Period and Angular Speed o f
UCM • Consider an object of mass m, moving with
a uniform speed V, along a circle of radius r.
P • Let T be the time period of revolution of the
object,
=ωt The time taken by the object to complete one
O revolution or to travel a distance of 2πr.
• Period of UCM = T = 2πr/ V

Dis tan ce 2 r
 Speed  V  
time T
r = radius vector:
A radius drawn from centre of
Angular Speed (ω) : It is the angle
circle to the point described by the radius vector (θ) per
Its magnitude is r and directed unit time. The S.I. unit of ω is radian
away from the centre of circle. /sec.
angle  2
  
In UCM radius vector describes time t t
equal angle (θ=ωt) in equal 2 2 r
r
Time interval.  T
 T

V
r r r
 Centripetal
Acceleration
At a given instant t, the radius vector of P
makes an angle θ with the x-axis.
θ = ωt.
d
P 
dt
We have
=ωt x component of radius vector = rcos θ
O y components of the radius vector = rsin
θ

Expression for Centripetal

Acceleration:
Figure shows a particle P performing
a UCM in anticlockwise sense along
a circle of radius r with angular speed
ω and period T.
Let us choose the xy- plane having
centre at the origin O.
Initially ,let the particle be at P on the
positive x-axis.
 Expression Centripetal

Acceleration

a   r
2

Here minus sign shows that the acceleration is

opposite to that of r , i.e., towards the centre. This is
the centripetal acceleration.

The magnitude of accelerati on

2
v
a   2
r   v
r
 Expression Centripetal Force
• The force providing centripetal
acceleration is call as centripetal force.
• It is also be along the same direction of
centripetal acceleration.
• Centripetal force is given by,
 
 F  ma  m  2
r
Magnitude of Centripeta l Force is given by
 mv
2

F  m 2
r   m v
r
Pendulum

• A tiny mass (assumed to be a

point object and called a bob)
connected to a long, flexible,
massless, inextensible string,
and suspended to a rigid
support is called a Pendulum.
• If the string is made to oscillate
in a single vertical plane, we
call it a Simple Pendulum.
 CONICAL
PENDULUM:
• We can also revolve the string in
such a way that the string moves
a lo ng the sur fa ce o f a r ight
circular cone of vertical axis and
the po int o bj ect per fo r ms a
(practically) uniform horizontal
circular motion. In such a case
the system is called a conical
pendulum.
• Conical pendulum is a simple
pendulum, which is given such a
motion that bob describes a
horizontal circle and the string
describes a cone.
CONICAL PENDULUM:As shown in the figure, the forces acting
O on the bob of mass, M, of the conical
pendulum are:
(i) Gravitational force, mg, acting
vertically
downwards,
θ (ii) Force due to tension T acting along the
string directed towards the support.

T h= For the bob to undergo horizontal circular

l lcosθ motion, (radius r) the resultant force must
be
Tcosθ centripetal, (directed towards the centre of
the circle). In other words vertical
θ gravitational force must be balanced.
Let be θ the angle made by the string
with the vertical at any position.
Resolve tension T into two mutually
M perpendicular components.
Tsi O r=
’ 1. The component T cos θ is acting
nθ lsinθ vertically upwards. 2.
2. The component T sin θ is acting
horizontally towards the centre.
mg
 The weight mg is balance by vertical
component Tcos θ
Tcos θ = mg ------- I
The horizontal force provides centripetal
force T sinθ is called as radial force.
2
mV
 T sin    mr  2        II
θ r

Dividing eq I by II.
T h=
lcosθ T sin 
2
mV
l   mg
T cos  r
Tcosθ
2
mV 1
 tan   
θ r mg
2
V
 tan  
M rg
Tsi O r=
’ 2 r
nθ lsinθ V 
T
4 r
2 2

mg  tan   2
T rg
 4 r
2 2

 tan  
r
 T  2
2 g tan 
T rg
l sin 
 T  2  r  l sin 
4 r
2 2
g tan 
T 2

tan rg  T  2
l sin   cos 
g sin 
4 r
2
l cos 
T 2
 T  2
g tan  g

h
r  T  2  h  l cos 
 T  2 g

g tan  where l is length of the

pendulum and h is the
vertical distance of the
horizontal circle from the
fixed point O.
 T  2
l cos  It does not
 h  l cos 
g
depend on
T  2
h
g
m a s s o f bo b
The period of conical and
pendulum depends on ∠θ if it is small.
Length of pendulum
A n gl e o f i n c l i n a t i o n t o
vertical
acceleration due to gravity
at a given place