Accepted Manuscript

Application of integrated rock typing and flow units identification methods for an
Iranian carbonate reservoir

zahra riazi

PII: S0920-4105(17)30806-9
DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2017.10.025
Reference: PETROL 4348

To appear in: Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

Received Date: 24 May 2016

Revised Date: 14 July 2017
Accepted Date: 9 October 2017

Please cite this article as: riazi, z., Application of integrated rock typing and flow units identification
methods for an Iranian carbonate reservoir, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering (2017), doi:
10.1016/j.petrol.2017.10.025.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Core Data Log Data

Rock Fabric Winland Bulk Volume

RQI/FZI Number Method
Plot

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Integration of Methods for the Comprehensive Rock Typing

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Stratigraphic Flow Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot Modified Lorenz Plot
Profile

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Integration of Flow Units and Rock Type

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Define Rock Type and Flow Units for
Static and Dynamic Model
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1 Application of Integrated Rock Typing and Flow Units Identification methods

2 for an Iranian Carbonate Reservoir

4 Abstract

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5 During the exploration phase of any oil and gas field, recognition of borehole type, its
6 completion approach, and understanding of the future reservoir performance are directly

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7 interrelated to identification of the reservoir’s rock types and flow units. Identifying different
8 geological events, lithofacies characteristics, diagenetic processes, and level of heterogeneity can

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9 be the first step for knowing rock types and consequently flow units in its reservoir layers. These
10 result in an acceptable dynamic model of a field development and relatively reliable production

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11 forecasts. AN
12

13 Focus of this paper is on rock typing and flow unit classification for a carbonate reservoir of a
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14 green field. Four petrophysical methods including Rock Fabric Number (RFN), Winland
15 porosity-permeability plot (R35), Reservoir Quality Index/ Flow Zone Indicator (RQI/FZI), and
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16 Bulk Volume Water (BVW) were implemented on four exploration wells. At the next step
17 graphical tools (Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot (SMLP), Modified Lorenz Plot (MLP) and
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18 Stratigraphic Flow Profile (SFP) were used to locate established flow units and rock types within
19 the reservoir column. Lastly, variation and frequency of defined flow units have been used to
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20 achieve a satisfactory understanding of the level of heterogeneity and the possible effect on well
21 production.
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22
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23 Integration of defined flow units by different methods inferred a high level of heterogeneity in
24 the studied reservoir and the BVW was chosen as the best method of rock typing for feeding to
25 the static model. The BVW method assists in considering main variation of reservoir properties
26 meanwhile avoid complexity of models. During modelling, choosing an optimum number of
27 rock types for fine-grid model with small dimensions cells (50m*50m*1m) can help to separate
28 different layers vertically without necessity of dividing them to many distinct subzones. Usually,

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29 groping numerous subzones during up scaling is confusing and complicate; likewise, in a coarse
30 grid may omit or mix some frequency of thin seal and productive subintervals in reservoir zones.
31 Comparing achieved flow unit classification with outcomes of production test showed in this
32 reservoir with high level of heterogeneity an adequate type of well is vertical and highly deviated
33 ones, moreover, dual completion can be the best type of production which separate high and low

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34 productive zones.

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35 Introduction
36 Rock typing and flow unit identification in carbonates usually have been challenging due to the

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37 complexity of pore networks which are the results of facies changes and digenetic processes.
38 However, these rock type classifications are inevitable for knowing reservoir and predicting its
39 production performance against any operation. The first step for rock typing and flow unit
40
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identification is facies analysis based on core examinations and thin section studies. This study
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41 can end up to the electrofacies definition when petrophysical studies are correlated with log data.
42 Diagenetic processes such as cementation, dissolution and compaction significantly overprint
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43 facies properties. Therefore, it was tried to apply different methods of rock typing for getting the
44 most reliable one.
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45
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46 Totally, varieties of approaches are used during identification of the reservoir rock typing and
47 flow unit. Amaefule et al. (1993) proposed RQI/ FZI method for characterization of hydraulic
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48 units and the correlation between the combination of log data and FZI had been used for
49 permeability predictions in cored and uncored intervals of wells. Kharrats et al. (2009) used RQI/
50 FZI method for rock typing in a real case but used Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for
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51 estimating permeability via logs and FZI. Francescoin et al. (2009) have used integration of
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52 petrophysical data, porosity, permeability and Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP),
53 with sedimentological, diagenetica and petrographical data in an isolated carbonate platform
54 field. Gunter et al. (1997) introduced a graphical method for easily quantifying reservoir flow
55 units based on the geological framework, petrophysical rock/pore types flow capacity, storage
56 capacity and reservoir process speed. Stolz et al, 2003, compared seven methods for flow unit
57 definition with using numerical simulation and final results showed the predicting flow

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58 performance varies depending on the flow unit method which had been used. Skalinski et al,
59 2006, used integrated approach by applying MICP in conjunction with depositional facies and
60 stratigraphy. Holmes et al, 2009, applied a constant product of porosity and irreducible water
61 saturation(SWi) as a base for categorizing rock quality un some cases and the final results
62 illustrated higher quality rocks have a steeper slope than the lower quality rocks on the log

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63 permeability versus linear porosity plot . In this article, the RFN, RQI/FZI, Lorenz Plot and
64 BVW were applied on core and log data of four wells. After verification of outcomes, they were

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65 considered in Stratigraphic Flow Profile and tried to correlate with flow units resulted from
66 Lorenz Plot. Satisfactory correlation between rock types and identified flow units provided

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67 valuable hints for understanding reservoir performance and chose the most applicable method of
68 rock typing for inserting in static and dynamic models. A summary of the workflow is illustrated

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69 in Figure 1. AN
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71 Figure 1: Rock Typing and Flow Units Identification Workflow.

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72 Background

73 The studied green field, which its information is confidential at this stage, with a N-S trending
74 was discovered in 1999 by a few exploration wells in the south-west of Iran. The Sarvak, a
75 shallow marine carbonates deposited in Cenomanian age has been confirmed as a substantial oil-

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76 bearing interval in this field. Sarvak is composed of limestone to argillaceous limestone and is
77 known as an age-equivalent of the Mishrif and Natih formations.

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78

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79 In reservoir interval, the sedimentological investigation of cores unravels the dominant
80 depositional environments containing tidal flat, platform interior, rudist mound, and open
81 platform environment. Geologically, sea level fluctuations, diagenesis, and paleo-topography
82
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have strongly affected the vertical and lateral variation of facies of this reservoir. Moreover,
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83 some tectonic events, like Zagros Orogeny, have created micro-fractures in some directions.
84 However, fractures are rarely obvious in the image logs but are clear in core slabs. It is presumed
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85 high deliverability of some wells (productivity index equal to 84bbl/day/psia) is because of fine
86 connectivity between vugs that form by the micro-fractures in some part of the field. This study
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87 covers reservoir characterization of northern part of this giant culmination.

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89 The Sarvak formation in this field is divided into 13 subzones with definite geological-reservoir
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90 characteristics which only the first eight zones represent hydrocarbon shows. The first zone is
91 mainly composed of skeletal wackstone to packstone. Zone-2 is made from intraformational
92 conglomerate/sub-tidal channel deposit with pervasive stylolitization and cementation. The third
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93 zone is comprised of coarse-grained echinoid-algae wackstone to packstone. Benthic

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94 Foraminifera and milliolid wackstone to packstone show most frequent facies in zone-4 to7.
95 Coarse-grained echinoid-algae wackstone to packstone repeats in zone-8.

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97 Zone-1 &2 have very poor reservoir quality due to muddy content and occurrence of shaly
98 layers. Zone-3 with high porosity and medium permeability limestones has the best reservoir

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99 quality. Zone-4 represents another porous subunit in some points but it has a weaker reservoir
100 quality in comparison with zone-3. Zone-5 is a fossiliferous limestone subunit which represents
101 hydrocarbon show on the petrophysical evaluation logs. Zone-6 &7 are mainly composed from
102 argillaceous sand chalky limestone. The amount of water saturation increases toward Sarvak-7
103 and middle of Sarvak-8. Sarvak-9 to Sarvak-12 are completely water bearing zones which are

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104 composed of white cream and light cream soft limestone. The lower most part of Sarvak is zone-
105 13. This is massive limestone with about 230-meter thickness and contains some green and dark

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106 grey shales in the upper and lower part.

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107

108 Methodology for Rock Typing

109
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According to the classical definition, rock typing is classifying reservoir rocks into distinct units.
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110 These units are deposited under similar conditions and they have experienced the similar
111 diagenetic processes. This results in a unique porosity-permeability relationship, similar capillary
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112 pressure profile and the same water saturation for a given height above the free water level for
113 each rock type (Archie, 1950). Different quantitative methods can be applied for describing rock-
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114 typing and their corresponding petrophysical properties. In this study based on the available data
115 the following methods were followed:
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116 Petrophysical Methods

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1171- Rock-Fabric Numbers (RFN)

118 -Jennings and Lucia (2001) presented rock fabric approach in terms of particle size, sorting,
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119 interparticle porosity, and separate vug porosity. These terms can convey pore size and pore-size
120 distribution which control permeability and water saturation. The pore-size distribution is related
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121 to rock fabric which results from geologic processes.

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123 Rock fabrics are related to petrophysical parameters by classifying pore space into interparticle
124 porosity and vuggy porosity (separate and touching vugs); also, they are divided into grain-
125 dominated (presence of open or occluded intergrain porosity and a grain-supported texture) and

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126 mud-dominated (volume between the grains is filled with mud) and are grouped as rock-fabric
127 petrophysical classes (figure 2):
128 Class1: grainstones, dolomitized grainstones, and large crystalline dolostones.
129 Class 2: grain-dominated packstones, fine to medium crystalline grain-dominated
130 dolopackestons, and medium crystalline mud-dominated dolostones.

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131 Class 3: mud-dominated fabrics (mud-dominated packstones, wackstones and mudstones) and
132 fine crystalline mud-dominated dolostones.
133

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134 In case of separate-vugs, they should subtract from total porosity; since, they enhance total
135 porosity but it does not significantly increase permeability (Lucia 1983). Permeability in

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136 touching-vug pore system rises 5 to 10 times over that expected from matrix permeability; while,
137 this kind of vug cannot be related to porosity. Lucia (1983) showed permeability in touching-vug
138 pore systems cannot be characterized by rock fabrics or petrophysical classes.

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139
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140 The continuum of petrophysical classes is called rock-fabric numbers (RFN) by Lucia (1995).
141 The resulting global transform is given below:
142 = 9.7982 − 12.0838 + 8.6711 − 8.2965 ∅ (1)
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143 To model the boundaries of each class a value of 0.5 to 4 were assigned for RFN. These
144 transforms, together with the three petrophysical-class transforms, were used to develop an
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145 equation relating permeability and interparticle porosity to a continuum of petrophysical classes
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146 using multiple linear regressions.

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1000

0.5
1.0
100 1.5
2.0
2.5 3.0
Class 1

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4.0
Permeability (md)

Class 2
10
Class 3

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0.04 Interparticle Porosity (fraction) 0.40
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Log k=(A-B*log(RF no.))+(C-D*log(RF no.))log(lppor)
Where: A=9.792, B=12.0838, C=8.6711, D=8.2965

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148
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Figure 2: A continuum of rock fabrics and associated porosity-permeability transformation.

149
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1502- Bulk Volume Water Method (SWi ×φ classification)

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151 Buckles (1965) based on linear trends between porosity and average grain size assumed
152 hyperbolic relationship between surface area and porosity which is similar to correlation between
153 surface area and particle diameter. He showed similar trend of porosity and average grain size,
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154 between irreducible water saturation and porosity if irreducible water saturations in actual
155 reservoir samples be directly related to pore surface area. As a result, he reached to the
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156 equilateral hyperbole relationship between saturation and porosity:

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157 ϕ*SWi = constant (2)

158
159 The above principle expresses the irreducible water saturation as a fraction of bulk volume
160 instead of pore volume. In a reservoir with variable lithology, a family of curves will be yield by
161 selective classification of data and determine rock types based on the mentioned product. The
162 values of porosity (ϕ) and irreducible water saturation (SWi) will be determined from

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163 petrophysical logs in every 0.5ft intervals. This will generate a series of data which is sufficient
164 for rock typing while cover the whole reservoir vertically and laterally.
165
1663- Winland plot

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167 Winland used mercury injection-capillary pressure curves of 321 different sandstone samples to
168 develop an empirical relationship between porosity and permeability to pore throat radius. He
found that the35thpercentileof mercury injection curve provides the best correlation with rocks

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169
170 permeability. The equation was published by Kolodzie (1980) as:

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171
log(R35) = 0.732 + 0.588log(Kair ) − 0.864log(ϕ) (3)

Where R35 is the pore aperture radius corresponding to the 35thpercentile of mercury saturation,

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173 Kair is air permeability (mD) and φ is porosity (%).
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174 Pittman (1992) found R25 as the best result for permeability prediction in sandstones. Rezaee et
175 al. (2006) suggested that R50 is the most reliable pore throat size which can be used for
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176 permeability prediction for carbonates.

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177
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178 According to Martin et al. (1997) and Porras et al. (2001) five petrophysical flow units with
179 different reservoir performance are distinguished by ranges of R35:

180 Mega-porous: defined by a pore throat radius bigger than 10 microns.

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181 Macro-porous: defined by a pore throat radius between2.5 and 10 microns.

182 Meso-porous: defined by a pore throat radius between 0.5 and 2.5 microns.
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183 Micro-porous: defined by a pore throat radius between 0.2 and 0.5 microns.
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184 Nano-porous: defined by a pore throat radius smaller than 0.2 microns.

185

1864- Reservoir-quality-index (RQI) and flow zone unit (FZI).

187 The RQI/FZI method classification is done using the following approach introduced by
188 Amaefule (1993):

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189 = 0.0314 4
∅!

190 Where K is permeability (mD), ∅# is effective porosity(fraction), and RQI is Rock Quality
191 Index(µm). In following equations ∅$ and FZI are normalized porosity index and Flow Zone
192 Indicator (µm) respectively.

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∅!
193 ∅$ = %&∅!
(5)
()*
194 ' = (6)

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∅+

195

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196 Graphical Tools

197 The graphical tools, introduced by Gunter et al., (1997), were used to determine flow units as

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198 follow:
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199 1) Stratigraphic Flow Profile (SFP).
200 It is a composite plot used to demonstrate flow units interpretation. This graph usually contains
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201 GR, NPHI and RHOB curves, core porosity and permeability results from storage and flow unit
202 capacity.
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203 2) Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot (SMLP).

204 It is a plot of flow capacity (product of permeability and thickness) versus storage capacity
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205 (product of porosity and thickness).

206 3) Modified Lorenz Plot (MLP).
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207 This is a plot of flow capacity versus storage capacity while it is computed on flow unit basis
208 and maintains stratigraphic position.
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210 Reservoir Characterization

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211 Core and log data are available from four wells. Results of log, routine, and special core analyses
212 were employed to classify reservoir to define rock types and flow units using above mentioned
213 methods. Conventional porosity and permeability were corrected to the reservoir condition
214 according to the stress sensitive data. With correlating porosity and permeability data under
215 ambient and different overburden pressure and considering confining pressure of Sarvak

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216 reservoir in this field, Overburden Coefficient are estimated for permeability and porosity equal
217 to 0.82 and 0.94 respectively.
218
219 1- Rock-Fabric Numbers (RFN):
220 Connected vugs are pervasive in Sarvak Formation of this field. Normally, separate-vugs do not

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221 enhance permeability; however, intervals with touching-vug pore systems can have very high
222 permeabilities that are not adequately predicted by the rock-fabric petrophysical classification.

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223 For classification and describing the relationship between petrophysical properties, the rock-
224 fabric classification method is only useful for skimming core porosity and permeability ranges in

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225 this reservoir; however, may some points show right position according to RFN classification.
226 Figure -3 presents cross plot of porosity-permeability by using RFN method. However, the

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227 existence of micro- fracture and different types of vuggy pores in core plugs decrease the
228 reliability of this method for estimating permeability but give some information about rock fabric
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229 of reservoir rocks.
1000
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0.5
1.0 1.5
2.0
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100
2.5
Class 1 3.0
Permeability (md)

4.0
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Class 2
Class 3
10
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1
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0
0.04 Interparticle Porosity (fraction) 0.40
230

231 Figure 3: A continuum of rock fabrics and associated porosity-permeability transformation in Sarvak Reservoir.

232

233

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234 2- Bulk Volume Water (BVW):

235 The log porosity and irreducible water saturation data were chosen for points above transition
236 zone in some wells. In order to prevent discarding of any data point, corresponding to net rock
237 volume, conservative cut-off values of less than five percent (which was 12 percent of whole log

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238 data above transition zone) was applied for porosity. This was 70 percent (which was 17 percent
239 of whole log data above transition zone) for irreducible water saturation (SWi).

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240 After applying the cut-off for irreducible water saturation and porosity, Sarvak data was
241 categorized into five rock types (RT#1, RT#2, RT#3, RT#4, RT#5) as stated by following series

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242 of steps:
243 1- The product of “SWi*Phi” was calculated.
244 2- All data was sorted from Min to Max of “SWi*Phi”.

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245 3- A range of data was chosen and “SWi*Phi” averaged over this range (Ā).
, - ∗ /0 = Ā
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232, = 32Ā − lnSW8 n = lnĀ − lnSW8 /lnφ
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247 4- Change of the range to include more (or less) data points with the criteria of “n” (from
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248 0.8 to 1.3).

249 5- Once was formed the first group of data, this procedure was repeated for the second
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250 group.
251 6- Plot the frequency plots of rock properties in each group.
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252 7- Group all data points by repeating steps 3 to 6.

253
254 Irreducible water saturation values were plotted versus porosity based on this classification
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255 (Figure 4).

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Rock Type Classification

0.8

0.7

0.6
RT#1
Water Saturation,(fr)

RT#2

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0.5
RT#3

0.4 RT#4

RT#5
0.3

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MICP(RT#1)

MICP(RT#2)
0.2 MICP(RT#3)

MICP(RT#4)

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0.1
MICP(RT#5)

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Porosity,(fr)

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256
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257 Figure 4: Different classified rock types in carbonate of Sarvak.

258 Table 1 lists the frequency of each rock type and the average properties of them in studied
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259 reservoir. According to Table1 and figure 4, the range of porosity for all rock types is relatively
260 the same and their difference is related to water saturation range.
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261 The least connate water saturation is assigned to rock type#1 that has a high porosity as well. It
262 presents the best petrophysical properties with relatively low frequency; while, the most frequent
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263 rock type is RT#2 with very good to fair reservoir properties.
264
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265 Tables 1: The average properties for classified rock types.

Rock Type#1 Rock Type#2 Rock Type#3 Rock Type#4 Rock Type#5
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Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
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0.051
PHI 0.28 PHI 0.050 0.29 PHI 0.05 0.29 PHI 0.06 0.25 PHI 0.09 0.48
836
0.000
SWi 0.307 SWi 0.057 0.56 SWi 0.106 0.67 SWi 0.17 0.69 SWi 0.24 0.69
018
PHI* 1.95E PHI* PHI* PHI* PHI*
0.01 0.015 0.029 0.029 0.04 0.041 0.065 0.065 0.14
SWi -06 SWi SWi SWi SWi
Freq
Frequenc 12.2% Frequ Frequ Freque
41.9% 18.2% 16.4% uenc 11.2%
y ency ency ncy
y
266
267 For verifying the results of BVW method, capillary pressure curves have been used. These data are
268 usually utilized to evaluate the size and distribution of pore throat size. In fact, these parameters

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269 influence permeability and saturation distribution in reservoir rocks. The groups of capillary
270 pressure curves with similar shape can be used to for rock typing.
271 Totally, 30 mercury injection capillary curves (MICP) exist for the Sarvek formation in this field.
272 After MICP curves were corrected using closure, depositional stress and translation into the
273 reservoir fluids corrections techniques.

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Mercury-air Capillary Pressure Data

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10000
Capillary Pressure,(psi)

1000

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100

10
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1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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275 wetting Phase Saturation, (%)

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276 Figure5: Corrected Air-Mercury Capillary Pressure classified by BVW method.

277

For assigning curves to rock types, porosity and initial water saturation of MICP samples were
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278
279 plotted in classified rock type plot (figure 4). Figure-5 presents these MICP curves which were used
280 to validate classified rock type by BVW method after classifying themaccording to their associated
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281 rock type. Each group shows excellent correlation with its rock type (Figure 6 and Table-2) and two
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282 methods confirm results of each other.

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288

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289 Table 2: petrophysical properties of MICP samples which classified based on BVW method.

RT#1 RT#2 RT#3 RT#4 RT#5

SWi Poro SWi Poro SWi Poro SWi Poro SWi Poro

0.04 0.22 0.06 0.26 0.34 0.10 0.45 0.09 0.55 0.22

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0.05 0.21 0.08 0.31 0.17 0.19 0.23 0.17 0.52 0.26

0.02 0.23 0.07 0.21 0.25 0.11

0.04 0.24 0.09 0.18 0.17 0.20

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0.05 0.24 0.10 0.18

0.06 0.25 0.11 0.19

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0.05 0.26 0.08 0.21

0.02 0.28 0.16 0.11

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0.06 0.14 0.33 0.06

0.09 0.14 0.13 0.13

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0.36 0.07

0.18 0.14
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291
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292
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293 Figure6: Classified Capillary Pressure for Rock Types.

294
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295 3- Winland plot:

296 For Sarvak reservoir in the studied area, a series of empirical equations have been developed to
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297 calculate permeability from the MICP curves. Table 3 illustrates that R15 has better prediction
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298 ability comparing with other pore throat sizes. Core porosity and permeability data does not
299 show complete separation and relatively cover each other. Despite this fact, regarding R15
300 boundaries and Martin et al. (1997) the porosity and permeability data can classify to five groups
301 (Figure-7). Rock type 1, Mega-porous (pore throat radius greater than 10 microns) is coarse-
302 grained-grained echinoid-rudist wackstone to packstone and fine to medium grain pelloid
303 skeletal packstone to grainstone which forms the best reservoir. Petrophysical properties of this
304 rock type vary 8-600 mD and 3-40 for permeability and porosity respectively while shows very

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305 low frequency. In contrast, rock type 5 presents Benthic Foraminifera and Milliolid Wackstone
306 to Packstone. These are classified as the Nano-porous (pore throat radius smaller than 0.2
307 microns) while has low porosity (rarely more than 5%) and permeability.

308 Table3: Empirical equations to determine the throat radii, rock types and pore throat radii (microns), corresponding
309 to different percentages of mercury saturation

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Equations Correlation Coefficient
; = −0.436 + 0.9621 ∅ + 0.6557 <10 0.5
; = −1.41774 + 1.7736 ∅ + 0.9539 <15

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0.6638
; = −3.2558 + 3.199 ∅ − 0.6087 <20 0.5582
; = −3.2558 + 3.199 ∅ − 0.6087 <25 0.5582
; = −1.70437 + 2.0739 ∅ + 0.776 <30 0.6173
; = −1.89191 + 2.223 ∅ + 0.6485 <35

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0.6045
; = −2.16258 + 2.419 ∅ + 0.4732 <40 0.5897
; = −2.56135 + 2.6983 ∅ + 0.2518 <45 0.5871
; = −2.116 + 2.389331 ∅ + 0.3607 <50 0.5805
; = −2.4 + 2.572524 ∅ + 0.18622 <55

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0.5313
310
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R15(All Data)
10000
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1000
10um
100 2.5um
Permeability,(mD)

0.5um
10
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0.2um
1

0.1
EP

0.01
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0.001
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Porosity,(fr)
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r=10um r=2.5um r=0.5um r=0.2um PORO-PERM

311

312 Figure7: R15 Porosity-Permeability Plot for All Wells.

313 Rock type 4 is mostly composed of peloidal and rudist or echinoid wackstones to packstones
314 with relatively high porosity (5-30%) and low permeability. They were deposited in open lagoon

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315 mid ramp while their properties overprint by digenetic processes like dissolution and planar
316 dolomitization with stylolite and micro-fractures.

317

318 Rock type 2 which is classified as the macro-porous is mostly peloid bioclast packstone to

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319 grainstone and rudist or Echnoid wackstone to packstone. As the figures show, similar rock
320 composes rock type 1 and 2; especially in the area with low petrophysical properties.

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321

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322 Rock type 3 is formed from milliolid /bioclast wackstone to packstone, coarse-grained echinoid-
323 algae wackstone to packstone and coarse-grained skeletal interaclastic grainstone with vuggy,

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324 channel and micro-fractures porosities. Pore throat radius change between 1and 5 microns;
325 while, petrophysical properties change from medium to high. It changes from meso to macro-
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326 porous group. Totally, meso, micro and nano- porous have more frequency rather than other
327 groups.
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328
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329 For comparing results of this method with BVW one, core data were classified according to
330 results of BVW. Firstly, core and log data were matched regarding depth. Next, corresponding
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331 irreducible water saturation was determined for each core porosity and permeability points from
332 well logs. Then core data were classified based on certain amount of product of irreducible water
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333 saturation and porosity of each rock type which obtained by BVW method (figure 8). Finally,
334 according to Martin et al. calculated pore throat radius from core data were classified in five
335 groups with allocating a number from 1 to 5 for mega-porous to nano-porous respectively.
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Rock Type (Core data)

0.7

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Initieal Water Saturation (fraction)

0.5

RT#1

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RT#2
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0.2 RT#4

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6E-16

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-0.1
Porosity (percent)
336

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337 Figure 8: Classified rock types with core data.
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338 Figure 9 presents the frequency of core data with different pore throat radius in defined rock
339 types by BVW method. Results illustrate the frequency of Mega and Macro pores decrease from
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340 RT#1 to RT#5. As expected, RT#1 with the best petrophysical properties contains the most
341 frequency of Mega pores, whereas RT#5 is rich in Meso, Micro, and Nano-pores.
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Frequency

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20 Mega-Pores

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RT#1 RT#2 RT#3 RT#4 RT#5
344 Rock Type

345

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Figure9: Frequency of different pore throat radius in each rock type.
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346 4- Reservoir-quality-index (RQI) and flow zone indicator (FZI):

347 After determination of RQI and PMR for all core porosity and permeability data, the procedure
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348 which applied for “SWi*Phi” grouping in BVW method have been used for FZI classification.
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349 Figure10 illustrates 8 distinct rock types in the Sarvak which were separated using above
350 approach and distinct permeability-porosity relationship presents in figure11 for each rock type.
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Rock Type Classification

10

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351 PMR
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352 Figure 10: Plot of RQI VS PMR for the Sarvak reservoir.

353 Similar to BVW method, results of classification by RQI method were checked through capillary
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354 pressure curves which were grouped by each class. Porosity and permeability of each MICP
355 sample were entered in figure 11 and according to its position rather to each class was drawn in
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356 figure 12. The outcome showed weak classification and different groups covered each other.
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357 However, the RQI method classified core porosity and permeability data of the Sarvak reservoir
358 but these classes could not assign a similar group of capillary pressure curves to themselves.
359 Results of the RQI method in this study not only are usually hard to feed in the static model but
360 also, it is inflexible to assign a definite capillary pressure curve to each rock type for predicting
361 water saturation.

362

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Rock Type Classification

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Permeability,md

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FZI=10
Pc(FZI=0.26)
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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

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363
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364 Figure11: Plot of Permeability VS Porosity for each rock type with MICP data for the Sarvak reservoir.

365 Regarding rock type definition by Archie (1950), finding a unique relationship between porosity
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366 and permeability as the measure of potential storage and recoverability of hydrocarbon is
367 essential in each reservoir rock type; while, porosity in carbonate rock is complicatedly depends
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368 on the shape of grains, their sorting and also interagrain porosity. These are related to the type of
369 sediment and post-depositional history in carbonates; moreover, in the Sarvak reservoir
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370 abundance of vugs increases complexity. In this situation usually measuring petrophysical
371 properties of core plugs in laboratory is highly depended on the position of sampling in a whole
372 core. The difference between permeability measurement in the laboratory and well test operation
373 in the Sarvak reservoir can prove this phenomenon.

374

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375 On the other hand, inflexibility of classified rock types by this method for allocating similar
376 capillary pressure curve to them as a usual criterion for pore throat size distribution, lead to
377 examine other methods for rock type classification and feeding in the static model, though it can
378 be useful for using beside of other methods.

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Capillary Pressure Curves
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FZI=1

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FZI=1

FZI=1
Capillary Pressure,(Psi)

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FZI=0.64

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
wetting Phase Saturation, (%)
379
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380 Figure12: Corrected Air-Mercury Capillary Pressure classified by RQI method.

381 Graphical Tools:

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382 The key for characterizing a flow unit in Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz plot (SMLP) and
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383 Modified Lorenz plot (MLP) methods is to identify it via its slop; that means segments with
384 steep slopes have a greater percentage of reservoir flow capacity relative to storage capacity;
385 consequently, have a high reservoir process speed (speed zones or conduits). Barriers (seal to
386 flow) are segments with neither flow nor storage capacity and the ones with flat behaviour have
387 storage capacity but little flow capacity is baffles (zones that throttle fluid movement).

388

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389 Following five steps were used for constructing SMLP and MLP:

390 1- All data was sorted according to the depth.

391 2- The product of “Phi*depth” and “Permeability *depth” as the percent of storage and
392 flow capacity were calculated for each measured point in conventional core analysis
393 (CCAL).

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394 3- The SMLP was diagrammed by plotting the percent of storage capacity versus the
395 percent of flow capacity. Each inflection point determines initial flow units.
396 4- Each initial flow unit was finalized by validating it with SFP, Winland, RQI/FZI and

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397 BVW methods throughout the reservoir column in each well.
398 5- MLP was constructed by representing final flow units regarding to their speed (in
399 decreasing order).

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400

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401 Figure 13displays SMLP and MLP for well-A. Regarding inflection points in SMLP curves, 10
402 distinct flow units were distinguished in this well. As the figure depicts Flow Unit 3 with 10%
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403 flow and only 2% storage capacity is the most productive and 4, 5 and 7 Flow Units with very
404 small variation in slop have the second rank. These units as the speed zones include 50 percent of
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405 flow capacity while, it has only 22 percent of the storage capacity. Flow units 2, 6and 9 have the
406 same flow speed which covers 22 percent of flow capacity and 20 percent of storage capacity.
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407 They follow by Flow Unit8 and at the last Flow units 1 and 10 are baffles; while have been
408 allocated 30 percent of storage capacity to them they only have less than 5 percent flow capacity.
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409 The mentioned Flow Units in Well-A are traceable in other wells. Flow Units 4,3 with 20% flow
410 and 2% storage capacity, 7,8 and 14 with 26% flow and 3% storage capacity and 5,6 with
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411 22%flow and 8% storage capacity (as a speed zone) are the most productive units in well B,C
412 and D respectively (figure 14 to 16). The well-C with 19 distinct flow units represents the most
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413 heterogeneous area. In contrast, the Well-A and D are more homogeneous than two other wells;
414 however, they show 10 & 13 flow units respectively. As depicted in SMLP plots different Flow
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415 Units are more incessant in two wells than Well-C and B which speed zones are interrupted by
416 barriers and slops of speed zones vary continuously. The 60 percent of flow capacity belongs to
417 30 percent storage capacity in well-D. It equals to 22 and 17 percent in well-A &B
418 correspondingly. The most productivity index of well-D in Drill Stem Test (DST) outcome rather
419 than two other wells has confirmed results of flow unit studies.

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420 The SFP are used to show classified flow units regarding variation of rock properties in the
421 reservoir column. It depicts a relationship between main elements of rock typing methods like
422 SWi*Phi in BVW method K/Phi in RQI and reservoir process speed, reservoir rock quality and
423 the log response (GR, NPHI, RHOB curves). The combination of different methods with storage
424 and flow unit capacity leads to a comprehensive interpretation of flow units throughout the well.

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425 Moreover, a SFP in company with the SMLP and MLP allows following the continuity of flow
426 units and correlate them between wells in a sequence stratigraphic model for other usages in

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427 static and dynamic models.

Figures 17 to 20 show the high reservoir process speeds were distinguished by SMLP and MLP

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428
429 in four studied wells mostly interrelated to zone-3 except Well-C which is related to zone-4 and
430 5. These zones were identified by black colour in BVW column as the rock type one (grained

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431 Echinoid-algae wackstone to packstone) with inter connected vugs and high antiparticle porosity.
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432 This is the best rock type and existing micro-fractures in this zone extensively enhance
433 permeability (1260 mD in well test interpretation results) in some part of the field. Flow units 5&
434 7 in Well-A, 3 & 5 in Well-B and 4, 7 and 8 in Well-D which include near 50 percent of flow
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435 and 18 percent of the storage capacity are part of as the rock type#1 but with a lower quality.
436 Changing in the slop of normalized RQI (column 8) confirms it as well. Flow unit2&9 in Well-
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437 A, 11&12in well-B show speed zones with the second rank quality which are known as a part of
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438 rock type-2 (red colour). Flow Unit 7,14,9 and 8 represents the speed zones in Well-C which are
439 part of zone-4 and 5. This well is located on the eastern flank of anticline where petrophysical
440 properties of zone-3 rather to other three wells (in the crest) are deteriorated while zone-4 and
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441 five are improved. The Flow Unit-1 in the Well-A and Well-B define as the baffle contains near
442 10 percent of storage capacity and is correlated with rock type#5 and rock type#4. These units
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443 with high porosity and very low permeability which represent isolated vuggy and moldic
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444 porosity exist in zones 2, 4 and part of 5 & 6.

445 Production Test Results

446 As mentioned before, three vertical wells (WELL-A, B, and D) have crestal position and the
447 forth well (WELL-C) is situated in eastern flank. There are some horizontal wells which are
448 completed with a slotted liner in zone-3 and production of these wells is being waited for
449 installation of production units; thus, available data is limited to only production test results for

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450 some of them. Among studied horizontal wells, WELL-A’, B’ and D’ are near WELL-A, B and
451 D respectively; while, WELL-C’ and C’’ are in the same pad near WELL-C. In this stage has
452 been attempted to and finding a logical relationship between them and reservoir characterization
453 results.
454

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455 Figure 21 compares well head pressure and production rate with different chock sizes, based on
456 production test results in horizontal wells and their bear by vertical wells. Except WELL-C that

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457 its surrounding horizontal wells (WELL-C’ & C’’) have better flow performance, in crestal
458 points vertical and horizontal wells relatively show similar flow behaviour. Unfortunately, for

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459 some horizontal wells, there is only data for chock size less than 24 inches and cannot predict the
460 real performance of them with higher pressure drops.

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461
462 In the stratigraphical flow profiles, the third column shows classified rock type (BVW method).
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463 The best one is black and weakens to red, green, navy blue and cyan blue. This column for
464 different wells reveals reservoir properties throughout the well thickness change continuously. It
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465 increases the importance of trajectory in horizontal wells and shall pursue exactly good quality
466 part in zone-3 which is usually hard to achieve. Totally, vertical wells in this area not only are
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467 drilled, monitored and work overed easier than horizontal wells but also well has more chance to
468 expose to high-quality parts along the wells. "Due to a poor quality of resistivity a log in this
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469 well, there is not any water saturation evaluation for WELL-D and is omitted rock type column
470 by BVW method."
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471

472 Conclusions
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473 1. Normally logging operation is done for each new well which creates bunch of data includes
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474 estimation of porosity, water saturation and so on while core measurement properties like
475 porosity and permeability are limited to few wells. As a result, during property distribution for
476 building a static model, log data is the main source of information. Between different methods
477 which were discussed in this study, BVW method not only is most easy to apply in the static
478 model but also has adequate match with MICP data as a measurement of pore-throat size which
479 is a general factor between permeability and hydrocarbon saturation.

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480 2. Mapping applied rock typing methods in the Stratigraphic Flow Profile identified variation of
481 rock types according to depth in each well and recognized speed zones and their continuities.
482 Integration of DST and production test results continual changes of flow units throughout the
483 reservoir column in these wells and thin thicknesses of high speed infer the importance of
484 controlling well trajectory during drilling as follow these zones. Ignoring this issue and existing

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485 stylolites with other factors can lead to better performance for vertical wells rather than
486 horizontal ones. In fact, a vertical or highly deviated well creates more chance for touching the

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487 most speed zones when petrophysical properties vary continually in this thick reservoir.
488 Moreover, existing speed zones with different quality forces using dual completion production

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489 system in the Sarvak reservoir.

490 3. Mapping results of rock typing, high-quality speed zones, baffles and seal, their permanence in

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491 the wells and continuity throughout the field in the static model is big help during up scaling
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492 process; in fact, preserving these rapid changes in flow units are critical in the dynamic model. It
493 will affect any strategic decisions like choosing type, quantity and spacing of production and
494 appraisal wells which will be predicted by this model in the current and other phases of the
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495 Sarvak reservoir.

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496

497 Nomenclature
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498 RQI=Reservoir Quality Index, µm

499 FZI=Flow Zone Indicator, µm
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500 DRT=Discrete Rock Type

501 Phi=Porosity
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502 SWi=Irreducible Water Saturation

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503 K=Permeability, mD
504 MICP=Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure
505 R35= Pore Throat radius at 35% mercury saturation, µm
506 R25= Pore Throat radius at 25% mercury saturation, µm
507 R50= Pore Throat radius at 50% mercury saturation, µm
508 ANN= Artificial Neural Network
509 CCAL= Conventional Core Analysis

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510 SCAL= Special Core Analysis.

511 DST= Drill Stem Test
512 RFN= Rock-Fabric Numbers
513 SFP= Stratigraphic Flow Profile
514 SMLP= Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot

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515 MLP= Modified Lorenz Plot

516 Acknowledgments

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517 The authors would like to thanks National Iranian Oil Company for permission to use sample
518 data.

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519 References
520 • R.S. Buckles: “Correlating and Averaging Connate Water Saturation Data.” JCPT65-01-

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521 07, to be presented at the 16th Annual Technical Meeting. P& N.G. Division, C.I.M.
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522 Calgary, May. 1965.
523 • Jennings J.W., Lucia F.J. (2001): “Predicting Permeability from Well logs in Carbonate
524 with a link to Geology for Interwell Permeability mapping” paper SPE 71336 presented
525 at the 2001 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Louisiana, Oct. 2001
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526 • Amaefule, J.O., Altunbay, M., Tiab, D., Kersey, D.G., and Keelan, D.: "Enhanced
527 Reservoir Description: Using Core and Log Data to Identify Hydraulic (Flow) Units and
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528 Predict Permeability in Uncored Intervals/Wells," paper SPE 26436 presented at the
529 1993 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition in Houston, Texas 3-6 October
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530 1993.
531 • Kozeny, J.: “Uber KapillareLeitung des Wassersim Boden, Sitzungsberichte,” Royal
532 Academy of Science, Vienna, Proc. Class I (1927), v. 136, pp. 271-306.
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533 • Martin, A.J., Solomon, S.T., and Hartmann, D.J.:”Characterization of Flow Units in
534 Carbonate Reservoir,” AAPG Bulletin (May 1997), Vol. 81, No. 5, 734-759.
535 • Porras, J.C, and Campos, O.: “Rock Typing: A Key for Petrophysical Characterization
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536 and Definition of Flow Units, Santa Barbara Field, Eastern Venezuela Basin,” paper SPE
537 69458 presented at the 2001 SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering
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538 Conference held in Buenos Aires, 28-28

539 • Carman, P.C.:”Fluid Flow through Granular Beds,” Transactions of the Institute of
540 chemical Engineers 15. AIChE (1937), v. 15, pp.150-166.
541 • G.Guo, M.A.Diaz, F. Paz, J. Smalley and E.A. Waninger.”Rock Typing as an Effective
542 Tool for Permeability and Water-Saturation Modelling: A Case Study in a Clastic
543 Reservoir in the Oriente Basin” paper SPE 97033 presented at the 2005 SPE Annual
544 Technical Conference and Exhibition in Dallas, Texas, 9-12 October 2005.

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545 • RiyazKharrat, RaminMahdavi, Mohammad Hashem Bagherpour; Shahab Hejri,:”Rock

546 Type and Permeability Prediction of a Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoir Using
547 Artificial Neural Network Based on Flow Zone Index Approach”, paper SPE 120166 was
548 prepared for presentation at the 2009 SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference
549 held in the Bahrain International Exhibition Centre, Kingdom of Bahrain , 15-18 March
550 2009.

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551 • Gunter, G.w., Finneran, J.M., Hartmann, D.J., and Miller, J. D.:"Early Determination of
552 Reservoir Flow Units Using an Integrated Petrophysical Method," paper SPE 38679
553 presented at the 1997 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition in San Antonio,

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554 Texas, 5-8 October 1997.
555 • A.Francescoin,F.Bigoni, P.Balossino, and Bona, ENI; F. Marchini, KPDL, M.Cozzi,

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556 IEOC, ”Reservoir Rock Type Application – Kashagan”paper SPE 125342 was prepared
557 for presentation at the 2009 SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation
558 Conference held in Abu Dhabi, 19-21 October 2009.
• Archie, G.E., 1950, Introduction to Petrophysics of Reservoir Rocks: AAPG Bulletin V

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559
560 .34, P.943-961.
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561 • Pittman, E.D., 1992, Relationship of Porosity and Permeability to Various Parameters
562 Derived from Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure Curves for Sandstones: AAPG
563 Bulletin Vol.76, No. 2, P.191-198.
•
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564 Michael Holmes, Antony Holmes, Dominic Holmes.: “Relationship between Porosity and
565 Water Saturation: Methodology to Distinguish Mobile from Capillary Bound Water”
566 AAPG annual Convention and Exhibition, presented at the2009, Denver, Colorado June
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567 7-10, 2009)

568 • M. R. Rezaee, A. Jafari, and E. Kazemzadeh. Relationship between permeability,
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569 porosity and pore throat size in carbonate rocks using regression analysis and neural
570 networks. Journal of Geophysics Engineering, 2006, 3:370-376.
571 • Omar Al-Farsi, SPE, Mohamed Elhami, SPE, Ali AL-Felasi, and Fatemah Yammahi,
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572 ADMA-OPCO, and ShawkatGhedan, SPE, ADNOC Petroleum Institue ” Revelation of

573 Carbonate Rock Typing- The Resolved Gap”(2009).
574 • Master development plan of field (2004).
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575 • Geological studies report of field (2015).

576 • Lucia.F.J.” Rock Fabric/Petrophysical Classification of Carbonate Pore Space for
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577 Reservoir Characterization” AAPG Bulletibn (1995) 79(9) 1275-1300.(SPE 38679).

578 • Lucia, F.J.: Carbonate Reservoir Characterization, Springer-Verlag, Berline (1999).
579 • Antony Holmes, Michael Holmes and Dominic Holmes. . “Relationship between Porosity
580 and Water Saturation: Methodology to Distinguish Mobile from Capillary Bound
581 Water”Search and Discovery Article #110108 (2009)
582
583 • Mark Skalinski, Stephanie Gottlib-Zeh, and Brian Moss, Petrophysics “Defining and
584 Predicting Rock Types in Carbonates- Preliminary Results from an Integrated Approach

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585 using Core and Log Data from the Tengiz Field” , VOL 47, no. 1(February 2006);P.37-
586 52;.
587
588 • Anne-Kristine Stolz, SPE, and Ramona M. Graves, “Sensitivity Study of Flow Unit
589 Definition by Use of Reservoir Simulation”. SPE 84277, 2003. SPE, Colorado School of
590 Mines.

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591

592 Figure 13: WELL-A Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot and Modified Lorenz Plot.
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594 Figure 14: WELL-B Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot and Modified Lorenz Plot.

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596 Figure15: WELL-C Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot and Modified Lorenz Plot.

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598 Figure16: WELL-D Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot and Modified Lorenz Plot.
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604 Figure17: WELL-A Stratigraphic Flow Profile (SFP).

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606 Figure18: WELL-B Stratigraphic Flow Profile (SFP).
607

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609 Figure19: WELL-C Stratigraphic Flow Profile (SFP).
610

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613 Figure20: WELL-D Stratigraphic Flow Profile (SFP).

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1400

1200 WELL-B'
WELL-D'
1000 WELL-A'
WELL-D WELL-A
Well Head Pressure(Psia)

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WELL-C'

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

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Production Rate(bbl/day)
WELL-D WELL-B WELL-A WELL-C WELL-C'
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WELL-C'' WELL-A' WELL-D' WELL-B'
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616 Figure21: Well head Pressure and Production Rate in Performed Production Test.
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1. Between different methods, bulk volume water (BVW) method applied in the static
model.
2. BVW method has adequate match with MICP data rather than RQI.
3. Mapping applied rock typing methods in the Stratigraphic Flow Profile identified variation
of rock types according to depth.

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4. Integration of DST and production test results and continues changes of flow units
throughout the reservoir column infer the importance of controlling well trajectory during

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drilling.
5. Existing speed zones with different quality forces using dual completion production

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system in the Sarvak reservoir.

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