THE AGE OFSOCIAL CHANGE

Radicals Industries and Socialismin Socialism

Liberals Conservatives Social Change Europe Given Support
They mainly They wanted a They respected This was a period Socialists were Tofight for better
wanted a nation government the past and ofeconomic and against the idea of ivingconditions,
that wouid tolerate which was based resisted the SOcial change. private property. Workers in
all religions.They on the majority of change. But soon Men, women They had different Germany and
argued for an a country's after the and children were visions of the England began
elected population. The revolution, began pushedinto future. Some forming
idea of factories onlower demanded that associations. They
parliamentary to accept the
wages. Whereas, governments must set up funds for
government, non-existence changes. members in
subject to laws of Liberals and encourage
radicals, who were cooperatives. distress, reduction
interpreted by a private property Karl Marx and ofworking
weli-trained and concentration factory
Owners considered Friedrich Engels hours and right to
judiciary that was of property in added that Vote.
hands of afew that workers
independent of efforts must be industrial society
rulers and officials, was disliked by encouraged. was capitalist.
they were not them. Whereas, Marx
Democrats. believed that
a socialist society
would free the
workers from
capitalism. And
then this Wouid
becomea
COMmunist
sOCiety.
 THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION IN PETROGRAD

In winter of 1917, tthe conditions inPetrograd were severe. There was food shortage in the workers' quarters

22nd February; a lockout took place in the factory. Workers from 50 other factories joinedthe strike and there
was an active participation from the women workers. This came to be known as International women's day

As the quarters of the fashionable area and official builings were surrounded by workers, the government
imposeda curfew.

Followed by the incident, the government called out the police and cavalry to keep an eye on the
the 24th and 25th. protesters on

The government suspended the Duma on the 25th and the politicians spoke against this
action.

On the 27th, the police

headquarters were ransacked.

Due to this incident, the cavalry

called out again.

An officer was shot at the

workers gathered to form abarracks of aregiment and other
SoViet or council. regiments mutinied, voting to join the
This was the Petrograd Soviet. striking

On 2nd March The Tsar

was relinquished.

The Soviet and Duma leaders formed a

provisional government to run the
country.
 EFFECTS OF THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
There were restrictions on publiC meetings by the
government and associations were rernoved.

"Soviets' like Petrograd Soviet were setup

everywhere.

Committees were formed in individual factory 0ommittees which began to

industrialists were runningtheir factories, question the way

Soldiers' committees formed in the army.

There was an increase in the popularity of Bolsheviks and the provisional government began to
decline and it decided to take strict measures against the
spreading discontent.

It resisted attempts by workers to run factories and arrested leaders.

The peasants and socialist leaders denmanded a redistribution of land. Soon land commitees
were formed and peasantsseized land between July and September 1917.

OCTOBER REVOLUTION

16th OCTOBER 1917- Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik Party to agreetoasocialist
seizure of power. To organise a seizure, a Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed underLeon Trotsky.

On 24th October- The uprising began. Prime Minister Kerensky left the city tosummon troops.

Two buiidings of the Bolshevik newspaper were seized by the loyal military men of the government,
Troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter palace.

The'Aurora' ship shelled the Winter Palace, Other shipstook over strategic points.

By the night, the ministers had surrendered and the city had been taken over.

The Bolsheviks were approved byall the Russian Congress of Soviets inPetrograd.

Heavy firing in Moscow- by Decemnber,the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow Petrograd area.
 THE EFFECTS OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION

in November 1917, most of the industries and banks were nationalised.

Land was declared social property and peasants were alowed to seize the land of the nobility.

Use of old titles were banned.

New uniforms were designed for the army and officials.

Russia became aone party state.

Trade unions were controlled by the party.

A process of centralised planning was introduced. This led to economic growth.

There was an increase in the industrial production.

A newexternal schooling system was introduced.

Collectivisation of farms began.

 IMPORTANT EVENTS
1850-80s - Debits over socialism in Russia.
1870s - Socialist ideas spread through Europe.
1898 The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded by socialists.
1900 - The Socialist Revolutionary party was formed.
1905 - Socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist
Party in France.
1905 - Incident of Bloody Sunday took place.
1905- The Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma.
1914 - The First World War began.
1914 - Tsar Nicholas I| ruled Russia and its empire.
1917 - Socialist took over the government in Russia through the October Revolution or
the Russian Revolution.
1917 - Food shortage were deeply felt in the workers quarters.
1917 -The Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from exile
1918-20 - Civil War broke out.
1919 - Formation of Comintern.
1927-28 - Towns in Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplies.
1929 - Beginning of collectivisation.
 Actions
The First World War and Demonstrating workers
the Russian Empire The Revolution of crossed from the factory
Economy and Society October (1917) quarters to the centre of
" Broke out in 1914
Industries were few in number. Lenin persuaded the the capital-the Nevskii
between two European
Workers were divided on the Petrograd Soviet and the Prospekt.
basis of skill as a social group. alliances-Germany, Bolshevik Party to agree . Curfew was imposed by
Austria and Turkey (the
Women made up about31% to a socialist seizure of the government, to restrict
Central Powers), and
of the factory labour force by France, Britain and power. the demonstrators,
1914. Russia (later Italy and To organise the seizure, cavalry and the police was
Romania). Military Revolutionary called out.
" Russia suffered Committee was
appointed by the Soviet
The Russian Empire (1914) shocking defeats along under Leon Trotskii.
with heavy casualties in The February
. Tsar Nicholas Il ruled Russia the War. Revolution in Petrograd
and its empire. In February 1917, there
" Russian armies lost
Russian Empireincluded badly in Germany and were food shortages in
territory around Moscow Austria between 1914 the workers' quarters in
present day Finland, Latvia, and 1916. Petrograd which led to a
Estonia, parts of Poland, strike on 22nd February
Ukraine and Belarus. in many factories.
SOCIALISM IN EUROPE AND
THE RUSSIANREVOLUTION
The Russian
Revolution Outcomes
The Age of Social Changes Tsar resigned the throne on
the advice of the military
After French Revolution, several groups commanders
Socialism in Russia emerged in Europe, some of which were on 2nd March, 1917.
" The Russian Social Conservatives, and others were liberals
" Soviet leaders and Duma
Democratic Workers Party or radicals.
leaders formed a provisional
was founded in 1898 by Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated
socialists who respected government to run the country.
all religions.
Marx's ideas. Radicals wanted a nation in which
" AConstituent Assembly was
elected on the basis of
Socialists in the country-side government was based on the majority
formed the Socialist Universal Adult Suffrage in
of country's population. Russia.
Revolutionary Party in 1900. Conservatives were opposed to radicals
. The Social Democratic Party and liberals.
was later divided into two Global Influence of Russian
wings, the Bolsheviks and the Changes after October Revolution and the USSR
Mensheviks.
" The Bolsheviks nationalised the " Communist parties began to be
banksand the industries in formed around the world like
The 1905 Revolution November 1917. Communist Party of Great Britain.
In 1904, price of essential The Bolshevik Party was renamed . The Bolsheviks encouraged
goods rose so quickly that as the Russian Communist Party. Colonial people to follow their
real wages of the workers The Bolsheviks were totally ideas.
declined by 20%. opposed to private property. The Bolsheviks founded
Tsar allowed the creation Comintern,an International Union
of an elected consultative of Pro-Bolshevik SOcialist parties.
Parliament or Duma.
" Over 100 workers were Stalinism and Collectivisation
killed and about 300 were " From 1929, the Communist Makinga
WOunded in the attack by Party forced all peasants The Civil War Socialist Society
the police and the to cultivate in collective The pro-Tsarists and the An extended schooling
Cossacks over the farms (Kolkhoz). Socialist Revolutionaries system developed.
procession of workers at Peasants who opposed the fought a Civil War with Creches were established
the Winter Palace. This collectivisation were severely Bolshevik troops during in factories.
incident was known as punished and many were 1918 and 1919.
Cheap Public Healthcare
Bloody Sunday. deported and exiled. was provided.
 " &veadomled to prouide
qwenutBeled hey Wante Covpehation (34
oPpo
to
Oy
|Fsebvi^8
d reedom- e
hs quabhy Socialis m
should bn eueye
Vevlutiouexploite)
belliued
change hapter whete
mn toroled Jor
ca
shouldod Squality- byevsyone in
tat Heso st
chhch
eesyo t40
Uote asts
be
re pe
e whaheleted Frateniy t el(worl
se y
and
ose harehatcn
bility
is by to Russian
uw gend pebpe
ho 8e
theor1 gete
owe Qox chages Rê
tb volutan
pvo
pety
eople.

heuollion y w0rlked
peuple Wted
Raccaly)
Seoing Dwing
thatine
wealty

As spueading ipported S
Coterded anaicoahh
his, But Dwnes
ctovyta
a
otiuties resUalt Iot
iber
o
as
Libesas Unemployoment vobles
(e-ef)
iete
vaðic
vene
Radicds als s
ot
o stated eo
35

r ws
MOueevolte aising
d
vosi boseo
orahe
alo
n
 | (ridi
canty)
Cooper Thus 2 propey
Assontin
Robent agM bz
beliySoialiss
Those Idea
ahive pe Soiasm heir yJhy
ed uh, that
com
enunhtpantedgo shahed thet -- o Cbuld
ai is
Blanc Louis m ’ oiotwed bosed
vot wee wto
thei stoted
is
(HHldT)
Ggongtoaoed i'individ u n
den
ideas the
spveo of
private beli
socialist
Hhot S soç peson
etive
hold
dng (is m e
thet
propet
Friedyich
peple

Now
ilce
espite Pple
Hùs
Rusia
So
Hrw may
Soalist
soialist

Suppovted
sooli t
v pates
wosRussian
(nourih &ormn
CaholiCSRotestab
Buddisb
’ Sukpope
ed
igestnt ?
Russi
hrisani Soialism Those
wese
reli a
(3?)
empive
onsin
sl4)
 38
" Main Cuthhe
Christaniy dependert on hicuteal
8Sr f populaton ws
Seetov
Less Cuehenside Russia
of Todutries
Petesbu Jsuhelos
Tiepassed and By (830's icduwtial hevo
stated in Rusia (origin
Expanded xalay netoorlk
Indis tri es
Inreayed pvodn
worke stated inere osi ng
By 914 3t fwomen stosing Log
but

SUppv ive stri lk ed toehen (uni y)

*Russian Soiehy in Rusial ae
most people did o ming
Some yasmes had (ess lond amy lameis did not
Bg most ld was hed by no

Russian peasns Uehe d-lesont Anom aten

otes esepea
oorled by tsaling their (nd
Then iiding tput octovcog to need s of inohidua
 Should be
Cisipined
worle)
KoveaGnd whe
geting mean
Tso pat Bolshevilks
Geieued vlad
He
(Russo-
adi
worke meor
d o Ru 398 Paries
mir
Nic ssian
(s2 ’
Iopanese kin
holosTI Qs fotms(hainy werkeJ
Russia Soi
Aucsin
Meinly ov
iileqa
minorihgrap shoud
pybe
Julis
Mattov w0rkey
’hos a
tmensheulyorgaiphon Demoev or Soal
n|(904 wate p lega
ightig
Oanchia easab
limare ahic
fo emotyalic
-051, (Nor wih modesae nBul
menshevils peasartb
huaYormed
worled in by
tale
poy she Rewlutum
Sodaist Ahuein
ohau theast vily Hhtir workes
onoq in
Russia rai ond
china) Jox a lo 39(A)
cal aeg bad ahe

vong in Striked hene

Lbers Pasiont
EleiveDumA Lawes OnWorlles
Stri
Russia
EngineeDots
Wwkes lces Econ
first Inereay ed
22 -
pri mic
t his assD
Radicals duma demanded cesloosing
on
all 190 æaion srated
(ondfion
(ept ) 5,
ling Revol^. to
(ontnueo
suDismissed
also Csbwd banne
wee in or in of opan j
Uh dipvessue
s demand
wanted tveasiy
russiatn
by betebete Russia
made Pele misred 'in (ed 0goine
Ts 36D wou
inat
out (had'y 5d made sseny
Consttuert
A aais,
by bad
) Ouma ho
madechange ag aga,
gTol3moaye athen
Tsast gpon) 39-(8)
 baldy
too detviyed, Crops
hony Qust gmillon
Po sge Shor died pplAmillion
e
1919 By
gema) Tsaina origina Ghean
rh luas(dutn Alexdra
beR him hated
haed rusia bpple
aoisit 00DY was (mone ) Rojputin B
Tsa toaduisov
Dumg paiein ainbogltm veluyed OTsar's
retons 3 bcr
Paih losing stated tonhed,
pple wai he Hs
As -
Petroga ChangedhPetesbig S&rt
Hhat Soth
)
sppovted Russin Begiing,
fpele n
liedpoaes
Bulhia
pussia
Atoir Tulley
Frenh Gema
|
phehu ge
69-c)
 Sou'etPergred
Uorlces
caval putie,
puit,
but by on to
on re them
veguyed vy be
Could
king ,
ehedcauallesy22 td c sfoted
oteskng p People
hos scene
g a
dud perple
stations ice Poinpey pro cl (bss pothias
ootee
tey lang it stoud
w't h aong kingswpeded
by 25 yDa
was Ouma Feb
hich due
2 ovdved ling patBolsheiuls
poie cavallyy
Agoin
Prospelt "Neuskii storte
dc 22'Fetou Fet; 22 on Also Food Shov
to 0ore
in wtnte (reb,191,
col In
)pe r side (Righ
Fotoriey WDrly+
mid ushe
191 (opital, Russia Ir
 As "
Ir medfov
Pg- He
sia, aduisedhion
3b Apvil,
aleady Finaly
bj, Can " ), NDw
Land
Bon'sDelase Last 192,
tis Bolshevls oppu
Sovi the on
to pa ko
gpu bebe vased Pl
PetroA 2
thot April
hesi(clas) , Entehed meh esi
adlord ’Co
naonise
hos{esaed
|sr wh vogvadvad
wh "vLAOIme
ine)
cwith 1913, ling
be Soviet
mmvnist HeBols Provisionalgov ’
bvo
tought demaded
govenet TsAR stened
Pas peas aleny 9eS4n0 visite d
hine to
a to AENIN"
3
Hings 1gi4) oith his
close a ;
fro u

Stonted No
Sopprtes Llee " sa Seling
Nowpple hafsesealt
ng As leo eJlt Hhis; ade
Also a
des ogend
(evetdoe ) fight his prviçion
oni af
lerin downprouiiol
Souiere nuinieg)to
( go
wbo wovk
uadedens stated ens
puofesfed 9v
mitey gov stated
apidly
19-1923)(9 stated dp
b
lo aanst
Revduhonay lovor spreoding
t mis Bolshevly
vising
Conn behovi
Bolsh
4
He
(na)
 "kewdk;" ordered he bro (43
. As a esult On Son1918 He disisse d asembty 22 deudeo bo
P nesppes.
to Sieze 6uildin A Anl chtuilk form

But, govoa
nfisabed
Bolshevils (mR) co
LaN n stared malciny his part Dre pat
ein beam State
As a esuet Bulshe viles won toe pple laded riahs, reador
He appointed sevet poliue to pu Ai^h Ahos e againt poh
He cuo utt he demoded.
hisalevotuFont
Bolsheviluy 1949+923)

pesos There Mauy peDple in tussia who

ding
He a0 chng d uiform af aumy& odi jab,. Civil Wat took plae blw 3types pople
selete d a har clol So viRt hat,
Reds whites
(B olshevi ly) (So iaist |Pror Tsakis)
Lerin suppreu) RtvolutiorOgie) JTsas Suppolers
(Peas h)
Jhey conssted
Bolsle co ndicted eleiong to
lsar his motodvt go thnn1e

Foiles bo jin mpi Tuxkish empvelitoys)

Oman empive in world Stretthed
to 3 (ontn
long lahng enpies arss Anabolia, Cental aia, Aat
Fom Bokns in se Euope
& north fvia
 IrdustiS dempire
hey torussin also
(92D,
Bdhe y Soi
Hee
(hea th Br
ema Ihis
shepto
it aist
(933-l938
1923-1932
&ee Bol
she idat Aussian
on ce÷
oped,scholing uls
Aeuolutib
don reli vil
2f, sed Hene coo. s So
tp Galis acies n
contvolledmost pov
9 ploning first THow
9 TrdustEia introdued kedl (
ot syten, mot demotratie Gr
(ed Re een,
ge oo
deo As (0Me
tohealth growth
dingpl 5
Balsheoilag
53
e0 aw wil yea Jor o covntrieg
ottos lobows
lein nOmie foubties do
plan
in ad) ( paty
teethniqt me Spread
died 5yeas)
grouth
SUCeededhm
sll
Frohes
thysa0 Srain hol Jet pro Ithüngrod",
eyed
ding Henie Gouxat blem Petvogad
ehue pv
Pe
compulsor
collokmng od as
rich
uctsion onbs made sodyin staln kos
se
in
progit toe was
easant
compuls more hope intvodue
ego
price grain his
Collectioisothon Hthis
tOOd red shortge of
a
tr
Supplio
fo of 1924- Qeoe
honous
ay
shoye KoLkHO2 Qor
high, ad
es 90vementqvoin
culhuhe to |92B.
in
EmsR
grin, rite
eveyo counrysi bt
stoin Progame buyes sold ined Soui
in ne
hENC4", et
made ae
Hot Hhe de
but
collehi ve he
eULA" to tovnioA
ie8, we peasats (45)
his lawhed cisastey .
he
,but
 ’Peopl ’ante *Ahse
AGbbnl
Inluene
ausian estok
dmullinent
Hgryiu
ext Ss
UR
splited
Uss R torhue
Unte
(930-1933
trom
sted e
Russito oere ori
Jrom
soviet Unhe exs ademo94s
ored a
322 çede
stalis s
aiue bhey 3, e
o
fo a
5 Uged
Soiait maee iya
paky
shortageamostond protesf ponis
hed
epubicon jogt, critised
ing
19JT,in
ein
St golae miled
4
extge d or
ead (922 4 died jaile
states, o in coleciong ppron or died b
ussR 1953) Hi Hhiy
logak

in Now
UssBolsheuiluamalsode
Estonia ssiaRu
l920, Shialism
Bolsheui
ideology Gny
M Same Not a |AihvaniaLatvia
R (a sUch Ace
ls posiheiefon:
SomeposHon
glo opred mulinatÍne eho commoni Soialist pasties în fopic, to ukraino.
meia,Ar B
elaus
bal may us Eg uweAe
Thus qpe st impatgo
bo
Commo
Rusia lendertoutr cono peo
pe ist
paty
Suppey
7 mony
A
Co 2ev6a
walpestiplnigmayed uiueies
itl 3mi19)ntesn dre), OYd paik whe paies
e er i|
meYogd : i

prominat N, fo
whehe wide of so in Russian
thveuol
is
M

int people ent cinism eCpe Tumeian

lkvy
sprd Bolshuilypvd to ikistan"To
RTapeve Unio olloo brit a
82San
role Sotialism patipokä an
mai
but
His ny nt
n oe on 41)