YK Revised Text

VIII Standard

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 1
Chapter - 1

Playing with
Numbers
Copy rights reserved
Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Playing with Numbers 1

Playing with Numbers(ii) 39

39 + 93 = 132 = 11×12
(iii) 64
Contents: 64 + 46 = 110 = 11 ×10
Numbers in General form (iv) 17
❖ Games with Numbers 17 + 71 = 88 = 11 × 8
❖ Reversing the digits – two-digit Explanation:
number Let the two-digit number be - ab
❖ Reversing the digits – three-digit Reversing the digits, we get – bc
number. Writing in the general form we get,
Forming three-digit numbers with given 10 × a + b
three-digits.
10 × b + a
Letters for Digits
The sum is 11a + 11b = 11(a + b)
Tests of Divisibility
So, the sum is always a multiple of 11
❖ Divisibility by 10
Observe here that if we divide the sum by 11,
❖ Divisibility by 5
the quotient is a + b, which is exactly the sum
❖ Divisibility by 2
of the digits of chosen number ab.
❖ Divisibility by 9 and 3
Subtraction:
Numbers in General form
The difference between a two digits number
Let us take the number 52 and write it as
and the number obtaining by reversing its
52 = 50 + 2 = 10 × 5 + 2
digits are always divisible by 9
Similarly, the number 37 can be written as Observe the following
37 = 10 × 3 + 7 (i) 17
In general, any two - digit number ab made 71 - 17 = 54 = 9×6
of digits a and b can be written as (ii) 21
ab = 10 × a + b = 10a + b 21 - 12 = 9 = 9×1
Let us now take number 351. (iii) 96
This is a three - digit number. It can also be 96 - 69 = 27 = 9 ×3
written as (iv) 37
= 300 + 50 + 1 = 100 × 3 + 10 × 5 + 1 × 1 73 - 37 = 36 = 9 × 4
Similarly,497 = 100 × 4 + 10 × 9 + 1 × 7 In all the above examples we observe that
In general, a 3-digit number abc made up of the difference is divisible by 9.
digits a, b and c is written as Explanation:
Let the two digits number be – ab
abc = 100 × a + 10 × b + 1 × c By Reversing the digits – bc
When writing in the general form we get,
abc = 100a + 10b + c
10 × a + b
Games with numbers: 10 × b + a
Reversing the digits – two-digit numbers 10 × a + b – (10 × b + a) (a > 𝑏)
Finding the Sum 10a – a + b – 10b
Try the following: 9a – 9b
(i) 27 9(a – b)
27 + 72 = 99 = 11×9 Similarly, if (b > a) then it is 9(b – a)

YK Notes for VIII standard Mathematics

 Chapter 1 Playing with Numbers 2

In each case, the resulting number is divisible 937 + 793 + 379 = 2109 = 37 × 57
by 9. So, the remainder is 0. Observe here that In all the above examples we observe that
if we divide the resulting number (obtained by the sum is divisible by 37.
subtraction), the quotient is a – b or b – a Explanation:
according as a > b or a < b. Let the 3 – digit number be abc
Reversing the digits – three-digit The other two numbers forming from this 3
number. – digit number are bca and cba
(i) 132 In the general form, the numbers be written
231 - 132 = 99 = 99×1 as, 100 × a + 10 ×b + c
(ii) 469 100 × b + 10× c + a
964 - 469 = 495 = 99×5 100 × c + 10× a + b
(iii) 737 By adding all three we get,
737 - 737 = 0 = 99 ×0 111 × a + 111b + 111c
(iv) 901 111(a + b + c)
901 - 109 = 792 = 99 × 8 37× 3(a + b + c)
In all the above examples the difference is The resulting number is divisible by 37. So, the
divisible by 99. remainder is 0.
Explanation: Letters f o r Digits
Let the 3 digits number be – abc Here we have puzzles in which letters take the
Its reversing order is – cba place of digits in an arithmetic ‘sum’, and the
When writing in the general form, we get problem is to find out which letter represents
100 × a + 10b + c which digit.
100 × c + 10b + a Here are two rules we follow while doing such
100 a + 10b + c - (100c +10b + a) puzzles.
(a > 𝑐)
1.Each letter in the puzzle must stand for
100a +10b +c – 100c – 10b – a just one digit. Each digit must be
99a – 99 c represented by just one letter.
99 (a – c) 2.The first digit of a number cannot be zero.
Similarly, if (c > a) then it is 99(c – a)
Thus, we write the number “sixty-three” as
In each case, the resulting number is divisible 63, and not as 063, or 0063.
by 99. So, the remainder is 0. Observe that Example 1: Find Q in the addition.
quotient is a – c or c – a.
Forming three-digit numbers with given 3 1 Q
three-digits 1 Q 3
Note: Here the same digit should not 5 0 1
repeat in the same place. Answer:
(i) 417 Here is unit place from Q + 3 we get 1. For
417 + 174 + 741 = 1332 = 37 × 36
this to happen, the digit Q should be 8.
(ii) 632
Thus, 8 + 3 = 11
632 + 326 + 263 = 1221 = 37 ×33
(iii) 117 Example 2: Find A and B in the addition.
117 + 711 + 171 = 999 = 37 ×27
(iv) 937

YK Notes for VIII standard Mathematics

 Chapter 1 Playing with Numbers 3

A (i) A number N is divisible by 9 if the sum of

+A its digits is divisible by 9. Otherwise it is not
+A divisible by 9.
BA (ii) A number N is divisible by 3 if the sum of
Answer: its digits is divisible by 3. Otherwise it is not
the sum of three A’s is a number whose one’s divisible by 3.
digit is A. This happens only for Example 4: Check the divisibility of
A = 0 and A = 5. 21436587 by 9.
If A = 0, then the sum is 0 + 0 + 0 = 0, which Answer:
makes B = 0 too. We do not want this (as it 21436587-2+1+4+3+6+5+8+7 =36
makes A = B, and then the tens digit of BA The sum of the digits of 21436587 is 2 + 1 +
too becomes 0), so we reject this possibility. 4 + 3 + 6 + 5 + 8 + 7 = 36. This number is
So, A = 5. divisible by 9 (for 36 ÷ 9 = 4). We conclude that
Example 3: Find the digits A and B. 21436587 is divisible by 9.
B A Example 5: Check the divisibility of
× B 3 152875 by 9.
5 7 A Answer:
Answer: The sum of the digits of 152875 is 1 + 5 + 2 +
Since the ones digit of 3 × A is A, it must be 8 + 7 + 5 = 28.
that A = 0 or A = 5. This number is not divisible by 9. We
Now look at B. If B = 1, then BA × B3 would conclude that 152875 is not divisible by 9
at most be equal to 19 × 13; that is, it would Example 6: If the three-digit number 24x is
at most be equal to 247. But the product here is divisible by 9, what is the value of x?
57A, which is more than 500. So, we cannot Answer:
have B = 1 Since 24x is divisible by 9, sum of its digits,
Putting these two facts together, we see that i.e., 2 + 4 + x should be divisible by 9,
B = 2 only i.e., 6 + x should be divisible by 9.
This is possible when 6 + x = 9 or 18, ....
B = 1 So the multiplication is either 20 ×
But, since x is a digit,
23, or 25 × 23
therefore, 6 + x = 9,
The first possibility fails, since 20 × 23 =
i.e., x = 3.
460. But, the second one is 25 × 23 = 575
Example 7: Check the divisibility of
So, the answer is A = 5, B = 2.
2146587 by 3.
Tests of Divisibility
Answer:
Divisibility by 10:
The sum of the digits of 2146587 is
If the ones digit of a number is 0, then the 2 + 1 + 4 + 6 + 5 + 8 + 7 = 33.
number is a multiple of 10 This number is divisible by 3
Divisibility by 5: (for 33 ÷ 3 = 11).
If the one’s digits are alternately 5 and 0, We conclude that 2146587 is divisible by 3.
then the given number is divisible by 5. Example 8: Check the divisibility of 15287
Divisibility by 2: by 3.
If the one’s digit of a number is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 Answer:
then the number is divisible by 2 15287 – 1+5+2+8+7 = 23
Divisibility by 9 and 3: The sum of the digits of 15287 is
1 + 5 + 2 + 8 + 7 = 23.

YK Notes for VIII standard Mathematics

 Chapter 1 Playing with Numbers 4

This number is not divisible by 3. 6.

A B
We conclude that 15287 is not divisible by 3. × 5
EXERCISE 16.1 C A B
Answer:
Find the values of the letters in each of the
Here, if B = 0 ⇒ 0 × 5 = 0
following and give reasons for the steps
involved. 50 × 5 = 250 when A = 5
3 A Thus, A = 5, B = 0, C = 2
1. + 2 5 7.
B 2 A B
Answer: × 6
Here, the sum in the unit place is 2. This is B B B
possible only when A = 7(5 + 7 = 12) Answer:
Therefore A = 7 and B = 6 If B = 4 in the unit place, then 4 × 6 = 24
2. 4 A and we get 4 in unit place of the answer.
+ 9 8 Put A = 7 ⇒ 6 × 7 = 42 add 2 which is
C B 3 carried from unit place, we get 44.
Answer: Therefore A = 7, B = 4
Here, the sum in the unit place is 3. This is 8.
possible only when A = 5 (5 + 8 = 13) A 1
Therefore A = 5 and B = 4 and C = 1 + 1 B
B 0
3. 1 A Answer:
× A We get the 0 in the unit place of the sum
9 A only when B = 9
Answer: ⇒It should be A = 7
In unit place a digit is multiplied by itself So, A = 7, B = 0
and get the digit itself again. 9.
2 A B
It is possible only when the digit in the unit
+A B 1
place is 1, 5 or 6. In the 10th place the digit
B 1 8
is 9. It is possible only if A = 6.
Answer:
Therefore A = 6
4. We get 8 in the unit place of the sum only
A B when B = 7 i.e., 7+1 = 8.
+ 3 7 ⇒ 6 × 7 = 42 + 2(carried from unit place)
6 A
= 44.
Answer:
To get 1 in the tenth place we should put
Here B = 5 then 5 + 7 = 12.
B = 7.
So, A = 2
5. Therefore A = 4, B = 7
A B
× 3 1 2 A
10.
C A B +6 A B
A 0 9
Answer:
If the unit place B = 0, then 0 × 3 = 0
Thus A = 5 and 50 × 3 = 150
Therefore A = 5, B = 0, C = 1

YK Notes for VIII standard Mathematics

 Chapter 1 Playing with Numbers 5

Answer: 3. If 24x is a multiple of 3, where x is a

Here 0 is in the tenth place of the sum. digit, what is the value of x?
Therefore, it should be A = 8. Answer:
Then it should be B = 1. 24x is a multiple of 3
Therefore A = 8, B = 1 Therefore, according to divisibility rule of
3, the sum of all the digits should be
Exercise 1.2 multiple of 3
1. If 21y5 is a multiple of 9, where y is a ∴2+4+x=6+x
digit, what is the value of y? If the sum is divisible by 3 then,
Answer: 6 + x = 6, 9,12 or 15
21y5 is a multiple of 9 6+x=6⇒x=6–6⇒x=0
Therefore, according to divisibility rule of 6+x=9⇒x=9–6⇒x=3
9, the sum of all the digits should be 6 + x = 12 ⇒ x = 12 – 6 ⇒ x = 6
multiple of 9 6 + x = 15 ⇒ x = 15 – 6 ⇒ x = 9
∴2+1+y+5=8+y Therefore x = 0, x = 3, x = 6 or x = 9
⇒8 + y = 9 4. If 31z5 is a multiple of 3, where z is a
⇒y=9–8⇒y=1 digit, what might be the values of z?
2. If 31z5 is a multiple of 9, where z is a Answer:
digit, what is the value of z? 31z5 is a multiple of 3
Answer: Therefore, according to divisibility rule of
31y5 is a divisible of 9 3, the sum of all the digits should be
If the sum is divisible of 9, multiple of 3
Therefore, according to divisibility rule of 3+1+z+5=9+z
9, the sum of all the digits should be If the sum is divisible by 3 then,
multiple of 9 9 + z = 9,12,15, or. 18
∴3+1+z+5=9+z 9+z=9⇒z=9–9=0
9+z=9 9 + z = 12 ⇒ z = 12 – 9 = 3
⇒z=9–9⇒z=0 9 + z = 15 ⇒ z = 15 – 9 = 6
9 + z = 18 ⇒ z = 18 – 9 ⇒ z = 9 9 + z = 18 ⇒ z = 18 – 9 = 9
∴ z = 0 or 9 Therefore z = 0, z = 3, z = 6 Or z = 9

YK Notes for VIII standard Mathematics

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 1
Chapter - 2

Rational Numbers

Copy rights reserved

Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers 1

Rational Numbers
Contents: Whole numbers: W – {0,1,2,3,4 …}
Introduction If 8 ∈ W and 13 ∈ W,
Addition: 8 + 13 = 21 ∈ W
Properties of Rational Numbers
Subtraction: 8 – 13 = -5∉ W
❖ Closure
Multiplication: 8 × 13 = 104 ∈ W
• Whole Numbers 8
• Integers Division: 8 ÷ 13 = 13 ∉ W
• Rational Numbers Observation:
❖ Commutativity Whole numbers are closed under Addition
• Whole Numbers and Multiplication but not closed under
• Integers Subtraction and division.
• Rational Numbers Integers:
❖ Associativity Z – {…-2, -1,0,1,2…}
Let -7 ∈ Z and 15 ∈ Z,
• Whole Numbers
Addition: -7 + 15 = 8 ∈ Z
• Integers
Subtraction: -7 – 15 = -22 ∈ Z
• Rational Numbers
Multiplication: -7 × 15 = -105 ∈ Z
❖ The Role of Zero (0) −7
❖ The Role of One (1) Division: -7 ÷ 15 = ∉Z
15
❖ Negative of a Number Observation:
❖ Reciprocal Integers are closed under Addition,
❖ Distributive of multiplication over Subtraction and Multiplication but not
addition under division.
Representing a rational number on Rational Numbers:
Number line 𝟓
Q = {…-3, - 𝟐 , -2, -1, 0, 1, 𝟐, 2…}
𝟑

Rational number between two rational 3 1

Let -2 ∈ Q and ∈ Q,
numbers 2
3 1
❖ Direct Method Addition: -2 + 2 = -1 ∈ Q
Introduction: 3 1
Subtraction: -2 – 2 = -2 ∉ Q
Set of numbers: 3 1 3
Natural Numbers: N – {1,2,3,4….} Multiplication: -2 × 2 = − 4 ∈ Q
Whole Numbers: W – {0,1,2,3,4 …} 3 1
Division: -2 ÷ 2 = −3 ∉ Q
Integers: Z – {…-2,-1,0,1,2,…}
[Here denominator is never equal to zero]
Rational Numbers: Q Observation:
A number which can be written in the Rational Numbers are closed under
𝒑
form 𝒒 where (q ≠0) and p, q∈Z Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication
𝟓 𝟑
Ex: = {…-3, - 𝟐 , -2, -1, 0, 1, 𝟐, 2…} but not under division.
Note: However, if we exclude zero then the
Closure:
collection of, all other rational numbers is
A set is closed (Under an operation) if
closed under division.
and only if the operation on any two
elements of the set produces another
element of the same set.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard Kannada Version

 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers 2

Commutativity: (2 - 5) - 12 =-3 - 12 = -15

An operation is commutative if changing ∴ 2 - (5 - 12) ≠ (2 + 5) + 12
the order of the operands does not change Multiplication:
the result. 2 × (5 × 12) = 2 × 60 = 120
(2 × 5) × 12 = 10 × 12 = 120
Whole Numbers: W – {0,1,2,3,4 …}
∴ 2 × (5 × 12) = (2 × 5) × 12
Let 9 ∈ W and 12 ∈ W, Division:
Addition: 9 + 12 = 12 + 9 = 21 5 24
Subtraction: 9 – 12 ≠ 12 – 9 2 ÷ (5 ÷ 12) = 2 ÷ 12 = 5
2 1
Multiplication: 9 × 12 = 12 × 9 (2 ÷ 5) ÷ 12 = 5 ÷ 12 = 30
Division: 9 ÷ 12 ≠ 12 ÷ 9 ∴ 2 ÷ (5 ÷ 12) ≠ (2 ÷ 5) ÷ 12
Observation: Observation:
Whole numbers are commutative under Whole numbers are Associative under
Addition and Multiplication. Addition and Multiplication
Integers: Integers:
Z – {…-2, -1,0,1,2…} Z – {…-2, -1,0,1,2…}
Let -3 ∈ Z and 9 ∈ Z, Let 3, -5 and 9 ∈ Z,
Addition: -3 + 9 = 9 + (-3) Addition:
Subtraction: -3 – 9 ≠ 9 − (−3) 3 + [(-5) + 9] =3 + 4 = 7
Multiplication: -3 × 9 = 9 × -3
[3 + (-5)] + 9 = -2 + 9 = 7
Division: -3 ÷ 9 ≠ 9 ÷-3
Division: ∴ 3 + (-5 + 9) = (3 + -5) + 9
Subtraction:
Rational Numbers:
𝟓 𝟑
3 - [-5 - 9] =3 - 14 = -11
Q = {…-3, - 𝟐 , -2, -1, 0, 1, 𝟐, 2…} [3 - (-5)] - 9 = 8 - 9 = -1
𝟓
Let - 𝟐 ∈ Q and 2 ∈ Q,
1 ∴ 3 + (-5 + 9) ≠ (3 + -5) + 9
5 1 1 5
Multiplication:
Addition: -2 + 2 = -2 = + -2 3 × (-5 × 9) = 3 × -45 = -135
2
5 1 1 5 (3 × -5) × 9 = -15 × 9 = 135
Subtraction: -2 - 2 = -3 ≠ - (− 2) = 3
2 ∴ 3 × (-5 × 9) = (3 × -5) × 9
5 1 5 1 5
Multiplication: -2 × 2 = − 4 = × -2 Division:
2
5 1 1 5 1 −5 27
Division: -2 ÷ 2 = −5 ≠ 2 ÷ -2 = − 5 3 ÷ (-5 ÷ 9) = 3 ÷ = - −5
9
3 1
Observation: (3 ÷ -5) ÷ 9 = − 5 ÷ 9 = − 15
Rational numbers are commutative under ∴ 2 ÷ (5 ÷ 12) ≠ (2 ÷ 5) ÷ 12
Addition and Multiplication. Observation:
Associativity: Integers are Associative under Addition
The associative property is the way in and Multiplication
which numbers are grouped in an operation Rational Numbers:
does not change the result. 𝟓
Q = {…-3, - 𝟐 , -2, -1, 0, 1, 𝟐, 2…}
𝟑

Whole Numbers: W – { 0,1,2,3,4 …} 1 3 1

Let 2, 5 and 12 ∈ W Let - 2 , and 2 ∈ Q,
2
Addition: Addition:
2 + (5 + 12) = 2 + 17 = 19 1 3
- 2 + (2 +
1 1
)= - 2 + 2 = 2
3
(2 + 5) + 12 = 7 + 12 = 19 2
1 3 1 1 3
∴ 2 + (5 + 12) = (2 + 5) + 12 (− 2 + )+ 2 = 1 + 2 = 2
2
Subtraction: 1 3 1 1 3 1
2 - (5 - 12) = 2 + 7 = 9 ∴ - 2 + (2 + )= (− 2 + )+ 2
2 2

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard Kannada Version

 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers 3

Role of Zero (0):

Subtraction: when we add 0 to a number (whole number,
1 3 1 1 1
- 2 - (2 − 2 ) = - 2 + 1 = 2 integer or Rational number) the sum is again
the same. Therefore Zero is called the
1 3 1 1 3
(− 2 − )+ 2 = −2 + 2 = − 2 identity for the addition.
2
1 3 1 1 3 1 Role of One (1):
∴ - 2 - (2 − ) ≠ (− 2 − )- 2 We will find that when we multiply any number
2 2
Multiplication: (whole number, integer or Rational number)
1 3 1 1 3 3
- 2 × (2 × 2 ) = - 2 × = -8 with 1, we get back the same number as the
4
1 3 1 3 1 3 product.
(− 2 × ) × 2 = −4 × 2 = −8
2 a × 1 = 1 × a = a for any rational number a.
1 3 1 1 3 1
∴- ×( × ) = (− × )× Negative of a Number;
2 2 2 2 2 2
Division: Example: 1 + (-1) = 0
1 −1
1
- 2 ÷ (2 ÷
3 1 1
) = - 2 ÷ 3 = -6
1 4+(-4) = 0; 2 + ( )=0; -2 + 2 =0
2 2
1 3 1 1 1 2 In general, for an integer a, we have,
(− 2 ÷ ) ÷ 2 = −3 ÷ 2 = −3
2 a + (– a) = (– a) + a = 0; so, a is the negative
1 3 1 1 3 1
∴ - 2 ÷ (2 ÷ ) ≠ (− 2 ÷ )÷2 of – a and – a is the negative of a.
2 2
Observation: In the above examples - 1 is the negative of
1
Rational Numbers are Associative under 1; -4 is the negative of 4;− is the negative
2
Addition and Multiplication. of
1
and 2 is the negative of -2 This is also
[ Ask the students to verify these 2
called as ‘additive inverse’
propertities by giving examples]
𝟑 𝟔 𝟖 𝟓 Reciprocals:
Example 1:Find + (− 𝟏𝟏) + (− 𝟐𝟏) + 𝟐𝟐 In general, for an integer a, we have,
𝟕
Solution: 1 1 1
a × 𝑎 = 𝑎 × a = 1; so, 𝑎 is the reciprocal of a
3 6 8 5
+ (− 11) + (− 21) + 22 1
7 and a is the reciprocal of 𝑎.
Finding LCM 1
2
7, 11, 21, 22 Examples: 1 × 1 = 1; 2 × 2 = 1;
−1
3
7, 11, 21, 11 ×-4=1
4
7
7, 11, 7, 11
This is also called as ‘Multiple inverse’
11
1, 11, 1, 11
1, 1, 1, 1 Distributivity of multiplication over
LCM = 2×3×7×11 = 462 addition for rational numbers:
5 3 1
3×66 6×42 8×22 5×21 Let 8 , 14 and 5 are 3 rational numbers,
= +(− )+(− )+
7×66 11×42 21×22 22×21 5 3 1 5 3 5 1
198 252 176 105 (14 + 5) = 8 × 14 + 8 × 5
= 462 +(− 462)+(− 462)+462 8
5 3 1
198−252−176+105 −125 LHS: 8 (14 + 5)
= =
462 462 5 15+14 5 29 29
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟓 −𝟏𝟒 =8× = 8 × 70 = 112
Example 2: Find - 𝟓 × × ×( ) 5
70
3 5 1
𝟕 𝟏𝟔 𝟗
RHS: 8 × 14 + 8 × 5
Solution:
15 1 15+14 29
-5×
4 3
×
15
×(
−14
) = 112 + 8 = = 112
7 16 9 112
1 1 1 −1 LHS = RHS
=-1× × ×( )
1 2 1 This is called the Distributive property of
1 1
=-1× 1× × (−1) = 2 rational numbers.
2

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard Kannada Version

 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers 4

Example 3: Write the additive inverse of denominator the given number is lies
the following: (i) −
𝟏𝟗
(ii) 𝟏𝟏𝟐
𝟐𝟏 between 0 and 1. Suppose the number is
𝟕
negative we need not consider the sign.
Solution: −3
19 Example: to locate we consider 3 < 4.]
(i) − +x=0 4
7 3 1
19 The mixed fraction of 2 = 1 2. So this point
⇒x= 7
21 is lies between 1 and 2 𝟑
(ii) 112 + x = 0
𝟐
21
⇒ x = - 112
Example 4: Verify that – (– x) is the same -2 -1 0 1 2
𝟏𝟑 −𝟐𝟏 Rational Numbers between Two
as x for (i ) x = (ii) x =
𝟏𝟕 𝟑𝟏 Rational Numbers
Solution: Find 5 rational number between 2 and 3.
𝟏𝟑
(i ) x = Here we can write 2 and 3 as 1 and 1
2 3
𝟏𝟕
13 13
The additive invers of x = 17 is -x = − 17 Multiplying numerator and denominator by
13 13 2 20 3 30
-(-x) = -(− 17) = 17 = x 10 we get, = and =
1 10 1 10
−𝟐𝟏 Now, we can choose any five numbers from
(ii) x = 31 32 33 39
𝟑𝟏
−21 21 , , - - - 10
The additive invers of x = is -x = 31 10 10 10
31 Example 6: Write any 3 rational numbers
21 21
-(-x) = -(31) = − 31 = x between –2 and 0.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 Solution:
Example 5: Simplify × 𝟕 - 𝟏𝟒 -𝟕 × 𝟓 −2 0
𝟓 and
Solution: 1
−4 0
1
2
×
−3 1 3
- 14 -7 × 5
3 and 2
2
5 7
−6 1 9 −12−5−18 −35 1 [Multiply both NR and DR by 2]
- 14 -35 = = =− 2 −3 −2 −1
35 70 70 ⇒ , ,
Representation of Rational 2 2 2
Example 7: Find any ten rational
Numbers on number line:
−𝟓 𝟓
A line in which the numbers can be numbers between and 𝟖
𝟔
represented is called a number line. Solution:
−5 5
and 8 by converting with the same DR
6
−20 15
-2 -1 2 0 1 and
24 24
In a number line ‘0’ lies in the middle and Now, We can choose any 10 numbers from
−19 −18 14
positive numbers are right to zero and , . . . 24
24 24
negative numbers are left to zero. Example 9: Find three rational numbers
For every number there exist a point on a 𝟏 𝟏
between and 𝟐
number line and for every point there is a 𝟒

number.
3 Solution:
Example: We have to represent 2 on
We find the mean of the given rational
number line.
numbers.
[Here we have to compare numerator and 1 1 1+2 3 3
denominator. If numerator is less than + = =4÷2=8
4 2 4

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard Kannada Version

 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers 5

Example 9: Find three rational numbers Solution:

𝟏 𝟏 2 2
between 𝟒 and 𝟐 (i) The additive inverse of is − 8
8
Solution: −5 5
(ii) The additive inverse of is 9
9
We need 3 numbers, so we should multipy −6 6
(iii) The additive inverse of is − 5
the denominator and numerator of both by −5
2 2
3 + 1 = 4 we get, (iv) The additive inverse of is 9
−9
4 4
and 8 (v) The additive inverse of
19
is
19
16 −6 6
5 6 7
Now, 16, 16, 16 are the 3 required numbers. 3. Verify that – (– x) = x for.
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑
[There are infinite number of rational (i) x = 𝟏𝟓 (ii) x = − 𝟏𝟕
numbers in between any two numbers. So Solution:
the answer may vary] 11
(i) The additive inverse of x = 15 is
21
-x = - 31
EXERCISE 1.1 11 11
1.Using appropriate properties find. -(-x) = − (− 15) = 15 = x
13
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 (ii) The additive inverse of x = − 17 is
(i) -𝟑 × 𝟓 + 𝟐 - 𝟓 × 𝟔 13
-x = 17
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 13 13
(ii) 𝟓 × (−𝟕)- 𝟔 × 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟓 -(-x) = − (17) = − 17 = x
Solution: 4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏
(i) -𝟑 × +𝟐-𝟓 × following.
𝟓 𝟔
−𝟏𝟑 𝟏 −𝟓 −𝟑
=-3 ×
2 3
- ×
3 1
+
5 (i) -13 (ii) (iii) 𝟓 (iv) ×
𝟏𝟗 𝟖 𝟕
5 5 6 2
−𝟐
3
=5 (− 3 − 6) + 2
2 1 5 (v) -1× (vi) -1
𝟓
3 −4−1 5 Solution:
=5 ( )+2 −1
6 (i) The multiplicative inverse of -13 =
3 −5 5 13
=5 ( 6 ) + 2 −13 −19
(ii) The multiplicative inverse of = 13
−3 5 −3+15 19
=6 +2= 1
6 (iii) The multiplicative inverse of 5 = 5
+12
= =2 15
6 (iv) The multiplicative inverse of
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 56
(ii) 𝟓 × (−𝟕)- 𝟔 × 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟓 −5 −3 15 56
[8 × = ] = 15
2 3 1 1 3 7 56
× (−7 + )- × 2 2
5 14 6 (v) The multiplicative inverse of 5 [−1 ×
2 −6 + 1 1 3
=5 × ( )- 6 × 2 −2 2 5
14 = ] =2
2 −5 1 5 5
=5 × ( 14 )- 4 (vi) The multiplicative inverse of -1 = −1
−1 1
=7 -4
−4 −7 −11 5. Name the property under multiplication
= = used in each of the following.
28 28
2. Write the additive inverse of each of the (i)
−𝟒
×1=1×
−𝟒

following. 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏𝟑
𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟗 (ii) − 𝟏𝟕 × = × − 𝟏𝟕
(i) (ii) (iii) −𝟓 (iv) −𝟗 (v) 𝟕 𝟕
𝟖 𝟗 −𝟔

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard Kannada Version

 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers 6

(iii)
−𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟗
× −𝟏𝟗 = 1 (iii) The rational number that is equal to its
𝟐𝟗
negative.
Solution:
−4 −4 Solution:
(i) ×1=1×
5 5 (i) 0
- Multiplicative Identity (ii) 1 and -1
13 −2 −2 13
(ii)− 17 × = × − 17 (iii) 0
7 7
- Commutative property of Multiplication 11. Fill in the blanks.
−19 29 (i) Zero has ________ reciprocal.
(iii) × −19
29 (ii) The numbers ________ and ________
- Multiplicative inverse property are their own reciprocals
𝟔 −𝟕
6. Multiply 𝟏𝟑 by the reciprocal of . (iii) The reciprocal of – 5 is ________
𝟏𝟔
1
Solution: (iv) Reciprocal of where x ≠ 0 ____
6 −7 𝑥
× 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (v) The product of two rational numbers is
13 16
6
×
−16
=
−96 always a _______
13 7 91
(vi) The reciprocal of a positive rational
7. Tell what property allows you to
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
number is ________
compute × (𝟔 × 𝟒) as (𝟑 × 𝟔 ) × 𝟒 Solution:
𝟑
Solution: (i) 0 (ii) 1, -1 (iii)
−1
(iv) x
5
Associative property of multiplication.
𝟖
(v) Rational number (vi) Positive rational
8. Is 𝟗 is the multiplicative inverse of number
𝟏
−𝟏 𝟖 ? why or why not?
Solution: EXERCISE 1.2
1 9
Converting −1 8 as improper fraction − 8
9 8 1. Represent these numbers on the
⇒ −8 × = -1 ≠ 1 𝟕 −𝟓
9 number line. (i) (ii)
𝟒 𝟔
Therefore,
8 1 Solution:
is not a multiplicative inverse of −1 8
9 𝟕
9. Is 0.3 is the multiplicative inverse of i)
𝟕 𝟑
=1𝟒
𝟏 𝟒 𝟒
𝟑 𝟑? Why or why not?
Solution:
1 10 10 -2 -1 0 1 2
33 = and 0.3 =
3 3
10 10
⇒ × =1 −𝟓
3 3 (ii)
𝟔
Therefore, 0.3 is the multiplicative inverse
1
of 3 3
10. Write. -1 0 1
(i) The rational number that does not have −𝟓
a reciprocal. 𝟔
−𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟗
(ii) The rational numbers that are equal to 2. Represent , and 𝟏𝟏 on the number
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
their reciprocals. line.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard Kannada Version

 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers 7

Solution: −9 10
and
6 6
−3 5
Five rational numbers between and
2 3
-1 −𝟗 −𝟓 −𝟐 0
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 9
are any five from , , , , ...
6 6 6 6 6 6
3. Write five rational numbers which are 1 1
(iii) and
smaller than 2. 4 2

1, 0, -1, -2, -3 and so on L.C.M. of 4 and 2 is 4

1 1 2 2
4. Write ten rational numbers between
−𝟐 and 2 × 2 = 4
4
𝟓
𝟏 We can get the required rational numbers
and 𝟐.
by multiplying 6
Solution: 1 6 6 2 6 12
−2 1
× 6 = 24 and × 6 = 24
4 4
and 2. 1 1
5
Five rational numbers between and are
The L.C.M. of the DR 5 and 2 = 10 4 2
7 8 9 10 11
−𝟐 𝟐 −4 𝟏 𝟓 5 , , , ,
⇒ × 𝟐 = 10 and 𝟐 × 𝟓 = 10 24 24 24 24 24
𝟓
6. Write five rational numbers greater
Again multiply by 2
−4
× 2 and
2 5 2
× 2 we get, than –2.
10 10
−8 10
Solution:
and 20 Write any five -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ...
20
We can choose any ten rational numbers 𝟑
7. Find ten rational numbers between
from the following which are lying between 𝟓
𝟑
−2
and .
1 and 𝟒.
5 2
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 Solution:
, , , , , , , , , , , 3 3
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 and 4
4 5 6 7 8 9 5
, , , , , . The L.C.M. of the DR 5 and 4 = 20
20 20 20 20 20 20
3 4 12 3 5 15
5. Find five rational numbers between. ⇒ 5 × 4 = 20 and 4 × 5 = 20
𝟐
(i) 𝟑 and 𝟓 (ii)
𝟒 −𝟑
and 𝟑 (iii)
𝟓 𝟏
and 𝟐
𝟏 Again multiply by 5 we get,
𝟐 𝟒 12 5 15 5
Solution: × 5 and × 5 we get,
20 20
𝟐 𝟒 60 75
(i) and and 100
𝟑 𝟓 100
L.C.M. of 3 and 5 is 15 We can choose any ten rational numbers
2
× =
5 10
and × =
4 3 12 from the following which are lying
3 5 15 5 3 15 3 3
We can get the required rational numbers between 5 and 4
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
by multiplying 3 or more than 3. , , , , , , , , , ,
10 3 30 12 3 36 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
× 3 = 45 and × 3 = 45 71 72
,
73 74
, ,
15 15
2 4 100 100 100 100
Five rational numbers between and
3 5
31 32 33 34 35
are , , , ,
45 45 45 45 45
−𝟑 𝟓
(ii) and
𝟐 𝟑
L.C.M. of 2 and 3 is 6
−3 3 −9 5 2 10
×3= and 3 × 2 =
2 6 6

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard Kannada Version

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 1
Chapter - 3

Linear equations in one

Variable

Copy rights reserved

Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 1

Linear Equations in One variable

Contents: 2𝑥 10
=
Diffrence between algebraic expressions 2 2

and equations. ⇒x=5

Linear equation of one variable Example 2: Solve 2y + 9 = 4
Solving Equations which have Linear Solution:
Expressions on one Side and Numbers 2y + 9 = 4
on the other Side Substract 9 from both the sides
Some Applications regarding the above 2y + 9 – 9 = 4 – 9
Solving Equations having the Variable 2y = - 5
on both Sides Divide both the sides by 2
2𝑦 −5
Some More Applications =
2 2
Reducing Equations to Simpler Form ⇒y=
−5
2
Equations Reducible to the Linear 𝒙 𝟓 𝟑
Form Example 3: 𝟑
+ 𝟐 = -𝟐
Introduction: Solution:
2x + 3, x – 6, 2y + 3 these are algebraic 𝑥 5
+ 2 = -2
3
3
expressions because there is no equality (=) 5
sign. But 3x = 5, 2y + 3 = 7, z +6 = 9 these Substract 2 from both the sides
𝑥 5 5 3 5
are having equality sign. Therefore, these + 2 - 2 = -2 - 2
3
are called equations. 𝑥 −3−5
=
Linear equation of one variable: 3 2
𝑥 −8
The equations having only one variable =
3 2
with highest power 1 is called the linear Divide both the sides by 3
equation of one variable. 𝑥 = −4 × 3
x + 6 = 3, 2y – 9 = 12 𝑥 = −12
The solution for the equation: Example 4: Solve
𝟏𝟓
- 𝟕𝒙 = 9
The value of the variable in which the 𝟒
Solution:
equations is satisfied is called the solution 15
of the equation. - 7𝑥 = 9
4
Solving Equations which have Linear Subtract
15
from both the sides
4
Expressions on one Side and Numbers 15 15 15
on the other Side - - 7𝑥 = 9 -
4 4 4
36− 15
Example1: Find the solution of 2x – 3 = 7 -7𝑥 = 4
Solution: Divide both the sides by -7
2x – 3 = 7 −𝟕𝒙 21
=
Add 3 to both the sides −𝟕 4×−7
21
2x – 3 + 3 = 7 + 3 𝒙 = − 28
2x = 10 𝒙 = −4
3

Divide both the sides by 2

Some Application Questions:

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 2

Example 5: What should be added to get 4x + 10 = 66

twice the rational number
−𝟕 𝟑
to get 𝟕 ? Subtract 10 from both the sides
𝟑
4x + 10 – 10 = 66 – 10
Solution:
4x = 56
Let the number added be x
−7 3 Divide both the sides by 4
2× +x= 4𝑥 56
−14
3
3
7 =
4 4
+x=
3 7 x = 14
−14
Add to both the sides The Present age of Shahil = 9 years and
3
14 14 3 14 that of his mother’s age is
− + +x= +
3 3
9+ 98
7 3 = 14 × 3 = 42 Years
x= Example 8: Bansi has 3 times as many two-
21
rational number
−7
to get 7
3 rupee coins as he has five-rupee coins. If he
3 has in all a sum of ` 77, how many coins of
Example 6: A perimeter of the rectangle each denomination does he have?
𝟑
is 13cm. and its bredth is 𝟐 𝟒cm. Find its Solution:
length. Let the number of five-rupee coins that Bansi
Solution: has be x.
Let the length of the rectangle be x Then the number of two-rupee coins he has is
Perimeter = 2(Length + Breadth) 3 times x or 3x.
3 According to question,
13 = 2(x + 2 4 )
5 × x + 3x × 2 = 77
22
13 = 2x + 5x + 6x = 77
4
13 = 2x +
11 11x = 77
2
11 Divide both the sides by 11
Subtract from both the sides x=7
2
11 11 11
13 - = 2x + - The five rupee coins that Bansi have
2 2 2
26− 11 = 7 and ₹2 coin = 3 × 7 = 21
= 2x
2 Example 9: The sum of three consecutive
15
= 2x multiples of 11 is 363. Find these multiples.
2
Divide both the sides by 2 Solution:
15 2𝑥 Let the first number be x
=
2×2 2 According to question,
15 3
= 𝑥 ⇒ x = 34 x + (x + 11) + (x + 22) = 363
4
Hence, the length = 3 4 cm.
3 3x + 33 = 363
Subtract 33 from both the sides
Example 7: The present age of Sahil’s
3x + 33 – 33 = 363 – 33
mother is three times the present age of
Sahil. After 5 years their ages will add to 66 3x = 330
years. Find their present ages. Divide both the sides by 3
3𝑥 330
Solution: =
3 3
Let Sahil’s present age be x years. x = 110
Then his mother’s age 3x years The numbers are 110, 110+11, 110+22
According to question, = 110, 121, 132
(x + 5) + (3x + 5) = 66
x + 5 + 3x + 5 = 66

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 3

Example 10: The difference between two Add 3 to both the sides
whole numbers is 66. The ratio of the two 2x – 3 + 3 = x + 2 + 3
numbers is 2 : 5. What are the two 2x = x + 5
numbers? Subtract 𝑥 from both the sides
Solution:
2x – x = x + 5 – x
Let the numbers be 2x and 5x
x=5
According to question, 𝟕 𝟑
5x – 2x = 66 Example 13: Solve 5x + = x - 14
𝟐 𝟐
3x = 66 Solution:
7 3
Divide both the sides by 3 5x + = x - 14
2 2
3𝑥 66
= Multiply 2 to both the sides
3 3
7 3
x = 22 5x × 2 + ×2= x × 2 - 14 × 2
2 2
Therefore, the numbers are (2 × 22) = 44 10x + 7 = 3x – 28
and (5× 22) = 110 10x – 3x = - 28 - 7
Example 11: Deveshi has a total of ₹590 7x = -35
as currency notes in the denominations
of₹ 50, ₹ 20 and ₹ 10. The ratio of the x=-5
number of ₹ 50 notes and ₹ 20 notes is 3:5. Some More Applications
If she has a total of 25 notes, how many Example 14: The digits of a two-digit
notes of each denomination she has? number differ by 3. If the digits are
Solution: interchanged, and the resulting number is
Let the number of ₹ 50 notes and ₹20 notes added to the original number, we get 143.
be 3x and 5x respectively. But she has 25 What can be the original number?
notes in total. Solution:
Therefore, the number of ₹10 notes Let the digit in the unit place be x
= 25 – (3x + 5x) = 25 – 8x Therefore, the digit in the tenth place x + 3
According to question, According to question,
3x × 50 + 5x × 20 + (25 – 8x)×10 = 590 10× (x + 3) + x × 1 + 10 × x + (x + 3) ×1 = 143
150x + 100x + 250 – 80x = 590 10x + 30 + x + 10x + x + 3 = 143
170x + 250 = 590 22x + 33 = 143
Subtract 250 from both the sides 22x = 143 – 33
170x + 250 – 250 = 590 – 250 22x = 110
170x = 340 x=5
Divide both the sides by 170 Hence, the two digit number = 85
170𝑥 340
= 170 Example 15: Arjun is twice as old as
170
Shriya. Five years ago his age was three
𝑥 =2
times Shriya’s age. Find their present ages.
Therefore, number of ₹50notes = 3× 2 = 6
Solution:
number of ₹20 notes = 5 × 2 = 10 and
Let Shriya’s age be x years.
number of ₹10 notes = 25 – 16 = 9
The age of Arjun = 2x years
Solving Equations having the Variable
According to question,
on both Sides:
3(x – 5) = 2x – 5
Example 12: Solve 2x – 3 = x + 2
3x – 15 = 2x – 5
Solution:
3x – 2x = -5 + 15
2x – 3 = x + 2
x = 10

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 4

Therefore, the age of Shraya = 10years Example 19: Present ages of Anu and Raj
The age of Arjun = 2×10 = 20years. are in the ratio 4:5. Eight years from now
Reducing Equations to Simpler Form the ratio of their ages will be 5:6. Find their
Exanmple 16: Solve
𝟔𝒙+𝟏
+1=
𝒙−𝟑 present ages.
𝟑 𝟔
Solution:
Solution:
6𝑥+1 𝑥−3 Let the present age of Anu and Raj be 4x
+1= and 5x
3 6
6𝑥+1 𝑥−3
- = −1 According to question,
3 6
4𝑥+8 5
2(6𝑥+1)−(𝑥−3)
= −1 =6
5𝑥+8
6
12𝑥+2 −𝑥+3 6 (4x + 8) = 5(5x+8)
= −1
6 24x + 48 = 25x + 40
11𝑥+5
= −1 24x- 25x = 40 – 48
6
11𝑥 + 5 = − 6 -x = - 8
11𝑥 = − 6 – 5 x=8
11x = -11 Therefore, Age of Anu = 4× 8 = 32yrs
x=
−11 Age of Raj = 5 × 8 = 40 yrs
11
x = −1
Example 17: Solve EXERCISE 3.1
𝟕
𝟓𝒙 - 2(2x – 7) = 2(3x – 1) + 𝟐 Solve the following equations.
Solution: 1. x – 2 = 7
5𝑥 - 2(2x – 7) = 2(3x – 1) +
7 Solution:
2
7 x–2=7
5𝑥 - 4x + 14 = 6x – 2 + 2 Add 2 to both the sides
7
x – 6x = -2 + 2 – 14 x–2+2=7+2
7 x=9
-5x = 2 - 16
7−32
2. y + 3 = 10
-5x = Solution:
2
-5x =
−25 y + 3 = 10
2
−25 Subtract 3 from both the sides
x = 2×−5 y + 3 – 3 = 10 – 3
5
x=2 y=7
Equations Reducible to the Linear 3. 6 = z + 2
Form: Solution:
𝒙+𝟏 𝟑 6=z+2
Example 18: Solve. =𝟖
𝟐𝒙+𝟑 Subtract 2 from both the sides
Solution: 6–2=z+2–2
𝑥+1 3
=8 4=z
2𝑥+3
8(x + 1) = 3(2x + 3) ⇒z=4
𝟑 𝟏𝟕
8x + 8 = 6x + 9 4. 𝟕 + x = 𝟕
8x – 6x = 9 – 8
2x = 1 Solution:
1
x=2

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 5

3 17 7x = 25
+x=
7 7
3 Divide both the sides by 7
Subtract 7 from both the sides 7𝑥 25
3 3 17 3
=
7 7
+x-7 = -7 25
7
17−3
7 𝑥 = 7
x= 7 10. 14y – 8 = 13
14
x= Solution:
7
5. 6x = 12 14y – 8 = 13
Solution: 14y – 8 + 8 = 13 + 8
6x = 12 14y = 21
Divide both the sides by 6 Divide both the sides by 7
14𝑦 21
6𝑥
=
12 =
6 6 14 14
3
𝑥 = 2 𝑦 =2
𝒕
6. 𝟓 = 10 11. 17 + 6p = 9
Solution: Solution:
𝑡 17 + 6p = 9
= 10
5 Subtract 17 from both the sides
Multiply both the sides by 5
𝑡
17 + 6p – 17 = 9 – 17
× 5 = 10 × 5 6p = - 8
5
𝑡 = 50 Divide both the sides by 6
𝟐𝒙 6𝑝 −8
7. = 18 =
𝟑 6 6
−4
Solution: 𝑝 =
2𝑥 3
= 18 𝒙
12. 𝟑 + 1 = 𝟏𝟓
𝟕
3
Multiply both the sides by 3 Solution:
2𝑥
× 3 = 18 × 3 𝑥
+ 1 = 15
7
3
3
2x = 54 Subtract 1 from both the sides
Divide both the sides by 2 𝑥 7
2𝑥 54 + 1 – 1 = 15 – 1
3
= 𝑥 7−15
2 2
=
x = 27 3 15
𝒙
8. 1.6 = 𝟏.𝟓 Multiply both the sides by 3
𝑥 −8
Solution: × 3 = 15 × 3
3
𝑥 −8
1.6 = 1.5 𝑥= 5
𝑥
1.6 × 1.5 = 1.5 × 1.5
2.4 = 𝑥 EXERCISE 3.2
⇒ x = 2.4 𝟏
9. 7x – 9 = 16 1. If you subtract from a number and
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
Solution: multiply the result by 𝟐, you get 𝟖. What
7x – 9 = 16 is the number?
Add 9 to both the sides Solution:
7x – 9 + 9 = 16 + 9 Let the number be x

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 6

According to question cm. What is the length of either of the

(𝑥 −
1 1
) =8
1 remaining equal sides?
2 2
Solution:
Multiply both the sides by 2
1 1 1
Let the equal sides ‘x’ cm
2× (𝑥 − ) =8 ×2 4
2 2 The perimeter = 3 + x + x
1 1
𝑥 − =4 2 4
2 415 = 3 + 2x 𝟒
1
Add to both the sides 62 4 cm
2 = + 2x 𝟑
1 1 1 1 15 3
𝑥 − + =4 +2 4
2 2 Subtract 3 from both the sides
1+2 3
𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑥 =4 62 4 4 4
4 - = 3 + 2x - 3
3 15 3
Hence, the number is 62 4×5
4 - = 2x
15 3×5
2. The perimeter of a rectangular 62−20
swimming pool is 154 m. Its length is 2 m = 2x
15
42
more than twice its breadth. What are the = 2x
15
length and the breadth of the pool? Divide both the sides by 2
Solution: 42 2𝑥
=
15×2 2
21 7
=𝑥⇒x=5
15
2
x ⇒ x = 15
There for the length of the equal sides of an
2
isosceles triangle = 1 cm
5
2x + 2 4. Sum of two numbers is 95. If one exceeds
Let the breadth ‘x’ m the other by 15, find the numbers.
Then the length = (2x + 2) m Solution:
Perimeter = 2(l + b) Let the two numbers be x and x + 15
154 = 2(2x + 2 + x) According to question,
154 = 2(3x + 2) 2x + 15 = 95
Divide both the sides by 2 Substract 15 from both the sides
154
=
2(3x + 2) 2x + 15 – 15 = 95 – 15
2 2
2x = 80
77 = 3x + 2
Divide both the sides by 2
Subtract 2 from both the sides 2𝑥 80
77 – 2 = 3x + 2 – 2 =
2 2
75 = 3x 𝑥 = 40
Divide both the sides by 3 Hence, the numbers are 40 and 40 + 15 = 55
75
=
3x 5. Two numbers are in the ratio 5:3. If they
3 3
differ by 18, what are the numbers?
25 = x ⇒ x = 25
Solution:
Hence, breadth = 25m and the length =
Let the numbers be 5x and 3x
2(25) + 2= 52m
𝟒
According to question,
3. The base of an isosceles triangle is 𝟑 5x – 3x = 18
cm. The perimeter of the triangle is 4𝟏𝟓
𝟐 2x = 18

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 7

Divide both the sides by 2 x ×2 + (x +1)3 + (x+2)4 = 74

2𝑥 18
= 2x + 3x + 3 + 4x + 8 = 74
2 2
9x + 11 = 74
x=9
Subtract 11 from both the sides
Hence, the numbers are 5×9 = 45 and
9x + 11 – 11 = 74 – 11
3×9 = 27
9x = 63
6. Three consecutive integers add up to 51.
Divide both the sides by 9
What are these integers? 9𝑥 63
Solution: =
9 9
Let the numbers be x, x + 1, x + 2 x=7
According to question, Hence the numbers are 7, 7 + 1, 7 + 2
x + x+1 + x+ 2 = 51 ⇒ 7, 8, 9
3x + 3 = 51 9. The ages of Rahul and Haroon are in the
Subtract 3 from both the sides ratio 5:7. Four years later the sum of their
3x + 3 – 3 = 51 – 3 ages will be 56 years. What are their
3x = 48 present ages?
Divide both the sides by 3 Solution:
3𝑥
=
48 Let the age of Rahul and Haroon be
3 3
5x and 7x
x = 16
According to questions
Hence the numbers are 16, 16+1, 16+2
5x + 4 + 7x + 4 = 56
⇒ 16, 17, 18
12x + 8 = 56
7. The sum of three consecutive multiples of
Subtract 8 from both the sides
8 is 888. Find the multiples.
12x + 8 – 8 = 56 – 8
Solution:
12x = 48
Let the numbers be x, x + 8, x +16
Divide both the sides by 12
According to question, 12𝑥 48
x + x + 8 + x + 16 = 888 =
12 12
3x + 24 = 888 x=4
Subtract 24 from both the sides Hence the age of Rahul = 5x = 5×4 = 20
3x + 24 – 24 = 888 – 24 Age of Haroon = 7x = 7 × 4 = 28
3x = 864 10. The number of boys and girls in a class
Divide both the sides by 3 are in the ratio 7:5. The number of boys is 8
3𝑥 864 more than the number of girls. What is the
=
3 3
total class strength?
x = 288
Solution:
Hence the numbers are 288, 288+8, 288+16
Let the number of girls be x and the number
⇒ 288, 296, 304
of boys be x + 8
8. Three consecutive integers are such that
According to question,
when they are taken in increasing order and 𝑥+8 7
multiplied by 2, 3 and 4 respectively, they =5
𝑥
add up to 74. Find these numbers. Multiply both the sides by 5x
𝑥+8 7
× 5x = 5 × 5x
Solution: 𝑥
Let the numbers be x, x + 1, x + 2 5(x + 8) = 7𝑥
According to question, 5x + 40 = 7𝑥

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 8

40 = 7𝑥 – 5x 15 3𝑥
=
3 3
40 = 2x
5=x
Divide both the sides by 2
40 2𝑥
⇒x = 5
= Therefore, the present age of Ravi is 5 yrs
2 2
20 = 𝑥 ⇒ x = 20 13.A rational number such that when
Therefore, the number of girls are 20 you multiply by
𝟓
and add
𝟐
to the
𝟐 𝟑
and the number of boys are 20 + 8 = 28 𝟕
Hence, the total number of students are product you get − 𝟏𝟐. What is the
20 + 28 = 48 number?
11.Baichung’s father is 26 years younger Solution:
than Baichung’s grandfather and 29 years Let the rational number be x
older than Baichung. The sum of the ages According to question,
5 2 7
of all the three is 135 years. What is the age x × 2 + 3 = − 12
of each one of them? 5𝑥 2 7
+ 3 = − 12
Solution: 2
2
Let the age of Baichung’s father be x Subtract from both the sides
3
Then Baichung’s age = x – 29 and age of 5𝑥
+3 -
2 2
= − 12 -
7 2
2 3 3
Baichung’s grandfather = x + 26 5𝑥 7 2
According to question, = − 12 -
2 3
x – 29 + x + x + 26 = 135 5𝑥 7 2×4
= − 12 -
2 3×4
3x – 3 = 135 5𝑥 −7−8
=
Add 3 to both the sides 2 12
5𝑥 −15
3x – 3 + 3 = 135 + 3 =
2 12
3x = 138 Multiply both the sides by 12
Divide both the sides by 3 60𝑥 = −30
3𝑥 138
= Divide both the sides by 60
3 3
60𝑥 −30
𝑥 = 46 =
60 60
Therefore, age of Baichung’s father = 46yrs −1
𝑥 =
Age of Baichung = 46 - 29 = 17yrs 2
−1
Age of Baichung’s Grandfather Hence the number is 2
= 46 + 26 = 72 yrs 14. Lakshmi is a cashier in a bank. She has
12. Fifteen years from now Ravi’s age will currency notes of denominations₹100, ₹50
be four times his present age. What is Ravi’s and ₹10, respectively. The ratio of the
present age? number of these notes is 2:3:5. The total
Solution: cash with Lakshmi is ₹4,00,000. How
Let the present age of Ravi be x yrs many notes of each denomination does she
After 15 yrs Ravi’s age be 4x yrs have?
According to question, Solution:
x + 15 = 4x Let the number of ₹100,₹50 and ₹10 notes
subtract x from both the sides with Laxmi be 2x, 3x, 5x
x + 15 – x = 4x – x According to question,
15 = 3x 100×2x + 50×3x + 10×5x = 400000
Divide both the sides by 3 200x + 150x + 50x = 400000

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 9

400x = 400000 100x + 1575 – 25x = 3000

Divide both the sides by 400 100x + 1575 – 25x = 3000
400𝑥 400000 75x + 1575 = 3000
=
400 400
Subtract 1575 from both the sides
x = 1000
75x + 1575 – 1575 = 3000 – 1575
Therefore, The ₹100 notes
75x = 1425
= 2× 1000 = 2,000
Divide both the sides by 75
₹50 notes = 3 × 1000 = 3000 75𝑥 1425
₹10 notes = 5 × 1000 = 5000 =
75 75
15. I have a total of ₹300 in coins of x = 19
denomination ₹1, ₹2 and ₹5. The Therefore, the number of winners is 19
number of ₹ 2 coins is 3 times the number of
₹5coins. The total number of coins is 160.
How many coins of each denomination are EXERCISE 3.3
with me?
Solve the following equations and check
Solution:
your results.
Let the ₹5 coins be ‘x’
1. 3x = 2x + 18
Therefore, the number of ₹2 coins 3x
Solution:
The number of ₹1 coins = 160 – (x + 3x)
3x – 2x = 18
= 160 – 4x
x = 18
According to questions,
By checking,
5 × x + 2 × 3x + 1 × (160 – 4x) = 300
3 ×18 = 2 × 18 + 18
5x + 6x + 160 – 4x = 300
54 = 36 + 18
7x + 160 = 300
54 = 54
7x + 160 – 160 = 300 – 160
LHS = RHS
7x = 140
7𝑥 140 2. 5t – 3 = 3t – 5
= Solution:
7 7
x = 20 5t – 3t = - 5 + 3
Therefore, Number of ₹5 coins = 20 2t = −2
Number of ₹2 coins = 3× 20= 60 t =
−2
2
Number of ₹1 coins = 160 – 4×20
t = -1
= 160 – 80 = 80
By checking,
16. The organisers of an essay
5 × -1 – 3 = 3 × -1 – 5
competition decide that a winner in the
-5 – 3 = - 3 – 5
competition gets a prize of ₹100 and a
-8 = - 8
participant does not win gets a prize of
LHS = RHS
₹ 25. The total prize money distributed is
3. 5x + 9 = 5 + 3x
₹3,000. Find the number of winners, if the
total number of participants is 63. Solution:
5x + 9 = 5 + 3x
Solution: 5x – 3x = 5 – 9
Let the number of winner be x 2x = - 4
Therefore, the losers are 63 – x x=
−4
2
100x + 25×(63 – x) = 3000
x = −2

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 10

By checking, 7. x = 𝟓(x + 10)

𝟒

5 × -2 + 9 = 5 + 3 × -2
Solution:
-10 + 9 = 5 – 6 4
x = 5(x + 10)
-1 = -1
LHS = RHS 5x = 4𝑥 + 40
4. 4z + 3 = 6 + 2z 5x – 4x = 40
Solution: x = 40
4z + 3 = 6 + 2z By checking,
4
4z – 2z = 6 – 3 40 = 5(40 + 10)
2z = 3 4
3
40 = 5 × 50
z =2
40 = 4 × 10
By checking, 40 = 40
3 3
4×2+3=6+2×2 LHS = RHS
𝟐𝒙 𝟕𝒙
6+3=6+3 8. + 1 = 𝟏𝟓 + 3
𝟑
9=9 Solution:
LHS = RHS 2𝑥 7𝑥
+ 1 = 15 + 3
5. 2x – 1 = 14 – x 3
2𝑥 7𝑥
Solution: - =3–1
3 15
2x – 1 = 14 – x 2𝑥×5 7𝑥
- =2
3×5 15
2x + x = 14 + 1 10𝑥−7𝑥
3x = 15 =2
15

x=
15 3𝑥 = 2 × 15
3
3𝑥 = 30
x=5 30
By checking, x= 3
2 × 5 – 1 = 14 - 5 x = 10
10 – 1 = 14 – 5 By checking,
2×10 7×10
9=9 +1= +3
3 15
LHS = RHS 20 70
+ 1 = 15 + 3
6. 8x + 4 = 3(x – 1) + 7 3
20+3 70+45
Solution: =
3 15
8x + 4 = 3(x – 1 ) + 7 23 115
=
8x + 4 = 3x – 3 + 7 3 15
23 23
8x + 4 = 3x + 4 =
3 3
8x – 3x = 4 – 4 LHS = RHS
5x = 0 9. 2y + 𝟑 =
𝟓 𝟐𝟔
–y
0 𝟑
x= 5
x= 0
By checking, Solution:
8 × 0 + 4 = 3(0 – 1) + 7 2y + 3 =
5 26
–y
3
0+4=0–3+7 26 5
4=4 2y + y = 3
–3
26−5
LHS = RHS 3y = 3

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 11

21 8x – 3x = 20
y=
9
7 5x = 20
y=3 20
x=
By checking, 5
7 5 26 7 x=4
2×3 +3 = -3
3 2.A positive number is 5 times another
14 5 26 7
+ = - number. If 21 is added to both the
3 3 3 3
14+5 26−7 numbers, then one of the new numbers
=
3 3 becomes twice the other new number.
19 19
= What are the numbers?
3 3
LHS = RHS Solution:
10. 3m = 5m –
𝟖 Let the numbers be x and 5x
𝟓
According to questions,
Solution:
8 5x + 21=2(x + 21)
3m = 5m – 5x + 21 = 2x + 42
5
8
3m – 5m = – 5x – 2x = 42 – 21
5
8 3x = 21
-2m = – 21
5
−8
x= 3
m = 5×−2
x=7
−8
m = −10 Therefore, the numbers are 7 and7 × 5 = 35
m=5
4 3. Sum of the digits of a two-digit number
is 9. When we interchange the digits, it is
By checking,
4 4 8
found that the resulting new number is
3×5 =5×5− greater than the original number by 27.
5
12 8
=4− What is the two-digit number?
5 5
12 20−8 Solution:
=
5 5 Let the digit in the unit place be x. Then the
12 12
= digit in the tenth place = 9 – x
5 5
LHS = RHS According to question,
10× x + (9 – x)× 1 = 10×(9 – x) + x× 1 + 27
EXERCISE 3.4
9x + 9 = 90 – 10x + x + 27
1. Amina thinks of a number and 9x + 9 = 117 – 9x
𝟓 9x + 9x = 117 – 9
subtract from it. She multiplies the
𝟐 18x = 108
result by 8. The result now obtained is 3 108
x=
times the same number she thought of. 18

What is the number? x=6

Therefore, the digit in the unit place = 6 and
the digit in the tength place = 3
Solution: Therefore, the two digit number is 36
Let the number thinks by Amina be x 4. One of the two digits of a two digit
According to question, number is three times the other digit. If
5 you interchange the digits of this two-digit
(𝑥 − ) 8 = 3x
2 number and add the resulting number to
8x – 20 = 3x

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 12

the original number, you get 88. What is the According to question,
original number? 30x × 100 = 75000
Solution: 3000x = 75000
Let the digit in the unit place be x, then the x=
75000
3000
digit in the tenth place = 3x
x = 25
10× 3x + 1×x + 10 × x + 3x × 1 = 88
Therefore, the bredth of the plot is
30x + x + 10x + 3x = 88
4×25 = 100m and length is 11×25 = 275m
44x = 88
88
7. Hasan buys two kinds of cloth
x = 44 materials for school uniforms, shirt
x=2 material that costs him ₹50 per metre
Therefore, the digit in the unit place is 2 and and trouser material that costs him ₹90
in the tenth place is 3×2 = 6 per metre. For every 3 meters of the shirt
Thus the two digit number is 62 material he buys 2 metres of the trouser
(Here 26 is also possible) material. He sells the materials at 12%
5. Shobo’s mother’s present age is six and 10% profit respectively. His total sale is
₹36,600. How much trouser material did he
times Shobo’s present age. Shobo’s age
buy?
five years from now will be one third of
Solution:
his mother’s present age. What are their
The ratio of Shirts and trouser bought by
present ages?
Hassan 3x: 2x
Solution:
The total cost of shirts = 3x × 50 = ₹150x
Let the present age of Shobo be x’ yrs and 100+12
age of his mother be 6x yrs Selling price = × 150x
100
𝟏𝟎𝟎+%𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕
According to question, [Selling price = × Actual price]
𝟏𝟎𝟎
1
x + 5 = 3 ×6x 112
= 100 × 150x = 168x
3x + 15 = 6x The total cost of trouser = 2x × 90 = ₹180x
15 = 6x – 3x 100+10
Selling price = × 180x = ₹198x
3x = 15 100
15 According to question,
x= 3 168x + 198x = 36600
x=5 366x = 36600
Therefore, the present age of Shobo is 5 yrs 36600
x=
6. There is a narrow rectangular plot, 366

reserved for a school, in Mahuli village. x = 100

The length and breadth of the plot are in Thus, the length of the trouser material
the ratio 11:4. At the rate ₹100 per metre it bought by Hasan is 2× 100 = 200mtr
will cost the village panchayat ₹ 75000 to 8. Half of a herd of deer are grazing in the
field and three fourths of the remaining are
fence the plot. What are the dimensions of
playing nearby. The rest 9 are drinking
the plot?
water from the pond. Find the number of
Solution: deer in the herd.
Let the bredth and length of the rectangular Solution:
plot be 4x and 11x. Let the total number of deer be x
Perimeter According to question,
= 2(l + b) = 2(11x + 4x) = 2 × 15x = 30x Number of deer grazing in the field = 2
𝑥

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 13

The number of deer playing and that of his Son is 20yrs.

3 𝑥 𝑥 3 3𝑥
=4 of = × =
2 2 4 8
The number of deer drinking water from the EXERCISE 3.5
pond = 9 Solve the following linear equations.
𝑥 3𝑥 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
x=2+ +9 1. 𝟐 - = +𝟒
8 𝟓 𝟑

x=
4𝑥+3𝑥
+9 Solution:
8 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
4𝑥+3𝑥 - = +4
x– =9 2 5 3
8 𝑥 𝑥 1 1
8𝑥− 4𝑥−3𝑥 - = +5
=9 2 3 4
8 3𝑥−2𝑥 5+4
𝑥 =
=9 6 20
8 𝑥 9
x=9×8 =
6 20
x = 72 𝑥 =
54
20
Therefore, total number of deer is 72 27
𝑥 =
9. A grandfather is ten times older than his 10
𝒏 𝟑𝒏 𝟓𝒏
granddaughter. He is also 54 years older 2. - + = 21
𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
than her. Find their present ages. Solution:
Solution: 𝑛 3𝑛 5𝑛
- + = 21
Let the age of granddaughter be x yrs 2 4 6
6𝑛−9𝑛+10𝑛
The age of grandfather is 10x yrs = 21
12
According to question, 7𝑛
= 21
12
10x = x + 54
7𝑛 = 21×12
10x – x = 54 21×12
9x = 54 𝑛= 7

x=
54 n = 36
9 𝟖𝒙 𝟏𝟕 𝟓𝒙
x=6 3. x + 7 - = -
𝟑 𝟔 𝟐
Therefore, the age of granddaughter is 6 yrs Solution:
8𝑥 17 5𝑥
and the age of grandfather is10 × 6 = 60 yrs x+7- = -
3 6 2
10. Aman’s age is three times his son’s age. 5𝑥 8𝑥 17
x+ - = –7
Ten years ago he was five times his son’s 2 3 6
6𝑥+ 15𝑥−16𝑥 17 −42
age. Find their present ages. =
6 6
Solution: 5𝑥 −25
=
Let the age of Aman’s son be x 6 6
−25×6
Age of Aman = 3x 5𝑥 = 6
According to question, 5𝑥 = −25
5(x – 10) = 3x – 10 x=
−25
5
5x – 50 = 3x – 10
x = −5
5x – 3x = -10 + 50 𝒙−𝟓 𝒙−𝟑
2x = 40 4. =
𝟑 𝟓
x=
40 Solution:
2 𝑥−5 𝑥−3
x = 20 =
3 5
Thus, Aman’s age is 20 × 3 = 60 yrs. 5(𝑥 − 5) = 3(𝑥 − 3)

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 14

5𝑥 − 25 = 3𝑥 − 9 t = -2
5𝑥 − 3𝑥 = −9 + 25 2. 15( y – 4) – 2(y – 9) + 5( y + 6) = 0
2𝑥 = 16 Solution:
𝑥=
16 15( y – 4) – 2(y – 9) + 5( y + 6) = 0
2
15 y – 60 – 2y +18 + 5 y + 30 = 0
𝑥= 8
𝟑𝒕−𝟐 𝟐𝒕+𝟑 𝟐 18y – 12 = 0
5. - =𝟑–t 18y = 12
𝟒 𝟑
Solution: y = 18
12
3𝑡−2 2𝑡+3 2
- =3–t 2
4 3 y=3
3𝑡−2 2𝑡+3 2
- +t = 3. 3( 5z – 7) – 2 (9z – 11) = 4( 8z – 13) – 17
4 3 3
3(3𝑡−2)−4(2𝑡+3)+12𝑡
=
2 Solution:
12 3
9𝑡−6− 8𝑡−12 +12𝑡 2 3( 5z – 7) – 2 (9z – 11) = 4( 8z – 13) – 17
=3 15z – 21 – 18z + 22 = 32z – 52 – 17
12
13𝑡−18 2
=3 -3z + 1 = 32z – 69
12
3(13𝑡 − 18) = 2 × 12 -3z - 32z = – 69 – 1
39𝑡 − 54 = 24 -35z = – 70
−70
39𝑡= 24 +54 z = −35
39𝑡= 78 z=2
78
𝑡= 39 4. 0.25( 4f – 3) = 0.05( 10f – 9)
𝑡= 2 Solution:
𝒎−𝟏 𝒎−𝟐 0.25( 4f – 3) = 0.05( 10f – 9)
6. m - =𝟏−
𝟐 𝟑 f – 0.75 = 0.5f – 0.45
Solution: f – 0.5f = - 0.45 + 0.75
𝑚−1 𝑚−2
m- =1− 0.5f = 0.30
2 3
0.30
m-
𝑚−1
+
𝑚−2
= 1 f=
2 3 0.5
3
6𝑚−3(𝑚−1)+2(𝑚−2)
= 1 f=5
6
6𝑚−3𝑚+3+2𝑚−4 f = 0.6
= 1
6
5m - 1 = 1 × 6
5m = 6 + 1
EXERCISE 3.6
5m = 7
7 Solve the following equations.
m=5 𝟖𝒙−𝟑
1. =2
Simplify and solve the following linear 𝟑𝒙

equations. Solution:
8𝑥−3
1. 3( t – 3 ) = 5(2t + 1) =2
3𝑥
Solution: 8𝑥 − 3 = 6x
3( t – 3 ) = 5(2t + 1) 8x – 6x = 3
3t – 9 = 10t + 5 3x = 3
3t – 10t = 5 + 9 x=2
3

-7t = 14 𝟗𝒙
14 2. 𝟕−𝟔𝒙 = 15
t= −7
Solution:

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 Chapter 3 Linear Equations in One variable 15

9𝑥 6. The ages of Hari and Harry are in the

= 15
7−6𝑥
ratio 5:7. Four years from now the ratio of
9𝑥 = 15(7 – 6x)
their ages will be 3:4. Find their present
9x = 105 – 90x
ages.
9x + 90x = 105
Answer:
99x = 105
105 Let the age of Hari be 5x and the age of
x= Hary be 7x.
99
35
x = 33 According to question,
5𝑥+4 3
𝒛
3. 𝒛+𝟏𝟓 = 𝟗
𝟒 =4
7𝑥+4

Solution: 4(5x + 4) = 3(7x + 4)

𝑧 4 20x + 16 = 21x + 12
=
𝑧+15 9 20x – 21x = 12 – 16
9z = 4(z + 15) –x=–4
9z = 4z + 60 x=4
5z = 60 Thus the age of Hari is 5 × 4 = 20 yrs and
60
z= age of Hary is 7 × 4 = 28 yrs.
5
z = 12 7. The denominator of a rational number
𝟑𝒚+𝟒 −𝟐 is greater than its numerator by 8. If the
4. 𝟐−𝟔𝒚 = 𝟓 numerator is increased by 17 and the
Solution: denominator is decreased by 1, the
3𝑦+4 −2 𝟑
= number obtained is 𝟐 . Find the rational
2−6𝑦 5
5(3y + 4) = -2(2 – 6y) number.
15y + 20 = -4 + 12y Solution:
𝑥
15y – 12y = -4 – 20 The given rational number is = 𝑥+8
3y = - 24 According to question,
−24 𝑥+17 3
y= =2
3 𝑥+8−1
𝑦 = −8 𝑥+17 3
=2
𝟕𝒚+𝟒 −𝟒 𝑥+7
5. = 2(x +17) = 3(x + 7)
𝒚+𝟐 𝟑
Solution: 2x + 34 = 3x + 21
7𝑦+4
=
−4 2x – 3x = 21 – 34
𝑦+2 3
– x = –13
3(7y + 4) = -4(y + 2) x = 13
21y + 12 = -4y – 8 13 13
Thus, the rational number is = 21
21y + 4y = - 8 – 12 13+8

25y = -20
−20
y= 25
−4
y= 5

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mathematics

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 1
Chapter - 4

Understanding
Quadrilaterals

Copy rights reserved

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 1

Understanding Quadrilaterals
Number
Contents: of sides
Classification
Sample
Introduction or figure
vertices
Polygons
Classification of polygons 3 Triangle
Diagonals
Convex and concave polygons
Regular and irregular polygons
4 Quadrilateral
Angle sum property
Sum of the Measures of the
Exterior Angles of a Polygon
Kinds of Quadrilaterals 5 Pentagon
❖ Trapezium
❖ Kite
❖ Parallelogram 6 Hexagon
➢ Elements of a parallelogram
➢ Angles of a parallelogram
➢ Diagonals of a parallelogram
7 Hepatagon
❖ Some Special Parallelograms
❖ A Rhombus
❖ A rectangle
8 Octagon
❖ A Square
Polygons
A simple closed curve made up of only line
9 Nonagon
segments is called a polygon.

10 Decagon

A diagonal is a line segment connecting two

Curves that are Polygons non-consecutive vertices of a polygon

A polygon has an interior and exterior

Curves that are not Polygons
Region. The interior has a boundary but the
Classification of polygons
exterior has no boundary.

Convex and concave polygons

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 2

An irregular polygon is any polygon that is

not regular polygon. It can have sides of
any length and each interior angle can be
any measure.
Angle sum property

Convex Polygons

A diagonal of the quadrilateral divides the

it into two triangles. The sum of all interior
angles of a triangle is 1800. Therefore, the
Concave polygons sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral is
Regular and irregular polygons 1800 × 2 = 3600.
Similarly, we can write the sum of interior
angles of a polygon of any number of
sides.
Sum of the Measures of the Exterior
Angles of a Polygon:

Regular Polygons

The sum of the measures of the external

angles of any polygon is 360°. This is true
whatever be the number of sides of the
polygon.
Example 1: Find measure x in Fig
.
Irregular Polygons
A polygon that is equiangular and
equilateral is called regular polygon.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 3

❖ AB, AB; AB, BC; BC, CD; CD, AD;

Solution: alternate sides
1100 + 500 + 900 + x = 3600
2500 + x = 3600
x = 3600 – 2500
x = 1100
Example 2: Find the number of sides of a Example 3: Find the perimeter of the
regular polygon whose eachexterior angle parallelogram PQRS.
has a measure of 45°.
Solution:
The number of sides of a regular polygon
360
=
Measure of each exterior angle
3600
The number of sides = =8 Solution:
450
Kinds of Quadrilaterals: The perimeter of the parallelogram
Trapezium: = PQ + QR + RS + SP
= 12 + 7 + 12 + 7
= 38cm
Angles of a parallelogram:
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are
Trapezium is a quadrilateral with a pair of of equal measure.
parallel sides. Example 4: In Fig 3.26, BEST is a
parallelogram. Find the values x, y and z.
Kite:

Kite is a special type of a quadrilateral. The

sides with the same markings in each figure x = ∠B = 1000 (Opposite angles are equal)
are equal. y = ∠B = 1000 (Corresponding angles)
Parallelogram: z = ∠x = 1000 (Corresponding angles)
The adjacent angles in a parallelogram are
supplementary.
Example 5: In a parallelogram RING, if
m∠R = 70°, find all the other angles.

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose

opposite sides are equal and parallel.
❖ AB, CD and AD, BC are opposite
sides.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 4

Solution:
m∠R = 700
∴ m∠N = 700
(opposite angles of a parallelogram)
m∠I = 1800 – 700 = 1100
(The sum of alternate angles of a
parallelogram is 1800)
∴ m∠G = 1100
Solution:
(opposite angles of a parallelogram)
x = OI = 5 (The diagonals are bisecting)
Diagonals of a parallelogram:
y = OC = 12(The diagonals are bisecting)
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect z = ER = 13 (In Rhombus all sides are equal)
each other. Rectangle:
Example 6: In Fig 3.31 HELP is a
parallelogram. (Lengths are in cms).
Given that OE = 4 and HL is 5 more than
PE? Find OH.

A rectangle is a parallelogram with equal

angles (Equal to 900)
Being a parallelogram, the rectangle has
Solution: opposite sides of equal length and its diagonals
(Diagonals are bisecting each other) bisect each other.
∴ PE = 4 + 4 = 8 The diagonals of a rectangle are of equal
⟹HL = 8 + 5 = 13 length.
Some Special Parallelograms: Example 8: RENT is a rectangle. Its
Rhombus: diagonals meet at O. Find x, if
OR = 2x + 4 and OT = 3x + 1.
In Rhombus all sides
Solution:
are equal and opposite
The diagonals of the
angles are parallel.
rectangle are equal and
The opposite angles
of a Rhombus is bisecting each other.
Therefore,
equal.
3x + 1 = 2x + 4
A rhombus has all the properties of a 3x – 2x = 4 – 1
parallelogram and also that of a kite. x=3
The diagonals of a rhombus are Square:
perpendicular bisectors of one another.
Example 7: RICE is a rhombus (Fig
3.36). Find x, y, z. Justify your findings.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 5

A square is a rectangle with equal sides.

In a square (d) Convex polygon
• All sides are equal.
• All angles are equal and 900
• Diagonals are equal.
• Diagonals are bisecting
perpendicularly each other
Exercise 4.1
(e) Concave polygon
1. Given here are some figures.

How many diagonals does each of the

following have?
(a) A convex quadrilateral
(b) A regular hexagon
(c) A triangle
Classify each of them on the basis of the Solution:
following. (a) A convex quadrilateral
(a) Simple curve (b) Simple closed curve Two diagonals AC, BD
(c) Polygon (d) Convex polygon
(e) Concave polygon
Solution:
(a) Simple curve

(b) A regular hexagon

9 Diagonals

(b) Simple closed curve

(c) A triangle:
No diagonals.
(c) Polygon

3. What is the sum of the measures of the

angles of a convex quadrilateral? Will this
property hold if the quadrilateral is not

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 6

convex? (Make a non-convex quadrilateral (n – 2) × 1800

and try!)

5. What is a regular polygon?

State the name of a regular polygon of
(i) 3 sides (ii) 4 sides (iii) 6 sides
Solution:
A polygon that is equiangular and
equilateral is called regular polygon.
Solution:
(a) 3 sides – Equilateral Triangle
A diagonal drawn to the quadrilateral (b) 4 sides – Square
divides the quadrilateral in to two (c) 6 sides – Regular Hexagon
triangles. The sum of interior angles of a 6. Find the angle measure x in the following
triangle is 1800.
figures.
∴ The sum of all interior angles of a
quadrilateral = 2 × 1800 = 3600
Yes, this property hold if the quadrilateral is
not convex

30

4. Examine the table. (Each figure is

divided into triangles and the sum of the
angles deduced from that.)

Solution:
(a) The sum of Interior angles of a
Figure

quadrilateral
= (4 – 2)×1800 = 2 × 1800 = 3600
sides 3 4 5 6
x + 500 + 1300 + 1200 = 3600
Angle 1× 180 2× 180 3× 180 4× 180
x + 3000 = 3600
sum (3-2)180 (4-2)180 (5-2)180 (6-2)180
x = 3600 – 3000
What can you say about the angle sum of a ⇒ x = 600
convex polygon with number of sides?
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) n (b) The sum of Interior angles of a
Solution: quadrilateral
Sum of interior angles = (n – 2) × 1800 = (4 – 2)×1800 = 2 × 1800 = 3600
(a) If n = 7 x + 700 + 600 + 900 = 3600
(7 – 2) × 1800 = 5 × 1800 = 9000 x + 2200 = 3600
(b) If n = 8 x = 3600 – 2200
(8 – 2) × 1800 = 6 × 1800 = 10800 x = 1400
(c) If n = 10 (c) The sum of Interior angles of a
(10 – 2) × 1800 = 8 × 1800 = 14400 Pentagon
(c) If n = n = (5 – 2)×1800 = 3 × 1800 = 5400
x + 1100 + 1200 + x + 300 = 5400
YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard
 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 7

2x + 2600 = 5400
2x = 5400 – 2600
2x = 2800
x = 1400
(c) The sum of Interior angles of a
Pentagon n
= (5-2)×1800 = 3 × 1800 = 5400
This is regular Pentagon.
Therefore, all the angles are equal
5x = 5400 x = 1800 – 1200 = 600
x =
540 y = 1800 – 800 = 1000
5
z = 1800 – 600 = 1200
x = 1080
n = 3600 – (600 + 800 + 1200)
7.Find (a) x + y + z
= 3600 – 2600 = 1000
∴ w = 1800 – 1000 = 800
⇒ x + y + z + w = 600+1000+1200+800
⇒ x + y + z + w = 3600

(b) Find x + y + z + w Exercise 4.2

1. Find x in the following figures.

Solution:
(a) x + y + z (a) (b)
Solution:
(a) x + 1250 + 1250 = 3600
[Sum of exterior angles = 3600]
⇒ x + 2500 = 3600
⇒ x = 3600 - 2500 = 1100
(b) ∠1 =1800 – 900 = 900
(The sum of linear pair of angles = 180 0)
∠ 2 = 1800 – 600 = 1200
∴ x = 180 – 90 = 900
∠ 3 = 1800 – 90 = 900
z = 1800 – 300 = 1500
∠ 4 = 1800 – 700 = 1100
y = 300 + 900 = 1200 ∠ 5 = 1800 – x
(The exterior angle is equal to the sum of ∠1 + ∠2 +∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 = 5400
interior opposite angles) [(n-2)180 = (5-2)180 = 3×180 = 5400]
∴ x + y + z = 900 + 1500 + 1200 = 3600 900 + 1200 + 900 + 1100 + 1800 – x = 5400
(b) x + y + z + w 590 0 – x = 5400
590 0 – 5400 = x ⇒ x = 500

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 8

2. Find the measure of each exterior angle 5. (a) Is it possible to have a regular polygon
of a regular polygon of with measure of each exterior angle as 22°?
(i) 9 sides (ii) 15 sides (b) Can it be an interior angle of a regular
polygon? Why?
Solution:
Solution:
(i) 9 sides When exterior angle is 220
Sum of interior angles
3600
= (n –2)1800=(9-2)×1800 Number of sides = Exterior angle
= 7 × 1800 = 12600 3600
Mesure of each interior angle Number of sides = 22 = 16.36
=
12600
= 1400 The number of sides is not an integer.
9 Therefore it is not possible to have a
Therefore mesure of each exterior angle polygon of of exterior angle 220
= 1800 – Mesure of each interior angle When interior angle is 220,
= 1800 – 1400 = 400
(ii) 15 sides Exterior angle = 1800 – 220 = 1580
3600
Sum of interior angles No.of sides =
Each exterior angle
= (n –2)1800=(9-2)×1800 3600
= (n –2)1800=(15-2)×1800 No.of sides = 158 = 2.28
= 13 × 1800 = 23400 The number of sides is not an integer.
Mesure of each interior angle Therefore it is not possible to have a
23400 polygon of of interior angle 220
= 15 = 1560
6. (a) What is the minimum interior angle
Therefore mesure of each exterior angle possible for a regular polygon? Why?
= 1800 – Mesure of each interior angle (b) What is the maximum exterior angle
= 1800 – 1560 = 240 possible for a regular polygon?
Alternate Method: Solution:
3600
Mesure of each exterior angle = (a) A regular polygon should have
𝑛
(i) 9 sides minimum 3 sides.
3600 The regular polygon with 3 sides is an
Exterior angle = = 400 equilateral triangle
9
(ii) 15 sides Therefore, the minimum interior angle
3600 possible for a regular polygon is 600
Exterior angle = 15 = 240
(b) The each interior angle of a equilateral
3. How many sides does a regular polygon triangle is 600.
have if the measure of an exterior angle is Therefore, the maximum exterior angle
24°? possible for regular polygon
Solution:
3600
= 180 – 60 = 1200
Number of sides =
Exercise 3.3
Each exterior angle
3600
n = = 15
240
4. How many sides does a regular polygon 1.Given a parallelogram ABCD.
have if each of its interior angles is 165°? Complete each statement along with the
Solution: definition or property used.
The interior angle = 1650
∴ the exterior angle = 1800 – 1650 = 150
3600
No. of sides = each exterior angle
3600
n = 0 = 24
15
Therefore number of sides = 24

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 9

(i) AD = ------- ∴ y = 1800 – 1200 = 600

(ii) ∠DCB = ------- z = y = 600 (Alternate angles)
(iii) OC = ------ (iv) x + 800 = 1800 (Adjacent angles)
(iv) m∠DAB + m∠CDA = ------- x = 1800 – 800 = 1000
Solution: y = 800 (Opposite angles)
(i) AD = BC z = 𝑥 = 1000 (Opposite angles)
(Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal)
z + ∠B = 1800 (Adjacent angles)
(ii) ∠DCB = ∠DAB
∴ z = 800 (Corresponding angles)
(Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
(v) y = 1120 (Opposite angles)
(iii) OC = OA
(The diagonals of a parallelogram bisects each other) x + y + 400 = 1800
(iv) m∠DAB + m∠CDA = 1800 (Sum of the interior angles of a triangle)
(The sum of the alternate angles of a x + 1120 + 400 = 1800
parallelogram is 1800 ) x + 1520 = 1800
2. Consider the following parallelograms. x = 1800 – 1520 = 280
Find the values of the unknowns x, y, z. z = x = 280 (Alternate angles)
3. Can a quadrilateral ABCD be a
parallelogram if
(i) ∠D + ∠B = 180°?
(ii) AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm and BC = 4.4 cm?
(iii) ∠A = 70° and ∠C = 65°?
Solution:
x 30

(i) ∠D + ∠B = 1800
It may or may not be
Solution: (ii) AB = DC = 8cm, AD = 4cm, BC = 4.4cm
(i) x + ∠B = 1800 (Adjacent angles) Not possible. Because a pair of opposite
∴ x + 1000 = 1800 sides are not equal.
x = 1800 – 1000 = 800 (iii) ∠A = 700 and ∠C = 650
y = ∠B = 1000 (Opposite angles) Not possible. Because opposite angles are
not equal.
z + ∠B = 1800 (Adjacent angles)
4. Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral
∴ z = 1800 – 1000 = 800 that is not a parallelogram but has exactly
(ii) x + 500 = 1800 (Adjacent angles) two opposite angles of equal measure.
∴ x = 1800 – 500 1300
Solution:
∴ y = 1300 (opposite angles)
z = x = 1300 (Corresponding angles)
(iii) x = 900 (Vertically opposite angles)
y + 300 + 900 = 1800
(Sum of the interior angles of a triangle)

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 10

5. The measures of two adjacent angles of a (Sum of the interior angles of a triangle)
parallelogram are in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the ⇒ y + 300 + 1100 = 1800
measure of each of the angles of the ⇒ y + 1400 = 1800
parallelogram. ⇒ y + 1400 = 1800 – 1400 = 400
Solution:
8. The following figures GUNS and
RUNS are parallelograms.Find x and y.
(Lengths are in cm)

∠A : ∠B = 3: 2
Let ∠A = 3x and ∠B = 2x
3x + 2x = 1800
5x = 1800
x = 360
Therefore, ∠A = 3x = 3 ×36 = 1080 Solution:
∠B = 2x = 2 ×36 = 720 In a parallelogram GUNS,
∠C = ∠A = 1080
3x = 18 ⇒ x = 6cm
∠D = ∠B = 720
3y – 1 = 26 ⇒ 3y = 26 + 1 = 27
6. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram 27
have equal measure. Find the measure of ⇒y= = 9cm
3
each of the angles of the parallelogram. In a parallelogram RUNS,
Solution:
y + 7 = 20 ⇒ y = 20 – 7 = 13cm
x + y = 16 ⇒ x + 13 = 16cm
⇒ x = 3cm
9.

∠A = ∠B
Therefore, ∠C = ∠D
(Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
Therefore, all the angles of a parallelogram
are equal and it is 900
7.The adjacent figure In the above figure both RISK and CLUE
HOPE is a parallelogram. are parallelograms. Find the value of x.
Find the angle measures Solution:
x, y and z. State the ∠K = ∠RIS = 1200 (Opposite angles)
properties you use to find ∠RIS + ∠ISK = 1800 (Adjacent angles)
them. ⇒ ∠ISK = 1800 – 1200 = 600 ---(1)
Solution: ∠L = ∠CEU = 700 -------(2)
∠HOP + 700 = 1800 (Opposite angles)
(Linear pair of a straight line) x + ∠E + ∠S = 1800 [ (1) ªÀÄvÀÄÛ (2)jAzÀ]
⇒ ∠HOP = 1800 - 700 = 1100 (Sum of the interior angles of a triangle)
x = ∠HOP = 1100 (Opposite angles) ⇒ x + 60 + 70 = 1800
∠EHO =700 (Corresponding angles) ⇒ x + 600 + 700 = 1800 – 1300
∴ z = 700 – 400 = 300 ⇒ x = 500
y + z + ∠HOP = 1800

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 11

10. Explain how this figure is a trapezium. ∠P + 3100 = 3600

Which of its two sides are parallel? ∠P = 3600- 3100 = 500
Exercise 4.4
1. State whether True or False.
(a) All rectangles are squares
(b) All rhombuses are parallelograms
(c) All squares are rhombuses and also
rectangles
(d) All squares are not parallelograms.
Solution: (e) All kites are rhombuses.
Here, ∠M + ∠L = 1000 + 800 = 1800 (f) All rhombuses are kites.
(Sum of interior opposite angles is 180 0) (g) All parallelograms are trapeziums.
Therefore, MN ∥KL (h) All squares are trapeziums.
Hence KLMN is a trapezium. Solution:
11. Find m∠C in Fig if AB∥CD. (a) False
Since squares have all sides are equal
(b)True
Since in Rhombus, opposite angles are
equal and diagonals intersect at mid point
(c) True
Since, squares have the same property of
Rhombus but not a rectangle.
(d)False
Solution: Since, all squares have the same property
𝑚∠C + ∠B = 1800 [AB∥CD] of parallelogram.
𝑚∠C = 1800 - ∠B (e) False
𝑚∠C = 1800 - 1200 = 600 Since, all kites do not have equal sides.
12. Find the measure (f) True
of ∠P and ∠S if SP Since, all rhombus have equal sides and
RQ in Fig (If you find diagonals biset each other.
m∠R, is there more (g) True
than one method to find Since, trapezium have only two(one pair)
m∠P?) parallel sides
(h) True
Since, all squares also have one pair of
parallel lines.
Solution: 2. Identify all the quadrilaterals that have.
∠R + ∠S = 1800[ SP∥RQ] (a) four sides of equal length
⇒ 90 + ∠S = 1800 (b) four right angles
⇒ ∠S = 900 Solution:
∠P + ∠Q + ∠R + ∠S = 3600 (a) four sides of equal length
∠P + 1300 + 900 + 900 = 3600 (i) Square

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 12

(ii) Rhombus
(b) four right angles (b) Diagonals are bisecting perpendicularly
(i) Square Square
(ii) Rectangle Rhombus
3. Explain how a square is. (c) Diagonals are equal
(i) A quadrilateral Square
(ii) A parallelogram Rectangle
(iii) A rhombus (iv) A rectangle 5. Explain why a rectangle is a convex
Solution: quadrilateral.
(i) A quadrilateral Solution:
A square is a quadrilateral, it it has four A rectangle is a convex quadrilateral since
unequal sides. its vertex raised and of its diagonals lie in
(ii) A parallelogram its interior.
A square is a parallelogram, since it 6. ABC is a right-angled triangle and O is
contains both pair of opposite sides equal. the mid-point of the side opposite to the
(iii) A rhombus right angle. Explain why O is equidistant
A square is already a rhombus. Since it has from A, B and C. (The dotted lines are
four equal sides and diagonals bisects drawn additionally to help you).
perpendicularly each other.
(iv) A rectangle
Square is a rectangle. Since, it has opposite
sides are equal and all angles are equal and
900.
4.Name the quadrilaterals whose
diagonals. Solution:
(i) bisect each other Since, two right triangles make a rectangle
(ii) are perpendicular bisectors of each where O is equidistance point from A, B,
other (iii) are equal C and D because O is the midpoint of the
Solution: two diagonals of a rectangle. Since AC
(a) Diagonals Bisect each other. and BD two equal diagonals intersect at
Parallelogram midpoint. So O is the point which is
Rectangle equidistance from A. B, C and D
Square
Rhombus

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 4 Understanding Quadrilaterals 13

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 1
Chapter - 5
Squares and
Square roots

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Chapter 5 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 1

Squares and Square roots

Contents: Properties of Square Numbers.
Introduction
Properties of Square Numbers. n n2 n n2 n n2
❖ Adding triangular numbers 1 1 11 121 21 441
❖ Numbers between square numbers 2 4 12 144 22 484
❖ Adding odd numbers 3 9 13 169 23 529
❖ A sum of consecutive natural 4 16 14 196 24 576
numbers 5 25 15 225 25 625
❖ Product of two consecutive even or 6 36 16 256 26 676
odd natural numbers 7 49 17 289 27 729
❖ Some more patterns in square 8 64 18 324 28 784
numbers 9 81 19 361 29 841
10 100 20 400 30 900
Finding the square of a Number
❖ Other patterns in squares • 2,3,7,8 these digits are not appearing in
❖ Pythagorian triplets the unit place of any perfect square
Square roots number.
❖ Finding square roots • If 0,1,4,5,6,9 digits are in the unit place
➢ repeated subtraction of any number, then it may or may not be a
➢ Prime factorization perfect square number.
➢ Division method • If a number has 1 or 9 in the unit place,
➢ Estimating the number then it’s square ends in 1.
Square roots of decimals • If a number has 4 or 6 in the unit place,
Estimating square roots then it’s square ends in 6.
Introduction: • If a number has 3 or 7 in the unit place,
A product of a number multiplied by itself then it’s square ends in 9.
is called a Square number. • If a number has 2 or 8 in the unit place,
A square of an integer is always a positive then it’s square ends in 4.
integer. • If a number has 5 in the unit place, then
Example: it’s square ends in 5.
1 ×1 = 1 • If a number has 0 in the unit place, then
2 ×2 = 4 it’s square ends in 0.
3 ×3 = 9... etc 2
10 = 100
Thus, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100… 1002 = 10000
All these are perfect square numbers. 10002 = 1000000
Is 32 a square number? By observing the above,
Answer: No. If a number contains n’ zeros at the end, then
Because, we know that 52 = 25 and 62 = 36. If its square has ‘2n’ zeros at the end.
32 is a square number, it must be the square Therefore, at the end of a square number
of a natural number between 5 and 6. But only even number of zeroes are possible.
there is no natural number between 5 and 6
Therefore 32 is not a square number.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 2

Adding triangular numbers: From the above table we can say that the
A number that can make a triangular dot sum of first n odd natural numbers is n2.
pattern is called a triangular number. ‘If the number ‘n2’ is a square number, it has
The first triangular number is 1 to be the sum of ‘n’ successive odd numbers
starting from 1.
By subtracting consecutive odd numbers
from 36, at last we get 0
36 – 1 = 35
So, by subtracting
35 – 3 = 32
consecutive odd numbers
32 – 5 = 27 from any number, if we
27 – 7 = 20 get zero at the end then it
20 – 9 = 11 is a perfect square.
11 – 11= 0
1,3,6,10,15,21,28,36,45... these are
A sum of consecutive natural numbers:
triangular numbers.
32 = 9 ⇒ 4 + 5
The sum of any two consecutive 32 −1
triangular number is a perfect square Here, the first number = 2
32 +1
number. nd
The 2 number = 2
Example: Thus, we can express the square of any odd
1+3=4 number as the sum of two consecutive positive
3+ 6 = 9 integers.
6+ 10 = 16 If n is an odd number, then its square
𝐧𝟐 −𝟏
10+15 = 25 n2, lies between the two numbers
𝟐
Numbers between square numbers 𝐧𝟐 +𝟏
and 𝟐 .
There are 2n non perfect square numbers
between the squares of the numbers n and Product of two consecutive even or odd
(n + 1). natural numbers:
Example: Observe the following,
There is 2×5 =10 non perfect square 11 × 13 = 143 = (12 + 1)( 12 – 1) = 122 - 1
14 × 16 = 224 = (15 + 1)( 15 – 1) = 152 - 1
numbers in between the square of 5 and 6
28 × 30 = 840 = (29 + 1)( 29 – 1) = 292 - 1
25 – 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35 – 36 ⇒ (a + 1) (a – 1) = a2 – 1
Here we see that 10 non perfect square Some more patterns in square numbers:
numbers in between 25 and 36 12 1
Adding odd numbers: 112 121
1112 12321
1111 2 1234321
11111 2 123454321
111111 2 12345654321
11111112 1234567654321
111111112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 3

72 49 8
m= =4
2
672 4489 m2 – 1 = 42 – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15
6672 444889 m2 + 1 = 42 + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17
66672 44448889 2m, (m2 – 1), (m + 1)2 are pythgorean
666672 4444488889 triplets
6666672 444444888889 ⇒ The triplet is 8, 15, 17 with 8 as the
66666672 44444448888889 smallest member.
666666672 4444444488888889 Example 3: Find a Pythagorean triplet in
6666666672 444444444888888889 which one member is 12.
Solution:
66666666672 44444444448888888889
If 2m = 12 , m = 6
Finding the square of a number: m2 – 1 = 62 – 1 = 36 – 1 = 35
Example 1: Find the square of the m2 + 1 = 62 + 1 = 36 + 1 = 37
following numbers without actual Therefore,12,35,37 is the required triplet.
multiplication. Square roots:
(i) 39 (ii) 42 122 = 144
Solution: Here 144 is a square number, 12 is called
(i) 39
392 = (30 + 9)2 the square root of 144.
= 30 (30 + 9) + 9(30 + 9) Here, (-12)2 = 144.
= 900 + 270 + 270 + 81 Therefore -12 is also a square root of 144.
= 1521 Similarly,
(ii) 42 Square root of 25 is + 5 and -5.
422 = (40 + 2)2 But here we are considering only positive
=40(40 + 2) + 2(40 + 2) square roots.
=1600 + 80 + 80 + 4 We represent positive square root with the
=1764 symbol √
Other patterns in squares: Example: √36 = 6; √196 = 14
Observe the following Finding square roots:
252 = 2 × 3Hundreds + 25 = 625 Finding square roots by repeated
352 = 3 × 4Hundreds + 25 = 1225 substraction of consecutive odd
452 = 4 × 5Hundreds + 25 = 2025 numbers:
Example:
1252 = 12 × 13Hundreds + 25 = 15625
a52 = a × (a + 1) Hundreds + 25 121 – 1 = 120 85 – 13 = 72
120 – 3 = 117 72 – 15 = 57
Pythagorean Triplets:
117 – 5 = 112 57 – 17 = 40
3, 4, 5 this is Pythagorean triplet.
Because 32 + 42 = 52 112 – 7 = 105 40 – 19 = 21
Similarly, 6,8,10 and 5,12,13 are 105 – 9 = 96 21 – 21 = 0
Pythagorean triplets. 96 – 11 = 85
For any natural number m > 𝟏, Here, we get 0 after subtracting 11
(2m)2 + (m2 – 1)2 = (m2 + 1)2 consecutive odd numbers.
Here, 2m, (m2 – 1) (m2 + 1) are Therefore, √121 = 11
pythagorean triplets.
We can find the square root of any square
Example 2: Write a Pythagorean triplet
number by this method. But it is lengthy
whose smallest member is 8.
Solution: and time consuming.
2m = 8

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 4

Finding square roots by prime √7056 = 84

factorization method: Example 7: Find the smallest number
Example 4: Find the square root of 6400. by which 9408 must be divided so that a
Solution: quotient is a perfect square. Find the
Here, we are continually dividing the square root of the quotient.
Solution:
given number with prime numbers until
2 9408 9408
get the prime number.
2 4704 = 2×2×2×2×2×2×3×7 ×7
2 6400
2 2352 As the prime factor 3 has no
2 3200 6400 pair, 9408 is not a perfect
2 1176
2 1600 = 2×2×2×2×2×2 2 0588 square. If we divide it by 3
2 800 ×2×2×5×5 2 0294 then the quotient be a perfect
2 400 square number.
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2×2 × 3 0147 Therefore, we should divide
2 200 2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 5×5 7 0049 9408 by 3 to get perfect
2 100
√6400 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 7 0007 square .
2 50 7 0001
√6400 = 80
5 25
5 9408 ÷3 = 2 × 2 ×2×2×2×2×7 ×7
= 3136
Example 5: Is 90 a perfect square? 3136 This is a perfect square
Solution: Therefore, 3 is the smallest number to
2 90 divide 9408 to make it perfect square.
3 45 The prime factors 2 and 5 do ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3236 = 2 ×2×2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
×2×2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
×2×7 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
×7
3 15 not occur in pairs. Therefore, √3136 = 2 × 2 ×2×7
5 5 90 is not a perfect square.
√3136 = 56
1
Example 8: Find the smallest square
Note: number which is divisible by each of the
That 90 is not a perfect square can also be numbers 6,9,15.
seen from the fact that it has only one zero. Solution:
Example 6: Is 2352 a perfect square? If Finding L.C.M of 6, 9 15
6 9 15
not, find the smallest multiple of 2352 is a 2 3 9 15
perfect square. Find the square root of 3 1 3 5
the new number. 3 1 1 5
Solution: 5 1 1 1
2 2352 2352
L.C.M = 2 × 3 ×3×5 = 90
2 1176 = 2×2×2×2×3×7 ×7
We see that prime factors 2 and 5 are not
2 0588 As the prime factor 3 has no in pairs. Therefore 90 is not a perfect
2 0294 pair, 2352 is not a perfect square.
3 0147 square. If 3 gets a pair then In order to get a perfect square, each factor
of 90 must be paired. Therefore, 90 should
7 0049 the number will become be multiplied by 2 × 5, i.e., 10
perfect square. So, we
7 0007 multiply 2352 by 3 Hence,
0001 the required square number is 90 × 10 = 900.
2352×3 = 2×2×2×2×3×7 ×7× 3 Finding square roots by division
7056 is a perfect square method:
7056= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3 × 3 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7 ×7 Find the square root of 4096 by division
method.
√7056 = 2×2×3×7

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 5

6 ̅40
̅̅̅ ̅96
̅̅̅ 64 9 ̅99
̅̅̅ ̅̅
99̅̅ 99
+6 36 +9 81
124 04 96 189 18 99
04 96 17 01
0 1 98
√4096 = 64
Example 9: Find the square root of. Here we get 198 is the remainder.
(i) 729 (ii) 1296 Hence, 9999 – 198 = 9801 is a greatest
(i) 729 square number of 4 digits.
̅̅̅̅ 29
̅̅̅̅ √9801 = 99
2 07 27
Example 12: Find the least number
+2 04 that must be added to 1300 so as to get
47 03 29 a perfect square. Also find the square root
03 29 of the perfect square.
0 3 ̅13̅̅̅ ̅̅
00̅̅ 36
√729 = 27 +3 09
(ii) 1296 66 04 00
3 ̅12
̅̅̅ 96
̅̅̅̅ 36 03 96
+3 09 04
66 03 96
Here, we get the remainder 4
03 96
0 Therefore 36 < √1300
Therefore, the next perfect square number
√1296 = 36 is 37.
Example 10: Find the least number that 372 = 1369
must be subtracted from 5607 so as to get 1369 – 1300 = 69
a perfect square. Also find the square root In order to make 1300 perfect square we
of the perfect square have to 69 to 1300.
7 ̅56̅̅̅ ̅07
̅̅̅ 74 Thus, 69 is the least number to be added to
+7 49 1300 so as to get perfect square.
144 07 07 √1369= 37
05 76 Note: The digits in the square roots is
1 31 equal to the number of groups( one bar =
If we subtract the remainder from the one group) in the square number.
number, we get a perfect square. Square roots of a Decimals:
Therefore, the remainder 131 is to be Example 13:
Find the square root of 12.25
subtract from 5607 to make it perfect ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅. 25
3 12 3.5
square.
5607 – 131 = 5476 +3 09
√5607 = 74 65 03 25
Example 11: Find the greatest 4-digit 03 25
number which is a perfect square. 00
The greatest number of 4 digit is 9999 √12.25 = 3.5
Example 14: Area of a square plot is
2304 m2. Find the side of the square plot.
.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 6

The side of the squre plot is same as the Digit in Didit in the
square root of its area. S.No. Numbers the unit unit place of
place the square
̅̅̅̅ 04
4 23 ̅̅̅̅ 48 i. 81 1 1
+4 16 ii. 272 2 4
88 07 04 iii. 799 9 1
07 04 iv. 3853 3 9
00 v. 1234 4 6
vi. 26387 7 9
√2304 = 48 vii 52698 8 4
viii 99880 0 0
∴ Side of the squre plot = 48m
ix 12796 6 6
Example 15: There are 2401 students in
x 55555 5 5
a school. P.T. teacher wants them to stand
in rows and columns such that the number 2. The following numbers are obviously
of rows is equal to the number of columns. not perfect squares. Give reason.
Find the number of rows (i) 1057 (ii) 23453 (iii) 7928 (iv) 22222
Let the number of rows be x (v) 64000 (vi) 89722 (vii) 222000
(viii) 505050
Therefore the number of coloum = x
Solution:
Total students = x × 𝑥 = x2 The unit place of a square number should
Therefore, 𝑥 = √2401 have the digits 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 or the even
4 ̅24̅̅̅ ̅01
̅̅̅ 49 number of zeroes in the end.
Perfect
+4 16 S.No. Numbers
square/not
Reason

89 08 01 i. 1057 No The unit place

08 01 ii. 23453 No of a square
00 iii. 7928 No number should
have the digits
iv. 22222 No
1, 4, 5, 6, 9 or
√2401 = 49 v. 64000 No the even
Therefore, total number of rows are 49 vi. 89722 No number of
Estimating sQuare roots: vii 222000 No zeroes in the
250 is not a perfect square. But we can viii 505050 No end.
estimate the square root close to the square
root of 250. 3. The squares of which of the following
250 is lies between the number 225 and would be odd numbers?
256. (i) 431 (ii) 2826 (iii) 7779 (iv) 82004
225 < 250 < 256 Solution:
Here, 256 is nearest to 250. The square of the odd number is also a odd
√250 is approximately = 16 number.
Therefore, The square of
Exercise 5.1 (i) 431 and (iii) 7779 odd numbers.
4. Observe the following pattern and find
1. What will be the unit digit of the squares the missing digits.
of the following numbers? Solution:
112 = 121
(i) 81 (ii) 272 (iii) 799 (iv) 3853 (v) 1234
1012 = 10201
(vi) 26387 (vii) 52698 (viii) 99880 (ix)
1002 = 1002001
12796 (x) 55555
1000012 = 1 ----2----1
Solution:
100000012 = ---------------

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 7

112 = 121 (ii) 1+3+5+7+9+11+13+15+17+19+21=121

2
101 = 10201 9. How many numbers lie between squares
1002 = 1002001 of the following numbers?
1000012 = 1 0000200001 (i) 12 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 13 (ii) 25 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 26
100000012 = 100000020000001
(iii) 99 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 100
5. Observe the following pattern and
supply the missing number. Solution:
There are ‘2n’non perfect square numbers
Solution:
between n2 and (n+1)2
112 = 121
(i) 12 and13
1012 = 10201
n = 12 ⇒ 2n = 24
101012 = 102030201
Therefore, 24 non perfect square numbers
10101012 = 1020304030201
between 12 and 13.
10101010 1 = 10203040504030201
(ii) 25 and 26
6. Using the given pattern, find the missing
n = 25 ⇒ 2n = 50
numbers.
Therefore, 50 non perfect square numbers
Solution:
between 25 and 26
(iii) 99 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 100
12 + 22 + 22 = 32
22 + 32 + 62 = 72 n = 99 ⇒ 2n = 198
32 + 42 + 122 = 132 Therefore, 198 non perfect square
42 + 52 + -2 = 212 numbers between 99 and 100
.
52 + -2 + 302 = 312
62 + 72 + -2 = -2 Exercise 5.2
12 + 22 + 22 = 32 1.Find the square of the following numbers.
22 + 32 + 62 = 72 (i) 32 (ii) 35 (iii) 86 (iv) 93 (v) 71 (vi) 46
32 + 42 + 122 = 132 Solution:
42 + 52 + 202 = 212 (i) 32
52 + 62 + 302 = 312 322 = (30 + 2)2
62 + 72 + 422 = 432 =30(30 + 2) + 2(30 + 2)
=900 + 60 + 60 + 4
7. Without adding, find the sum. =1024
(i) 1+3+7+9 (ii) 35
(ii) 1+3+7+9+11+13+15+17+19 =352 = (30 + 5 )2
(iii) 1+3+7+9+11+13+15+17+19+21+23 =30(30 + 5) + 5(30 + 5)
Solution: =900 + 150 + 150 + 25
(i) 1+3+5+ 7+9 =1225
= 52 = 25 (iii) 86
(ii) 1+3+5+7+9+11+13+15+17+19 =862 = (80 + 6 )2
= 102 = 100 =80(80 + 6) + 6(80 + 6)
(iii)1+3+5+7+9+11+13+15+17+19+21+23 =6400 + 480 + 480 + 36
= 122 = 144 =7396
8. (i) Express 49 as the sum of 7 odd (iv) 93
numbers. =932 = (90 + 3 )2
(ii) Express 121 as the sum of 11 odd =90(90 + 3) + 3(90 + 3)
numbers. =8100 + 270 + 270 + 9
=8649
Solution:
(v) 71
(i) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 = 49
712 = (70 + 1 )2
=70(70 + 1) + 1(70 + 1)
YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard
 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 8

=4900 + 70 + 70 + 1 (iii) 998001 – 1 or 9

=5041 (iv) 657666025 – 5
(vi) 46 2. Without doing any calculation, find the
462 = (40 + 6 )2 numbers which are surely not perfect
=40(40 + 6) + 6(40 + 6) squares. (i) 153 (ii) 257 (iii) 408 (iv) 441
=1600 + 240 + 240 + 36 Solution:
=2116 The perfect square numbers ended with the
2 Write a Pythagorean triplet whose one digit 0,1,4,5,6 or 9
member is. Therefore,
(i) 6 (ii) 14 (iii) 16 (iv) 18 (i) 153 is not a perfect square. Since, the
Solution: last digit is 3
If any natural number, m > 1 , then (ii) 257 is not a perfect square. Since, the
(2m)2 + (m2 – 1)2 = (m2 + 1)2 last digit is 7
Here, 2m, (m2 – 1) (m2 + 1) are (iii) 408 is not a perfect square. since, the
Pythagorean triplets. last digit is 8
(i) 6 (iv) 441 is a perfect square.Since the last
2m = 6 digit is 1
⇒m=3 3. Find the square roots of 100 and 169 by
∴ (m2 – 1) = 32 – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8 the method of repeated subtraction.
m2 + 1 = 32 + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10
Solution:
The Pythagorean triplet is 6, 8, 10 100
(ii) 14
2m = 14 100 – 1 = 99 75 – 11 = 64
⇒m=7 99 – 3 = 96 64 – 13 = 51
∴ (m2 – 1) = 72 – 1 = 49 – 1 = 48 96 – 5 = 91 51 – 15 = 36
m2 + 1 = 72 + 1 = 49 + 1 = 50 91 – 7 = 84 36 – 17 = 19
The Pythagorean triplet is 14, 48, 50 84 – 9 = 75 19 – 19 = 0
(iii) 16 100 become zero after subtracting first 10
2m = 16 odd numbers
⇒m=8 Therefore, the square root of 100 is 10
∴ (m2 – 1) = 82 – 1 = 64 – 1 = 63 169
m2 + 1 = 82 + 1 = 64 + 1 = 65 169 – 1 = 168 133 – 13 = 120
The Pythagorean triplet is 16, 63, 65 168 – 3 = 165 120 – 15 = 105
(iv) 18 165 – 5 = 160 105 – 17 = 88
2m = 18 160 – 7 = 153 88 – 19 = 69
⇒m=9 153 – 9 = 144 69 – 21 = 48
∴ (m2 – 1) = 92 – 1 = 81 – 1 = 80 144 – 11 = 133 48 – 23 = 25
m2 + 1 = 92 + 1 = 81 + 1 = 82 23 – 25 = 0
The Pythagorean triplet is 18, 80, 82 169 become zero after subtracting first 13
odd numbers
Exercise 5.3 Therefore, the square root of 169 is 13
4. C«¨sÁdå C¥ÀªÀvÀð£À «zsÁ£À¢AzÀ F PɼV À £À
1. What could be the possible ‘one’s’ digits
of the square root of each of the following ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼À ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÀAqÀÄ»r¬Äj.
numbers? (i) 729 (ii) 400 (iii) 1764 (iv) 4096
(i) 9801 (ii) 99856 (iii) 998001 (v) 7744 (vi) 9604 (vii) 5929 (viii) 9216
(iv) 657666025 (ix) 529 (x) 8100
Solution: Solution:
(i) 9801 – 1 or 9 (i) 729
(ii) 99856 – 4 or 6

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 9

3 729 2 7744
7744
3 243 729= 3×3×3×3×3×3 2 3872 = 2× 2× 2× 2× 2× 2× 3×
3 081 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3 × 3 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3 × 3 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3×3 2 1936 3×3× 3
3 027 √729 = 3 × 3 × 3 2 0968 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2×2
3 009 √729 = 27
2 0484 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3 × 3 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3×3
3 003 2 0242 √7744
001 11 0121 =2×2×2×3×3
11 0011
(ii) 400 √7744 = 72
0001
2 400
2 200 400 = 2×2×2×2×5×5 (vi) 9604
2 100 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 5×5
2 050 2 9604
√400 = 2 × 2 × 5
5 025 2 4802 9604 = 2×2×7×7×7×7
√729 = 20
5 005 7 2401 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7 × 7 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7×7
001 7 0343 √9604 = 2 × 7 × 7
7 0049
(iii) 1764 √9604 = 98
2 1764 7 0007
2 0882 0001
1764 = 2×2×3×3×7×7
3 0441 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3 × 3 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7×7 (vii) 5929
3 0147 √1764 = 2 × 3 × 7 7 5929
7 0049 5929 = 7×7×11×11
√729 = 42 7 0847 7 × 7 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 11 × 11
7 0007 11 0121 √5929 = 7 × 11⇒ √5929 = 77
0007 11 0011
(iv) 4096
2 4096 (viii) 9216
2 2048 2 9216
4096 = 2× 2× 2× 2× 2× 2×
2 1024 2× 2× 2× 2× 2× 2 2 4608 9216
2 0512 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2×2 2 2304 = 2× 2× 2× 2× 2× 2×
2 0256 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2×2× 2 1152 2× 2× 2× 2× 3× 3
2 0128 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2 0576 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2×2
2×2
2 0064 2 0288 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 3×3
√4096 = 2×2 × 2 ×2×2× 2 2 0144
2 0032 √9216
2 0016 √4096 = 64 2 0072 = 2×2×2×2×2× 3
2 0008 2 0036
√9216 = 96
2 0004 2 0018
2 0002 3 0009
0001 3 0003
0001

(ix) 529
(v) 7744 23 529 529 = 23×23
23 023 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
23 × 23
001 √529 = 23

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
À UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀUð
À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ 10

(x) 8100
2 8100 1008 × 7 =7056
8100
2 4050 √7056 = 2 × 2 × 3×7 = 84
= 2× 2× 3× 3× 3× 3
3 2025 (iv) 2028
×5× 5 2 2028 2028 = 2×2×3×13×13
3 0675 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 × 2 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3 × 3 × ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3×3
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2 1014 As the prime factor 3 has no
3 0225 × 5×5
3 0507 pair, 2028 is not a perfect
3 0075 √8100 square. If we multiply it by 3
13 0169 then the product be a perfect
5 0025 =2×3×3×5 13 0013 square number.
5 0005
√8100 = 90 0001 So, multiply 2028 by 3
0001
2028 × 3 =6084
5. For each of the following numbers, find √6084 = 2 × 3 ×13= 78
the smallest whole number by which it (v) 1458
should be multiplied so as to get a perfect 2 1458 1458 = 2×3×3×3×3
square number. Also find the square root 3 0729 ×3×3
of the square number so obtained. 3 0243 As the prime factor 2 has no
(i) 252 (ii) 180 (iii) 1008 (iv) 2028 3 0081 pair, 1458 is not a perfect
(v) 1458 (vi) 768 square. If we multiply it by
3 0027 2 then the product be a
Solution: 3 0009 perfect square number.
(i) 252 3 0003 So, multiply 1458 by 2
2 252 252=2×2× 3 × 3 × 7 0001
2 126 As the prime factor 7 has no
3 063 pair, 252 is not a perfect 1458 × 2 =2916
3 021 square. If we multiply it by √2916 = 2 × 3×3 × 3 = 54
7 then the product be a perfect (vi) 768
7 007 square number. 2 768
001 So, multiply 252 by 7 1008 = 2×2×2×2×2
2 384 × 2 × 2 × 2×3
252 × 7 =1764 2 192 As the prime factor 3 has no
√1764 = 2 × 3 × 7 = 42 2 096 pair, 1008 is not a perfect
(ii) 180 square. If we multiply it by
2 048 3 then the product be a
2 180 180 = 2×2×3×3×5 2 024 perfect square number.
2 090 As the prime factor 5 has no So, multiply 1008 by 3
pair, 180 is not a perfect 2 012
3 045
square. If we multiply it by 2 006
3 015
5 then the product be a perfect 3 003
5 005 square number. 001
001 So, multiply 180 by 5
768 × 23 =2304
180 × 5 =900
√2304 = 2 × 2 × 2×2 ×3 = 48
√900 = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30 6. For each of the following numbers, find
(iii) 1008 the smallest whole number by which it
2 1008 1008 = 2×2×2×2×3 should be divided so as to get a perfect
2 0504 ×3×7 square. Also find the square root of the
2 0252 As the prime factor 7 has no square number so obtained.
2 0126 pair, 1008 is not a perfect (i) 252 (ii) 2925 (iii) 396 (iv) 2645
square. If we multiply it by
3 0063 7 then the product be a perfect (v) 2800 (vi) 1620
3 0021 square number. Solution:
7 0007 So, multiply 1008 by 7 (i) 252
0001

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 5 ªÀUð
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2 252 √400 = 2×2×5 = 20

252 = 2×2×3×3×7
2 126 As the prime factor 7 has no (vi) 1620
3 063 pair, 252 is not a perfect 2 1620 1620
3 021 square. If we divide it by 7 2 0810
then the quotient be a perfect = 2×2×3×3×3×3×5
7 007 square number.
3 0405 As the prime factor 3 has no
001 3 0135 pair, 9408 is not a perfect
3 0045 square. If we divide it by 3
252 ÷ 7 =36 then the quotient be a perfect
3 0015 square number.
√36 = 2 × 3 = 6
5 0005
(ii) 2925
3 2925 0001
2925 = 3×3×5×5×13
3 0975 As the prime factor 13 has 1620÷ 5 =324
5 0325 no pair, 2925 is not a perfect
square. If we divide it by √324 = 2×3×3 = 18
5 0065
13 then the quotient be a 7. The students of Class VIII of a school
13 0013 perfect square number. donated ₹ 2401 in all, for Prime
0001
Minister’s National Relief Fund. Each
student donated as many rupees as the
2925 ÷ 13 =225
number of students in the class. Find the
√225 = 3 × 5 = 15 number of students in the class.
(iii) 396 Solution: 7 2401
2 396
396 = 2×2×3×3×11 The donated amount =₹2401 7 0343
2 198 As the prime factor 11has Let number of student be ‘x’ 7 0049
3 099 no pair, 396 is not a perfect
square. If we divide it by Therefore, 7 0007
3 033 Total donation = x× 𝑥 = x2
11then the quotient be a 0001
11 011 perfect square number. 2
x = 2401
001
⇒x = √2401
396 ÷ 11 =36 √2401 = √7 × 7 × 7 × 7
√36 = 2 × 3 = 6 √2401 = 7 × 7 = 49
(iv) 2645 Therefore,number of students is 49
5 2645 2645 = 5×23×23
As the prime factor 3 has no pair, 8. 2025 plants are to be planted in a
23 0529
9408 is not a perfect square. If we garden in such a way that each row
23 0023 divide it by 3 then the quotient be a contains as many plants as the number of
0001 perfect square number. rows. Find the number of rows and the
2645 ÷ 5 =529 number of plants in each row.
√529 = 23 Solution:
(v) 2800 Total Plants = 2025 3 2025
2 2800 Let number of Rows be ‘x’ 3 0675
2800
2 1400 = 2×2×2×2×5×5×7 No. of plants in each Row = x 3 0225
As the prime factor 3 has no 3 0075
2 0700 x2 = 2025 x = √2025
2 0350 pair, 9408 is not a perfect √2025= =
5 0025
5 0175 square. If we divide it by 3 5 0005
then the quotient be a perfect √3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
5 0035 0001
square number. √2025 = 3 × 3 × 5 = 45
7 0007 Therefore, total number of Rows is 45
0001 And each row contains 45 plants
9. Find the smallest square number that is
2645 ÷ 7 =400 divisible by each of the numbers 4, 9 and 10.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

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Solution: 4 ̅23
̅̅̅ ̅̅
04̅̅ 48
First, we have to find the LCM of 4, 9, 10 +4 16
88 07 04
4 9 10
07 04
2 2 9 5 0
2 1 9 5
3 1 3 5 √2304 = 48
3 1 1 5 (ii) 4489
6 ̅44
̅̅̅ ̅̅
89̅̅ 67
5 1 1 1
+6 36
LCM = 2 × 2 ×3×3× 5 = 180
As the prime factor 5 has no pair, 180 is not a 127 08 89
perfect square. If we multiply it by 5 then 08 89
the product be a perfect square number. 0
So, multiply 180 by 5
180 × 5 = 900 √4489 = 67
Therefore, 900 the smallest square number (iii) 3481
that is divisible by each of the numbers 4, 9 5 ̅34
̅̅̅ ̅̅
81̅̅ 59
and 10. +5 25
9.Find the smallest square number that is 107 09 81
divisible by each of the numbers 8, 15 and 09 81
20. 0
Solution: √3481 = 59
First, find the LCM of 8, 15, and 20 (iv) 529
8 15 20 2 5̅ ̅29
̅̅̅ 23
2 4 15 10 +2 4
2 2 15 5
43 1 29
2 1 15 5 1 29
3 1 5 5 0
5 1 1 1
√529 = 23
LCM = 2 × 2 ×2×3× 5 = 120 (v) 3249
As the prime factors 2, 3 and 5 have no pair, ̅32
̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
so, 120 is not a perfect square. If we multiply 5 49 57
it by 2× 3 ×5=30 then the product be a +5 25
perfect square number. 107 07 49
So, multiply 120 by 30 07 49
120 × 30 = 3600 0
Therefore, 3600 the smallest square number
that is divisible by each of the numbers 8, 15 √3249 = 57
and 20. (vi) 1369
3 ̅13
̅̅̅ 69
̅̅̅̅ 37
Exercise 5.4 +3 09
1. Find the square root of each of the 67 04 69
following numbers by Division method. 04 69
0
(i) 2304 (ii) 4489 (iii) 3481 (iv) 529
(v) 3249 (vi) 1369 (vii) 5776 (viii) 7921 √1369 = 37
(ix) 576 (x) 1024 (xi) 3136 (xii) 900
Solution:
(i) 2304

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

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(vii) 5776 (i) 64 (ii) 144 (iii) 4489 (iv) 27225

7 ̅57
̅̅̅ ̅76
̅̅̅ 76 (v) 390625
+7 49 Solution:
The number of digits in a square root is
146 08 76
equal to the the number of groups in a
08 76
0 square (1 group = 2gigits).
(i) 64
√5776 = 76 Here, two digits (1 group)
(viii) 7921 ∴ The number of digits in square root is 1
8 ̅79
̅̅̅ 21
̅̅̅̅ 89
(ii) 144
+8 64
Here, three digits (2 groups)
169 15 21 ∴ The number of digits in square root is 2
15 21
0 (iii) 4489
Here, four digits (2 groups)
√7921 = 89 ∴ The number of digits in square root is 2
(ix) 576 (iv) 27225
2 5̅ ̅̅
76̅̅ 24 Here, five digits (3 groups)
+2 4 ∴ The number of digits in square root is 3
44 1 76 (v) 390625
1 76 Here, six digits (3 groups)
0 ∴ The number of digits in square root is 3
√576 = 24 3. Find the square root of the following
(x) 1024 decimal numbers.
3 ̅10
̅̅̅ ̅24
̅̅̅ 32 (i) 2.56 (ii) 7.29 (iii) 51.84 (iv) 42.25
+3 09 (v) 31.36
62 01 24 Solution:
01 24 (i) 2.56
0 1 2̅ . ̅56
̅̅̅ 1.6
√1024 = 32 +1 1
(xi) 3136 26 1 56
5 ̅31
̅̅̅ 36
̅̅̅̅ 56 1 56
+5 25 0
106 06 36
06 36 √2.56 = 1.6
0 (ii) 7.29
2 7̅ . ̅29
̅̅̅ 2.7
√3136 = 56
(xii) 900 +2 4
3 9̅ ̅̅
00̅̅ 30 47 3 29
+3 9 3 29
60 0 00 0
0 00
0 √7.29 = 2.7
√900 = 30 (iii) 51.84
2. Find the number of digits in the square
root of each of the following numbers
(without any calculation).

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

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7 ̅51
̅̅̅ . ̅84
̅̅̅ 7.2 4 ̅19
̅̅̅ ̅̅
89̅̅ 44
+7 49 +4 16
142 02 84 84 03 89
02 84 03 36
0 53
Here, 53 is the remainder.
√51.84 = 7.2 Therefore, reminder 53 should be subtract
(iv) 42.25 from 1989 to get perfect square.
̅̅̅ . ̅25
6 ̅42 ̅̅̅ 6.5 1989 – 53 = 1936
+6 36 √1936 = 44
(iii) 3250
125 06 25 ̅̅̅̅
5 ̅32
̅̅̅ 50 57
06 25
0 +5 25
107 07 50
√42.25 = 6.5 07 49
(v) 31.36 01
̅̅̅̅ . ̅36
5 31 ̅̅̅ 5.6 Here, 1 is the remainder.
+5 25 Therefore, reminder 1 should be subtract
from 3250 to get perfect square.
106 06 36 3250 – 1 = 3249
06 36
0 √3249 = 57
(iv) 825
2 ̅08 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅ 25 28
√31.36 = 5.6
+2 04
4. Find the least number which must be
subtracted from each of the following 48 04 25
numbers so as to get a perfect square. 03 84
Also find the square root of the perfect 41
square so obtained. Here, 41 is the remainder.
(i) 402 (ii) 1989 (iii) 3250 (iv) 825 Therefore, reminder 41 should be subtract
(v) 4000 from 825 to get perfect square.
Solution: 825 – 41 = 784
(i) 402
2 4̅ ̅02
̅̅̅ 20 √784 = 28
(v) 4000
+2 4
6 ̅40
̅̅̅ ̅̅
00̅̅ 63
40 0 02 +6 36
0 00
123 04 00
02
03 69
Here, 2 is the remainder. 31
Therefore, reminder 2 should be subtract
from 402 to get perfect square. Here, 31 is the remainder.
402 – 02 = 400 Therefore, reminder 31 should be subtract
from 4000 to get perfect square.
√400 = 20 4000 – 31 = 3969
(ii) 1989
√3969 = 63
5. Find the least number which must be
added to each of the following numbers so

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

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as to get a perfect square. Also find the √256= 16

square root of the perfect square so (iv) 1750
obtained. ̅̅̅̅
4 ̅18
̅̅̅ 25 42
(i) 525 (ii) 1750 (iii) 252 (iv) 1825 (v) 6412
Solution: +4 16
(i) 525 82 02 25
2 ̅05
̅̅̅ ̅25
̅̅̅ 22 01 64
+2 04 61
42 01 25 Here, remainder is 61
00 84 Therefore, 42 < √525
41 Therefore, the next perfect square is 43
Here, remainder is 41. 432 = 43× 43 = 1849
1849 – 1825 = 24
Therefore, 22 < √525
Hence, 24 is the least number which must be
Therefore, the next perfect square is 23
added to 1825 to get perfect square.
232 = 23× 23 = 529
529 – 525 = 04 √1869= 43
Hence, 4 is the least number which must be (v) 6412
added to 525 to get perfect square. 8 64̅̅̅̅ 12
̅̅̅̅ 80
√529= 23 +4 64
(ii) 1750 80 00 12
4 17 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ 50 41 00 00
+4 16 12
81 01 50 Here, remainder is 12.
00 81 Therefore,
69 80 < √6412
Here, remainder is 69 Therefore, the next perfect square is 81
812 = 81× 81 = 6561
Therefore, 41 < √1750
6561 – 6412 = 149
Therefore, the next perfect square is 42
Hence, 149 is the least number which must
422 = 42× 42= 1764
be added to 6412 to get perfect square.
1764 – 1750 = 14
Hence, 14 is the least number which must be √6561= 81
added to 1750 to get perfect square. 6. Find the length of the side of a square
whose area is 441 m2.
√1764 = 42
Solution:
(iii) 252 Let the side of a square be ‘x’
̅̅̅ ̅52
1 ̅02 ̅̅̅ 15
Area of the square
+1 01 2 ̅04
̅̅̅ ̅̅
41̅̅ 21
= x2 = 441cm2
25 01 52 +2 04
Therefore,
01 25 41 00 41
x = √441
27 00 41
x = 21
Here, remainder is 27 0
Therefore the side of
Therefore, 15 < √525 the square is 21cm
Therefore, the next perfect square is 16 7. In a right triangle ABC, ∠B = 90°.
162 = 16× 16 = 256 (a) If AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm, find AC
256 – 252 = 04 (b) If AC = 13 cm, BC = 5 cm, find AB
Hence, 4 is the least number which must be
Solution:
added to 252 to get perfect square.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

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(a) If AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm, find AC

A Here, remainder is 39
Therefore, 31 < √525
Therefore, the next perfect square is 32
322 = 32× 32 = 1024
B C 1024 – 1000 = 24
According to Pythagoras theorem, Hence, 24 is the least number which must be
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 added to 1000 to get perfect square.
AC2 = 62 + 82 √1024 = 32
AC2 = 36 + 64 Therefore, 24 more plants are needed to to
AC2 = 100 plant in 32 rows and 32 coloums.
AC = √100 = 10cm 9. There are 500 children in a school.
(b) If AC = 13 cm, BC = 5 cm, find AB For a P.T. drill they have to stand in
such a manner that the number of rows is
A
equal to number of columns. How many
children would be left out in this
arrangement?
Solution:
B C
2 ̅05
̅̅̅ ̅̅
00̅̅ 22
According to Pythagoras theorem, +2 04
132 = AB2 + 52 42 01 00
169 = AB2 + 25 00 84
AB2 = 169 + 25 16
AB2 = 144
Here, the number of children = 500
AB = √144 = 12cm
By getting square root of this number, we
8. A gardener has 1000 plants. He wants to
get,
plant these in such a way that the number
In each row, the number of children is 22
of rows and the number of columns
and left out children are 16.
remain same. Find the minimum number
of plants he needs more for this.
Solution:
Total Plants = 1000
3 ̅10
̅̅̅ ̅̅
00̅̅ 31
+3 09
61 01 00
00 61
39

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 1
Chapter - 6

Algebraic Expressions
and Identities

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Algebraic Expressions and Identities

Contents:
What are Expressions?
Number line and an expression.
Terms, Factors and Coefficients
Monomials, Binomials and
Polynomials. The position of 4x and 4x + 5
Like and Unlike Terms
Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic
Expressions
Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions.
Multiplying a Monomial by a
Monomial.
Multiplying three or more
monomials. Terms, Factors and Coefficients
Multiplying a monomial by a The expression 7xy – 5x has two terms 7xy
trinomial. and –5x. The term 7xy is a product of factors
Multiplying a Polynomial by a 7, x and y. The numerical factor of a term is
Polynomial.
called its numerical coefficient or simply
Multiplying a binomial by a trinomial
What is an Identity? coefficient. The coefficient in the term 7xy is 7
❖ Standard Identities and the coefficient in the term –5x is –5
❖ Applying Identities Monomials, Binomials and
Algebraic Expressions: Polynomials:
x, 2x +3, 3x2, 4xy + 5 these are called Monomials: Expression that contains only
algebraic expressions. The expressions are one term is called a monomial.
formed by variables and constants. Example: 4x2, 3xy, –7z, 5xy2, 10y, –9,
Expression may contain + or – signs. 82mnp etc.
The expression 2y – 5 is formed from the Binomials: Expression that contains two
variable y and constants 2 and 5. The
terms is called a binomial.
expression 4xy + 7 is formed from variables x
and y and constants 4 and 7. Example: a + b, 4l + 5m, a + 4, 5 –3xy, z2
Number line and an expression: – 4y2 etc.
Consider the expression x + 5. Let us say the Trinomial: An expression containing three
variable x has a position X on the number line terms is a trinomial
X may be anywhere on the number line, but it Example: a + b + c, 2x + 3y – 5,
is definite that the value of x + 5 is given by a
x2y – xy2 + y2 etc.
point P, 5 units to the right of X. Similarly, the
value of x – 4 will be 4 units to the left of X polynomial: In general, an expression
and so on. containing, one or more terms with non-zero
coefficient (with variables having non
negative integers as exponents) is called a
polynomial. A polynomial may contain any
P number of terms, one or more than one.

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

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Example: a + b + c + d, 3xy, 7xyz – 10, 2x Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions:

+ 3y + 7z …etc Example 3: Complete the table for area of
Like and Unlike Terms a rectangle with given length and breadth.
An algebraic expression with same
Length Breadth Area
variable and power is called Like terms.
3x 5y 3x × 5y= 15xy
An algebraic expression with different 9y 4y2 ..................
variables or power or both is called Unlike 4ab 5bc ..................
terms. 212m 31m2 ..................
In these expressions, 7x, 14x, –13x, 5x2, Solution:
7y, 7xy, –9y2, –9x, –5yx Length Breadth Area
7x, 14x, –13x are like terms 3x 5y 3x × 5y= 15xy
5x2, –9x2 are like terms 9y 4y2 36y3
4ab 5bc 20a b2c
7x, 7xy are unlike terms 212m 31m2 6 l3 m3
7x, 5x2 are Unlike terms
Example 4: Find the volume of each
You can classify some more group of like rectangular box with given length,
or unlike terms from the above. breadth and height.
Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Length Breadth Height
Expressions (i) 2ax 3by 5cz
Add 7xy + 5yz – 3zx, 4yz + 9zx – 4y, (ii) m2n n2p p2m
–3xz + 5x – 2xy (iii) 2q 4q2 8q3
Solution: Solution:
(note: xz is same as zx ) Volume = Length × Breadth × Height
+7xy +5yz -3zx Therefore,
+4yz +9zx -4y (i) Volume = (2ax) × (3by) × (5cz)
-2xy -3xz +5x = 2 × 3 × 5 × (ax) × (by) × (cz)
+5xy +9yz +3zx -4y +5x = 30abcxyz
Example 2: Subtract 5x2 – 4y2 + 6y – 3 (ii) Volume = m2n × n2p × p2m
from 7x2 – 4xy + 8y2 + 5x – 3y = (m2 × m) × (n × n2) × (p × p2)
Solution: = m3n3p3
(iii) Volume = 2q × 4q2 × 8q3
+7x2 + 8y2 – 3y -4xy +5x
2 2
= 2 × 4 × 8 × q × q 2 × q3
+5x -4y +6y -3
= 64q6
(-) (+) (-) (+)
+2x2 +12y2 -9y -4xy +5x +3 Multiplying a monomial by a binomial
Let us multiply the monomial 3x by the
Note that subtraction of a number is the binomial 5y + 2,
same as addition of its additive inverse. i.e., find 3x × (5y + 2) =?
Thus subtracting –3 is the same as adding +3. Therefore, using the distributive law,
Similarly, subtracting 6y is the same as adding 3x × (5y + 2) = (3x × 5y) + (3x × 2)
– 6y; subtracting – 4y2 is the same as adding = 15xy + 6x
4y2 and so on. Similarly,
(–3x) × (–5y + 2)
= (–3x) × (–5y) + (–3x) × (2)

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

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= 15xy – 6x = (4y × 3y2) + (4y × 5y) + [(4y × (–7)]

and 5xy × (y2 + 3) = 12y3 + 20y2 – 28y
= (5xy × y2) + (5xy × 3) The second expression,
= 5xy3 + 15xy. 2(y3 – 4y2 + 5)
Multiplying a monomial by a = 2y3 + 2 × (– 4y2) + 2 × 5
Trinomial: = 2y3 – 8y2 + 10
Consider 3p × (4p2 + 5p + 7) F Adding the two expressions,
As in the earlier case, we use distributive +12y3 + 20y2 – 28y
law; + 2y 3
– 8y 2
+ 10
3p × (4p2 + 5p + 7) +14 y 3
+ 12y 2
– 28y + 10
= (3p × 4p2) + (3p × 5p) + (3p × 7) Example 7: Subtract 3pq (p – q) from
= 12p3 + 15p2 + 21p 2pq (p + q).
Example 5: Simplify the expressions and Solution:
evaluate them as directed: We have, 3pq (p – q) = 3p2q – 3pq2
(i) x (x – 3) + 2 for x = 1 and 2pq (p + q) = 2p2q + 2pq2
(ii) 3y (2y – 7) – 3 (y – 4) – 63 for y = –2 Subtracting,
Solution: +2p2q + 2pq2
(i) x (x – 3) + 2 = x2 – 3x + 2 +3p2q – 3pq2
If x = 1, (-) (+)
x2 – 3x + 2 = (1)2 – 3 (1) + 2 - p2q +5pq2
=1–3+2 Multiplying a binomial by a binomial
=3–3 Example 8: Multiply
=0 (i) (x – 4) and (2x + 3)
(ii)If y = –2À (ii) (x – y) and (3x + 5y)
3y (2y – 7) – 3 (y – 4) – 63 Solution:
(i) (x – 4) × (2x + 3)
= 6y2 – 21y – 3y + 12 – 63
= x × (2x + 3) – 4 × (2x + 3)
= 6y2 – 24y – 51
= (x × 2x) + (x × 3) – (4 × 2x) – (4 × 3)
= 6 × (-2)2 - 24 ×(-2) – 51
= 2x2 + 3x – 8x – 12
= 24 + 48 – 51
= 2x2 – 5x – 12 (Adding like terms)
= 72 – 51
= 21 (ii) (x – y) × (3x + 5y)
Example 6: = x × (3x + 5y) – y × (3x + 5y)
Add (i) 5m (3 – m) and 6m2 – 13m = (x × 3x) + (x × 5y) – (y × 3x) – (y × 5y)
(ii) 4y (3y2 + 5y – 7) and 2(y3 – 4y2 + 5) = 3x2 + 5xy – 3yx – 5y2
Solution: = 3x2 + 2xy – 5y2 (Adding like terms)
(i) First expression, Example 9: Multiply
5m (3 – m) = (5m × 3) – (5m× m) (i) (a + 7) and (b – 5)
= 15m – 5m2 (ii) (a2 + 2b2) and (5a – 3b)
Now adding the second expression to it, Solution:
15m – 5m2 + 6m2 – 13m (i) (a + 7) × (b – 5)
= m2 + 2m = a × (b – 5) + 7 × (b – 5)
(ii) First expression, = ab – 5a + 7b – 35
4y (3y2 + 5y – 7)

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 6 ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 4

Note that there are no like terms involved in = 10609

this multiplication. Example 12:Using identity (II) find
(ii) (a2 + 2b2) × (5a – 3b) (i) (4p – 3q)2 (ii) (4.9)2
= a2 (5a – 3b) + 2b2 × (5a – 3b) Solution:
= 5a3 – 3a2b + 10ab2 – 6b3 (i) (4p – 3q)2
Multiplying a binomial by a trinomial (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
Example 10: = (4p)2 – 2 (4p) (3q) + (3q)2
Simplify:(a + b)(2a – 3b + c) – (2a – 3b) c = 16p2 – 24pq + 9q2
Solution: (ii) (4.9)2
(a + b) (2a – 3b + c) (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
= a (2a – 3b + c) + b (2a – 3b + c) = (5.0 – 0.1)2
= 2a2 – 3ab + ac + 2ab – 3b2 + bc = (5.0)2 – 2 (5.0) (0.1) + (0.1) 2
= 2a2 – ab – 3b2 + bc + ac = 25.00 – 1.00 + 0.01
(–3ab, 2ab are like terms) = 24.01
and (2a – 3b) c = 2ac – 3bc Example 13: Using identity (III) Find
Therefore, 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
(i) ) ( 𝒎 + 𝒏) ( 𝒎 − 𝒏)
(a + b) (2a – 3b + c) – (2a – 3b) c 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
2 2
= 2a2 – ab – 3b2 + bc + ac – (2ac – 3bc) (ii) 983 – 17
= 2a2 – ab – 3b2 + bc + ac – 2ac + 3bc (iii) 194 × 206
= 2a2 – ab – 3b2 + (bc + 3bc) + (ac – 2a) Solution:
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
= 2a2 – 3b2 – ab + 4bc – ac. (i) ) ( 𝐦 + 𝐧) ( 𝐦 − 𝐧)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
What is an Identity? (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b 2
2 2
We shall find that for any value of a, LHS = 3
= (2 m) − (3 n)
2

RHS. Such an equality, true for every value 9 4

of the variable in it, is called an identity. = 4 m2 − 9 n2
Standard Identities (ii) 9832 – 172
We shall now study four identities which are (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2
very useful in our work. They are, = (983 + 17) (983 – 17)
= 1000 × 966
(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
= 966000
(ii) (a − b) 2= a2 − 2ab + b2 (iii) 194 × 206
(iii) (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2 (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2
(iv) (x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + (a + b) x + ab = (200 – 6) (200 + 6)
Applying Identities = 2002 – 62
Example 11:Using the identity (I) find = 40000 – 36
= 39964
(i) (2x + 3y)2 (ii) 1032
Example 14: Using the identity
Solution: (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab find
(i) (2x + 3y)2
the following
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (i) 501 × 502 (ii) 95 × 103.
= (2x)2 + 2(2x) (3y) + (3y) 2 Solution:
= 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 (i) 501 × 502
(ii) (103)2 = (100 + 3)2 = (500 + 1) × (500 + 2) =
2
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 500 + (1 + 2) × 500 + 1 × 2
= 250000 + 1500 + 2
= 1002 + 2 × 100 × 3 + 32
= 251502
= 10000 + 600 + 9 (ii) 95 × 103

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

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= (100 – 5) × (100 + 3) Terms: 0.3a, – 0.6ab and 0.5b

= 1002 + (–5 + 3) × 100 + (–5) × 3 In 0.3a, variable a, coefficient0.3
= 10000 + (– 2) × 100 – 15 In – 0.6ab, variables ab, coefficient 0.6
= 10000 – 200 – 15 In 0.5b, variable b, coefficient 0.5
= 9785.
2. Classify the following polynomials as
monomials, binomials, trinomials. Which
Exercise 6.1 polynomials do not fit in any of these three
1.Identify the terms, their coefficients for categories?
each of the following expressions. x + y, 1000, x + x2 + x3 + x4, 7 + y + 5x,
(i) 5xyz2 – 3zy 2y – 3y2, 2y – 3y2 + 4y3, 5x – 4y + 3xy,
(ii) 1 + x + x2 4z – 15z2, ab + bc + cd + da,
(iii) 4x2y2 – 4x2y2z2 + z2 pqr, p2q + pq2, 2p + 2q
(iv) 3 – pq + qr – rp Solution:
𝒙 𝒚
(v) 𝟐 + 𝟐 - 2 Monomials:1000, pqr
(vi) 0.3a – 0.6ab + 0.5b Binomials:
Solution: x + y, 2y – 3y2, p2q + pq2, 2p + 2q
(i) 5xyz2 – 3zy Trinomials:
Terms: 5xyz2 and – 3zy 7 + y + 5x, 2y – 3y2 + 4y3, 5x – 4y + 3xy,
In 5xyz2 variables xyz2 coefficient 5
Polynomials do not fit for above three,
In 3zy variables zy coefficient 3 x + x2 + x3 + x4, ab + bc + cd + da
(ii) 1 + x + x2 3. Add the following.
Terms: 1, x and x2
(i) ab – bc, bc – ca, ca – ab
In 1 no variable, coefficient 1
(ii) a – b + ab, b – c + bc, c – a + ac
In x variable x, coefficient 1
(iii) 2p2q2 – 3pq + 4, 5 + 7pq – 3p2q2
x2 variable x2, coefficient 1 (iv) l2 + m2, m2 + n2, n2 + l2,
(iii) 4x2y2 – 4x2y2z2 + z2 2lm + 2mn + 2nl
Terms:4x2y2, – 4x2y2z2 and z2 Solution:
In 4x2y2 variables x2y2, coefficient 4
(i) ab – bc, bc – ca, ca – ab
In – 4x2y2z2 variables x2y2z2,
coefficient 4 +ab - bc
+bc - ca
In z2 variable z2, coefficient 1
- ab +ca
(iv) 3 – pq + qr – rp
Terms: 3, – pq, qr and -rp 0 0 0
In 3 no variable, coefficient 3 (ii) a – b + ab, b – c + bc, c – a + ac
In – pq variables pq, coefficient -1 +a -b +ab
qr variables qr, coefficient 1 +b -c +bc
- rp variables rp, coefficient -1 -a +c +ac
𝒙 𝒚
(v) 𝟐 + 𝟐 - 2 0 0 0 +ab +bc +ac
𝑥 𝑦
Terms: 2 , and - 2 (iii) 2p2q2 – 3pq + 4, 5 + 7pq – 3p2q2
2
In
𝑥
variable x, coefficient
1
+2p2q2 – 3pq +4
2 2 2 2
𝑦 1 – 3p q + 7pq +5
In 2 variable y, coefficient 2 2 2
– pq + 4 pq +9
In -2 no variable, coefficient -2
(vi) 0.3a – 0.6ab + 0.5b

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

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(iv) l2 + m2, m2 + n2, n2 + l2, 2lm + 2mn + 2nl – 4p×7pq = -28p2q

+ l2 + m 2 (iv) 4p3, – 3p
+ m2 + n2 4p3× – 3p = –12p4
+ l2 + n2 (v) 4p, 0
+2lm +2mn +2nl 4p×0 = 0
+2l2 +2m 2 +2n 2 +2lm +2mn +2nl
2. Find the areas of rectangles with the
4. (a) Subtract 4a – 7ab + 3b + 12 following pairs of monomials as their
from 12a – 9ab + 5b – 3 lengths and breadths respectively.
(b) Subtract 3xy + 5yz –7zx from (p, q); (10m, 5n); (20x2, 5y2); (4x, 3x2);
5xy –2yz –2zx + 10xyz (3mn, 4np).
(c)Subtract 4p2q – 3pq + 5pq2 – 8p + 7q – 10 Solution:
from 18 – 3p – 11q + 5pq – 2pq2 + 5p2q Area of the rectangle = Length × Breadth
Solution: (p, q) = p×q = pq Sq.units
(a)Subtract 4a – 7ab + 3b + 12 from (10m, 5n) = 10m×5n = 50mn Sq.units.
12a – 9ab + 5b – 3
(20x2, 5y2) = 20x2 ×5y2 = 100x2y2 Sq.units.
+12a -9ab + 5b -3
+ 4a - 7ab + 3b + 12 (4x, 3x2) = 4x ×3x2 = 12x3 Sq.units.
(-) (+) (-) (-) (3mn,4np) = 3mn ×4np = 12mn2p Sq.units.
+ 8a - 2ab + 2b - 15
3. Complete the table of products.
(b) Subtract 3xy + 5yz –7zx from Ist

–9x2y2
monomial
5xy –2yz –2zx + 10xyz

–4xy

7x2y
–3x2
→
2x

+5xy - 2yz - 2zx +10xyz

2nd 5y
monomial↓
+ 3xy + 5yz - 7zx
2x 4x2 .. ... ... ... ...
(-) (-) (+) –15x 2y
–5y ... .. ... ... ...
+ 2xy - 7yz + 5zx + 10xyz
3x2 ... .. ... ... ... ...
(c)Subtract 4p2q
– 3pq + 5pq2
– 8p + 7q – 10 –4xy ... .. ... ... ... ...
from18 – 3p – 11q + 5pq – 2pq2 + 5p2q 7x2y ... .. ... ... ... ...
+18 -3p - 11q +5pq –2pq2 +5p2q –9x2y2 ... .. ... ... ... ...
-10 –8p + 7q - 3pq +5pq2 +4p2q Solution:
Ist
(+) (+) (-) (+) (-) (-)
–9x2y2
monomial→
–4xy

7x2y

2nd
-5y

3x2
2x

+28 +5p -18q +8pq -7 pq2 +p2q monomial↓

-18x3y2

Exercise 6.2
14x3y
-10xy

-8x2y
4x2

6x3

2x
1.Find the product of the following pairs of
monomials.
-35x2y2
-15x2y

45x2y3
-10xy

20xy2

(i) 4, 7p (ii) – 4p, 7p (iii) – 4p, 7pq

25y2

–5y
(iv) 4p3, – 3p (v) 4p, 0
Solution:
-27x4y2
-15x2y

-12x3y

(i) 4, 7p
21x4y
6x3

9x4

3x2
4×7p =28p
(ii) – 4p, 7p
– 4p×7p = -28p2
(iii) – 4p, 7pq

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 6 ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 7

Exercise 6.3

-28x3y2
-12x3y

16x2y2

36x3y3
20xy2
-8x2y
–4xy 1.Carry out the multiplication of the
expressions in each of the following pairs.
(i) 4p, q + r (ii) ab, a – b
-35x2y2

-28x3y2

-63x4y3
49x4y2
(iii) a + b, 7a2b2 (iv) a2 – 9, 4a
14x3y

21x4y
7x2y
(v) pq + qr + rp, 0
Solution:
-18x3y2

-27x4y2

-63x4y3
(i) 4p, q + r
45x2y3

36x3y3

81x4y4
–9x2y2
(4p) × (q + r) = 4p ×q + 4p × r
= 4pq + 4pr
(ii) ab, a – b
4.Obtain the volume of rectangular boxes
with the following length, breadth and (ab) × (a – b) = ab ×a – ab × b
height respectively. = a2b – ab2
(i) 5a, 3a2, 7a4 (ii) 2p, 4q, 8r (iii) a + b, 7a2b2
(iii) xy, 2x2y, 2xy2 (iv) a, 2b, 3c. (a + b) × (7a2b2) = a ×7a2b2 + b × 7a2b2
Solution: = 7a3b2 + 7a2b3
Volume box = Length × Breadth ×HeightÀ (iv) a2 – 9, 4a
(i) 5a, 3a2, 7a4 (a2 – 9) × (4a) = a2 ×4a – 9 × 4a
= 5a×3a2×7a4 = 105a7 Cubic Units = 4a3 – 36a
(ii) 2p, 4q, 8r (v) pq + qr + rp, 0
= 2p×4q×8r = 64pqr Cubic Units (pq + qr + rp) × 0 = pq×0 + qr×0 + rp×0
(iii) xy, 2x2y, 2xy2 =0+0+0=0
= xy×2x2y×2xy2 = 4x4y4 Cubic Units 2. Complete the table.
(iv) a, 2b, 3c. First Second Product
= a×2b×3c = 6abc Cubic Units Expression expression
5. Obtain the product of (i) a b+c+d ...
(i) xy, yz, zx (ii) a, –a2, a3 (ii) x + y – 5 5xy ...
(iii) 2, 4y, 8y2, 16y3 (iv) a, 2b, 3c, 6abc (iii) p 6p2 – 7p + 5 ...
(iv) 4p2q2 p2 – q2 ...
(v) m, –mn, mnp
(v) a + b + c abc ...
Solution:
(i) xy, yz, zx Solution:
= xy× yz× zx = x2y2z2 Product
(ii) a, –a2, a3 a × (b + c + d)
= a× -a2 × a3 = - a6 (i) =a×b + a×c + a×d
=ab + ac + ad
(iii) 2, 4y, 8y2, 16y3
(x + y – 5) (5xy)
= 2× 4y × 8y2 ×16y3 = 1024y6 (ii) =x×5xy + y×5xy - 5×5xy
(iv) a, 2b, 3c, 6abc =5x2y + 5xy2 – 25xy
= a × 2b × 3c × 6abc = 36a2b2c2 (p) (6p2 – 7p + 5)
(v) m, –mn, mnp (iii) =p×6p2 - p×7p - p×5
= m × -mn × mnp = -m3n2p =6p3 – 7p2 + 5p
(4p2q2) (p2 – q2)
(iv) =4p2q2 ×p2 - 4p2q2×q2
=4p4q2 - 4p2q4

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 6 ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 8

Product = a3 + a2 + a + 5
(a + b + c) (abc) (i) a = 0
(v) ==a×abc + b×abc + c×abc a3 + a2 + a + 5
=a2bc + ab2c + abc2 = 03 + 0 2 + 0 + 5
3. Find the product =0+0+0+5=5
(i) (a2) × (2a22) × (4a26) (ii) a = 1
𝟐 −𝟗
(ii) (𝟑 𝒙𝒚) × ( 𝟏𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ) a3 + a2 + a + 5
−𝟏𝟎 𝟔 =13 + 12 + 1 + 5
(iii) ( 𝒑𝒒𝟑 ) × (𝟓 𝒑𝟑 𝒒) =1+1+1+5=8
𝟑
(iv) x × x2 × x3 × x4 (iii) a = – 1
Solution: a3 + a2 + a + 5
(i) (a2) × (2a22) × (4a26) (-1)3 + (-1)2 + (-1) + 5
= 8a2+22+26 = 8a50 =-1+1–1+5
𝟐 −𝟗
(ii) ( 𝒙𝒚) × ( 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ) =-1+5=4
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
2 −9 5.
= 3 × 10 × x × 𝑥 × y × y2 2

−3 3 3
(a) Add p (p – q), q (q – r) and r (r – p)
= x y (b)Add 2x (z – x – y) and 2y (z – y – x)
5
−𝟏𝟎 𝟔 (c) Subtract 3l (l – 4 m + 5 n) from
(iii) ( 𝒑𝒒𝟑 ) × (𝟓 𝒑𝟑 𝒒)
𝟑 4l (10 n – 3 m + 2l)
−10 6
= 3 × 5 × p × p3 ×q3 × q (d) Subtract3a (a + b + c) – 2 b (a – b +
=−4p4q4 c) from 4c (– a + b + c)
Solution:
(iv) x × x2 × x3 × x4
= x1+2+3+4 = x10 (a)p (p – q), q(q – r) + r(r – p)
4. (a) Simplify 3x (4x – 5) + 3 and find = p × p – p×q + q × q – q×r + r× r – r×p
𝟏 = p2 – pq + q2 – qr + r2 – rp
its value for (i) x = 3 (ii) x =
𝟐 = p2 + q2 + r2 – pq – qr – rp
(b) Simplify a(a2 + a + 1) + 5 and find
(b) 2x (z – x – y) + 2y (z – y – x)
its value for (i) a = 0, (ii) a = 1
(iii) a = – 1. =2x× z - 2x×x - 2x × y + 2y×z - 2y× y -2y×x
Solution: = 2xz – 2x2 – 2xy + 2yz - 2y2 – 2xy
(a) 3x (4x – 5) + 3 = -2x2 – 2y2 – 4 xy + 2yz + 2 zx
= 3x × 4x - 3x × 5 + 3 (c) 4l (10n – 3 m + 2l)-3l (l – 4 m + 5 n)
= 12x2 – 15x + 3 =4l ×10n – 4𝑙 ×3 m + 4l× 2l -3l × l
(i) x = 3
– 3l × −4m – 3l ×5 n)
12x2 – 15x + 3
=40ln -12lm + 8l2 – 3l2 + 9l3 + 12lm – 15ln
= 12×3×3 – 15×3 + 3
= 108 – 45 + 3 = 66 = 5l2 + 25ln
(ii) x =
𝟏 (d) 4c (– a + b + c) –
𝟐 3a (a + b + c) – 2 b (a – b + c)
12x2 – 15x + 3
1 1 1
=4c ×-a + 4c ×b + 4c×c – [(3a×a +3a×b
=12× 2 × 2 – 15× 2 + 3
+ 3a×c) – (2b×a – 2b×b + 2b×c)]
15
=3 – +3 = - 4ac + 4bc + 4c2 –
2
=
6−15+6
=
15 [3a2 + 3ab + 3ac – 2ab + 2b2 – 2bc]
2 2
=-4ac + 4bc + 4c2 – 3a2 - ab -2b2-3ac+2bc
(b) a (a2 + a + 1) + 5.
= -3a2-2b2 + 4c2 – ab + 6bc – 7ac
= a × a2 + a × a + a × 1 + 5

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 6 ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 9

C¨sÁå¸À 6.4 2. Find the product.

(i) (5 – 2x) (3 + x)
1. Multiply the binomials. (ii) (x + 7y) (7x – y)
(i) (2x + 5) and (4x – 3) (iii) (a2 + b) (a + b2)
(ii) (y – 8) and (3y – 4) (iv) (p2 – q2) (2p + q)
(iii) (2.5l – 0.5m) and (2.5l + 0.5m) Solution:
(iv) (a + 3b) and (x + 5) (i) (5 – 2x) (3 + x)
(v) (2pq + 3q2) and (3pq – 2q2) = 5(3 + x) – 2x (3 + x)
𝟑 𝟐
(vi) (𝟒 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 ) and 𝟒 (𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 ) = 15 + 5x – 6x – 2x2
𝟑
Solution: = 15 – x + 2x2
(ii) (x + 7y) (7x – y)
(i) (2x + 5)×(4x – 3)
= x (7x – y) + 7y (7x – y)
= 2x×(4x – 3) + 5(4x – 3)
= 7x2 – xy + 49xy – 7y2
= 2x×4x –2x× 3 + 5×4x – 5×3
= 7x2 + 48xy – 7y2
= 8x2 –6x + 20x – 15
(iii) (a2 + b) (a + b2)
= 8x2 + 14x – 15
= a2 (a + b2) + b (a + b2)
(ii) (y – 8) × (3y – 4)
= a3 + a2b2 + ab + b3
= y×(3y – 4) - 8(3y – 4)
(iv) (p2 – q2) (2p + q)
= y×3y –y× 4 - 8×3y + 8×4
= p2 (2p + q) - q2 (2p + q)
= 3y2 –4x – 24y + 32
= 2p3 + p2q – 2pq2 + q3
= 3y2 – 28y + 32
3. Simplify
(iii) (2.5l – 0.5m) × (2.5l + 0.5m)
(i) (x2 – 5) (x + 5) + 25
= 2.5l(2.5l + 0.5m) – 0.5m(2.5l + 0.5m)
(ii) (a2 + 5) (b3 + 3) + 5
= 2.5l×2.5l+2.5l×0.5m
(iii) (t + s2) (t2 – s)
– 0.5m×2.5l - 0.5m×0.5m
(iv) (a + b) (c – d) + (a – b) (c + d) + 2 (ac + bd)
= 6.25l +0.75lm – 0.75lm + 0.25m2
2
(v) (x + y) (2x + y) + (x + 2y) (x – y)
= 6.25l2 – 0.25m2
(vi) (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
(iv) (a + 3b) × (x + 5)
(vii) (1.5x – 4y) (1.5x + 4y + 3) – 4.5x + 12y
= a×(x + 5) + 3b(x + 5)
(viii) (a + b + c) (a + b – c)
= a×x + a× 5 + 3b×x + 3b×5
Solution:
= ax + 5a + 3bx + 15b (i) (x2 – 5) (x + 5) + 25
(v) (2pq + 3q2) × (3pq – 2q2)
= x2(x + 5) – 5(x + 5) + 25
= 2pq×(3pq – 2q2) + 3q2(3pq – 2q2) = x3 + 5x2 – 5x – 25 + 25
= 6p2q2- 4pq3 + 9pq3 - 6q4
= x3 + 5x2 – 5x
= 6p2q2+ 5pq3 - 6q4 (ii) (a2 + 5) (b3 + 3) + 5
𝟑 𝟐
(vi) ( 𝐚𝟐 + 𝟑𝐛𝟐 ) × 𝟒 (𝐚𝟐 − 𝐛𝟐 ) = a2(b3 + 3) + 5(b3 + 3) + 5
𝟒 𝟑
3 2 2 2 2 2
( a + 3b ) × 4 (a − b ) = a2b3 + 3a2 + 5b3 + 15 + 5
4 3
3 8 = a2b3 + 3a2 + 5b3 + 20
= ( a2 + 3b2 ) × (4a2 − b2 )
4 3 (iii) (t + s2) (t2 – s)
3 2 8 2 8
= a (4a −
4
2
3
2 2
b ) + 3b (4a −
3
b2 ) = t (t2 – s) + s2(t2 – s)
= 3a4 − 2a b + 12a2 b2 −
2 2 8
b4 = t3 – ts + t2s2 – s3
3
(iv) (a + b) (c – d) + (a – b) (c + d)
= 3a4+ 10a2 b2 − 8b4
+ 2 (ac + bd)

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 6 ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 10

= a (c – d) + b (c – d) + a (c + d) Identity:(a +b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

– c (c + d) + 2 (ac + bd) (x + 3) = x2+ 2× x ×3 + 32
= ac - ad + bc - bd + ac + ad - bc - bd = x2 + 6x + 9
+ 2ac + 2bd (ii). (2y + 5) (2y + 5)
= ac + ac + 2ac + bc – bc – ad + ad – bd (2y + 5) (2y + 5) = (2y + 5) 2
– bd + 2bd = 4ac Identity:(a +b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(v) (x + y) (2x + y) + (x + 2y) (x – y) (2y+ 5) = (2y)2 + 2× 2y ×5 + 52
= x (2x + y) +y (2x + y) +x (x - y) = 4y2 + 20y + 25
+ 2y (x – y) (iii). (2a – 7) (2a – 7)
= 2x2 + xy + 2xy + y2 + x2 – xy +2xy – 2y2 (2a – 7) (2a – 7) = (2a – 7)2
= 3x2 – y2 + 4xy Identity:(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(vi) (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2) (2a – 7) = (2a)2 – 2× 2a ×7 + 72
= x (x2 – xy + y2) + y(x2 – xy + y2) = 4a2 – 28a + 49
= x3 – x2y + xy2 + x2y – xy2 + y3 𝟏 𝟏
(iv). (𝟑𝒂 − 𝟐 ) (𝟑𝒂 − 𝟐 )
= x 3 + y3
1 1 1
(vii) (1.5x – 4y) (1.5x + 4y + 3) – 4.5x + 12y (3𝑎 − 2) (3𝑎 − 2) = (3𝑎 − 2)2
=1.5x (1.5x + 4y + 3) - 4y (1.5x + 4y + 3) Identity:(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
– 4.5x + 12y 1 1 1
= 2.25x2 + 6xy + 4.5x – 6xy + 16y2 + 12y (3𝑎 − 2)2 = (3a)2 – 2× 3a × 2 + ( 2)2
– 4.5x + 12y = 9a2 – 3a +
1
4
= 2.25x2 + 16y2
(v). (1.1m – 0.4) (1.1m + 0.4)
(viii) (a + b + c) (a + b – c)
Identity:(a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
= a (a + b – c) +b (a + b – c) +c (a + b – c)
= a2 + ab – ac + ab + b2 –bc +ac + bc – c2 (1.1m – 0.4) (1.1m + 0.4) = (1.1m) 2 – 0.42
= a2 + b2 – c2 + 2ab = 1.21m2 – 0.16
(vi). (a2 + b2) (– a2 + b2)
Exercise 6.5 = (b2 + a2) (b2 – a2)
Identity:(a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
1. Use a suitable identity to get each of the
following products. (b2 + a2) (b2 – a2) = (b2)2– (a2)2 = b4– a4
(vii). (6x – 7) (6x + 7)
(i) (x + 3) (x + 3)
(ii) (2y + 5) (2y + 5) Identity:(a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
(iii) (2a – 7) (2a – 7) (6x – 7) (6x + 7) = (6x)2 – 72
𝟏
(iv) (𝟑𝒂 − 𝟐 ) (𝟑𝒂 − 𝟐 )
𝟏 = 36x2 - 49
(viii). (– a + c) (– a + c)
(v) (1.1m – 0.4) (1.1m + 0.4) (– a + c) (– a + c) = (c – a) (c – a)=(c – a)2
(vi) (a2 + b2) (– a2 + b2)
Identity:(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(vii) (6x – 7) (6x + 7)
(c – a)2 = c2 – 2ac + a2
(viii) (– a + c) (– a + c)
𝒙 𝟑𝒚 𝒙 𝟑𝒚
𝒙
(ix) (𝟐 +
𝟑𝒚 𝒙
) (𝟐 +
𝟑𝒚
) (ix). (𝟐 + ) (𝟐 + )
𝟒 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
Identity:(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(x) (7a – 9b) (7a – 9b)
𝑥 3𝑦 𝑥 3𝑦
Solution: (2 + ) (2 + )
4 4
(i). (x + 3) (x + 3) 𝑥 2 𝑥 3𝑦 3𝑦 2
(x + 3) (x + 3) = (x + 3)2 = (2 ) + 2(2 ) ( 4 ) + ( 4 )

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 6 ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 11

=
𝑥2
+
3𝑥𝑦
+
9𝑦2 Identity (x + a: (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
4 4 16
(xyz – 4) (xyz – 2)
(x). (7a – 9b) (7a – 9b)
= (xyz)2 + (- 4 – 2) xyz + - 4× -2
(7a – 9b) (7a – 9b) = (7a – 9b)2
= x2y2z2 – 6xyz + 8
Identity:(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
3. Find the following squares by using the
(7a – 9b)2 = (7a)2 – 2(7a) (9b) + (9b)2 identities.
= 49a2 – 126ab + 81b2 (i) (b – 7)2
2. Use the identity (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a (ii) (xy + 3z)2
+ b) x + ab to find following products. (iii) (6x2 – 5y)2
(i) (x + 3) (x + 7) 𝟐𝒎 𝟑𝒏 𝟐
(ii) (4x + 5) (4x + 1) (iv) ( + )
𝟑 𝟐
(iii) (4x – 5) (4x – 1) (v) (0.4p – 0.5q)2
(iv) (4x + 5) (4x – 1) (vi) (2xy + 5y)2
(v) (2x + 5y) (2x + 3y) Solution:
(vi) (2a2 + 9) (2a2 + 5) (i) (b – 7)2
(vii) (xyz – 4) (xyz – 2) Identity: (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
Solution: (b – 7)2 = b2 – 2b × 7 + 72
(i) (x + 3) (x + 7) = b2 – 14b + 49
Identity:(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab (ii) (xy + 3z)2
(x + 3) (x + 7) = x2 + (3 + 7) x + 3× 7 Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
= x2 + 10x + 21 (xy + 3z)2 = (xy)2 + 2(xy)(3z) + (3z)2
(ii) (4x + 5) (4x + 1) = x2y2 + 6xyz + 9z2
Identity: (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + a (iii) (6x2 – 5y)2
(4x+5) (4x+1) = (4x)2 + (5 + 1)4x + 5×1 Identity: (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
= 16x2 + 24x + 5 (6x2 – 5y)2 = (6x2)2 - 2(6x2) (5y) + (5y)2
(iii) (4x – 5) (4x – 1) = 36x4 - 60x2y + 25y2
Identity:(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab 𝟐𝒎 𝟑𝒏 𝟐
(iv) ( + )
(4x-5) (4x-1) = (4x)2 + (-5 -1)4x + -5×-1 𝟑 𝟐
= 16x2 - 24x + 5 Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(iv) (4x + 5) (4x – 1) 2𝑚 3𝑛 2 2𝑚 2 2𝑚 3𝑛 3𝑛 2
( + ) =( ) +2 ( )( 2 ) + ( 2 )
3 2 3 3
Identity:(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab 4𝑚2 9𝑛2
(4x+5) (4x-1) = (4x)2 + (5 -1)4x + 5×-1 = + 2 𝑚𝑛 +
9 4
2
= 16x2 + 16x – 5 (v) (0.4p – 0.5q)
(v) (2x + 5y) (2x + 3y) Identity: (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
Identity:(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab (0.4p – 0.5q)2
(2x + 5y) (2x - 3y) = (0.4p)2 – 2(0.4p) (0.5q) + (0.5q)2
= (2x)2 + (5y -3y)2x + 5y × 3y = 0.16p2 – 0.4pq + 0.25q2
= 4x2 + 4xy + 15y2 (vi) (2xy + 5y)2
(vi) (2a2 + 9) (2a2 + 5) Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
Identity:(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab (2xy + 5y)2 = (2xy)2 + 2(2xy) (5y) + (5y)2
(2a2 + 9) (2a2 + 5) = 4x2y2 + 20xy2 + 25y2
= (2a2)2 + (9 + 5 )2a2 + 9 × 5 4. Simplify
= 4a4 + 28a2 + 45 (i) (a2 – b2)2
(vii) (xyz – 4) (xyz – 2) (ii) (2x + 5)2 – (2x – 5)2

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 6 ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 12

(iii) (7m – 8n)2 + (7m + 8n)2 = 25m2 + 40mn + 16n2 - - - -(2)

(iv) (4m + 5n)2 + (5m + 4n)2 (1) + (2)
(v) (2.5p – 1.5q)2 – (1.5p – 2.5q)2 = 16m2 + 40mn + 25n2
(vi) (ab + bc)2 – 2ab2c + 25m2 + 40mn + 16n2
(vii) (m2 – n2m)2 + 2m3n2 = 41m2 + 80mn + 41n2
Solution: (v). (2.5p – 1.5q)2 – (1.5p – 2.5q)2
(i). (a2 – b2)2 (2.5p – 1.5q)2
Identity: (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 Identity: (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
(a2 – b2)2 = (a2)2 – 2(a2) (b2) + (b2)2 = (2.5p)2 - 2(2.5p) (1.5q) + (1.5q)2
= a4 – 2a2b2 + b4 = 6.25p2 - 7.5pq + 2.25q2 - - - - (1)
(ii) (2x + 5)2 – (2x – 5)2 (1.5p - 2.5q)2
(2x + 5)2 Identity: (a - b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (1.5p)2 – 2(1.5p) (2.5q) + (2.5q)2
(2x + 5)2 = (2x)2 + 2(2x) (5) + 52 = 2.25p2 – 7.5pq + 6.25q2 - - - -(2)
= 4x2 + 20x + 25 - - - -(1) (1) – (2)
(2x – 5)2 = 6.25p2 – 7.5pq + 2.25q2
Identity: (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 – (2.25p2 – 7.5pq + 6.25q2)
(2x - 5)2 = (2x)2 - 2(2x) (5) + 52 = 6.25p2 – 7.5pq + 2.25q2 – 2.25p2
= 4x2 - 20x + 25 - - - -(2) + 7.5pq – 6.25q2
(1) – (2) = 4p2 – 4q2
= 4x2 + 20x + 25 – (4x2 - 20x + 25) (vi). (ab + bc)2 – 2ab2c
= 4x2 + 20x + 25 – 4x2 + 20x – 25 Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
= 40x = (ab)2 + 2(ab)(bc) + (bc)2 – 2ab2c
(iii). (7m – 8n)2 + (7m + 8n)2 = a2b2 + 2ab2c + b2c2 – 2ab2c
(7m – 8n)2 = a2b2 + b2c2
Identity: (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 (vii) (m2 – n2m)2 + 2m3n2
(7m – 8n)2 = (7m)2 - 2(7m) (8n) + (8n)2 (m2 – n2m)2 + 2m3n2
= 49m2 - 112mn + 64n2 - - - -(1) Identity: (a - b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(7m + 8n)2 = (m2)2 – 2m2(n2m) + (n2m)2 + 2m3n2
Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = m4 – 2m3n2 + n4m2 + 2m3n2
(7m + 8n)2 = (7m)2 + 2(7m) (8n) + (8n)2 = m 4 + n4 m 2
= 49m2 + 112mn + 64n2 - - - -(2) 5. Show that.
(1) + (2) (i) (3x + 7)2 – 84x = (3x – 7)2
= 49m2 - 112mn + 64n2 (ii) (9p – 5q)2 + 180pq = (9p + 5q)2
+ 49m2 + 112mn + 64n2 𝟒𝒎 𝟑𝒏 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟗
(iii) ( − ) + 2mn = 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐
= 98m2 + 128n2 𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 𝟏𝟔

(iv). (4m + 5n)2 + (5m + 4n)2 (iv) (4pq + 3q)2 – (4pq – 3q)2 = 48pq2
(4m + 5n)2 (v) (a – b) (a + b) + (b – c) (b + c)
Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 + (c – a) (c + a) = 0
(4m + 5n)2 = (4m)2 + 2(4m) (5n) + (5n)2 Solution:
= 16m2 + 40mn + 25n2 - - - -(1) (i). (3x + 7)2 – 84x = (3x – 7)2
(5m + 4n)2 LHS
Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (3x + 7)2 – 84x = 9x2 + 42x + 49 – 84x
(5m + 4n)2 = (5m)2 + 2(5m) (4n) + (4n)2 = 9x2 – 42x + 49

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 6 ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 13

= (3x – 7)2 RHS (100 – 1)2

(ii). (9p – 5q)2 + 180pq = (9p + 5q)2 Identity: (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
LHS = 1002 – 2 ×100 ×1 + 12
(9p – 5q)2 + 180pq = 10000 – 200 + 1 = 9801
= 81p2 – 90pq + 25q2 + 180pq (iii) 1022
= 81p2 + 90pq + 25q2 (100 + 2)2
= (9p + 5q)2 RHS Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
𝟒𝒎 𝟑𝒏 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟗 = 1002 + 2 ×100 ×2 + 22
(iii). ( − ) + 2mn = 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐
𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 𝟏𝟔
= 10000 + 400 + 4 = 10404
LHS (iv) 9982
4𝑚 3𝑛 2
( − ) + 2mn (1000 - 2)2
3 4
4𝑚 2 4𝑚 3𝑛 3𝑛 2
Identity: (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
=( ) –2( ) ( 4 ) + ( 4 ) + 2mn = 10002 - 2 ×1000 ×2 + 22
3 3
16𝑚2 9𝑛2 = 1000000 - 4000 + 4 = 996004
= – 2 𝑚𝑛 + + 2mn
9 16
16 2 9 (v) 5.22
𝑚 + 16 𝑛2 RHS (5 + 0.2)2
9
(iv) (4pq + 3q)2 – (4pq – 3q)2 = 48pq2 Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
LHS = 52 + 2 ×5 ×0.2 + 0.22
(4pq + 3q)2 – (4pq – 3q)2 = 25 + 2 + 0.04 = 27.04
= 16p2q2+24pq2 + 9q2 – (16p2q2 – 24pq2+ 9q2) (vi) 297 × 303
= 16p2q2+24pq2 + 9q2 – 16p2q2 + 24pq2- 9q2 (300 – 3) (300+ 3)
= 24pq2 + 24pq2 Identity: (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
= 48pq2 RHS = 3002 – 32
(v) (a – b) (a + b) + (b – c) (b + c) = 90000 – 9 = 89991
+ (c – a) (c + a) = 0 (vii) 78 × 82
LHS (80 – 2) (80 + 2)
(a – b) (a + b) + (b – c) (b + c) Identity: (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
+ (c – a) (c + a) = 802 – 22
= a2 + ab – ab – b2 + b2 + bc – bc – c2 = 6400 – 4 = 6396
+ c2 + ca – ca – a2 (viii) 8.92
= a2 – a2 + b2 – b2 + c2 – c2 + ab – ab (9 – 0.1)2
+ bc – bc + ca – ca Identity: (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
= 0 RHS = 92 - 2 ×9 × 0.1 + (0.1)2
6. Using identities, evaluate. = 81 - 1.8 + 0.01 = 79.21
(i) 712 (ii) 992 (iii) 1022 (iv) 9982 (ix) 10.5 × 9.5
(v) 5.22 (vi) 297 × 303 (vii) 78 × 82 (10 + 0.5) (10 – 0.5)
(viii) 8.92 (ix) 10.5 × 9.5 Identity: (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
Solution: = 102 – 0.52
(i). 712 = 100 – 0.25 = 99.75
(70 + 1)2 7. Using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) find
Identity: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (i) 512 – 492 (ii) (1.02)2 – (0.98)2
= 702 + 2 ×70 ×1 + 12 (iii) 1532 – 1472 (iv) 12.12 – 7.92
= 4900 + 140 + 1 = 5041
(ii) 992

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 6 ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 14

Solution: Identity: (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
(i). 512 – 492 = (100 + 3) (100 + 4)
Identity: a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) = 1002 + (3 + 4)100 + 4× 3
= (51 + 49)(51 – 49) = 10000 + 7 × 100 + 12
= 100 × 2 = 200 = 10000 + 700 + 12 = 10712
(ii). (1.02)2 – (0.98)2 (ii) 5.1 × 5.2
Identity: a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) Identity: (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
= (1.02 + 0.98) (1.02 – 0.98) = (5 + 0.) (5 + 0.2)
= 2 × 0.04 = 0.08 = 52 + (0.1 + 0.2)5 + 0.1× 0.2
(iii). 1532 – 1472 = 25 + 0.3 × 5 + 0.02
Identity: a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) = 25 + 1.5 + 0.02 = 26.52
= (153 + 147) (153 – 147) (iii) 103 × 98
= 300 × 6 = 1800 Identity: (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
(iv). 12.12 – 7.92 = (100 + 3) (100 – 2)
Identity: a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) = 1002 + (3 – 2)100 + 3× −2
= (12.1 + 7.9) (12.1 – 7.9) = 10000 + 1 × 100 – 6
= 20 × 4.2 = 84 = 10000 + 100 – 6= 10094
8. Using (x+a) (x+b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab (iv) 9.7 × 9.8
find (i) 103 × 104 (ii) 5.1 × 5.2 Identity: (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
(iii) 103 × 98 (iv) 9.7 × 9.8 = (10 – 0.3) (10 – 0.2)
Solution: = 102 + (–0.3 – 0.2)10 + (−0.3× −0.2)
(i) 103 × 104 = 100 – 0.5 × 10 – 6
= 100 – 5 + 0.06 = 95.06

YK Notes for VIII Standard Mahematics

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 1
Chapter - 7
Practical
Geometry

Copy rights reserved

Chapter 7 Chapter 7 Practical Geometry 1

Practical Geometry
Contents: Exercise 7.1
Constructing Quadrilaterals 1. Construct the following quadrilaterals.
❖ 4 sides and diagonals are given (i) Quadrilateral ABCD
❖ 2 diagonals and 3 sides are given AB = 4.5cm; BC = 5.5cm; CD = 4cm;
❖ 2 adjacent sides and 3 angles are AD = 6cm; AC = 7cm
given
❖ 3 sides and 2 included angles are
given
❖ Some special cases
Note: There are minimum 5
measurements are to be required to
construct a quadrilateral.
When 4 sides and a diagonal are given:
Example 1: Construct a quadrilateral
PQRS where PQ = 4cm, QR = 6 cm, RS
= 5cm, PS = 5.5cm and PR = 7 cm.
Step 1: For the given measurements draw
a rough sketch.
Step 2:
Draw PQ = 7cm
Step 3: Draw two arcs
from P and Q where
PQ=4cm and QR =
6cm. These arcs (ii) Quadrilateral JUMP
intersect each other at
JU = 3.5cm; UM = 4cm; MP = 5cm;
the point Q.
Step 4: Join PQ and QR. PJ = 4.5cm; PU = 6.5cm
Step 5: To locate point S, Draw two arcs
each from P and Q with radius 5.5cm and
5cm respectively. These to arcs are
intersecting each other at the point S.
Step 6: Join PS and QS.
Now PQRS is the required Quadrilateral.

(iii) Parallelogram MORE

OR = 6cm; RE = 4.5cm; EO = 7.5cm;

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 7 Practical Geometry 2

Note: The opposite sides of a Step 3: Draw two arcs to intersects each
parallelogram are equal. other at D from A and C with radius 5.5cm
and 5cm respectively.
Step 4: Join AD and CD.
Step 5: With radius 7cm from D and
4.5cm from C, draw two arcs to intersects
each other at the point B.
Step 6: Join DB, CB and AB

(iv) Rhombus BEST

BE = 4.5cm; ET = 6cm
Note: In rhombus all sides are equal..

Exercise 7.2
1. Construct the following
Quadrilaterals
(i) Quadrilateral LIFT
LI = 4cm, IF = 3cm, TL = 2.5cm, LF =
4.5cm, IT = 4cm.

When 2 diagonals and 3 sides are given:

Example 2:
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given
that BC = 4.5cm, AD = 5.5cm, CD =
5cm, diagonal AC = 5.5cm and diagonal
BD = 7cm.
Step 1:
Draw rough sketch.
Step 2: Draw diagonal
AC = 5.5.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 7 Practical Geometry 3

(ii) Quadrilateral GOLD 2 adjacent sides and 3 angles are given

OL = 7.5cm; GL = 6cm; GD = 6 cm; LD Example 3: Construct a quadrilateral
= 5 cm; OD = 10 cm MIST given that MI = 3.5cm, IS =
6.5cm, M = 75°I = 105°.

Step 1: Draw rough sketch

Step 2: Draw MI = 3.5cm.
Step 3: Make angle 1050 at I.
Step 4: Locate point S with IS = 6.5cm,
and make 1200 angle at S.
Step 5: Make 750 at M. The both lines
drawn from M and S are intersects at point
T.

(iii) Rhombus BEND

BN = 5.6cm; DE = 6.5cm.

Exercise 7.3
1. Construct the following
Quadrilaterals:
(i) Quadrilateral MORE
MO = 6cm; OR = 4.5cm; ∠M = 60°; ∠O
= 105°; ∠R = 105°

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 7 Practical Geometry 4

(iv) rectangle OKAY

OK = 7cm; KA = 5cm.

(ii) Quadrilateral PLAN

PL = 4cm; LA = 6.5cm; ∠P = 90°; ∠A =
110°; ∠N = 85°

3 sides and 2 included angles are given:

Example 4: Construct a quadrilateral
ABCD given that AB = 4cm, BC = 5cm,
CD = 6.5, B = 105° and C = 80°.

(iii) Parallelogram HEAR

HE = 5cm; EA = 6cm; ∠R = 85°

Step 1: Draw rough sketch

Step 2: Draw BC = 5cm.
Step 3: Draw BX and CY by making
angle 1050at B and 800at C.
Step 4: Locate Point A on BX with BA =
4cm and D on CY with CD = 6.5cm.
Step 5: Join AD

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 7 Practical Geometry 5

Exercise 7.4 Some special cases:

Example 5: Construct a square of side
1. Construct the following 4.5cm.
quadriaterals
(i) Quadrilateral DEAR
DE = 4cm; EA = 5cm; AR = 4.5cm; ∠E
= 60° ; ∠A = 90°

We now know that each of its angles is a right

angle. (See the rough figure).This enables us to
draw ∆ ABC using SAS condition. Then D
can be easily located.
Example 6: Is it possible to construct a
rhombus ABCD where AC = 6 cm and BD
= 7 cm? Justify your answer.

(ii) Quadrilateral TRUE

TR = 3.5cm; RU = 3cm; UE = 4cm; ∠R
= 75°; ∠U = 120°

Only two measurements of the rhombus are

given. However, since it is a rhombus, we
can find more help from its properties. The
diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular
bisectors of one another. So, first draw AC = 7
cm and then construct its perpendicular bisector.
Let them meet at O. Cut off 3 cm lengths on
either side of the drawn bisector. You now
get B and D.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 7 Practical Geometry 6

Exercise 7.5 3. A rectangle with adjacent sides of

lengths 5 cm and 4 cm.
Construct the following Quadrilaterals
1. A square READ with sides 5.1cm

2. A rhombus whose diagonals are 5.2 cm

and 6.4 cm long. 4. A parallelogram OKAY where OK =
5.5 cm and KA = 4.2 cm. Is it unique?

Here, Parallelogram is constructed with

angle 600. We can construct parallelogram
by changing this angle. Thus, this
construction is not unique.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 2
Chapter - 1
Cubes and
Cube roots
Copy rights reserved
Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Cube and Cube Roots 1

Cube and Cube roots 3 3 27 7

Contents:
Introduction Unit’s Unit’s
Number Cube
Cubes place place
Some interesting patterns 4 4 64 4
Cubes and their prime factors 5 5 125 5
Smallest multiple that is a perfect 6 6 216 6
cube 7 7 343 3
8 8 512 2
Cube Roots
9 9 729 9
Cube root through prime
10 0 1000 0
factorization method Some interesting patterns:
Cube root of a cube number 1.Adding consecutive odd numbers
Introduction Observe the following pattern of sums of
1729 is the smallest number that can be odd numbers.
expressed as a sum of two cube in two 1 1 13
different ways. 3+5 8 23
1729 = 1728 + 1 = 123 + 13 7+9=11 27 33
1729 = 1000 + 729 = 103 + 93 13+15+17+19 64 53
This is known as Hardy – Ramanujan 21+23+25+27+29 125 53
Number. 2.Cubes and their prime factors:
Cubes Observe the following prime factorization
A product of a number multiplied by itself of the numbers and their cubes.
three times is called a cube Observe that each prime factor of a
Example: number appears three times in the prime
1 = 1 × 1 × 1 = 13 , factorization of its cubes.
8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23 , In the prime factorization of any number,
27 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 33 if each factor appears three times, then the
125 =5 × 5 × 5 = 53...etc. number is a perfect cube.
Cubes of odd numbers are odd and Cubes Example 1: Is 243 a perfect cube?
of even numbers are even. Solution:
Example: 243 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
113= 1331 In the above factorization 3X3 remains
123= 1728 after grouping the 3’s in triplets.
133= 2197 Therefore, 243 is not a perfect cube.
143= 2744 Smallest multiple that is a perfect cube:
153= 3375 Example 2: Is 392 is a perfect cube? If
163 = 4096 not, find the smallest natural number by
173 = 4913 which 392 must be multiplied so that the
Unit’s Unit’s product is a perfect cube.
Number Cube Solution:
place place
1 1 1 1 392 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
2 2 8 8

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 1 Cube and Cube Roots 2

The prime factor 7 does not appear in a Hence the smallest natural number by
group of three. Therefore, 392 is not a which 1188 should be divided to make it a
cube. To make it’s a cube we need one perfect cube is 44.
more 7. In that case And the resulting perfect cube
392 × 7 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 2744 Example 5: is 68600 a perfect cube? If
which is a perfect cube. not, find the smallest number by which
Hence the smallest natural number by 68600 must be multiplied to get a
which 392 should be multiplied to make a perfect cube.
perfect cube is 7. Solution:
Example 3: Is 53240 a perfect cube? If 68600 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7
not, then by which smallest natural In this factorization we find that there is no
number should 53240 be divided so that triplet of 5.
the quotient is a perfect cube? So,68600 is not a perfect cube. To make it
Solution: a perfect cube we multiply it by 5.
53240 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 × 11 × 11× 5 Thus,
The prime factor 5 does not appear in a 68600 × 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7
group of three. So, 53240 is not a perfect = 343000 which is a perfect cube.
cube. Cube Roots:
In the factorization 5 appears only one Finding the cube root is the inverse
time. If we divide the number by 5, the operation of finding cube.
prime factorization of the quotient will not The symbol ∛ denotes ‘cube root’.
contain 5. Example:
1 3 3 3
53240÷5 √1 = 1; √8 = 2; √729 = 9; √1000 = 10
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 × 11 × 11 = 10648. Cube root through prime factorization
Hence the smallest number by which method:
53240 should be divided to make it a Example 6: find the cube root of 8000.
perfect cube is 5. Solution:
The perfect cube in that case is = 10648. Prime factorization of 8000 is
Example 4: Is 1188 a perfect cube? If 8000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
not, by which smallest natural number 3
√8000 = 2 × 2 × 5 = 20
should 1188 be divided so that the Example 7: find the cube root of 13824
quotient is a perfect cube? by prime factorization method.
Solution: Solution:
1188 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 11 13824 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
The primes 2 and 11 do not appear in × 3 × 3 ×3
groups of three. So1188 is not a perfect = 23 × 2 3 × 2 3 × 3 3
cube. In the factorization of 1188, the Therefore,
prime 2 appears only two times and the 3
√13824= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24
prime 11 appears once. So, if we divide Cube root of a cube number:
1188 by 2 x 2 x 11= 44, then the prime Example 8: find the cube root of 17576
factorization of the quotient will not through estimation.
contain 2 and 11. Solution:
The given number is 17576.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 1 Cube and Cube Roots 3

Step 1: Therefore 128 is not a perfect cube.

Form groups of three starting from the (iii) 1000
right most digit of 17576. 2 1000
step 2: 2 500
Take first group 576. The digit 6 is at its 2 250
one’s place. 5 125
5 25
We take the one’s place of the required
5 5
cube root as 6.
1
Step 3:
1000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
Take second group, i.e, 17.Cube of 2 is 8
In 1000, 2 and 5 appears 3 times.
and cube of 3 is 27. 17 lies between 8 and
27. The smaller number among 2 and 3 is 2.
Therefore 1000 is a perfect cube
3
23 (=8) < 17 < 33 (=27) √1000 = 2× 5 = 10
Take 2 as ten’s place of the cube root. (iv) 100
thus, 3√17576 = 26 2 100
2 50
Exercise 1.1 5 25
1. which of the following numbers are 5 5
not perfect cubes? 1
(i) 216 (ii) 128 (iii)1000 (iv) 100 (v) 46656 100 = 2 × 2 ×5 × 5
Solution: In 100, 2 and 5 not appear 3 times.
(i) 216 Therefore 100 is not a perfect cube.
2 216 (v) 46656
2 108 2 46656
2 54 2 23328
3 27 2 11664
3 9 2 5832
3 3 2 2916
1 2 1458
216 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 3 729
3 243
In 216, 2 and 3 appears 3 times.
3 81
Therefore 216 is a perfect cube.
3
3 9
√216 = 2× 3 = 6 3 3
(ii) 128 1
2 128 46656
2 64 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3× 3 × 3
2 32 In above group 3 not appears 3 times.
2 16 Therefore 46656 is not a perfect cube.
2 8 2. find the smallest number by which
2 4 each of the following numbers must be
2 2
multiplied to obtain a perfect cube.
1
(i) 243 (ii) 256 (iii) 72 (iv) 675 (v) 100
128 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2× 2 Solution:
In the above grouping, 2 remains after
grouping 2’s in triplets.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 1 Cube and Cube Roots 4

(i) 243
3 243 72 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
3 81 The prime factor 3 does not appear in a
3 9 group of three. So, 72 is not a perfect cube.
3 3 To make it’s a cube, we need one more 3.
3 1 72 × 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 216
243 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 Which is a perfect cube.
The prime factor 3 does not appear in a Hence the smallest natural number by
group of three. So, 243 is not a perfect which 72 should be multiplied to make a
cube. To make it’s a cube, we need one perfect cube is 3.
more 3. (iv) 675
243 × 3 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 729 3 675
which is a perfect cube. 3 225
Hence the smallest natural number by 3 75
which 243 should be multiplied to make a 5 25
5 5
perfect cube is 3.
1
(ii) 256
675 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
2 256
2 128 The prime factor 5 does not appear in a
2 64 group of three. So, 675 is not a perfect
2 32 cube. To make it’s a cube, we need one
2 16 more 5.
2 8 675 × 5 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 3375
2 4 which is a perfect cube.
2 2 Hence the smallest natural number by
1 which 675 should be multiplied to make a
256 = 2 × 2 × 2 ×2 × 2 × 2 × 2× 2 perfect cube is 5.
The prime factor 2 does not appear in a (v) 100
group of three. So, 256 is not a perfect 2 100
cube. To make it’s a cube, we need one 2 50
more 2. 5 25
256× 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2×2 × 2 × 2 5 5
= 512 1
which is a perfect cube. 100 = 2 × 2 ×5 × 5
Hence the smallest natural number by The prime factor 2 and 5 does not appear
which 256 should be multiplied to make a in a group of three. So, 100 is not a perfect
perfect cube is 2. cube. To make it’s a cube, we need one
(iii) 72 more 2 and 5.
2 72 100 × 2 × 5 = 1000
2 36 which is a perfect cube.
2 18 Hence the smallest natural number by
3 9 which 100 should be multiplied to make a
3 3 perfect cube is 2x5=10.
1

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 1 Cube and Cube Roots 5

3. Find the smallest number by which 3 135

each of the following numbers must be 3 45
divided to obtain a perfect cube. 3 15
(i) 81 (ii) 128 (iii) 135 (iv) 192 (v) 704 5 5
1
Solution:
(i) 81 135 = 3 × 3 × 3× 5
3 81 The prime factor 5 does not appear in a
3 27 group of three. So, 135 is not a perfect
3 9 cube. If we divide the number by 5, then
3 3 the prime factorization of the quotient will
1 not contain 5.
81 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 135÷5 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
The prime factor 3 does not appear in a This is perfect cube.
group of three. So, 81 is not a perfect cube. Hence, the smallest number by which 135
If we divide the number by 3, then the should be divided to make it a perfect cube
prime factorization of the quotient will not is 5.
contain 3. (iv) 192
81 ÷3 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 2 192
This is perfect cube. 2 96
Hence, the smallest number by which 81 2 48
should be divided to make it a perfect cube 2 24
2 12
is 3.
2 6
(ii) 128
3 3
2 128 1
2 64
192 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
2 32
2 16 The prime factor 3 does not appear in a
2 8 group of three. So, 192 is not a perfect
2 4 cube. If we divide the number by 3, then
2 2 the prime factorization of the quotient will
1 not contain 3.
192 ÷3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64
128 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
This is perfect cube.
The prime factor 2 does not appear in a
Hence, the smallest number by which 192
group of three. So, 128 is not a perfect
should be divided to make it a perfect cube
cube. If we divide the number by 2, then
is 3.
the prime factorization of the quotient will
(v) 704
not contain 2.
2 704
128 ÷2 = 2 × 2 × 2×2 × 2 × 2 = 64
2 352
This is perfect cube. 2 176
Hence, the smallest number by which 128 2 88
should be divided to make it a perfect cube 2 44
is 2. 2 22
(iii) 135 11 11
1

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 1 Cube and Cube Roots 6

704 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 2 512
The prime factor 11 does not appear in a 2 256
group of three. So, 704 is not a perfect 2 128
cube. If we divide the number by 11, then 2 64
2 32
the prime factorization of the quotient will
2 16
not contain 11.
2 8
704 ÷11 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64 2 4
This is perfect cube. 2 2
Hence, the smallest number by which 704 1
should be divided to make it a perfect cube 512 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2× 2 × 2 × 2
is 2. 512 = 23 × 23× 23
4. Parikshit make a cuboid of plasticine of 3
sides 5 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm. How many such √512 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
cuboids will he need to form a cube? (iii) 10648
Solution: 2 10648
Sides of the cuboid: 5,2,5 2 5324
5 × 5 × 2 here the prime factors 5 and 2 2 2662
does not appear in a group three. To make 11 1331
it’s a cube, 11 121
we need to multiply 5 × 2 × 2 = 20 11 11
1
Hence, Parikshit needs 20 cuboids to form
a cube. 10648 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 × 11 × 11
10648 = 23 × 113
Exercise 1.2 3
√10648 = 2 ×11 = 22
1. Find the cube root of each of the
(iv) 27000
following numbers by prime
2 27000
factorization method.
2 13500
(i) 64 (ii) 512 (iii) 10648 (iv) 27000 (v)
2 6750
15625 (vi) 13824 (vii) 110592 (viii) 46656 3 3375
(ix) 175616 (x) 91125 3 1125
Solution: 3 375
(v) 64 5 125
2 64 5 25
2 32 5 5
2 16 1
2 8 27000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3× 3
2 4 27000 = 23 × 33 × 33
2 2 3
√27000 = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30
1
(v) 15625
64 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 5 15625
64 = 23 × 23 5 3125
3
√64 = 2 × 2 = 4 5 625
(v) 512 5 125
5 25
5 5
1

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 1 Cube and Cube Roots 7

15625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 (viii) 46656

15625 = 53 × 53 2 46656
3
√15625 = 5 ×5 = 25 2 23328
(vi) 13824 2 11664
2 5832
2 13824
2 2916
2 6912
2 1458
2 3456
3 729
2 1728
3 243
2 864
3 81
2 432
3 27
2 216
3 9
2 108
3 3
2 54
1
3 27
3 9 46656
3 3 =2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3×3×3×3×3
1 46656 = 23 × 23 × 33 × 33
3
√46656 = 2 × 2 ×3× 3 = 36
13824 (ix) 175616
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2× 3 × 3 × 3
2 175616
13824 = 23 × 23× 23× 33 2 87808
3
√13824 = 2 × 2 × 2× 3 = 24 2 43904
(vii) 110592 2 21952
2 110592 2 10976
2 55296 2 5488
2 27648 2 2744
2 13824 2 1372
2 6912 2 686
2 3456 7 343
2 1728 7 49
2 864 7 7
2 432 1
2 216 175616
2 108 =2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×7×7×7
2 54 175616 = 23 × 23 × 23 × 73
3
3 27 √175616 = 2 × 2 × 2× 7 = 56
3 9 (x) 91125
3 3 3 91125
1 3 30375
110592 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 3 10125
×2×2×2×3×3×3 3 3375
110592= 23 × 23 × 23× 23× 33 3 1125
3 3 375
√110592 = 2 × 2 × 2× 2× 3 = 48
5 125
5 25
5 5
1

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 1 Cube and Cube Roots 8

91125 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 first group is 331, the number ends with 1,

91125 = 33 × 33 × 53 therefore 1 comes at the unit’s place of the
3
√91125 = 3 × 3 × 5 = 45 cube root.
2. State true or false. Step 3:
Solution: Now take second group i.e. 1, 13 = 1
(i) Cube of any odd number is even. Therefore 3√1331 = 11
False – Cube of odd number is always a 4913
cube. Step 1:
A perfect cube does not end with two Start making groups of three digits starting
zeros. from the right most digit of the number
True – A perfect cube ends with three 4913.
zeros 4 913
(iii) If square of a number ends with 5, Step 2:
then its cube ends with 25. first group is 913, the number ends with 3,
False – ex: 153 = 3375 This does not end therefore 7 comes at the unit’s place of the
with 25. cube root.
(iv) There is no perfect cube which ends Step 3:
with 8. Now take second group i.e. 4,
False – cube of 2 is 8, which ends with 8. 13 (=1) <4<23 (=8)
(v)The cube of a two-digit number may So, we take, smaller number 1 as the ten’s
be a three-digit number. place of the required cube root.
False – cube of smallest two-digit number So, we get 3√4913 = 17
10 is 1000, which has four digits. 12167
(vi)The cube of a two-digit number may Step 1:
have a seven or more number. Start making groups of three digits starting
False – cube of biggest two-digit number from the right most digit of the number
99 is 970299, which has 6 digits. 12167.
(vii)The cube of a single digit number 12 167
may be a single digit number. Step 2:
True – cube of 1 and 2 are 1 and 8, which first group is 167, the number ends with 7,
are single digit numbers therefore 3 comes at the unit’s place of the
3. you are told that 1331 is a perfect cube root.
cube. Can you guess without Step 3:
factorization which is its cube root? Now take second group i.e. 12,
similarly, guess the cube roots of 23 (=8) <12<33 (=27)
4913,12167,32768. So, we take, smaller number 2 as the ten’s
Solution: place of the required cube root.
Given number is 1331. 3
So, we get √12167 = 23
Step 1: 32768
Start making groups of three digits starting Step 1:
from the right most digit of the number Start making groups of three digits starting
1331. from the right most digit of the number
Step 2: 32768.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 1 Cube and Cube Roots 9

32 768 Now take second group i.e. 32,

Step 2: 33 (=27) <32<43 (=64)
first group is 768, the number ends with 8, So, we take, smaller number 3 as the ten’s
therefore 2 comes at the unit’s place of the place of the required cube root.
cube root. So, we get 3√32768 = 32
Step 3:

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 2
Chapter - 2
Exponents and
Powers

Copy rights reserved

 Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Exponents and powers 1

Exponents and Powers

Contents: 𝒂𝒎
(ii) 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎− 𝒏
Introduction
(iii) (𝒂𝒎 )𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎𝒏
Powers with Negative Exponents
(iv) 𝒂𝒎 × 𝒃𝒎 = (𝒂𝒃) 𝒎
Laws of Exponents
𝒂𝒎 𝒂 𝒎
Use of Exponents to Express Small (v) = (𝒃 )
𝒃𝒎
Numbers in Standard Form (vi) 𝒂𝟎 = 1
Comparing large and very small Example 1: Find the values of
numbers 𝟏
(i) 2-3 (ii) 𝟑 −𝟐
Mass of Earth
5,970,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Solution:
1 1
we have already learnt how to write such (i) 2-3 = 23 = 8
large numbers conveniently using (ii)
1
= 32 = 9
3 −2
exponents.
Example 2: Simplify
5,970,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
(i) (– 4)5 × (– 4)–10
= 5.97 × 1024 kg
(ii) 25 ÷ 2–6
We read 1024 as 10raise to the power 24.
Solution:
Here 10 is called Base number and 24 is
(i) (– 4)5 × (– 4)–10
called Exponent.
= (– 4)5 – 10
Powers with Negative Exponents:
= (– 4) – 5
We can write every negative Exponent as 1
𝟏 = (– 4)5
𝒂−𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎
𝟏 (ii) 25 ÷ 2–6
Or = 𝒂𝒎 25
𝒂−𝒎 = 2−6= 25× 26= 25+6 = 211
1 1
Example: 2−2 = ; 10−5 =
22 105 Example 4: Simplify and write the
1 1
= 34 ; 5 −8 = 58 answer in the exponential form:
3−4
We can write 1425 in the expanded form (i) (25 ÷ 28)5 × 2–5
using exponents as follows: (ii) (–4)–3 × (5)–3 × (–5)–3
𝟏
1425=1× 103 +4× 102 + 2× 101 + 5× 100 (iii) × (𝟑) –3
𝟖
[Remember: 𝒂𝟎 = 1] 𝟓 𝟒
we can express 1425.36 in expanded form (iv) (−𝟑) 4×(𝟑 )
in a similar way Solution:
1425.36 = 1× 103 + 4× 102 + 2× 101 + (i) (25 ÷ 28)5 × 2–5
1 1 5
25
5× 100 + 3× 101 + 6× 102 = ( 8 ) × 2–5
2
= 1× 103 + 4× 102 + 2× 101 + 5× 100 + = ( 25−8 )5 × 2–5
3× 10−1 + 6× 10−2 = ( 2−3 )5 × 2–5
Laws of Exponents = 2-15× 2–5
For any non – zero integer a, b, where m 1
= 2-15 – 5 = 2–20= 220
and n are integers, then
(ii) (–4)–3 × (5)–3 × (–5)–3
(i) 𝒂𝒎 × 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎+𝒏
= [–4 × 5× –5] –3

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 2 Exponents and powers 2

= 100 –3 𝟓 −𝟕 𝟖 −𝟓
1
(ii) (𝟖 ) × (𝟓)
= 1003 5−7 8−5
𝟏 = ×
(iii) 𝟖× (𝟑) –3 8−7 5−5
87 55
1 =57 ×
= (23 )× (3) –3 85
87−5 82 64
= 2–3 × (3) –3 =57−5 = 52 = 25
= (2 × 3)-3 Use of Exponents to Express Small
1
= 6-3 = 63 Numbers in standard for:
The average diameter of a Red Blood Cell
𝟓 𝟒
(iv) (−𝟑) 4×(𝟑 ) is 0.00007mm
5 4 This is the small number, when we express
= (−3 × )
3 in the exponential form
= ( −5)4 1
0.000007mm =7 × mm
= ( −1)4 × 54 = 54 106
= 7 × 10−6 mm
Example 5: (–3)m+1×(–3)5 = (–3)7 then
Example 8: Express the following
find the value of m :
numbers in standard form:
Solution:
(–3)m+1×(–3)5 = (–3)7 (i) 0.000035 (ii) 4050000
Solution:
(-3)m+1 + 5 = (–3)7
(-3)m+6 = (–3)7 (i) 0.000035 = 3.5× 10−5
m+6=7 (ii) 4050000 = 4.05 × 106
m=7–6 Example 9: Express the following
m=1 numbers in usual form:
𝟐 −𝟐 (i) 3.52 × 105 (ii) 7.54 × 10–4 (iii) 3 × 10–5
Example 6: Find the value of (𝟑) Solution:
Solution: (i) 3.52 × 105 = 3.52 × 100000 = 352000
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐 (ii) 7.54 × 10–4=
7.54
=
7.54
= 0.000754
( ) = 104 10000
𝟑 𝟑 −𝟐
3 3
𝟑𝟐 𝟗 (iii) 3 × 10–5= 105 = 100000 = 0.00003
= 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒
Example 7:
(i) {( )
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑
− ( ) }÷( )
𝟏 −𝟐 Exercise 2.1
𝟑 𝟐 𝟒
1. Evaluate
𝟓 −𝟕 𝟖 −𝟓
(ii) (𝟖 ) × (𝟓) 𝟏 −𝟓
(i) 3–2 (ii) (–4)–2 (iii) ( )
𝟐
Solution: Solution:
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐
(i) {( ) − ( ) }÷( ) (i) 3–2
𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏−𝟐 𝟏−𝟑 𝟏−𝟐 = =
= {𝟑−𝟐 − } ÷ 𝟒−𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟗
𝟐−𝟑 (ii) (–4)–2
𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟑 𝟒𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= {𝟏𝟐 − } ÷ 𝟏𝟐 = (−𝟒) 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟑
= {9 − 8} ÷ 16 𝟏 −𝟓
= 1÷ 16 (iii) (𝟐)
1 𝟏 −𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟑𝟐
=16 = 𝟐−𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓 = = 32
𝟏

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 2 Exponents and powers 3

2. Simplify and express the result in 1 22 22 1 1

= (23 ) × = 23 = 23−1 = 2
1
power notation with positive exponent.
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 (iii) (𝟐) + (𝟑) + (𝟒)
(i) (–4)5 ÷ (–4)8 (ii)(𝟐𝟑 )
1−2 1−2 1−2
4 𝟓 𝟒 = 2−2 + +
(iii) (-3) × (𝟑) 3−2 4−2
1 1 1
= 2−2 + +
(iv) (3–7 ÷ 3–10) × 3–5 (v) 2–3 × (–7)–3 3−2 4−2
2 2 2
Solution: =2 +3 +4
(i) (–4)5 ÷ (–4)8 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
(−4) 5 1 1
= (−4) 8 = (−4) 8−5 = (−4) 3 (iv) (3–1 + 4–1 + 5–1)0
1 1 1 0
𝟏 𝟐 =(3 + + 5)
(ii) ( 𝟑 ) 4
𝟐
12 1 1 20+15+12 0
= (23 ) 2 = 23×2 = 26 =( )
60
𝟓 𝟒 47 0
(iii) (-3)4 × ( ) =( ) = 1
𝟑 60
54 (−3×5) 4 𝟐
= (-3)4 × = 𝟐 −𝟐
34 34 (v) {(𝟑) }
(−15) 4 −15 4 4 4
= =( ) = -5 = (-1) × 54 2 −4 2−4 34
34 3 81
4 = (3) = 3−4 = 24 = 16
=5
(iv) (3–7 ÷ 3–10) × 3–5 4. Evaluate:
1 1 𝟖−𝟏 ×𝟓𝟑
= (37 ÷ 310 )× 3–5 (i) (ii) (5–1 × 2–1) × 6–1
𝟐−𝟒
1 310
= (37 × )× 3–5 Solution:
1
310 𝟖−𝟏 ×𝟓𝟑
=( –5 (i)
3 7 )× 3 𝟐−𝟒
1 24 ×53
= 310 – 7– 5 = 310 – 12 = 3-2 = 32 =
81
24 ×53
(v) 2–3 × (–7)–3 = = 24× 2−3 × 53
23
= (2 ×-7)-3 = 24-3 ×53
-3 1
= (-14) = (−14) 3 = 21 ×53 = 2 ×125 = 250
3. Find the value of. (ii) (5–1 × 2–1) × 6–1
1 1 1
(i) (30 + 4–1) × 22 (ii) (2–1 × 4–1) ÷ 2–2 = (5 × 2) × 6
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐 1 1 𝟏
(iii) ( ) +( ) +( ) = ( )× =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 10 6 𝟔𝟎
(iv) (3–1 + 4–1 + 5–1)0 5. Find the value of m for which
𝟐
𝟐 −𝟐 5m ÷ 5–3 = 55
(v) {(𝟑) }
Solution:
Solution: 5m ÷ 5–3 = 55
(i) (30 + 4–1) × 22 1
5m ÷ 53 = 55
1
= (1 + )× 4 5m × 53 = 55
4
=
4+1
× 4= 5 5m + 3 = 55
4
m+3 =5
(ii) (2–1 × 4–1) ÷ 2–2
1 1 1
m = 5-3
= (2 × 4)÷ 22 m=2
1 1
= (8)÷ 22

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 2 Exponents and powers 4

6. Evaluate: (v) 31860000000

−𝟏 Solution:
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟓 −𝟕 𝟖 −𝟒
(i) {(𝟑) − (𝟒) } (ii) (𝟖) × (𝟓) (i) 0.0000000000085
Solution: = 8.5 × 10-12
−𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 (ii) 0.00000000000942
(i) {( ) − ( ) }
𝟑 𝟒 = 9.42×10-12
−1
3 1 4 1 (iii) 6020000000000000
{( ) − ( ) }
1 1 = 6.02 ×1015
−1
3
= {1 − 1}
4 (iv) 0.00000000837
= 8.37 ×10-9
= {3 − 4}−1
(v) 31860000000
= {− 1}−1
= 3.186 × 1010
=-1
2. Express the following numbers in
𝟓 −𝟕 𝟖 −𝟒
(ii) ( ) × ( ) usual form.
𝟖 𝟓
5−7 8 −4 (i) 3.02 × 10–6 (ii) 4.5 × 104 (iii) 3 × 10–8
== ×
8−7 5 −4 (iv) 1.0001 × 109 (v) 5.8 × 1012 (vi)
87 54 6
= 57 × 3.61492 × 10
84
7. Simplify: Solution:
𝟐𝟓×𝒕−𝟒 𝟑 −𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ×𝟏𝟐𝟓
(i) 3.02 × 10–6= 0.00000302
(i) 𝟓−𝟑 ×𝟏𝟎×𝒕−𝟖 (ii) (i) (ii) 4.5 × 104 = 45000
𝟓 −𝟕 ×𝟔−𝟓
Solution: (iii) 3 × 10–8 =0.00000003
𝟐𝟓×𝒕−𝟒 (iv) 1.0001 × 109= 1000100000
(i) 𝟓−𝟑 ×𝟏𝟎×𝒕−𝟖
52 ×𝑡 −4
(v) 5.8 × 1012=5800000000000
= 5−3 ×5×2×𝑡 −8 (vi) 3.61492 × 106=3614920
52 ×𝑡 −4+8 3. Express the numbers appearing in the
=
5 −2 ×2
following statements in standard form:
52+2 ×𝑡4
= (i) 1 micron is equal to
𝟏
m
2
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
54 ×𝑡4 625𝑡4
= = (ii) Charge of an electron is
2 2
𝟑 −𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ×𝟏𝟐𝟓 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,16 coulomb.
(ii) 𝟓 −𝟕 ×𝟔−𝟓 (iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 m
3−5 ×2−5 ×5−5 ×53
= (iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m.
5−7 ×3−5 ×2−5
= 3−5+5 × 2−5+5
× 5 −5+7+3 (v)Thickness of a thick paper is 0.07mm.
Solution:
= 30 × 20 × 55 1
= 1 × 1 × 55 (i) 1 micron is equal to 1000000 m
1
= 3125 = = 1 × 10-6 m
106
À Extercise 2.2 (ii) Charge of an electron is
0.000,000,000,000,000,000,16 coulomb.
1. Express the following numbers in
= 1.6 × 10-19 coulomb
standard form.
iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 m
(i) 0.0000000000085
= 5 ×10-7m
(ii) 0.00000000000942
((iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m.
(iii) 6020000000000000
= 1.275 ×10-5 m
(iv) 0.00000000837

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 2 Exponents and powers 5

(v) Thickness of a thick paper is 0.07 mm. Solution:

= 7 × 10-2 mm Thickness of single paper = 0.016mm
4. In a stack there are 5 books each of Thickness of 5papers = 0.016 ×5 = 0.08mm
thickness 20mm and 5 paper sheets each Therefore, thickness of the stack
of thickness 0.016mm. What us the total = 100 + 0.08 mm
thickness of the stack. 100.08mm. = 1.0008×102 mm

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 2
Chapter - 3
Data Handling

Copy rights reserved

Chappter 3 Chapter 3 Data Handling 1

Data Handling
Contents: 2. Bar graph:
Looking for Information A bar graph: A display of information using
Organising Data bars of uniform width, their heights being
Grouping Data proportional to the respective values.
Bars with a difference 5
Circle Graph or Pie Chart 4
Drawing pie charts
3
Chance and Probability
Getting a result 2
Equally likely outcomes: 1
Linking chances to probability
0
Outcomes as events Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Chance and probability related to
real life
In our day-to-day life, we might have come 2. Double Bar Graph:
across information, such as: A bar graph showing two sets of data
(a) Runs made by a batsman in the last 10 simultaneously. It is useful for the
test matches. comparison of the data.
(b) Number of wickets taken by a bowler in 5
the last 10 ODIs.
4
(c) Marks scored by the students of your
class in the Mathematics unit test. etc. 3

The information collected in all such cases is 2

called data.
1
Sometimes, data is represented graphically to
give a clear idea of what it represents. 0
1. A Pictograph: Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Pictorial representation of data using symbols. Organising Data:
No.of cars produced in a city for the Usually, data available to us is in an
piriod of 3 months
unorganised form called raw data. We are
representing the collected data in a table
= 100 cars
with tallies. The table made is known as
frequency distribution table. Frequency
June 200 gives the number of times that a particular
entry occurs.
Grouping:
July 300 The following marks (out of 50) obtained in
Mathematics by 60 students of Class VIII:
21, 10, 30, 22, 33, 5, 37, 12, 25, 42, 15, 39,
August 150
26, 32, 18, 27, 28, 19, 29, 35, 31, 24, 36,
18, 20, 38, 22, 44, 16, 24, 10, 27, 39, 28,
49, 29, 32, 23, 31, 21, 34, 22, 23, 36, 24,
36, 33, 47, 48, 49, 39, 20, 7, 16, 36, 45, 47,
30, 22, 17.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 3 Data Handling 2

If we make a frequency distribution table for

each observation, then the table would be too
long, so, for convenience, we make groups
of observations say, 0-10, 10-20 and so on,

No.of Students
and obtain a frequency distribution of the
number of observations falling in each.
group. Thus, the frequency distribution table
for the above data can be.

Groups Tally Marks Freequency

0 - 10 2
10 - 20 10
20 - 30 21
30 - 40 19 Watching TV(in hours)
40 - 50 8
Observe that, here we have represented the
Total 60
groups of observations (i.e., class intervals)
Data presented in this manner is said to be on the horizontal axis. The height of the bars
grouped and the distribution obtained is show the frequency of the class-interval.
called grouped frequency distribution. Also, there is no gap between the bars as
Each of the groups 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, etc., there is no gap between the class-intervals.
is called a Class Interval Circle Graph or Pie Chart:
Observe that 10 occurs in both the classes, Representing Data in a circle is called
i.e., 0-10 as well as 10-20. But it is not Circle graph or Pie chart.
possible that an observation (say 10) can Drawing pie charts:
belong simultaneously to two classes. To Example 1: Adjoining pie chart gives the
avoid this, we adopt the convention that the expenditure (in percentage) on various
common observation will belong to the higher items and savings of a family during a
class, i.e., 10 belongs to the class interval month.
10-20 (and not to 0-10). (i) On which item, the expenditure was
In a class interval there are two limits. maximum?
They are Lower limit and upper limit. (ii) Expenditure on which item is equal
to the total savings of the family?
Example: In class interval 10 – 20, 10 is (iii) If the monthly savings of the family is
the lower limit and 20 is the upper limit. ₹3000, what is the monthly expenditure on
The difference between the upper class limit clothes?
and lower class limit is called the width or size Solution:
of the class interval. In 10 – 20, the width is 10
and in the above frequency table the width of
all class intervals are equal.
Bars with a difference:
Histogram:

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 3 Data Handling 3

(i) Expenditure is maximum on food. cannot predict the result is called a random
(ii) Expenditure on Education of children is experiment.
the same (i.e., 15%) as the savings of the In tossing a coin. There are two possibilities.
family. The outcome may be Head or it may be Tail.
1
(iii) 15% represents ₹3000 Therefore, the probability of getting head =
2
Therefore, 10% represents And probability of getting Tail = 2
1
3000
× 10 = ₹2000 In an Experiment of throwing a die (1 to 6
15
Example 2: On a particular day, the sales numbers written on its faces)
(in rupees) of different items of a baker’s The probability of getting any number
shop are given below. from 1 to 6 (All numbers have equal
1
chance) = 6
Item Rupees
Ordinary Bread 320 The probability of getting 7 = 0. Because 7
Biscuits 80 is not written on any faces of the die.
Cakes and pastries 160 Example 3: A bag has 4 red balls and 2
Fruit Bread 120 yellow balls. (The balls are identical in all
Others 40 respects other than colour). A ball is
Total 720 drawn from the bag without looking into
Draw a pie chart for this data. the bag. What is probability of getting a
Solution: red ball? Is it more or less than getting a
The central angle equal ₹1 yellow ball?
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟏 Solution:
= 𝟕𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐 = 0.50
All possible outcomes are 4 + 2 = 6
Item ₹ central angle Getting a red ball consists of 4 outcomes.
Ordinary Bread 320 320×0.5 = 1600
Getting a yellow ball consists of 2
Biscuits 80 80×0.5 = 400
Cakes and pastries 160 160×0.5 = 800 outcomes.
Fruit Bread 120 120×0.5 = 600 Therefore, the probability of getting red
4 2
Others 40 40×0.5 = 200 ball is = =3
6
Total 720 3600 The probability of getting yellow ball is
4 2
= 6=3
Therefore, the probability of getting a red ball
is more than that of getting a yellow ball.

Exercise 3.1
1. For which of these would you use a
histogram to show the data?
Chance and Probability: (a)The number of letters for different
Random experiment: areas in a postman’s bag.
In tossing a coin. We cannot control the (b)The height of competitors in athletics
result. The result may Head or Tail. meet.
Similarly, in throwing a die where I to 6 (c) The number of cassettes produced by 5
written on its faces, we cannot say what is companies.
the outcome. Such an experiment where we

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 3 Data Handling 4

(d) The number of passengers boarding 3. The weekly wages (in `) of 30 workers
trains from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. at a in a factory are.
station. Give reasons for each. 830, 835, 890, 810, 835, 836, 869, 845,
Solution: 898, 890, 820, 860, 832, 833, 855, 845,
Since Histogram is a graphical 804, 808, 812, 840, 885, 835, 835, 836,
representation of data, if data represented 878, 840, 868, 890, 806, 840.
in manner of class intervals. Using tally marks make a frequency table
Therefore, in case (b) and (d), we would with intervals as 800–810, 810–820 and so
use a histogram to show the data, because on.
in case (b), a group of competitions having Solution:
different heights in athletics meet. In case Class Tally Freequency
(d), the number of passengers boarding Interval marks
trains in an interval of on hour at a station. 800 – 810 3
But we cannot make class intervals for (a) 810 – 820 2
820 – 830 1
and (c). Therefore, histogram is not
830 – 840 9
possible for (a) and (c).
840 – 850 5
2. The shoppers who come to a 850 – 860 1
departmental store are marked as: man 860 – 870 3
(M), woman (W), boy (B) or girl (G). The 870 – 880 1
following list gives the shoppers who came 880 – 890 1
during the first hour in the morning: 890 – 900 4
WWWGBWWMGGMMWWWWG Total 30
BMWBGGMWWMMWW WMWB
WGMWWWWGWMMWWMWGW 4. Draw a histogram for the frequency
MGWMMBGGW table made for the data in Question 3,
Solution: and answer the following questions.
Group Tally marks Freequency (i) Which group has the maximum number
W 28 of workers?
M 15 (ii) How many workers earn ₹850 and
B 5 more?
G 12 (iii) How many workers earn less than `
Total 60 850?
Make a frequency distribution table using Solution:
tally marks. Draw a bar graph to illustrate it.
No.of workers

Monthly
wages

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 3 Data Handling 5

(a) 830 – 840 group has the maximum (ii)Which type of music is liked by the
number of workers. maximum number of people?
(b) 10 workers can earn more than ₹850. (ii) If a cassette company were to
(c) 20 workers earn less than ₹850. make1000 CD’s, how many of each type
would they make?
5. The number of hours for which students
of a particular class watched television
during holidays is shown through the given
graph.
Answer the following.
Number of students

Solution:
(i) 10% represents 100 people.
20
Therefore, 20% ⇒ 10 × 100 = 200people
Hence,200 people were surveyed.
(ii) Light music is liked by maximum
number of people.
(iii) CD’s of light Music
40
= × 1000 = 400
100
CD’s of semi- classical music
20
Daily watching TV(in Hours) = 100 × 100 = 200
(i) For how many hours did the maximum
number of students watch TV? CD’s of classical Music
10
(ii) How many students watched TV for = 100 × 100 = 100
less than 4 hours? 30
(iii) How many students spent more than 5 CD’s of folk Music = × 100 = 300
100
hours in watching TV? 2. A group of 360 people were asked to
Solution: vote for their favourite season from the
(i) The maximum number of students three seasons rainy, winter and summer.
watched TV for 4 – 5 hours. (i) Which season got the most votes?
(ii) 34 students watched T.V. for less than (ii) Find the central angle of each sector.
4 hours. (iii) Draw a pie chart to show this
(iii) 14 students spent more than 5 hours in information.
watching T.V. Season No.of Votes
Exercise 3.2
1. A survey was made to find the type of Summer 90
music that a certain group of young people
120
liked in a city. Adjoining pie chart shows the Rainy
findings of this survey.
(i) If 20 people liked classical music, how 150
many young people were surveyed? Winter

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 3 Data Handling 6

Solution:
(i) Winter season got the maximum votes.
(ii) Central angle of summe season
90
= 360 × 360 = 900
Central angle of rainy season
120
= 360 × 360 = 1200
Central angle of winter season 4. The adjoining pie chart gives the
150 0
= 360 × 360 = 150 marks scored in an examination by a
(iii) Pie Chart student in Hindi, English, Mathematics,
Social Science and Science. If the total
marks obtained by the students were 540,
answer the following questions.
Mathematics Social Science

3.Draw a pie chart showing the following Science

information. The table shows the colours English
preferred by a group of people
Find the proportion of each sector.
Hindi
Colours No.of people (i) In which subject did the student
Blue 18 score 105 marks?
Green 9 (Hint: for 540 marks, the central angle =
Red 6 360°. So, for 105 marks, what is the central
Yellow 3 angle?)
Total 36 (ii) How many more marks were obtained
by the student in Mathematics than in
Solution:
1
Hindi?
18
The proportion of Blue 36
= 2 of the circle (iii) Examine whether the sum of the
9 1
Proportion of Green = 4 of the circle. marks obtained in Social Science and
36
Proportion of Red
6
=
1
of the circle. Mathematics is more than that in Science
36 6
3 1 and Hindi.
Proportion of yellow 36 = of the circle.
12 (Hint: Just study the central angles).
The central angle of Blue Solution:
1
= 360 × 2 = 1800 360
(i) 540 × 105 = 700
The central angle of Green Students scored 105 marks in Hindi.
1
= 360 × 4 = 900 (ii) Marks obtained in Mathematics is
Central angle of Red 90
× 540 = 135
1 360
= 360 × 6 = 600 Diffrence = 135 – 105 = 30
Centra angle of Yellow Thus, 30 more marks were obtained by the
1
= 360 × 12 = 300 student in Mathematics than in Hindi.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 3 Data Handling 7

(iii) The sum of marks in Social Science The number of outcomes =04
and Mathematics = 97.5 + 135 = 232.5 (b) Tossing two coins together
The sum of marks in Science and Hindi = Outcomes are – {HH, HT, TH, TT}
Here, H = Head; T = Tail
120 + 105 = 225
Total number of outcomes =04
Yes, the of marks obtained Social Science 2. When a die is thrown, list the outcomes
and Mathematics is more than that in of an event of getting
Science and Hindi (a) a prime number
5. The number of students in a hostel,
(b) not a prime number.
speaking different languages is given
(c) a number greater than 5
below. Display the data in a pie chart.
(d) a number not greater than 5.
Solution:
Bengali
English

Marati

Tamil
Hindi

Language
Total
(a) A prime number – {2, 3, 5}
(b) Not a prime number – {1, 4, 6}
No.of (c) A number more than 5 – {6}
Students
40 12 9 7 4 72 (d)A Number not more than5 – {1,2,3,4,5}
Solution: 3. Find the.
The central angle equal to 1 student (a) Probability of the pointer stopping on
1
= 72 × 360 = 50 D in (Question 1-(a))?
(b) Probability of getting an ace from a well
No.of
Language Students Central angle shuffled deck of 52 playing cards?
(c) Probability of getting a red apple. (See
Hindi 40 40 × 5 = 2000 figure below)
English 12 12 × 5 = 600
Marati 9 9 × 5 = 450
Tamil 7 7 × 5 = 350
Bengali 4 4 × 5 = 200
Total 72

Solution:
(a) Qn 1-(a)
Probability of the pointer stopping on D
Outcomes are = {A, A, B, C, D}
Total Number of Outcomes = 5
The point stops on D = 1
1
Therefore, Probability = 5
(b) There are 4 aces in a deck of 52
Exercise 3.3 playing cards. So, there are four events of
getting an ace.
1. List the outcomes you can 4 1
So, Probability of getting ace = 52 = 13
see in these experiments.
(c) Total number of apples = 7
(a) Spinning a wheel Number of red apples = 4
4
(b) Tossing two coins together Probability of getting red apple = 7
Solution: 4. Numbers 1 to 10 are written on ten
separate slips (one number on one slip),
(a) Spinning a wheel
kept in a box and mixed well. One slip is
Outcomes are – {A, B, C, D}

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 3 Data Handling 8

chosen from the box without looking into it. Total number of outcomes = 5
What is the probability of Number of blue sectors = 3
3
(i) getting a number 6? Probability of getting a green sector = 5
(ii) getting a number less than 6? Number of non - blue sectors = 4
4
(iii) getting a number greater than 6? (iv) Probability of getting no – blue sector = 5
getting a 1-digit number? 6. Find the probabilities of the events given
Solution: in Question 2.
Total number slips = 10 Solution:
(a) Getting number 6 – 1 The outcomes are {1,2,3,4,5,6}
1
Probability of getting number 6 = 10 Total number of outcomes = 6
(b) Number less than 6 are {1,2,3,4,5} (a) Prime numbers are {2, 3, 5}
Total numbers less than 6 = 5 Total number of prime numbers = 3
Probability of getting number less than 6
5 1 Probabilty of getting a prime number
= 10 = 2 3 1
= 6= 2
(c) Number greater than 6 are 7,8,9,10}
Total – 4 (b) Non- prime numbers are {1, 4, 6}
Probability of getting number more than 6 Number of non – prime numbers = 3
4 2
= 10 = 5 Probability of getting nin prime numbers
3 1
(d) One digit numbers are = 6= 2
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} (c) The number more than 5 is {6}
Total – 9
9 Number of numbers more than 5 = 1
Probability of getting one digit number= 10
5. If you have a spinning wheel with 3 Probability of getting number more than 5
1
green sectors, 1 blue sector and 1 red = 6
sector, what is the probability of getting a
green sector? What is the probability of (d) The numbers not more than 5 are
getting a non- blue sector? {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Solution: Number of numbers not more than 5
= 5
Probaility of getting number not more than
5
5 = 6

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 2
Chapter - 4
Direct and Inverse
proportions

Copy rights reserved

Chapter 4 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 4 £ÉÃgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ «¯ÉÆêÀÄ C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀ 1

Direct and Indirect Proportions

Contents: Here, the value of x increases, value of y
𝑥
Introduction also increases in such a way that the ratio 𝑦
Direct proportion does not change; it remains constant.
Indirect proportion 𝑥
x and y are in direct proportion, if 𝑦 = k
Introduction:
In two related quantities, a variation in one or x = k y.
quantity bringing in variation in the other Example 1: The cost of 5
quantity is called proportion. metres of a particular
Example: quality of cloth is ₹210.
Tabulate the cost of 2, 4,
(i) If the number of articles purchased
10 and 13 metres of cloth
increases, the total cost also increases. of the same type.
(ii) More the money deposited in a bank, Solution:
more is the interest earned. Let the length of the cloth be x mtr and its
(iii) As the speed of a vehicle increases, the cost be ₹y.
time taken to cover the same distance Here, we observe that,
decreases. this is direct proportion
(iv) For a given job, more the number of 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k is a constant)
workers, less will be the time taken to complete
210
the work. ⇒ = 42
5
Direct Proportion: Therefore,
If a value of one quantity increases then
related to that the value of another quantity Cloth(mtrs) 2 4 5 10 13
increases in the same ratio or the value of Cost (Rs) 84 168 210 420 546
one quantity decreases, related to that the Cost of 2m cloth = ₹84
value of other quantity also decreases in Cost of 4m cloth = ₹168
the same ratio. Cost of 5m cloth = ₹210
The cost of 1kg sugar is ₹36, then then the Cost of 13m cloth = ₹546
cost of 5kg sugar is ₹180 Example 2: An electric
pole, 14 metres high, casts
a shadow of 10 metres.
Find the height of a tree
that casts a shadow of 15
Sugar(kgs) metres under similar
Cost(Rs) conditions.
Solution:
Let the height of the tree be x mtr and
length of the shadow be y mtr.
Here, we observe that,
Observe that as weight of sugar increases, this is direct proportion
14 𝑥
cost also increases in such a manner that ⇒ =𝑦
10
their ratio remains constant. 14×15
⇒ 𝑥 = = 21m
10
Hence, the height of the tree is 21m.

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Example 3: If the weight of Solution:

12 paper is 40 grams, how Let the distance on map be x cm and the
many sheets of the same actual distance be y km
𝟏 This is direct proportion.
paper would weigh 2𝟐 kg? 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k Constant)
Solution: 1 4
Let the number of papers be x and their ⇒ =𝑦
30000000
weights be y kg. ⇒ 𝑦 = 4 × 30000000
Here, we observe that,
⇒ 𝑦 = 12 × 107 cm
this is direct proportion
12×107
⇒
12 𝑥 1
= 2500 [ 22 kg = 2500 grams] ⇒ 𝑦= km [ 1 km = 105 cm]
40 105
2500×12 ⇒ 𝑦 = 12 × 102 km
⇒ 𝑥 = 40
⇒ 𝑦 = 1200 km
⇒ 𝑥 = 750
Hence, the actual distance is 1200km.
Hence, the number of sheets are 750.
Inverse proportion:
Example 4: A train is moving at a uniform
speed of 75 km/hour. Two quantities may change in such a
(i) How far will it travel in 20 minutes? manner that if one quantity increases, the
(ii) Find the time required to cover a other quantity decreases and vice versa. For
distance of 250 km. example, if we increase the speed, the time
Solution: taken to cover a given distance decreases.
Let the speed of the train b x km/h. and the
time taken be y hours.
Here, we observe that,
this is direct proportion
75 𝑥 Speed(km)
(i) = 20 [ 1 hour = 60minutes]
60 Time(hrs)
20×75
⇒ 𝑥 = 60
⇒ 𝑥 = 25 km
Hence, in 20minutes it travels 25km.
75 250
(ii) 60 = 𝑦 [ 1 hour = 60minutes]
60×250
⇒ 𝑦 = 75 Observe that as the speed increases, time
⇒ 𝑦 = 200 minutes taken to cover the same distance decreases.
Thus, two quantities x and y are said to vary
Or ⇒ 𝑦 = 3hours 20minutes
in inverse proportion, if there exists a
Hence, it takes 3hours 20minutes to travel relation of the type xy = k between them,
250km k being a constant.
Example 5: The scale of Example 7: 6 pipes are required to fill a
a map is given as tank in 1 hour 20 minutes. How long will
1:30000000. Two cities it take if only 5 pipes of the same type are
are 4cm apart on the used?
map. Find the actual Solution:
distance between them. Let the desired time to fill the tank be x minutes.
Number of pipes required be y.
This is inverse proportion

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Therefore, xy = k Check if the parking charges are in direct

80 × 6 = x × 5 [ 1hr.20min = 80 minutes] proportion to the parking time.
6 × 80 Solution:
⇒x= Let Parking charges be ₹x and time be y
5
⇒ x = 96 Minutes hours.
or 1hour 36minutes. If this is direct proportion,then
Hence, it takes 1hour 36 minutes to fill the 𝑥
= k (k Constant)
𝑦
tank. 60
Example 8: There are 100 students in a = 15 = k1
4
hostel. Food provision for them is for 20 100
= 12.5 = k2
8
days. How long will these provisions last, if 140
25 more students join the group? = 11.67 = k3
12
Solution: 180
= 7.50 = k4
24
Let the number of students be x. Number
Here, k1 ≠ k2 ≠ k3 ≠ k4
of days be y.
Therefore, the parking charges are not
This is inverse proportion
directly proportion to parking times.
Therefore, xy = k
2. A mixture of paint is prepared by mixing
100 × 20 = 125 × y 1 part of red pigments with 8 parts of base.
100 × 20
⇒y= In the following table, find the parts of
125
⇒ y = 16 days base that need to be added.
Hence, the provisions last 16 days. Parts of red pigment 1 4 7 12 20
Example 9: If 15 workers can build a wall
in 48 hours, how many workers will be Part of base 8 - - - -
required to do the same work in 30 hours? Solution:
Solution: Let the part of base x and the part of red
Let the number of workers be x and the pigment be y .
time taken be y.
This is direct proportion.
This is inverse proportion 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k Constant)
Therefore, xy = k 𝑥 8
⇒𝑦 = =8
15 × 48 = x × 30 1
𝑥
⇒x=
15 × 48
⇒ x = 24 (i) 4 = 8 ⇒ x = 8×4 = 32
30 𝑥
Hence, 24 workers required to do the work (ii) 7 = 8 ⇒ x = 8×7 = 56
𝑥
in 30hours. (iii) 12 = 8 ⇒ x = 8×12 = 96
Exercise 4.1 𝑥
(i) 20 = 8 ⇒ x = 8×20 = 160
1.Following are the car Parts of red
pigment
1 4 7 12 20
parking charges near a
railway station upto Part of base 8 32 56 96 160
4 hours ₹ 60 3. In Question 2 above, if 1 part of a red
pigment requires 75 mL of base, how
8 hours ₹100
much red pigment should we mix with
12 hours ₹140
1800 mL of base?
24 hours ₹180

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Solution: (ii) Here, length and enlarged length of the

Let the part of base x and the part of red bacteria are in direct proportion
pigment be y . Therefore,
5
=
𝑥
50000 20000
This is direct proportion. 100000
𝑥
⇒x= 50000
Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k Constant)
⇒ x = 2 cm
𝑥 75
⇒𝑦 = = 75 Hence, the enlarged length of the bacteria
1
1800 is 2cm.
= 75 ⇒ 75y = 1800
𝑦 6. In a model of a ship,
⇒ y = 24 part.
the mast is 9 cm high,
Hence, with base 1800ml of base 24 parts
while the mast of the
red pigment should be mixed.
actual ship is 12 m high. If
4. A machine in a soft drink factory fills 840
the length of the ship is 28 m, how long is the
bottles in six hours. How many bottles will it
fill in five hours? model ship?
Solution: Solution:
Let the number of bottles be x and time be Let the length of the model ship be x and
y hours. the length of the actual ship be y.
This is direct proportion. This is direct proportion.
𝑥
𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k is a Constant) Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k Constant)
𝑥 840 9 𝑥
⇒𝑦 = = 140 ⇒ 1200 =
6 2800
𝑥 [12m =1200cm and 28m = 2800cm]
Therefore, = 140 ⇒ x = 140×5
5 9×2800 252
⇒𝑥= = = 21cm
⇒ x = 700 1200 12
Hence, machine will fill 700 bottles in 5 Hence, the length of the model ship is
hours 21cm.
5. A photograph of a 7. Suppose 2 kg of sugar contains 9 × 106
bacteria enlarged 50,000 crystals. How many sugar crystals are
times attains a length of 5 there in (i) 5 kg of sugar? (ii) 1.2 kg of
cm as shown in the sugar?
diagram. What is the Solution:
actual length of the bacteria? If the Let the number of crystals be x and weight
photograph is enlarged 20,000 times only, of the sugar be y.
what would be its enlarged length? This is direct proportion.
𝑥
Solution: Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k Constant)
Let the enlarged length of bacteria be x cm 9×106
and actual length be y cm ⇒ = k
2
This is direct proportion. (i) 5 kg of sugar
𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k is a Constant) ⇒
9×106
=
𝑥
5 2 5
(i) ⇒ 𝑦 = 50000 9×5×106
⇒𝑥= = 22.5 × 106
5 1 1 2
⇒𝑦 = = = = 10-4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2.25 × 107
50000 10000 104
Hence, the actual length of the bacteria is Hence, 2.25 × 107 are there in 5kg of
10-4 cm. sugar.

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(ii) 1.2 Kg of sugar (ii)

𝑥
=
7
⇒ 𝑥 =
500×7
500 4 4
9×106 𝑥
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥 = 125 × 7
2 1.2
9×1.2×106
⇒𝑥= = 5.4 × 106 = 875cm = 8.75m
2
⇒ 𝑥= 5.4 × 106 Hence, the height of a pole which casts a
shadow 5m long is 8.75m
Hence, 5.4 × 106 are there in 5kg of 10. A loaded truck travels 14 km in 25
sugar. minutes. If the speed remains the same,
8. Rashmi has a road map with a scale of 1 how far can it travel in 5 hours?
cm representing 18 km. She drives on a Solution:
road for 72 km. What would be her Let the distance covered be x km and the
distance covered in the map? time taken be y hour.
Solution: This is direct proportion.
𝑥
Let the distance on map be x cm and the Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k Constant)
actual distance be y km. =
14
= k
25
This is direct proportion. 𝑥 14
𝑥 ⇒ = 25 [1 hour = 60minutes]
Therefore, = k (k is Constant) 300
14×300
𝑦
1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 25
⇒ =k
18 ⇒ 𝑥 = 14 × 12 km
𝑥 1
⇒ = 18 ⇒ 𝑥 = 168 km
72
72
⇒𝑥= cm Hence, the distance covered in 5 hours is
18
168km.
⇒ 𝑥 = 4 cm
Hence, the distance covered in the map is
4cm.
Exercise 4.2
9. A 5 m 60 cm high vertical pole casts a
shadow 3 m 20 cm long. Find at the same 1. Which of the following are in inverse
time proportion?
(i) the length of the shadow cast by another (i) The number of workers on a job and
pole 10 m 50 cm high the time to complete the job.
(ii) the height of a pole which casts a (ii) The time taken for a journey and the
shadow 5m long.
distance travelled in a uniform speed.
Solution:
(iii) Area of cultivated land and the crop
Let the length of the pole be x mtr and the
length of the shadow be y mtr. harvested.
This is direct proportion. (iv) The time taken for a fixed journey and
𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 = k (k Constant) the speed of the vehicle.
560 7 (v)The population of a country and the
= = k
320 4 area of land per person.
1050 7 1050×4
(i) = ⇒ 𝑦 = Solution:
𝑦 4 7
⇒ 𝑦 = 150 × 4 (i) Inverse proportion
(ii) Direct proportion
= 600cm = 6m (iii) Direct proportion
Hence, the length of the shadow cast by (iv) Inverse proportion
another pole 10 m 50 cm high is 6m (v) Inverse proportion

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 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 4 £ÉÃgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ «¯ÉÆêÀÄ C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀ 6

2. In a Television game show, the prize No.of 4 6 8 10 12

money of ₹1,00,000 is to be divided Spokes
equally amongst the winners. Complete the The angle
btwn 600 900
following table and find whether the prize consecutive
money given to an individual winner is spokes
directly or inversely proportional to the (i) Are the number of spokes and the
number of winners? angles formed between the pairs of
Numbe
r of 1 2 4 5 8 10 20 consecutive spokes in inverse proportion?
winners (ii) Calculate the angle between a pair of
Prize consecutive spokes on a wheel with 15
1,00,000

for spokes.
50,000

each
-

-
winner (iii) How many spokes would be needed, if
(in ₹) the angle between a pair of consecutive
Solution: spokes is 40°?
Let the prize amount be ₹x and the number Solution:
of winners be y. Let the number of spokes be x and the
Here 1,00000× 1 = 50,000× 2 angle between two concecutive spokes be
y0.
This is inverse proportion
(i) Here, 4 × 600 = 6 × 900
Therefore, xy = k
This is inverse proportion
100000× 1 = 100000 = k
Therefore, xy = k
(i) x × 4 = 1,00000
⇒ x = 25,000 and 4 ×600 = 6 × 900 = 3600 = k
(ii) x × 5 = 1,00000 (ii) xy = k [ k is a constantÀ]
⇒ x = 20,000 ⇒ 15 × y = 3600
(iii) x × 8 = 1,00000 3600
⇒ y= = 240
⇒ x = 12,500 15

(iv) x × 10 = 1,00000 Hence, the angle between a pair of

⇒ x = 10,000 consecutive spokes on a wheel with 15
spokes is 240
(v) x × 20 = 1,00000
(iii) xy = k [ k is a constant]
⇒ x = 5,000
⇒ x × 400 = 3600
Numbe
1 2 4 5 8 10 20 3600
r of ⇒ x= =9
winners 400

Prize
Hence, 9 spokes are needed if the angle
1,00,000

50,000

20,000
25,000

12,500

10,000

for between a pair of consecutive spokes is 40°

5,000

each
winner Completing the table:
(in ₹)
(a) xy = k [ k is a constant ]
3.Rehman is making a ⇒ 8 × y = 3600
wheel using spokes. He 3600
⇒ y= = 450
wants to fix equal spokes 8
in such a way that the (b) xy = k [ k is a constant]
angles between any ⇒ 10 × y = 3600
3600
air of consecutive spokes ⇒ y= = 360
10
are equal. Help him by completing the (c) xy = k [ k is a constant]
following table. ⇒ 12 × y = 3600

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 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 4 £ÉÃgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ «¯ÉÆêÀÄ C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀ 7

3600 Solution:
⇒ y= = 300
12
Let the number of persons be x and number
No.of 4 6 8 10 12 of days be y.
Spokes
The angle This is inverse proportion
btwn 600 900 450 360 300 Therefore, xy = k [ k is a constant]
consecutive
spokes 3 × 4 = 12 = k
4. If a box of sweets is divided among 24 If he uses 4 persons,
children, they will get 5 sweets each. How xy = k [ k is a constant]
many would each get, if the number of the 4y = 12
children is reduced by 4? 12
⇒ y= =3
Solution: 4

Let the number of children be x and Hence, they will complete the job in 3days.
number of sweets will get be y. 7. A batch of bottles were packed in 25
This is inverse proportion boxes with 12 bottles in each box. If the
Therefore, xy = k same batch is packed using 20 bottles in
each box, how many boxes would be
24× 5 = 120 = k
filled?
If number of children reduced by 4,
24 – 4 = 20
xy = k [ k is a constant]
20y = 120
120
⇒ y= =6
20
Hence, each child will get 6 sweets. Solution:
5. A farmer has enough food to feed 20 Let the number of bottles be x and the
animals in his cattle for 6 days. How long number of boxes be y.
would the food last if there were 10 more This is inverse proportion
animals in his cattle? Therefore, xy = k [ k is a constant]
Solution:
Let the number of animals be x and 12× 25 = 300 = k
number of days be y. If 20 bottles are packed in each box,
This is inverse proportion xy = k [ k is a constant]
Therefore, xy = k [ k is a constant] 20y = 300
300
⇒ y= = 15
20× 6 = 120 = k 20
If number of animals are increased by 10, Hence, 15 boxes would be filled.
8. A factory requires 42 machines to
20 + 10 = 30
xy = k [ k is a contant] produce a given number of articles in 63
30y = 120 days. How many machines would be
120 required to produce the same number of
⇒ y= = 4 days
30 articles in 54 days?
Hence, the food will last for 4 days.
Solution:
6. A contractor estimates that 3 persons
Let the number of machines be x and
could rewire Jasminder’s house in 4 days.
number of days be y.
If, he uses 4 persons instead of three, how
This is inverse proportion
long should they take to complete the job?

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 CzsÁåAiÀÄ 4 £ÉÃgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ «¯ÉÆêÀÄ C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀ 8

Therefore, xy = k [ k is a constant] Solution:

42 × 63 = 2646 = k Let the number of persons be x and the
If number of days be 54, number of days required be y.
xy = k [k is a constant] This is inverse proportion
x ×54 = 2646 Therefore, xy = k [ k is a constant]
⇒ x=
2646
= 49 2× 3 = 6 = k
54
(i) xy = k [ k is a constant]
Hence, it requires 49 machines to produce
1y = 6 ⇒ y = 6
in 54 days.
Hence, it requires 6 days if one of the
9. A car takes 2 hours to reach a destination
persons fell ill before the work start.
by travelling at the speed of 60 km/h. How
(ii) xy = k [ k is a constant]
long will it take when the car travels at the
x× 1 = 6
speed of 80 km/h?
Solution: ⇒ x=6
Hence, 6 persons required to finish the
Let the speed of the car be x km and time
taken by the care be y hours. work in a day.
This is inverse proportion 11. A school has 8 periods a day each of 45
Therefore, xy = k [ k is a constant] minutes duration. How long would each
period be, if the school has 9 periods a day,
60 × 2 = 120 = k assuming the number of school hours to be
If speed of the care be 80km, then the same?
xy = k [ k is a constant] Solution:
80 × y = 120 Let the duration of periods be x minutes
120 1
⇒ y= = 1 2 hours and number of periods be y.
80
1
Hence, car takes 12 hours to reach the This is inverse proportion
Therefore, xy = k [ k is a constant]
destination at the speed of 80kmh.
10. Two persons could fit new windows in 45 × 8 = 360 = k
a house in 3 days. If the number of periods be 9, then
(i) One of the persons fell ill before the xy = k [ k is a constant]
work started. How long would the job x ×9 = 360
360
take now? ⇒ x= = 40 minutes
9
(ii) How many persons would be needed Hence, the duration of periods will be
to fit the windows in one day? 40minutes, if the school has 9 periods.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 2
Chapter - 5
Introduction to
Graphs

Copy rights reserved

Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 1

Introduction to Graph
Contents: Bar graphs can also have double bars as in
Introduction Figure given below. This graph gives a
• A Bar Graph comparative account of sales (in ₹) of
• A Pi – Graph ( A Circle Chart) various fruits over a two-day period.
• A Histogram
• A line Graph
Monday Tuesday
A Linear Graph
Location of a Point

Sales in Kgs
Co-Ordinates
Some Application
Introduction:
The purpose of the graph is to show
numerical facts in visual form so that they
can be understood quickly, easily and
clearly. Thus, graphs are visual
representations of data collected. Data can Mang Apple Orange Pappaya Banana
o o o o
also be presented in the form of a table;
however, a graphical presentation is easier to A Pie-Chart (A Circle Chart):
understand. This is true in particular when A pie-graph is used to compare parts of a
there is a trend or comparison to be shown. whole. The circle represents the whole. The
A Bar Graph: following figure is a pie-graph. It shows the
A bar graph is used to show comparison percentage of viewers watching different
among categories. It may consist of two or types of TV channels.
more parallel vertical (or horizontal) bars
(rectangles).
The bar graph in the following Figure
shows Anu’s mathematics marks in the
three terminal examinations. It helps you to
compare her performance easily. She has shown
good progress.
The marks obtained in Maths

Histogram:
A Histogram is a bar graph that shows
data in intervals. It has adjacent bars over
the intervals Below given figure is a
histogram, it illustrates the distribution of
weights (in kg) of 40 persons of a locality.

Terms

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 2

matches in the year 2007. Study the graph

and answer the following questions.
(i) What information is given on the two
axes?
Number of people

(ii) Which line shows the runs scored by

batsman A?
(iii) Were the run scored by them same in
any match in 2007? If so, in which match?
(iii) Among the two batsmen, who is
steadier? How do you judge it?
Batsman B
Batsman A
Weight(in kgs)

A Line Graph: Runs Scored

A line graph displays data that changes
continuously over periods of time.
When Renu fell sick, her doctor maintained a
record of her body temperature, taken every
four hours. It was in the form of a graph
Time 6am 10am 2pm 6pm
Temprature(0C 37 40 38 35
Matches

Solution:
(i) The horizontal axis (or the x-axis)
indicates the matches played during the
year2007. The vertical axis (or the y-axis)
Temprature(0C )

shows the total runs scored in each match.

(ii) The purple line shows the runs scored by
Batsman A. (This is already indicated at the
top of the graph)
(iii) During the 4th match, both have scored
the same number of 60 runs. (This is indicated
Time by the point at which both graphs meet).
We may call it as a “time-temperature (iv) Batsman A has one great “peak” but
graph”. many deep “valleys”. He does not appear to
be consistent. B, on the other hand has
Example 1: (A graph on “performance”) never scored below a total of 40 runs, even
The given graph (Fig 15.7) represents though his highest score is only 100 in
the total runs scored by two batsmen A comparison to 115 of A. Also A has scored a
and B, during each of the ten different zero in two matches and in a total of 5

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 3

matches he has scored less than 40 runs. Since (iv) The distance covered by the car during
A has a lot of ups and downs, B is a more (a) the 2nd hour (i.e., from 9 am to 10 am)
consistent and reliable batsman. is 100 km, (150 – 50). (b) the 3rd hour
Example 2: The given graph describes (i.e., from 10 am to 11 am) is 50 km
the distances of a car from a city P at (200 – 150).
different times when it is travelling from (v) From the answers to questions (iii) and
City P to City Q, which are (iv), we find that the speed of the car was not
the same all the time. (In fact the graph
350 km apart. Study the graph and answer the illustrates how the speed varied).
following: (vi) We find that the car was 200 km away
PÀæ«Ä¹zÀ zÀÆgÀ(P

from city P when the time was 11 a.m. and

£ÀUÀgÀ¢AzÀ)

also at 12 noon. This shows that the car did

not travel during the interval 11 a.m. to
12 noon. The horizontal line segment
representing “travel” during this period is
illustrative of this fact.
(vii) The car reached City Q at 2 p.m.
Example 3: Plot the point (4, 3) on a graph
sheet. Is it the same as the point (3, 4)?
(i) What information is given on the two Solution:
axes?
(ii) From where and when did the car
begin its journey?
(iii) How far did the car go in the first
hour?
(iv) How far did the car go during (i) the
2nd hour? (ii) the 3rd hour?
(v) Was the speed same during the first
three hours? How do you know it?
(vi) Did the car stop for some duration at
any place? Justify your answer.
(vii) When did the car reach City Q?
Solution:
(i) The horizontal (x) axis shows the time. The
vertical (y) axis shows the distance of the car
from City P.
(ii) The car started from City P at 8 a.m.
(iii)The car travelled 50 km during the first
hour.
[This can be seen as follows. At 8 a.m. it just
started from City P. At 9 a.m. it was at the 50th
km (seen from graph). Hence during the one-
hour time between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m. the car
travelled 50 km].

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 4

From the above graphs we conclude that

(3,4) and (4,3) are not the same. These points lie on a line AC (y -axis)
Example 4: From Fig choose the letter(s) (ii) A (1, 1), B (1, 2), C (1, 3), D (1, 4)
that indicate the location of the points given
below
(i) (2, 1) (ii) (0, 5) (iii) (2, 0)
Also write, (iv) The coordinates of A
(v) The coordiantes of F

These points lie on a line AD (The line is

parallel to y-axis)
(iii) K(1, 3), L(2, 3), M(3, 3), N(4, 3)

Solution:
(i) (2, 1) is the Point E
(ii) (0,5) is the point B
(iii) (2, 0) is the point G
iv) The coordinates of A is (4, 5)
(v) The coordinates of F is (5.5, 0)
Example 5: Plot the following points and
verify if they lie on a line. If they lie on a line,
name it
(i) (0, 2), (0, 5), (0, 6), (0, 3.5)
(ii) A (1, 1), B (1, 2), C (1, 3), D (1, 4) These points lie on a line KN (The line is
(iii) K (1, 3), L (2, 3), M (3, 3), N (4, 3) parallel to x-axis)
(iii) W (2, 6), X (3, 5), Y (5, 3), Z (6, 2) (iii) W(2, 6), X(3, 5), Y(5, 3), Z(6, 2)
Solution: (i) (0, 2), (0, 5), (0, 6), (0, 3.5)

(0,6
)
(0,5
)
(0,3.5
)
(0,2
)

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 5

These points lie on a line WZ Deposit(In ₹) 100 200 300 500 1000
Some Applications: Simple
10 20 30 50 100
Intrest(in Rs)
Example 6: (Quantity and Cost) The
By joining all the point we get, a straight
following table gives the quantity of petrol
line.
and its cost.
Petrol(in Ltrs) 10 15 20 25
Cost ( in ₹) 500 750 1000 1250

Simple intrest in Rs
Plot a graph to show the data
Solution:
Cost in Rupees

Deposit in Rs
(a) Corresponding to ₹250 on horizontal
axis, we get the interest to be ₹25 on vertical
axis.
(b) Corresponding to ₹70 on the vertical
axis, we get the sum to be ₹700 on the
Petrol in Ltrs horizontal axis.

Example 8: (Time and Distance)

Example 7: (Principal and Simple Interest)
Ajit can ride a scooter constantly at a
A bank gives 10% Simple Interest (S.I.) on
speed of 30 kms/hour. Draw a time-
deposits by senior citizens. Draw a graph
distance graph for this situation.
to illustrate the relation between the sum
Use it to find
deposited and simple interest earned.
(i) the time taken by Ajit to ride 75 km.
Find from your graph
(a) the annual interest obtainable for an (ii) The distance covered by Ajith in
𝟏
investment of ₹250. 𝟑 𝟐 hours.
(b) the investment one has to make to get Solution:
an annual simple interest of ₹70. Time Distance covered
Solution: 1hour 1 ×30km = 30km
Deposit Simple intrest/Annum 2hour 2 ×30km = 60km
100 100×1×10
₹ = ₹10 3hour 3 ×30km = 90km
100
200 200×1×10 4hour 4 ×30km = 120km
₹ = ₹20
100 We get a table of values.
300 300×1×10
₹ = ₹30 Time 1 2 4 25
100
500 ₹
500×1×10
= ₹50 Distance 30 60 90 120
100 Join the points. We get a linear graph.
1000 1000×1×10
₹ = ₹100
100

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 6

(a) Corresponding to 75 km on the vertical (b) When was the patient’s temperature
axis, we get the time to be 2.5 hours on the 38.5° C?
horizontal axis. Thus 2.5 hours are needed to (c) The patient’s temperature was the
cover 75 km. same two times during the period given.
1 What were these two times?
(b) Corresponding to 32 hours on the
(d) What was the temperature at 1.30
horizontal axis, the distance covered is
p.m.? How did you arrive at your answer?
105Km on the vertical axis.
(e) During which periods did the patients’
temperature showed an upward trend?
Solution:
(a) The patient’s temperature was 36.50 C
at 1pm.
(b) The patient’s temperature was 38.5°C
Distance Covered in Kms

at 12 noon.
(c) The patient’s temperature was same at
1pm and 2pm.
(d) The temperature at 1.30pm is 36.50C.
The point between 1pm and 2pm, the
temperature line is parallel to X-axis. This
indicates from 1pm to 2pm the temperature
is same.
(e) The patient’s temperature showed an
upward trend from 9am to 11am.
Time in Hours
2. The following line graph shows the yearly
sales figures for a manufacturing company.
Exercise 5.1 (a) What were the sales in
1. The following graph shows the (i) 2002 (ii) 2006?
temperature of a patient in a hospital, (b) What were the sales in
recorded every hour. (i) 2003 (ii) 2005?
(c) Compute the difference between the
sales in 2002 and 2006.
(d) In which year was there the greatest
Temprature( 0 C)

difference between the sales as compared

to its previous year
Sales in Crores

→Time

(a) What was the patient’s temperature

at 1 p.m. ? Years

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 7

Solution: Solution:
(a) The sales in, (a) (i) The plant A was 7cm high after 2
(i) 2002 is 4 crores. weeks
(ii) 2006 is 8 crores. (ii) After 3 weeks it was 9cm high.
(b) The sales in, (b) (i) Plant B was also 7cm high after 2
(i) 2003 is 7 crores. weeks.
(ii) 2005 is 10 crores. (ii) After 3 weeks it was 10cm high.
(c) The diffrecne of sales in 2002 and 2006 (c) Plant A grew 9 – 7 =2cm during 3rd
= 8 – 4 = 4crores. week.
(d)In the year 2005, there was the greatest (d) Plant B grew during end of the 2nd
difference between the sales as compared week to the end of the 3rd week =10 – 7 =
to its previous year, which is 10 – 6 = ₹4
3cm.
crore.
(e) Plant A grew the highest during the 2nd
3. For an experiment in Botany, two week.
different plants, plant A and plant B were
(f) Plant B grew the least during the first
grown under similar laboratory
conditions. Their heights were measured at week.
the end of each week for 3 weeks. The (g) At the end of the 2nd week, plant A and
results are shown by the following graph. B were the same height.
4. The following graph shows the
temperature forecast and the actual
temperature for each day of a week.
(¸ÉA.«ÄÃ.UÀ¼À°è)
→ Height in cms

Plant B (a)On which days was the forecast

temperature the same as the actual
Plant A temperature? (b) What was the
maximum forecast temperature during the
week?
(c)What was the minimum actual
DgÀA¨ temperature during the week?
→ weeks
sÀ (d) On which day did the actual
(a) How high was Plant A after (i) 2 weeks temperature differ the most from the
(ii) 3 weeks? forecast temperature?
(b) How high was Plant B after
(i) 2 weeks (ii) 3 weeks?
(c) How much did Plant A grow during
Temp (in 0 C)

the 3rd week? Actual Temp

(d) How much did Plant B grow from the
end of the 2nd week to the end of the Forecast
3rd week?
(e) During which week did Plant A grow
most? Days
(f) During which week did Plant B grow Solution:
least? (a) On Tuesday, Friday and Sunday, the
(g) Were the two plants of the same height forecast temperature was same as the
during any week shown here? Specify. actual temperature.
(b)The max. forecast temperature was 350C

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 8

(c)The minim forecast temperature was 150C 6. A courier-person cycles from a town to
(d) The actual temperature differed the a neighbouring suburban area to deliver a
most from the forecast temperature on parcel to a merchant. His distance from
Thursday. the town at different times is shown by the
following graph.
5. Use the tables below to draw linear
(a) What is the scale taken for the time
graphs.
axis?
(a) The number of days a hill side city
(b) How much time did the person take for
received snow in different years.
the travel?
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 (c) How far is the place of the merchant
Days 8 10 5 12 from the town?
(b) Population (in thousands) of men and (d) Did the person stop on his way?
women in a village in different years. Explain.
(e) During which period did he ride fastest?
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

zÀÆgÀ(Q.«ÄÃ.UÀ¼À°
Male 12 12.5 13 13.2 13.5

Female 11.3 11.9 13 13.6 12.8

Solution: (a)
→

→ PÁ®
Days

Solution:
(a) 4 units = 1hour
1
(b) The person took 3 2 hours for the
travel.
(c) It was 22km far from the town.
→Years (d) Yes, this has been indicated by the
(b) horizontal part of the graph. He stayed
from 10am t0 10.30am.
(e) He rode the fastest between 8am to
9am.
→Population in Thousands)

7. Can there be a time-temperature graph

as follows? Justify your answer.

(i) (ii)
→ Temperature

→Male
→ Temp

→Female

→Year
→ Time → Time

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 9

(iii) (iv)

→ Temp
→ Temp

Points are in a straight line

(c) K (2, 3), L (5, 3), M(5, 5), N(2, 5)

→ time → time
Solution:
(i) It shows the increase in temperature.
(ii) It shows decrease in temperature.
(iii) The graph fig (iii) is not possible since
temperature is increasing rapidly which is
not possible.
(iv) It is showing constant temperature.

Exercise 5.2 Points are not lie in a straight.

1. Plot the following points on a graph 2. Draw the line passing through (2, 3) and
(3, 2). Find the coordinates of the points at
sheet. Verify if they lie on a line
(a) A (4, 0), B (4, 2), C (4, 6), D (4, 2.5) which this line meets the x-axis and y-axis
(b) P (1, 1), Q (2, 2), R(3, 3), S(4, 4) Solution:
(c) K (2, 3), L (5, 3), M (5, 5), N (2, 5)
Solution:
(a) A (4, 0), B (4, 2), C(4, 6), D(4, 2.5)

The coordinates of the points at which this

line meets the x-axis at(5,0) and y-axis
(0,5)
3. Write the coordinates of the vertices of
Point are in a straight line. each of these adjoining figures.
(b) P (1, 1), Q (2, 2), R(3, 3), S(4, 4)

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 10

Solution: (iii) To get an interest of ₹ 280 per year, how

Verices of the figure OABC much money should be deposited?
O(0, 0), A(2, 0), B(2, 3), C(0, 3) Solution:
Vertices of the figure PQRS (a)
P(4, 3),Q(6, 1), R(6, 5), S(4, 7)
Vertices of the figure MLK

→ Cost in Rs
M(10, 8), L(7, 7), K(10, 5)
4. State whether True or False. Correct
that are false.
(i) A point whose x coordinate is zero and y-
coordinate is non-zero will lie on the y-axis.
(ii) A point whose y coordinate is zero and → Apples
(b)
x-coordinate is 5 will lie on y-axis.
(iii) The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0).
Solution:
(i) True
(ii) False, it will lie on x - axis
→Distance in Kms

(iii)True

Exercise 5.3
1. Draw the graphs for the following tables
of values, with suitable scales on the axes.
(a) Cost of apples
No.of
apples
1 2 3 4 5 → Time
Cost in Rs 5 10 15 20 25
(i) The car covered 20km distance.
(b) The distance travelled by a car
(ii) It was 7.30am, when it covered 100km
Time(Hours) 6am 7am 8am 9am distance.
Distance(kms) 40 80 120 160 (c)
Simple intrest (Rs)

(i) How much distance did the car cover

during the period 7.30 a.m. to 8 a.m?
(ii) What was the time when the car had
covered a distance of 100 km since it’s
start?
(c) Interest on deposits for a year.
Deposit(Rs) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
→ Deposit(Rs)
Simple
intrest(Rs)
80 160 240 320 400
(i) Yes, the graph passes through the
(i) Does the graph pass through the origin? origin.
(ii) Use the graph to find the interest on (ii) Intrest on ₹2500 is ₹200 for a year.
₹ 2500 for a year. (iii) ₹3500 should be deposited for inters
of ₹280.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 5 Introduction to Graph 11

2. Draw a graph for the following. Yes,it is a linear graph.

(i) Is it a linear graph? (ii)
Side of a 2 3 3.5 5 6
square(cms)

Perimetre(cm) 8 12 14 20 24

(ii) Is it a linear graph?

Area(sq.cm)
Side of a 2 3 4 5 6
square(cm)

Area(sq.cm) 4 9 16 25 36

Solution
(i)
→Side of a square in cm
Perimeter(cm)

No, it is not a linear graph.

→ Side of a square(cm)

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 2
Chapter - 6

Factorisation

Copy rights reserved

Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Factorisation 1

Factorisation In algebraic expressions, we use the word

Contents: ‘irreducible’ in place of ‘prime’.
Factors of natural numbers Method of common factors:
Factors of algebraic expressions Example 1: Factorize: 12a2b + 15ab2.
Method of common factors Solution:
Factorization by regrouping terms 12a2b = 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b
What is regrouping? 15ab2 = 3 × 5 × a × b × b
Factorization using identities 12a2b + 15ab2
Factors of the form (x + a) (x + b) = (3 × a × b × 2 × 2 × a) + (3 × a × b × 5 × b)
Division of Algebraic Expressions = 3 × a × b × [(2 × 2 × a) + (5 × b)]
Division of a monomial by another = 3ab × (4a + 5b)
monomial = 3ab (4a + 5b)
Division of a polynomial by a Example2: Factorize: 10x2 – 18x3 + 14x4
monomial Solution:
Finding Errors. 10x2 = 2 × 5 × x × x
Factorization of natural numbers 18x3 = 2 × 3 × 3 × x × x × x
Let us take a natural number, say 30 and 14x4 = 2 × 7 × x × x × x × x
write it as a product of other natural Therefore
numbers, say 10x2 – 18x3 + 14x4 =
30 = 2 × 15 = 3× 10 = 5 × 6 (2×x×x×5) – (2×x×x×3×3×x) +
Thus 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30 are the (2×x×x×7×x×x)
factors of 30. = 2×x × x × [(5 – (3 × 3 × x) + (7 × x × x)]
Of these 2,3,5 are the prime factors of 30. Adding three terms
Thus 30 written as in the prime factor form. = 2x2 × (5 – 9x + 7x2)
30 = 2 × 3 × 5 =2x2 (7x2 – 9x + 5)
The prime factors form of 70 is 2×5×7 Factorization by re grouping:
The prime factors form of 90is 2×3×3×5 Example 3: Factorize: 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x
Factors of algebraic expressions Solution:
In algebraic expression, terms are formed as 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x
product of factors, for example, in the = 6xy – 4y – 9x + 6
algebraic expression 5xy + 3x the term 5xy = 2y (3x – 2) – 3 (3x – 2)
has been formed by the factors 5, x and y, = (3x – 2) (2y – 3)
i.e., Factorization using Identities:
5xy = 5 × x × y, Example 4: Factorize: x2 + 8x + 16
The factors 5, x and y of 5xy cannot further Solution:
expressed as a product of factors. We may a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
say that 5, x and y are prime factors of 5xy. x2 + 8x + 16 = x2 + 2(x) (4) + (4)2
Note: 1 is the factor of all algebraic x2 + 8x + 16 = (x + 4)2
expression. Example 5: Factorize: 4y2 – 12y + 9
Solution:
4y2 – 12y + 9 = (2y)2 – 2 × 3 × (2y) + (3)2
a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 6 Factorisation 2

4y2 – 12y + 9 = (2y – 3)2 Example 13: Do the following

Example 6: Factorize: 49p2 – 36 Divisions: (i) –20x4 ÷ 10x2 (ii) 7x2y2z2 ÷
Solution: 14xyz
49p2 – 36 = (7p)2 – (6)2 Solution:
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) (i) –20x4 ÷ 10x2
49p2 – 36 = (7p – 6) (7p + 6) −20𝑥 4
=
−2×2×5×𝑥×𝑥×𝑥×𝑥
10𝑥 2 2×5×𝑥×𝑥
Example 7: Factorize: a2 – 2ab + b2 – c2
= −2 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 = -2𝑥 2
Solution:
(ii) 7x2y2z2 ÷ 14xyz
a2 – 2ab + b2 – c2 = (a – b)2 – c2
7𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 7×𝑥×𝑥×𝑦×𝑦×𝑧×𝑧
= (a – b + c) (a – b – c) =
14𝑥𝑦𝑧 2×7×𝑥×𝑦×𝑧
Example 8: Factorize: m4 – 256 𝑥×𝑦×𝑧 1
= = 2 𝑥𝑦𝑧
Solution: 2
Division of polynomial by a monomial:
m4 – 256 = (m2)2 – 162
Example 14:
= (m2 + 16) (m2– 16)
Divide 24 (x2yz + xy2z + xyz2) by 8xyz
= (m2 + 16) (m2 – 42)
using both the methods.
= (m2 + 16) (m + 4 m – 4)
Solution:
Factors of the form (x + a) (x + b):
Method– 1
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
24 (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )
Example 9: Factorize: x2 + 5x + 6
Solution: 8𝑥𝑦𝑧
8×3[(𝑥×𝑥×𝑦×𝑧 + 𝑥×𝑦×𝑦×𝑧 + 𝑥×𝑦×𝑧×𝑧)
x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b) = 8𝑥×𝑦×𝑧
x2 + 5x + 6 8×𝑥×𝑦×𝑧 ×3[(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
=
= x2 + (3 + 5) x + 3×2 8𝑥×𝑦×𝑧

= (x + 3) (x + 2) = 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
Example 10: Factorize: y2 – 7y + 12 Method – 2
Solution: 24 (x2yz + xy2z + xyz2) ÷ 8xyz
24 (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )
x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b) = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧
y2 – 7y + 12 = 24 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 24 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 24 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2
y2 + (−3 − 4) y + (−3)× (−4) = + +
8𝑥𝑦𝑧 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 8𝑥𝑦𝑧
= (y – 3) (y – 4) = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧
Example 11: Factorize: z2 – 4z – 12 = 3(x + y + z)
Solution: Example 15: Divide 44 (x4 – 5x3 – 24x2) by
x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b) 11x (x – 8)
z2 – 4z – 12 = z2 + (2 – 6) z + 2 (-6) Solution:
z2 – 4z – 12 = (z + 2) (z – 6) Let’s factories 44 (x4 – 5x3 – 24 x2)
Example 12: Factorize: 3m2 + 9m + 6. 44(x4 – 5x3 – 24x2)
Solution: = 2 × 2 × 11 × x2(x2 – 5x – 24)
x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b) = 2 × 2 × 11 × x2(x2 – 8x + 3x – 24)
3m2 + 9m + 6 = 3(m2 + 3m + 2) = 2 × 2 × 11 × x2 [x (x – 8) + 3(x – 8)]
3(m2+ 3m + 2) = 3[(m2 + (2 + 1) m + 2× 1 = 2 × 2 × 11 × x2 (x + 3) (x – 8)
= 3(m + 2) (m + 1) ∴ 44 (x4 – 5x3+ 24x2) ÷ 11x (x – 8)
Division of Algebraic Expression: 44(𝑥 4 −5𝑥 3 +24𝑥 2 )
=
Division of monomial by another 11𝑥(𝑥−8)

monomial:

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 6 Factorisation 3

=
2 × 2 × 11 × 𝑥×𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 – 8) 24ab2= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × a× b × b
11𝑥(𝑥−8)
12a2b= 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a× b
= 2 × 2 × 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)
Common factors: 2 × 3 × a× b
= 4x (x + 3)
(vi)16x3, –4x2, 32x
Example 16: Divide z (5x2 – 80) by 5z (z+
16x3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × x
4)
- 4x2= (-1) × 2 × 2 × x × x
Solution:
32x= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2× 𝑥
Dividend= z (5z2 – 80)
Common factors: 2 × 2 × x × 𝑥
= z [(5 × z2)] – (5 × 16)]
(vii) 10pq, 20qr, 30rp
= z × 5 × (z2 – 16)
10pq = 2 × 5 × p × q
= z × 5 × (z + 4) (z – 4)
Using the Identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) 20qr= 2 × 2 × 5 × q × r
z (5x2 – 80) ÷ 5z (z + 4) 30rp= 2 × 3 × 5 × r × p
=
𝑧×5×(𝑧+4)(𝑧−4)
= (𝑧 − 4) Common factors: 2 × 5
5𝑧(𝑧+4) (viii) 3x2 y3, 10x3 y2,6x2 y2z
3x2y3 = 3 × x × 𝑥 × y × y× y
Exercise 6.1 10x3y2= 2 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × x × y × y
6x2y2z= 2 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × y× y × z
1. Find the common factors of the given
Common factors: x × x × y× y
terms.
2. Factorize the following expressions.
(i)12x, 36 (ii)2y, 22xy (iii)14pq, 28p2q2
(iv)2x, 3x2, 4 (v) 6abc, 24ab2, 12a2b (i) 7x – 42 (ii) 6p – 12q
(vi)16x3, –4x2, 32x (vii) 10pq, 20qr, 30rp (iii) 7a2 + 14a (iv) – 16z + 20z3
(viii) 3x2 y3, 10x3 y2,6x2 y2z (v)20l2m + 30alm (vi) 5x2y – 15xy2
Solution: (vii) 10a2 – 15b2 + 20c2
(i)12x, 36 (viii) – 4a2 + 4ab – 4ca
12x = 2 × 2 × 3 × x (ix) x2yz + xy2z + xyz2
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 (x) ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz
Common factors: 2 × 2 × 3 Solution:
(i) 7x – 42
(ii)2y, 22xy
7× 𝑥 – 7 × 6
2y = 2 × 𝑦
= 7(x – 6)
22y = 2 × 11 × 𝑦
(ii) 6p – 12q
Common factors: 2 × 𝑦
2× 3 × p – 2× 2 × 3 × q
(iii)14pq, 28p2q2
= 2 × 3 (p– 2×q)
14pq = 2 × 7 × p × q
= 6(p– 2q)
28p2q2= 2 × 2 × 7 × p × p× q × q
(iii) 7a2 + 14a
Common factors: 2 × 7 × p× q
7× 𝑎 × 𝑎+2× 7 × 𝑎
(iv)2x, 3x2, 4
= 7× 𝑎 (a+2)
2x = 2 × x
= 7a (a +2)
3x2= 3 × 𝑥 × x
(iv) – 16z + 20z3
4= 2 × 2
(-1)× 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑧+2× 2 × 5 × z ×
Common factor: 1
z×z
(v) 6abc, 24ab2, 12a2b
= 2× 2 × 𝑧 (-2× 2+5× 𝑧 × 𝑧)
6abc = 2 × 3 × a × b × c
= 4z(-4+5z2)

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 6 Factorisation 4

(v)20l2m + 30alm = x (a+ b) – y (a+ b)

2 × 2 × 5 × 𝑙 × 𝑙 × 𝑚+2× 3 × 5 × 𝑎 × = (x – y) (a+b)
𝑙×𝑚 (iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p
= 2× 5 × 𝑙 × 𝑚(2×l +3×a) = 15pq + 25p + 9q + 15
= 10lm (2l +3a) = 5p (3q+ 5) + 3(3q+ 5)
(vi) 5x2y – 15xy2 = (5p + 3) (3q +5)
5 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦- 3 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 (v) z – 7 + 7xy – xyz
= 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦(x – 3×y) = 7xy – 7 – xyz + z
= 5xy (x – 3y) = 7(xy– 1) – z (xy– 1)
(vii) 10a2 – 15b2 + 20c2 = (7 – z) (xy– 1)
2 × 5 × 𝑎 × 𝑎- 3 × 5 × 𝑏 × 𝑏 or (z – 7) (1 – xy)
+2×2 ×5×𝑐×𝑐 Exercise 6.2
= 5(2×a× a – 3× b × b + 4× c × c)
= 5(2a2 – 3b2 + 4c2) 1.Factorise the following expressions.
(viii) – 4a2 + 4ab – 4ca (i) a2 + 8a + 16 (ii) p2 – 10p + 25
(-1)× 2 × 2 × 𝑎 × 𝑎+ 2 × 2 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 (iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9
- 2×2 ×𝑐×𝑎 (iv) 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2
= 2× 2 × 𝑎(– a + b– c) (v) 4x2 – 8x + 4
= 4𝑎(– a + b– c) (vi) 121b2 – 88bc + 16c2
(ix) x2yz + xy2z + xyz2 (vii) (l + m)2 – 4lm
x× x × 𝑦 × 𝑧+ 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 (Hint: Expand (l + m)2 first)
+ x× 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧 (viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4
= x× 𝑦 × 𝑧(x+ 𝑦 +z) Solution:
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧(x+ y + z) (i) a2 + 8a + 16
(x) ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz a2 + 8a + 16
a× x × 𝑥 × 𝑦+ 𝑏 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 a2 + 2(a)(4) + 42
Identity
+ c× 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧
(a2 + 2ab + b2) = (a + b)2
= x× 𝑦(a×x+ 𝑏 × 𝑦 + 𝑐 × z)
∴ a2 + 2(a)(4) + 42 = (a + 4)2
= 𝑥𝑦(ax+ 𝑏y + 𝑐z)
(ii) p2 – 10p + 25
3. Factorize:
p2 – 2(p)(5) + 52
(i) x2 + xy + 8x + 8y
Identity
(ii) 15xy – 6x + 5y – 2
(a2 – 2ab + b2) = (a – b)2
(iii) ax + bx – ay – by
∴ p2 – 2(p)(5) + 52 = (p – 5)2
(iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p
(iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9
(v) z – 7 + 7xy – xyz
(5m)2 + 2(5m) (3) + 32
solution:
Identity
(i) x2 + xy + 8x + 8y
(a2 + 2ab + b2) = (a + b)2
= x (x + y) + 8(x + y)
= (x + 8) (x + y) ∴ (5m)2 + 2(5m) (3) + 32 = (5m +3)2
(ii) 15xy – 6x + 5y – 2 (iv) 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2
= 3x(5y–2) + 1(5y– 2) (7y)2 + 2(7y) (6z) + (6z)2
= (3x + 1) (5y–2) Identity
(iii) ax + bx – ay – by (a2 + 2ab + b2) = (a + b)2
∴ (7y)2 + 2(7y) (6z) + (6z)2= (7y + 6z)2

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 6 Factorisation 5

(v) 4x2 – 8x + 4 (iii) 49x2 – 36

(2x)2 – 2(2x) (2) + 22 (7x)2 – 62
Identity Identity
(a2 – 2ab + b2) = (a – b)2 a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
∴ (2x)2 – 2(2x) (2) + 22= (2x – 2)2 ∴(7x)2 – 62 = (7x + 6) (7x – 6)
= 4(x – 2)2 (iv) 16x5 – 144x3
(vi) 121b2 – 88bc + 16c2 x3× 16[x2 – 9]
(11b)2 – 2(11b) (4c) + (4c)2 16x3 [(x)2 – 32]
Identity Identity
(a2 – 2ab + b2) = (a – b)2 a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
∴ (11b)2 – 2(11b) (4c) + (4c)2= (11b – 4c)2 ∴16x3 [(x2 – 32] = 16x3(x + 3) (x – 3)
(vii) (l + m)2 – 4lm (v) (l + m)2 – (l – m)2
Identity Identity
(a + b)2 = (a2 + 2ab + b2) a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
(l + m)2 = l2+ 2lm + m2 (l + m)2 – (l – m)2
(l + m)2 – 4lm = l2+ 2lm + m2– 4lm = [(l + m) + (l – m) (l + m – (l – m)]
= l2– 2lm + m2 = [(l + m + l – m) (l + m – l+ m)]
Identity = [(2l) (2m)]
(a2 – 2ab + b2) = (a – b)2 = 4lm
∴l2– 2lm + m2= (l – m)2 (vi) 9x2y2 – 16
(viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4 = (3xy)2 - 42
(a2)2 + 2(a2) (b2) + (b2)2 Identity
Identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
(a2 + 2ab + b2) = (a + b)2 ∴(3xy)2 - 42= (3xy + 4) (3xy – 4)
∴ (a2)2 + 2(a2) (b2) + (b2)2= (a2 + b2)2 (vii) (x2 – 2xy + y2) – z2
2. Factorize: (x – y)2 – z2[∵(x2 – 2xy + y2) = (x – y)2]
(i) 4p2 – 9q2 (ii) 63a2 – 112b2 Identity
(iii) 49x2 – 36 (iv) 16x5 – 144x3 a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
(v) (l + m)2 – (l – m)2 (vi) 9x2y2 – 16 ∴(x – y)2 – z2 = (x – y – z) (x – y + z)
(vii) (x2 – 2xy + y2) – z2 (viii) 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2
(viii) 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2 25a2 – [(2b)2 – 2×2b×7c – (7c)2]
Solution: = (5a)2 – (2b – 7c)2
(i) 4p2 – 9q2 Identity
(2p)2 – (3q)2 a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
Identity ∴(5a)2 – (2b – 7c)2
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) = [5a+ (2b – 7c) (5a– (2b– 7c)
∴ (2p)2 – (3q)2 = (2p + 3q) (2p – 3q) = (5a + 2b – 7c) (5a– 2b + 7c)
(ii) 63a2 – 112b2 3. Factorize the expressions.
7× 9a2 – 7× 16b2 (i) ax2 + bx (ii) 7p2 + 21q2
7[(3a)2 – (4b)2] (iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2
Identity (iv) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) (v) (lm + l) + m + 1
∴7[(3a)2 – (4b)2] = 7(3a + 4b) (3a – 4b) (vi) y (y + z) + 9 (y + z)

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 6 Factorisation 6

(vii) 5y2 – 20y – 8z + 2yz = (x2)2 – [(y + z)2]2

(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2 = [x2 + (y + z)2] [x2 – (y + z)2]
(ix) 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x = [x2 + (y + z)2] [x+ (y + z)] [x – (y + z)]
Solution: = [x2 + (y + z)2] [x+y + z)] [x – y – z]
(i) ax2 + bx [Identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= x (ax + b) (iv) x4 – (x – z)4
(ii) 7p2 + 21q2 = (x2)2 – [(x – z)2]2
= 7(p2 + 3q2) = [x2 + (x – z )2] [x2 – (x – z)2]
(iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2 = [x2 + (x2 – 2xz + z2)] [{x+ (x – z)}
= 2x (x2 + y2 + z2) {x – (x – z)}]
(iv) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2 = (x2+ x2 – 2xz + z2) (x + x – z) (x – x + z)
= m2(a + b) + n2(a + b) = (2x2 – 2xz + z2) (2x – z) z
= (m2 + n2) (a + b) [Identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
(v) (lm + l) + m + 1 (v) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4
= l (m + 1) + 1(m + 1) = (a2)2 – 2a2b2 + (b2)2[(a-b)2= a2- 2ab + b2]
= (l+ 1) (m + 1) = (a2 – b2)2
(vi) y (y + z) + 9 (y + z) = [(a + b) (a – b)]2[a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (y + 9) (y + z) = (a + b)2 (a – b)2
(vii) 5y2 – 20y – 8z + 2yz 5.Factorise the following expressions.
= 5y2 – 20y + 2yz – 8z (i) p2 + 6p + 8 (ii) q2 – 10q + 21
= 5y (y – 4) + 2z (y – 4) (iii) p2 + 6p – 16
= (5y + 2z) (y – 4) Solution:
(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2 (i) p2 + 6p + 8
= 10ab + 5b + 4a + 2 = p2 + (4 + 2) p + 4× 2
= 5b (2a + 1) + 2(2a + 1) = p2 + (4 + 2) p + 4× 2
= (5b + 2) (2a + 1) = (p + 4) (p + 2)
(ix) 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x [Identity x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x +a) (x+b)]
= 6xy – 9x – 4y + 6 (ii) q2 – 10q + 21
= 3x (2y – 3) –2(2y – 3) = q2+ (–7– 3) q + (-7) (-3)
= (3x – 2) (2y – 3) = (q– 7) (q – 3)
[Identity x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x +a) (x+b)]
4. Factorize.
(iii) p2 + 6p – 16
(i) a4 – b4 (ii) p4 – 81 (iii) x4 – (y + z)4 (iv)
= p2+ (8– 2) p + (8) (-2)
x4 – (x – z)4 (v) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4
= (p+8) (p – 2)
Solution:
[Identity x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x +a) (x+b)]
(i) a4 – b4
= (a2)2 – (b2)2 = (a2 + b2) (a2 – b2)
Exercise 6.3
= (a2 + b2) (a + b) (a – b)
1.Carry out the following divisions.
[Identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
(i) 28x4 ÷ 56x (ii) –36y3 ÷ 9y2
(ii) p4 – 81
(iii) 66pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2
= (p2)2 – (9)2 = (p2 + 9) (p2 – 9)
(iv) 34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3
= (p2 + 9) (p2– 32)
(v) 12a8b8 ÷ (– 6a6b4)
= (p2 + 9) (p+ 3) (p – 3)
[Identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
(iii) x4 – (y + z)4 Solution:

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 6 Factorisation 7

(i) 28x4 ÷ 56x x3 + 2x2 + 3x

28𝑥 4 28𝑥×𝑥 3 2x
= x3 2x2 3x
56𝑥 28𝑥×2 = 2x + + 2x
1 3 2x
= 2𝑥 x2 3
= +x +2
(ii) –36y3 ÷ 9y2 2
1
−36y3 −4y×9y2 = 2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3)
=
9y2 9y2
(v) (p3q6 – p6q3) ÷ p3q3
= −4y p3 q6 − p6 q3
(iii) 66pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2 p3 q3
66pq2 r3 6pqr×11qr2 p3 q6 p6 q3
= = p3 q3 – p3 q3
11qr2 11qr2
= 6pqr = q3 – p 3
(iv) 34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3 3.Workout the following divisions.
34x3 y3 z3 2x2 y ×17xy2 z3 (i) (10x – 25) ÷ 5
=
51xy2 z3 3×17xy2 z3
2×x×x×y
(ii) (10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5)
= (iii) 10y (6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7)
3
=
2 2
x y (iv) 9x2y2(3z – 24) ÷ 27xy (z – 8)
3
(v)96abc (3a – 12) (5b – 30)
(v) 12a8b8 ÷ (– 6a6b4)
12a8 b8 2a2 b4 ×6a6 b4
÷ 144(a – 4) (b – 6)
= Solution:
−6a6 b4 −6a6 b4
2 4
= −2a b (i) (10x – 25) ÷ 5
2. Divide the given polynomial by the 10x−25
=
5(2x−5)
5 5
given monomial.
= 2x − 5
(i) (5x2 – 6x) ÷ 3x
(ii) (10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5)
(ii) (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4 10x−25 5(2x−5)
(iii) 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2 = =5
2x−5 2x−5
(iv) (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x (iii) 10y (6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7)
(v) (p3q6 – p6q3) ÷ p3q3 10y(6y+ 21)
=
2×5×y×3(2y+7)
5(2y+7) 5(2y+7)
Solution:
= 2y × 3 = 6y
(i) (5x2 – 6x) ÷ 3x
5x2 – 6x 5x2 6x
(iv) 9x2y2(3z – 24) ÷ 27xy (z – 8)
= – 3x 9x2 y2 (3z− 24) 9xy×xy×3(z− 8)
3x 3x =
5 1 27xy(z−8) 27xy(z−8)
= 3 x – 2 ⇒ 3 (5x − 6) xy×27xy(z− 8)
= = xy
(ii) (3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4 27xy(z−8)
3y8 – 4y6 + 5y4 3y8 4y6 5y4 (v)96abc (3a – 12) (5b – 30)
= – +
y4 y4 y4 y4 ÷ 144(a – 4) (b – 6)
= 3y 4 – 4y 2 + 5 96abc(3a− 12)(5b−30)

(iii) 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2 144(a−4)(b −6)

12×4×2×3×5×abc(a− 4)(b− 6)
8(x3 y2 z2 + x 2 y3 z 2 + x 2 y2 z 3 ) = 12×4×3(a−4)(b −6)
4x2 y2 z2
8x3 y2 z2 8x2 y3 z2 8x2 y2 z3 ) = 10abc
= 4x2 y2z2 + + 4. Divide as directed.
4x2 y2 z2 4x2 y2 z2
= 2x + 2y + 2z (i) 5(2x + 1) (3x + 5) ÷ (2x + 1)
= 2(x + y + z) (ii) 26xy (x + 5) (y – 4) ÷ 13x (y – 4)
(iv) (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x (iii) 52pqr(p + q)(q + r)(r + p)

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 6 Factorisation 8

÷ 104pq(q + r) (r + p) [Identity x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b)]

(iv) 20(y + 4) (y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(y + 4) = (y + 2)
(v) x (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) ÷ x (x + 1) (ii) (m2 – 14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2)
(m2 −14m−32)
Solution:
m+2
(i) 5(2x + 1) (3x + 5) ÷ (2x + 1) m2 +( 2−16)m +(2)(−16)
5(2x+1)(3x+5) = m+2
2x+1 [Identity x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b)]
= 5(3x + 5) (m+2)(m−16)
=
(ii) 26xy (x + 5) (y – 4) ÷ 13x (y – 4) m+2
26xy(x + 5)(y−4) = (m – 16)
13x(y−4) (iii) (5p2 – 25p + 20) ÷ (p – 1)
13x×2y(x + 5)(y−4)
= (5p2 −25p+20)
13x(y−4)
p− 1
=2y(x + 5) (5p2 −20p−5p +20)
(iii) 52pqr (p + q) (q + r) (r + p) = p− 1
÷ 104pq (q + r) (r + p) =
5p( p−4)−5(p−4)
52pqr(p+q )(q+r)(r+ p) p− 1
(5p−5)( p−4)
104pq(q+r)(r+p) =
52pq × r(p+q )(q+r)(r+ p) p− 1
= 5(p−1)( p−4)
2 ×52pq(q+r)(r+p) = = 5(p – 4)
r(p+q ) 1 p− 1
= = 2 r (p + q) (iv) 4yz (z2 + 6z – 16) ÷ 2y (z + 8)
2
(iv) 20(y + 4) (y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(y + 4) 4yz(z2 +6z−16)
20(y + 4)(y2 +5y+3) 2y(z+8)
5(y + 4) 2y×2z[z2 +(8−2)z−8×−2]
=
4×5(y + 4)(y2 +5y+3) 2y(z+8)
= [Identity x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b)]
5(y + 4)
= 4(y 2 + 5y + 3) =
2y×2z×(z+8)(z−2)
2y(z+8)
(v) x (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) ÷ x (x + 1)
x(x + 1)(x +2)(x+3)
= 2z (z – 2)
= (v) 5pq (p2 – q2) ÷ 2p (p + q)
x(x + 1)
= (x + 2)(x + 3) 5pq(p2 − q2 )
2p(p + q)
5.Factorise the expressions and divide 5pq(p+q)(p−q)
them as directed. = [a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
2p(p + q)
(i) (y2 + 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5) 5q(p−q) 5
= = 2 q(p − q)
(ii) (m2 – 14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2) 2
(vi) 12xy (9x2 – 16y2) ÷ 4xy (3x + 4y)
(iii) (5p2 – 25p + 20) ÷ (p – 1)
12xy(9x2 − 16y2 )
(iv) 4yz (z2 + 6z – 16) ÷ 2y (z + 8) 4xy(3x + 4y)
(v) 5pq (p2 – q2) ÷ 2p (p + q) 3 ×4 xy[ (3x)2 − (4y)2 ]
=
(vi) 12xy (9x2 – 16y2) ÷ 4xy (3x + 4y) 4xy(3x + 4y)
3 ×4 xy(3x+4y)(3x−4y)
(vii) 39y3(50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2(5y + 7) = 4xy(3x + 4y)
Solution: [Identity x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b)]
(i) (y2 + 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5) = 3(3x − 4y)
(yy2 +7yy+10)
yy+5
(vii) 39y3(50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2(5y + 7)
39y3 (50y2 − 98)
yy2 +(5+2)yy+5×2)
= 26y2 (5y + 7)
yy+5
3y×13y2 ×2(25y2 − 49)
=
(y+5)(y+2) =
y+5 26y2 (5y + 7)

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 6 Factorisation 9

3y×26y2 [(5y)2 − 72 ] Correct answer: 5y + 2y + y – 7y = y

= 26y2 (5y + 7)
6. 3x + 2x = 5x2
3y×26y2 [(5y+7)(5y−7)]
= Correct answer: 3x+ 2x= 5x
26y2 (5y + 7)
=3y(5y − 7) 7. (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7 = 2x2 + 8x + 7
Correct answer:
Exercise 6.4 (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7 = 4x2 + 8x + 7
Find and correct the errors in the 8. (2x)2 +5x = 4x + 5x = 9x
following mathematical statements. Correct answer: (2x)2 +5x = 4x2 + 5x
1. 4(x – 5) = 4x – 5 9. (3x + 2)2 = 3x2 + 6x + 4
2. x (3x + 2) = 3x2 + 2 Correct answer :(3x + 2)2 = 9x2 + 12x + 4
3. 2x + 3y = 5xy 10. x = – 3 in
4. x + 2x + 3x = 5x (a) x2 + 5x + 4 gives
5. 5y + 2y + y – 7y = 0 (– 3)2 + 5 (– 3) + 4 = 9 + 2 + 4 = 15
6. 3x + 2x = 5x2 Correct answer:
7. (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7 = 2x2 + 8x + 7 (-3)2 + 5(-3) + 4 = 9 – 15 + 4 = - 2
8. (2x)2 +5x = 4x + 5x = 9x (b) x2 – 5x + 4gives
9. (3x + 2)2 = 3x2 + 6x + 4 (– 3)2 – 5 (– 3) + 4 = 9 – 15 + 4 = – 2
10. Substituting x = – 3 in Correct answer:
(a) x2 + 5x + 4 gives (– 3)2 – 5 (– 3) + 4 = 9 + 15 + 4 = 28
(– 3)2 + 5 (– 3) + 4 = 9 + 2 + 4 = 15 (c) x2 + 5x gives
(b) x2 – 5x + 4 gives (– 3)2 + 5 (–3) = – 9 –15 = – 24
(– 3)2 – 5 (– 3) + 4 = 9 – 15 + 4 = – 2 Correct answer:
(c) x2 + 5x gives (– 3)2 + 5 (–3) = 9 –15 = – 6
(– 3)2 + 5 (–3) = – 9 –15 = – 24 11. (y – 3)2 = y2 – 9
11. (y – 3)2 = y2 – 9 Correct answer: (y – 3)2 = y2 – 6y + 9
12. (z + 5)2 = z2 + 25 12. (z + 5)2 = z2 + 25
13. (2a + 3b) (a – b) = 2a2 – 3b2 Correct answer: (z + 5)2 = z2 + 10z + 25
14. (a + 4) (a + 2) = a2 + 8 13. (2a + 3b) (a – b) = 2a2 – 3b2
15. (a – 4) (a – 2) = a2 – 8 Correct answer:
𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 (2a + 3b) a – (2a + 3b) b
16. 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 0 17. = 1+1 = 2
𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 2a2+ 3ab – 2ab - 3b2
𝟑𝒙 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
18. 𝟑𝒙+𝟐 = 𝟐 19. 𝟒𝒙+𝟑 = 𝟒𝒙 = 2a2 + ab – 3b2
20.
𝟒𝒙+𝟓
=5 21.
𝟕𝒙+𝟓
= 7x 14. (a + 4) (a + 2) = a2 + 8
𝟒𝒙 𝟓
Correct answer :(a + 4) (a + 2)
Solution:
= (a + 4) a + (a + 4)×2
1. 4(x – 5) = 4x – 5
= a2 + 4a + 2a + 8
Correct answer :4(x – 5) = 4x – 20
= a2 + 6a + 8
2. x (3x + 2) = 3x2 + 2
15. (a – 4) (a – 2) = a2 – 8
Correct answer: x (3x + 2) = 3x2 + 2x
Correct answer :(a – 4) (a – 2)
3. 2x + 3y = 5xy
= (a – 4) a – (a – 4)×2
Correct answer: 2x + 3y = 2x + 3y
= a2 – 4a – 2a + 8
4. x + 2x + 3x = 5x
= a2 – 6a + 8
Correct answer: x + 2x + 3x= 6x
5. 5y + 2y + y – 7y = 0

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 6 Factorisation 10

𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
16. 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 0 19. 𝟒𝒙+𝟑 = 𝟒𝒙
Correct answer: Correct answer:
3𝑥 2 3 3
=1 =
3𝑥 2 4𝑥+3 4𝑥+3
𝟒𝒙+𝟓
𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 20. =5
17. = 1+1 = 2 𝟒𝒙
𝟑𝒙𝟐
Correct answer:
Correct answer:
4𝑥+5 4𝑥 5 5
3𝑥 2 +1 3𝑥 2 1 1 = 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 1 + 4𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 = 1 + 3𝑥 2 4𝑥
3𝑥 2 𝟕𝒙+𝟓
𝟑𝒙 𝟏 21. = 7x
18. 𝟑𝒙+𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟓
Correct answer:
Correct answer: 7𝑥+5 7𝑥 5 7𝑥
3𝑥 3𝑥 = +5 = +1
= 5 5 5
3𝑥+2 3𝑥+2

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 2
Chapter - 7
Visualising the
Solids
Copy rights reserved
Chapter 7 Chapter 7 Visualising the solids 1

Visualising the solids

Contents: 4.Maps use a scale which is fixed for a
Introduction particular map. It reduces the real distances
Views of 3D shapes proportionately to distances on the paper.
Maping space around us
Faces, Edges and vertices:
Faces, edges and vertices
Plane shapes have two measurements like
length and breadth and therefore they are called
two-dimensional shapes whereas a solid object
has three measurements like length, breadth,
height or depth. Hence, they are called three-
dimensional shapes. Also, a solid object
occupies some space. Two-dimensional and
three-dimensional figures can also be briefly
named as 2-D and 3- D figures. Triangle,
rectangle, circles are two dimensional
figures. Cubes, cylinder, sphere etc are 3
dimensional shapes.
Maping space around us Each of these solids is made up of
use of certain symbols and mentioning of polygonal regions which are called its
distances has helped us read the map easily. faces; these faces meet at edges which are
Observe that the distances shown on the map line segments; and the edges meet at vertices
are proportional to the actual distances on the which are points. Such solids are called
ground. This is done by considering a proper polyhedrons.
scale. While drawing (or reading) a map, one
must know, to what scale it has to be drawn
(or has been drawn), i.e., how much of actual
distance is denoted by 1mm or 1cm in the map.
This means, that if one draws a map, he/she
has to decide that 1cm of space in that map
shows a certain fixed distance of say 1 km or
10 km. This scale can vary from map to map
but not within a map. The larger the place and
smaller the size of the map drawn, the greater These are polyhedrons
is the distance represented by 1 cm.
1. A map depicts the location of a particular
object/place in relation to other objects/places.
2. Symbols are used to depict the different
objects/places.
3. There is no reference or perspective in
map, i.e., objects that are closer to the
observer are shown to be of the same size
as those that are farther away.
These are not a polyhedron

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 7 Visualising the solids 2

Euler’s formula for polyhedron:

F+V=E+2
F- Number of faces. V – Number of
vertices, E - Number of edges.
Convex polyhedron:
Tin

Solution:
(a) – (iii) – (iv)
(b) – (i) – (v)
Regular Polyhedron:
(c) – (iv) – (ii)
Regular polyhedrons: A polyhedron is
(d) – (v) – (iii)
said to be regular if its faces are made up of
(e) – (ii) – (i)
regular polygons and the same number of
2. For each of the given solid, the three
faces meet at each vertex.
views are given. Identify for each solid the
corresponding top, front and side views.
(a) Top (i) (ii) (iii)

Exercise 7.1 Side

Front
1. For each of the given solid, the two An almirah
views are given. Match for each solid (i) (ii (iii)
(b) Top
the corresponding top and front views. )
The first one is done for you.
Side

Front
Match box
(c) Top

Bottle
Side
Front
TV
(d) Top

A weight
side
front
car
Solution:
A flask (a) (i) front (ii) side (iii) top
(b) (i) side (ii) front (iii) top
(c) (i) front (ii) side (iii) top
(d) (i) front (ii) side (iii) top
3. For each given solid, identify the top
view, front view and side view..
Cup and saucer

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 7 Visualising the solids 3

(a)
top

side
front (i) (ii) (iii)
Solution:
(b) front side top
top
side
(a)

front (i) (ii) (iii)

(c) (b)
top

side

(c)
front (i) (ii) (iii)

(d)
top

(d)
side
front (i) (ii) (iii)

(e)
top (e)

side

(i) (ii) (iii)

front
Solution: (f)
(a) (i) top (ii) front (iii) side
(b) (i) side (ii) front (iii) top
C
(d) (i) side (ii) front (iii) top
(e) (i) front (ii) top (iii) side Exercise 7.2
4. Draw the front view, side view and top 1. Look at the following map of a city
view of the given objects.
Cemetary Station
Fire service Bus
depot
Gandhi Rd
Hospital
Locality

City
park Lake
Market
Hr.pry.
school
City college
Community center
YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard
 Chapter 7 Visualising the solids 4

Answer the following. (iii) a square and four triangles – Yes, it is

(a) Colour the map as follows: Blue-water, called square base pyramid.
red-fire station, orange-library, yellow 2. Is it possible to have a polyhedron with
schools, Green - park, Pink - College, any given number of faces? (Hint: Think of
a pyramid).
Purple - Hospital, Brown - Cemetery.
Solution:
(b) Mark a green ‘X’ at the intersection of
It is possible only when the number of
Road ‘C’ and Nehru Road, Green ‘Y’at
faces is more than or equal to 4.
the intersection of Gandhi Road and Road A.
3. Which are prisms among the following?
(c) In red, draw a short street route from
Library to the bus depot.
(d) Which is further east, the city park or
the market? (i) (ii)
(e) Which is further south, the primary
school or the Sr. Secondary School?
Solution: A Nail Un sharpened pencil
This is a creativity. Do it yourself. (iii) (iv)
2. Draw a map of your class room using
proper scale and symbols for different
objects.
Solution: Paper wait A box
This is a creativity. Do it yourself.
3. Draw a map of your school compound Solution:
using proper scale and symbols for (ii) Un sharpened pencil and
various features like play ground main (iv) A box are prisms
building, garden etc. 4. (i) How are prisms and cylinders alike?
Solution: (ii) How are pyramids and cones alike?
This is a creativity. Do it yourself. Solution:
4. Draw a map giving instructions to your (i) A prism becomes a cylinder as the
friend so that she reaches your house number of sides of its base becomes larger
without any difficulty. and larger.
Solution: (ii) A prism becomes a cone as the number
This is a creativity. Do it yourself. of sides of its base becomes larger and
larger.
5. Is a square prism same as a cube?
Exercise7.3
Explain.
1. Can a polyhedron have for its faces Solution:
(i) 3 triangles? No, it can be cuboid also.
(ii) 4 triangles? 6. Verify Euler’s formula for these solids
(iii) a square and four triangles?
¥ÀjºÁgÀ:
Solution:
(i) 3 triangles – not possible (i) (ii)
(ii) 4 triangles – Yes, it is called triangular
base pyramid.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 7 Visualising the solids 5

Solution:
(i) F = 7 ; V = 10; E = 10
Euler’s Formula (i) F + V = E + 2
F+V=E+2 F + 6 = 12 + 2
F- Number of faces. V – Number of F = 14 – 6
vertices, E - Number of edges. F=8
7 + 10 = 15 + 2 (ii) F + V = E + 2
17 = 17 5+V=9+2
Hence, Verified. V = 11 – 5
(i) F = 9 ; V = 9; E = 16 V=6
Euler’s Formula (iii) F + V = E + 2
F+V=E+2 20 + 12 = E + 2
F- Number of faces. V – Number of 32 = E + 2
vertices, E - Number of edges. E = 32 – 2
9 + 9 = 16 + 2 E = 30
18 = 18 8. Can a polyhedron have 10 faces, 20
Hence, Verified. edges and 15 vertices?
7. Using Euler’s formula find the unknown Solution:
Faces ? 5 20 Euler’s Formula
Vertices 6 ? 12 F+V=E+2
Edges 12 9 ? F- Number of faces. V – Number of
Solution:
vertices, E - Number of edges.
Faces 8 5 20
F + V = 10 + 15 = 25
Vertices 6 6 12
E + 2 = 20 + 2 = 22
Edges 12 9 30
Here, F + V ≠ E + 2
Euler’s Formula
F+V=E+2 No, it does not follow Euler’s formula.
F- Number of faces. V – Number of
vertices, E - Number of edges.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 2
Chapter - 8
Comparing
Quantities
Copy rights reserved
 Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 1

Comparing Quantities
Contents: 1. Percentage of girls is 60%, therefore
Recalling Ratios and Percentages percentage of boys is 40%
Finding the Increase or Decrease Therefore, the ratio of girls to boys is
Percent 60 3
60: 40 = 40 = 2 = 3: 2
Finding Discounts
2. Number of girls =18
Estimation in Percentages
Let the number of boys be ‘x’
Prices related to Buying and Selling
3 :2 = 18: x
(Profit and Loss) 3 18 18
Finding cost price, selling price, = ⇒x= × 2 = 12
2 𝑥 3
profit percentage, loss percentage. 2.cost per person
Sales Tax/Value Added Tax/Goods Transportation charge = 2×55 × 12=1320
and Services Tax (GST). Refreshment charge = 4280
Compound Interest Total number of persons =32
• Deducing a Formula for [18 Girls + 12 Boys + 2 Teachers]
Compound Interest Therefore, amount spent for one person =
1320+4280 5600
• Rate Compounded Annually or 32
= 32 = 175
Half Yearly (Semi Annually) 3. first stop = 22 km
• Applications of Compound Total distance 55 km
22
Interest Formula Therefore 55 × 100 = 40%
Recalling Ratios and Percentages. Therefore, the percent distance left to be
Ratio means comparing two quantities. travelled = 100% - 40% = 60%
Example 1: A picnic is being planned in Finding the Increase or Decrease
a school for class VII. Girls are 60% of Percent:
Example 2: The price of a scooter was
the total number of students and are 18
34000 last year. It has increased by 20%
in number. The picnic sites 55 km from this year. What is the price now?
the school and the transport company is Solution:
charging at the rate of 12 per km. the If the price of the scooter is ₹100 then the
total cost of refreshments will be 4280. present cost is ₹120 therefore if the cost is
Can you tell. ₹34000, then present cost is
1. The ratio of the number of girls to the 120
=100 × 34000 = ₹40,800
number of boys in the class?
Finding Discounts:
2. The cost per head if two teachers are
Discount is a reduction on given on the
also going with the class?
Marked Price (MP) of the article.
3. If their first stop is at place 22 km
So, Discount = Marked price – Sale price
from the school, what percent of total
Example 3: An item marked at ₹840 is
distance of 55 km is this? What
sold for ₹714. What is the discount and
percent of the distance is left to be
discount %?
covered?
Solution:
Solution:
Discount = Marked price – Sale price
= ₹840 –₹714 =₹126

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 2

Marked price is ₹840, then discount is ₹126 and the other at a profit 10%. Find the
∴ marked price is ₹100, then discount is selling price of each. Also find out the
126
=840 × 100 = 15% total profit or loss.
Solution:
Example 4: The cost price of frock is ₹220.
First fan:
A discount of 20% is announced on sales.
Cost price: ₹1200
What is the amount of discount on it and
If CP is ₹100, SP is ₹95
its sale price?
Therefore, when cp ₹1200, then SP =
Solution: 95
For ₹100 cost price, discount is ₹20 = 100 × 1200= ₹1140
Therefore, for ₹220 discount Second fan:
20
= 100 × 220 = ₹44 Cost price: ₹1200
If CP is ₹100, SP is ₹110
therefore, the sale price
Therefore, when cp ₹1200, then SP =
= marked price – discount amount 110
= 220 – 44 = ₹176 = 100 × 1200= ₹1320
Finding cost price, selling price, profit Therefore, total CP
%/loss% = 1200 × 2 = 2400
Example 5: Sohan bought a second hand Therefore, Total SP
refrigerator for ₹2500, then spend ₹500 = 1140 + 1320 = ₹2460
on its repairs and sold it for ₹3300. Find Therefore, total profit = 2460 – 2400= ₹60
his loss or gain percent. Sales tax/Value Added Tax/Goods and
Solution: Services Tax:
Cost price (CP) =2500 + 500 = ₹3000 From July2017, Government of India
Sale price (SP) = ₹3300 introduced GST which stands for Goods
His profit = 3300 – 3000 = ₹300 and Services Tax which is levied on supply
For ₹3000 profit is ₹300 of goods or service or both.
Therefore for ₹100, profit = Example 8: The cost of a pair of roller
300 skates at a shop was ₹450. The sales tax
× 100 = 10%
3000
charged was 5%. Find the bill amount.
Example 6: A shop keeper purchased 200
Solution:
bulbs for ₹10 each. However, 5bulbs
On ₹100, the tax paid was 5%, then the
were fused and had to be thrown away.
cost =₹105
The remaining were sold at ₹12 each.
On ₹450, the tax paid was 5%, then the
Find the gain or loss %.
cost =
Solution: 105
cost price of bulbs = 200 × 10 = ₹2000 = 100 ×450 = ₹472.50
sale price = (200-5)×12 Example 9: (Value Added Tax(VAT))
= 195× 12 = ₹2340 Waheeda bought an air cooler for ₹3300
Total profit = 2340 – 2000 = ₹340 including a tax of 10%. Find the price of
On ₹2000, the profit is = ₹340 the air cooler before VAT is ₹110.
Therefore, on ₹100, the profit is =
340
× 100 = 17%
2000
Solution:
Example 7: Meenu bought two fans for
₹1200 each. She sold one at loss of 5%

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 3

VAT is 10% for ₹100, then price including Solution:

VAT is ₹110 P = ₹12,600, R = 10% and n= 2
n
Now, when price including VAT is ₹110, R
A = P[1 + 100]
original price is ₹100
10 2
Hence when price including tax is ₹3300, A = 12,600[1 + 100]
then original price = 100+10 2
100 A = 12,600[ ]
= 110 × 3300 = ₹3000 100
110 2
Example 10: Salim bought an article for A = 12,600[100]
₹784 which included GST of 12%. What 11
A = 12,600× 10 × 10
11

is the price of the article before GST was

A = 126× 11 × 11
added?
A = 126× 121 = ₹15246
Solution :
∴ compound Interest = A – P
Price after GST 12% is added to ₹100 =
=15246 – 12600 = ₹2646
112
The time period after which the interest is
When selling price is ₹112 then original
added each time to form a new principal is
price is ₹100
called the conversion period. When the
When the selling price is ₹784 then the
interest is compounded half yearly, there
original price =
100 are two conversion periods in a year each
× 784 = ₹700
112 after 6 months. In such situations, the half
Compound Interest : yearly rate will be half of the annual rate. In
Example 10: A sum of ₹10000 is quarterly there are 4 conversion periods in
borrowed at a rate of interest 15% per a year and the quarterly rate will be one-
annum for 2 years. Find the simple interest fourth of the annual rate.
on this sum and the amount to be paid at the Example 12: what amount is to be
end of 2 years. 𝟏
repaid on a loan of ₹12000 for 1𝟐 years at
Solution:
10% per annum compounded half
On ₹100, interest charge for 1 year = ₹15
yearly.
so,
Solution:
on 10000, interest charged =
15 P = ₹12,000, R = 5% and n = 3
= 100 × 10,000= ₹1500 R n
A = P[1 + 100]
Therefore interest for 2 years
5 3
= 1500 × 2 =₹3000 A = 12000[1 + 100]
Total amount = principle + Interest 105 3
= 10,000 + 3000 = ₹13000 A = 12000[100]
21 21 21
Deducing a Formula for Compound A = 12000 × 20 × 20 × 20
Interest: A = 3 × 21 × 21 × 10.5
𝐑 𝐧
A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎] A = ₹13891.50
Here A= Amount P = Price 𝐑 = Rate of Example 13: Find the CI paid when a
Interest 𝐧 = Time sum of ₹10000 is invested for 1 year and
𝟏
Example 11: find CI on ₹12600 for 2 3months at 8𝟐% per annum compounded
years at 10% per annum compounded annually.
Solution:
annually.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 4

17 1 Example 15: A TV was bought at a price

P = ₹10,000, R = % and n = 1
2 4
of ₹21000. After one year the value of the
[find the amount for the whole year in this
TV was depreciated by 5% (Depreciation
case, then use this as principal to get simple
𝟏 means reduction of value due to use and
interest for 𝟒 year more.]
age of the item). Find the value of the TV
R n
A = P[1 + 100] after one year.
17 1 Solution:
A = 10000[1 + 2
] P = ₹21,000, R = 5% and n = 1
100
R n
17 1 A = P[1 − 100]
A = 10000[1 + 200]
5 1
A = 10000× 200
217 A = 21000[1 − 100]
95
A = 50 × 217 = ₹10,850 A = 21000 × 100
1
Simple interest for next year A = 210 × 95
4
PTR A = ₹19,950 gÀÆ
I= 100
I=
10850×1×17
= ₹230.56 Exercise 8.1
4×2×100
Interest for first year 1. find the ratio of the following.
= ₹10,850 –₹10,000 = ₹850 (a) Speed of a cycle 15 km per hour to the
Therefore, speed of scooter 30km per hour.
Total Interest = 850 + 230.56 = ₹1080.56 (b) 5m to 10km
Applications of Compound Interest © 50 paise to ₹5
Formula Solution:
(i) Increase (or decrease) in population. (a) speed of a cycle = 15 km/hrs.
(ii) The growth of a bacteria if the rate of Speed of scooter = 30 km/hrs.
growth is known. Therefore
(iii)The value of an item, if its price 15
The ratio = 15: 30 = 30 = 2 = 1:2
1

increases or decreases in the intermediate

(b) 5m to 10km
years.
10km= 10 ×1000 = 10,000m
Example 14: The population of a city
Therefore, ratio is
was 20000 in the year 1997. It increased 5 1
at the rate of 5% p.a. Find the population = 5:10000 = 10000 = 2000 = 1:2000
at the end of the year 2000. (c) 50 paise to ₹5
Solution: ₹5 = 5 ×100 = 500 paise
P = ₹20,000 R = 5% and n = 3 Therefore, ratio is
n 50 1
R
A = P[1 + 100] = 50:500 = 500 = 10 = 1:10
5 3 2. convert the following ratios to
A = 20000[1 + 100] percentages:
105 3 (a) 3:4 (b) 2:3
A = 20000[100]
21 21 21
A = 20000 × × × 20 Solution:
20 20
A = 5 × 21 × 21 × 10.5 = 23,152.5 3
(a) percentage form of 3:4 = 4 ×100 = 75%
= 23,153

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 5

2 2 people like cricket = 60%

(b)percentage form of 2:3 = ×100= 66 %
3 3
people like football =30%
3. 72% of 25 students are interested in
therefore, people like other games
mathematics. How many are not
= 100% – (60%+ 30%)
interested in mathematics?
= 100% – 90% = 10%
Solution:
Total population = 50 lakh
Total number of students = 25
So, number of people like cricket
Number of students interested in 60
mathematics = 100 ×50 =30 lakh
72 number of people like foot ball
= 100 ×25 = 18
30
So, number of students not interested in = 100 ×50 =15 lakh
mathematics = 25 – 18 = 7 Number of people likes other games =
4. A football team won 10matched out of 10
×50 =5 lakh
100
the total number of matches they played.
If their win percentage was 40, then how Exercise 8.2
many matches did they play in all? 1. Aman got a 10% increase in his salary.
Solution: If his new salary is ₹154000. Find his
Let the total number of matches be ‘x’x £À original salary?
40% = 10 Solution:
40
⇒ 100 × 𝑥 = 10 If new salary is ₹110, then original salary
10×100 ₹100,
⇒𝑥= = 25 ∴for new salary ₹1,54,000 then, original
40
Therefore, total matches = 25 salary
5. if Chameli had ₹600 left after spending 100
= 110 × 154000 =₹1,40,000
75% of the money, how much did she
2. On Sunday 845 people went to the Zoo.
have in the beginning?
On Monday only 169 people went. What
Solution:
is the percent decrease in the people
Amount spent by Chameli 75%
visiting the Zoo on Monday?
∴ amount left with chameli = 25%
Solution:
Let the total amount Chameli had be ‘x’
Number of people visited on Sunday = 845
According the question,
25 Number of people visited on Monday = 169
× 𝑥 = 600 Number of people decreased
100
600×100
⇒𝑥= = ₹2400 = 845 -169 = 676
25
∴ total amount she has in the beginning Therefore, decrease percentage
676
₹2400 = 845 ×100 = 80%
6. if 60% people in a city like cricket, 3. A shop keeper buys 80 articles for
30% like football and the remaining like ₹2400 and sells them for a profit of 16%.
other games, then what percent of the Find the selling price of one article?
people like other games? If the total Solution:
number of people is 50lakh, find the On ₹100 selling price of an article = ₹116
exact number who like each type of ∴ for ₹2400 selling price of an article
116
game. = 100 ×2400 = ₹2784
Solution: Therefore, selling price of one article

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 6

2784 items. What would a customer have to

= = ₹34.80
80
4. The cost of an article was ₹15500. ₹450 pay for a pair of jeans marked at ₹1450
were spent on its repairs. If it is sold for and two shirts marked at ₹850 each?
a profit of 15%, find the selling price of Solution:
the article. Discount on marked price = 10%
Solution: Total marked price of one pair of jeans and
Cost price of an article = ₹15,500 two shirts
Amount spent on repair = ₹450 = 1450 + 850×2= 1450 + 1700 = ₹3150
Therefore, total cost of an article = ₹15,950 On marked price ₹100, amount to be paid =
On cost price ₹100, selling price = ₹115 ₹90
Therefore, for cost price ₹15950, selling So, on ₹3150 marked price, amount to be
price is 90
115
paid = 100 ×3150 =₹2,835
= 100 ×15950 = ₹18,342.50
7. A milk man sold two of his buffaloes
5. A VCR and TV were bought for ₹8000 for ₹20000 each. On one he made a gain
each. The shopkeeper made a loss of 4% of 5% and on the other a loss of 10%.
on the VCR and a profit of 8% on the Find his overall gain or loss (Hint: find
TV. Find the gain or loss percent on the CP of each)
whole transaction. Solution:
Solution: cost price of first buffalo sold by milk man
Cost price of VCR= ₹8000 = ₹20,000
Loss on selling = 4% profit percentage = 5%
⇒on cost price ₹100, selling price is= ₹96 ⇒if SP is ₹105, CP is ₹100
Therefore, for cost price ₹8000, selling Therefore, when SP is ₹20,000 CP is =
price is 100
96
×20000 = ₹19,047.62
105
= 100 ×8000 = ₹7680
cost price of second buffalo sold by milk
Cost price of TV = ₹8000 man = ₹20,000
Profit on selling = 8% loss percentage = 8%
⇒on cost price ₹100, selling price is = on ⇒ if SP is ₹90, CP is ₹100
cost price ₹100, selling price is ₹108 Therefore, when SP is ₹20,000 CP is =
Therefore, for cost price ₹8000, selling 100
×20000 = ₹22,222.22
price is 90
108 Total cost price of two buffalos
×8000 = ₹8640
100 = 19,047.62 + 22,222,22 = ₹41,269.84
Total cost price of VCR and TV Total selling price of two buffalos
= 8000 + 8000 = ₹16,000 = 20000 × 2 = ₹40,000
Total selling price Total loss for milk man
= 7680 + 8640 = ₹16320 = 41,269.84 – 40,000 = ₹1,269.84
Therefore, total profit 8. The price of a TV is ₹13000. The sales
= 16320 – 16000 = ₹320 tax charged on it is at the rate of 12%.
Therefore, profit percentage Find the amount that Vinod will have to
320
= 16000 ×100 = 2% pay if he buys it?
6. During sale, a shop offered a discount Solution:
of 10% on the marked price of all the Cost price of TV = ₹13,000

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 7

Sales tax = 12% 𝟏

(b) ₹18000 for 2𝟐% years at 10% per
On ₹100, the tax amount paid ₹112
112
anum compounded annually.
On ₹13,000, tax amount paid = 100 ×13000 𝟏
(c) ₹62500 for 1𝟐% years at 8% per
=₹14.560
annum compounded half yearly.
9. Arun bought a pair of skates at a sale
(d) ₹8000 for 1 years 8% per annum
where the discount given was 20%, If the
compounded half yearly.
amount he pays is ₹1600, find the
(you could use the year by year
marked price.
calculation using SI formula to verify).
Solution:
(e) ₹10000 for 1 year at 8% per annum
Discount percent of sakes = 20%
compounded half yearly.
⇒on ₹80 paid amount, cost price is ₹100
Solution:
Therefore on ₹1600 paid amount, cost price 𝐑 𝐧
is (a)A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎]
100 𝟏 𝟐𝟓
= ×1600 = ₹2,000 P = ₹10,800, R = 12𝟐% = %;n = 3
80 𝟐
10. I purchased a hair- dryer for ₹5400 25 3

including 8% VAT. Find the price before A = 10800[1 + 2

]
100
VAT was added. 25 3
Solution: A = 10800[1 + 2×100]
VAT = 8% 225 3
A = 10800[200]
⇒on ₹108 purchase price, the cost price is
9 3
₹100 A = 10800[8]
Therefore, on ₹5400 purchase cost, the 9 9 9
A = 10800 × 8 × 8 × 8
original cost is
729
100
= 108 ×5400 = ₹5000 A = 10800 × 512 = ₹15,377.34

11. An article was purchased for ₹1239 Therefore, compound Interest = A – P

including GST of 18%. Find the price of = 15,377.34 –10,800 = ₹4,577.34
𝐑 𝐧
the article before GST was added? (b)A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎]
Solution: 1
P = ₹18,000, R = 10%;n = 2 2
GSTÀ = 18%
⇒on ₹118 purchase price, the cost price is [here finds ‘A’ for 2 years with interest is
₹100 compounded yearly and then find SI on half
Therefore, on ₹1239 purchase cost, the year]
10 2
original cost is A = 18000[1 + 100]
100
= 118 ×1239 = ₹1500 110 2
A = 18000[100]
Exercise 8.3 11 2
A = 18000[10]
1. Calculate the amount and compound 11 11
A = 18000 × 10 × 10
interest on
𝟏 A = 180×121 = ₹21,780
(a) ₹10800 for 3 years at 12𝟐% per 1
SI for next 2 year
annum compounded annually.
PTR
I= 100

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 8

21780×1×10 Solution:
I= = ₹1,089
2×100 n
R
CI for 2 years = A – P A = P[1 + 100]
= 21,780 –18000 = ₹3,180 P = ₹26,400, R = 15%;n = 2 3
1

∴ Total Interest = 3,180 + 1,089 = ₹4,869

𝐑 𝐧 [here we find compound interest for 2 years
(c)A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎] 1
and then find SI on 3 ]
P = ₹62,500, R = 4%; n = 3 15 2
4 3 A = 26,400[1 + 100]
A = 62,500[1 + 100]
115 2
104 3 A = 26,400[100]
A = 62,500[100] 115 115
A = 26,400 × 100 × 100
26 3
A = 62,500[ ]
25 A = ₹34,914
26 26 26 1
A = 62,500 × 25 × 25 × 25 = ₹70,304 Simple Interest on next 3 year,
Therefore CI = A – P I=
PTR
100
= 70,304 –62,500 = ₹7,804 34,914×1×15
𝐑 𝐧 I= = ₹1,745.70
(d)A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎] 3×100

𝟗
Therefore, Total amount to be paid=
P = ₹8,000, R = 𝟐%; n = 2 34,914+ 1,745.70 = ₹36,659.70
9 2 3. Fabina borrows ₹12500 at 12% per
A = 8,000[1 + 2
] annum for 3 years at simple interest and
100

209 2
Radha borrows the same amount for the
A = 8,000[200] same time period at 10% per annum,
209 209
A = 8,000 × 200 × 200= ₹8,736.20 compounded annually. Who pays more
interest and by how much?
Therefore CI = A – P
Solution:
= 8,736.20 – 8,000 = ₹736.20
𝐑 𝐧 Fabina’s Interest calculation (SI)
(e)A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎] P = ₹12,500, R = 12%;T = 3
P = ₹10,000, R = 4%; n = 2 I=
PTR
2 100
4
A = 10,000[1 + 100] I=
12500×3×12
= ₹4,500
100
104 2 Radha’s Interest calculation(CI)
A = 10,000[100]
R n
104
A = 10,000 × 100 × 100 = ₹10,816
104 A = P[1 + 100]
Therefore CI = A – P P = ₹12,500, R = 10%;n = 3
10 3
= 10,816 – 10,000 = ₹816 A = 12,500[1 + 100]
2. Kamala borrowed ₹26400 from a 110 3
Bank to buy a scooter at a rate of 15% A = 12,500[100]
p.a. compounded yearly. What amount 11
A = 12,500 × 10 × 10 × 10
11 11

will she pay at the end of 2 years and 4

A = ₹16637.50
months to clear the loan?
Therefore CI = A – P
(Hint: Find A for 2 years with interest is
= 16,637.50 – 12,500 = ₹4,137.50
compounded yearly and then find SI on
𝟒
In Fabina and Radha, Fabina pays more
the 2nd year amount for interest.
𝟏𝟐

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 9

Excess Interest paid by Fabina 6 2

A = 60,000[1 + 100]
= 4,500 – 4,137.50 = ₹362.50
106 2
4. I borrowed ₹12000 from Jamshed at A = 60,000[100]
6% per annum simple interest for 2 106 106
A = 60,000 × 100 × 100 = ₹67,416
years. Had I borrowed this sum at 6%
per annum compound interest, what 6. Arif took a loan of ₹80000 from a
extra amount would I have to pay? bank. If the rate of interest is 10% per
Solution: annum, find the difference in amounts he
𝟏
Simple Interest calculation: would be paying after years if the
𝟐
P = ₹12,000, R = 6%;T = 3 interest is (i) compounded annually.
PTR
I= (ii) compounded half yearly.
100
12000×2×6 Solution:
I= = ₹1,440 𝐧
100 𝐑
(i) A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎]
Compound Interest Calculation:
R n [Here we have to calculate compound
A = P[1 + 100]
interest for 2 years and then SI for half year]
P = ₹12,000, R = 6%;n = 2 P = ₹80,000, R = 10%; n = 1
6 2
A = 12,000[1 + 100] 10 1
A = 80,000[1 + 100]
106 2
A = 12,000[100] 110 1
A = 80,000[100]
106 106
A = 12,000 × 100 × 100 11
A = 80,000 × 10 = ₹88,000
A = ₹13,483.20 1
Simple interest for next À year
Therefore CI = A – P 2
PTR
= 13,483.20 – 12,000 = ₹1,483.20 I= 100
Difference = 1,483.20 – 1,440.00 = ₹43.20 I=
88000×1×10
= ₹4,400
2×100
Therefore, excess amount to be paid ₹43.20
Therefore, total amount to be paid
5. Vasudevan invested ₹60000 at an
= 88,000 + 4,400 = ₹92,400
interest rate of 12% per annum 𝐧
𝐑
compounded half yearly. What amount (ii) A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎]
would he get? P = ₹80,000, R = 5%; n = 3
(i) After 6 months? 5 3
A = 80,000[1 + 100]
(ii) After 1 year?
105 3
Solution: A = 80,000[100]
𝐑 𝐧
(i) A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎] 21 21
A = 80,000 × 20 × 20 × 20 = ₹92,610
21

P = ₹60,000, R = 6%; n = 1 Difference amount to be paid

2
A = 60,000[1 + 100]
6 = 92,610 – 92,400 = ₹210
7. Maria invested ₹8000 in a business.
106 1
A = 60,000[100] She would be paid interest at 5% per
106
A = 60,000 × 100 = ₹63,600 annum compounded annually. Find
𝐧 (i) The amount credited against the name
𝐑
(ii) A = P[𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎] at the end of the second year.
P = ₹60,000, R = 6%; n = 2 (ii) The interest for the 3rd year.
Solution:

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 10

n
R
(i) A = P[1 + 100] Simple interest on next half year
PTR
I=
P = ₹8,000, R = 5%; n = 2 100
11000×1×10
10 2 I= = ₹550
A = 8,000[1 + 100] 2×100
Therefore, total amount to be paid
105 2
A = 8,000[100] = 11,000 + 550 = ₹11,550
21 21
A = 8,000 × 20 × 20 = ₹8,820 Therefore, total compound interest
R n = 11,550 - 10,000 = ₹1,550
(ii) A = P[1 + 100] when he pays amount in second method
P = ₹8,820, R = 5%; n = 1 interest (1576.25–1550) ₹26.25 will be
5 1 reduced.
A = 8,820[1 + 100]
9. Find the amount which Ram will get
105 1
A = 8,820[100] on ₹4096, if he gave it for 18 months at
𝟏
21
A = 8,820 × 20 = ₹9,261 12𝟐% per annum, interest being

Therefore, interest of 3rd year compounded half yearly.

= 9,261 - 8,820 = ₹441 Solution:
R n
8. Find the amount and the compound A = P[1 + 100]
𝟏
interest on ₹10000 for 𝟏 𝟐 year at 10% P = ₹4,096, R =
25
%; n = 3
4
per annum, compounded half yealy. 25 3
Would this interest be more than the A = 4,096[1 + 4
]
100
interest he would get if it was
425 3
compounded annually? A = 4,096[400]
Solution: 17 17 17
n
A = 4,096 × 16 × 16 × 16= ₹4,913
R
A = P[1 + 100] 10. The population of a place increased to
P = ₹10,000, R = 5%; n = 3 54000 in 2003 at a rate of 5% per annum.
5 3 (i) find the population in 2001.
A = 10,000[1 + 100]
(ii) what would be its population in 2005?
105 3
A = 10,000[100] Solution:
21 21 21 (i) population in 2001
A = 10,000 × 20 × 20 × 20 = ₹11,576.25 n
R
A = P[1 + 100]
Therefore,
Compound Interest = 11,576.25 – 10,000 = A = ₹ 54,000, R = 5%; n = 2
2
₹1,576.25 54,000 = P[1 + 100]
5

CI for one year:

105 2
[Here we have to calculate compound 54,000 = P[100]
interest for 1 years and then SI for half year] 20 20
P = 54,000 × 21 × 21 = ₹48,979.59
P = ₹80,000, R = 10%; n = 1
= Approximately 48,980
10 1
A = 10,000[1 + 100] (ii) population in 2005
n
110 1 R
A = 10,000[100] A = P[1 + 100]
11
A = 10,000 × 10 = ₹11,000 P =₹ 54,000, R = 5%; n = 2

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities 11

5 2 205 2
A = 54,000[1 + 100] A = 5,06,000[200]
41 41
105 2 A = 5,06,000 × 40 × 40 = 531616.25
A = 54,000[100]
21 21 Approximately 5,31,616
A = 54,000 × 20 × 20 = ₹59,535 12. A scooter was bought ₹42000. Its
11. In a Laboratory, the count of bacteria value depreciated at the rate of 8% per
in a certain experiment was increasing at annum. Find its value after one year.
Solution:
the rate of 2.5% per hour. Find the R n
bacteria at the end of 2 hours if the count A = P[1 − 100]
was initially 506000. P = ₹42000, R = 8%; n = 1
8 1
Solution: A = 42,000[1 − 100]
R n
A = P[1 + ] 92 1
100 A = 42,000[100]
P = 5,06,000, R = 2.5%; n = 2A = 92
2
A = 42,00 × 100 = ₹38,640
5
5,06,000[1 + 2
]
100

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 YK Revised Text
VIII Standard
Karnataka State syllubus

Mathematics
Attractive Maths Solution

English Medium
Part - 2
Chapter - 9

Mensuration

Copy rights reserved

Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Mensuration 1

Mensuration
Contents: Area of Trapezium:
Introduction To find the area of a trapezium we need to
Recall
know the length of the parallel sides and the
Area of Trapezium
Area of a general Quadrilateral perpendicular distance between these two
• Area of special quadrilateral parallel sides. Half the product of the sum of
Area of Polygon the lengths of parallel sides and the
Solid shapes perpendicular distance between them gives the
Surface area of cube, cuboid and area of trapezium
cylinder
• Cuboid
• Cube
• Cylinder
Volume of Cube, Cuboid and
Cylinder
• Cuboid Area of Trapezium = 𝒉 ×
(𝒂+𝒃)
𝟐
• Cube
General Quadrilateral:
• Cylinder
Volume and capacity
Introduction:
A closed plane figure, the perimeter is the
distance around its boundary and its area is
the region covered by it.
Recall:
Rectangle:
Area= 𝑙 × 𝑏 The area of General Quadrilateral:
𝟏
Perimeter = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏) = 𝟐 𝒅 (𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐 )
Example 1: Find the area of quadrilateral
Square: PQRS shown in Fig.
Area = 𝑎 × 𝑎 Solution:
Perimeter = 4a Here, d = 5.5cm¸Height h1 = 2.5cm,
h2 = 1.5cm
Triangle:
1
Area = 2 𝑏ℎ
Perimeter = a + b + c

Parallelogram:
Area = 𝑏ℎ a
Perimeter = 2(𝑏 + 𝑎)
1
Circle: Area = 2 𝑑 (ℎ1 + ℎ2 )
Area = 𝜋𝑟 2 1
= 2 × 5.5 (2.5 + 1.5)
Perimeter = 2𝜋𝑟 1
= 2 × 5.5 × 4 = 11cm2

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 9 Mensuration 2

Area of Special Quadrilaterals:

Area of a rhombus is half the product of its
diagonals.

Area of a Rhombus:
𝟏
A = 𝟐 𝒅𝟏 × 𝒅𝟐
Example 2: Find the area of
Solution:
a rhombus whose diagonals
Aman Method:
are of lengths 10 cm and 8.2
Since it is a hexagon so NQ divides the
cm.
1
hexagon into two congruent trapeziums.
Area of Rhombus: A = 2 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
1
A = 2 × 10 × 8.2
A = 10 × 4.1 = 41cm2
Area of a Polygon:
We split a quadrilateral into triangles and find
its area.
Example 1: The area of a trapezium
shaped field is 480 m2, the distance between
two parallel sides is 15 m and one of the
parallel sides is 20 m. Find the other Area of the fig. = 2 × Area of trapezium
parallel side. (𝑎+𝑏)
Solution: Area of trapezium A = ℎ × 2

Area of Trapezium: A = ℎ ×
(𝑎+𝑏) A =? h = 4cm, a = 11cm, b = 5cm
2 (11+5)
A = 4 × 2 = 4 × 8 = 32 cm2
A = 480m2, h = 15m, a = 20m, b =?
(20+𝑏) ∴ Area = 2×32 = 64cm2
480 = 15 × Ridhima Method:
2
480×2
20 + 𝑏 = = 64 ∆ MNO and ∆ RPQ are congruent triangles
15
b = 64 – 20 = 44m with altitude 3 cm.
Example 2: The area of a rhombus is 240
cm2 and one of the diagonals is 16 cm. Find
the other diagonal.
Solution:
1
Area of Rhombus: A = 2 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
A = 240cm2, 𝑑1 =16cm, 𝑑2 =?
1
240 = 2 × 16 × 𝑑2
240×2
Area of the figure= 2 × Area of Triangle +
⇒ 𝑑2 = = 30cm Area of rectangle
16
[∆MNO and ∆RPQ Equilateral Triangle]
Example 3: There is a hexagon 1
MNOPQR of side 5 cm (Fig 11.20). Aman Area of triangle: A = 2 𝑏ℎ
and Ridhima divided it in two different b = 8cm, h = 3cm.
1
ways shown in the given figures. A = 2 × 8 × 3 = 12cm2

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 9 Mensuration 3

Area of rectangle = 𝑙𝑏 = b × h = 30 × 40 = 1200cm2

𝑙 = 8cm, 𝑏 = 5cm∴ Area of rectangle = Area of back face
8 ×5 = l × h = 80 × 30 = 3200cm2
= 40cm2 The required area = Area of the base + Area
Area of the given figure
of back face + 2 × Area of side face.
= 2 × 12 + 40
= 24 + 40 = 2400 + 3200 + (2 × 1200)
= 64cm2 = 8000cm2
Solid shapes: The area of the required paper = 8000cm2
Example 5: The internal measures of a
Cuboid: cuboidal room are 12 m × 8 m × 4 m. Find
the total cost of whitewashing all four walls
of a room, if the cost of white washing is ₹ 5
per m2. What will be the cost of white
washing if the ceiling of the room is also
Total 6 faces. All faces are in rectangle white washed?
shape. Opposite faces are equal. Solution:
Length of the room l = 12m
Cube: breadth b = 8m, Height h = 4m
Area of the walls
= Perimeter of the base × height
= 2 (l + b) × h
= 2 (12 + 8) 4
Total 6 faces. All faces are in square shape. = 2 × 20 × 4 = 160m2.
All faces are equal. The Rate of white washing = ₹5 per m2
Cylinder: ∴ Total cost = ₹ (160 × 5) = ₹800
Area of the ceiling = 12 × 8 = 96m2
The cost of white washing the ceiling
= ₹ (96 × 5) = ₹ 480.
Hence, the total cost of white washing
One curved surface and two circular faces. = (₹800 + ₹480) = ₹1280.
Example 4: An aquarium is in the form Example 6: In a building there are 24
of a cuboid whose external measures are cylindrical pillars. The radius of each pillar
80 cm × 30 cm × 40cm. The base, side is 28 cm and height is 4 m. Find the total cost
faces and back face are of painting the curved surface area of all
to be covered with a pillars at the rate of ₹8 per m2
coloured paper. Find Solution:
the area of the paper Curved surface area of the cylinder = 2𝜋rh
needed? Radius of the cylindrical Pillar
Solution: r = 28cm = 0.28m, height h = 4m
Length of the Aquarium l = 80cm, Curved surface area of the pillar
Breadth b = 30cm, Height h = 40cm. = 2×
22
× 0.28 × 4 = 7.04m2
Area of the base: 7
The total area of 24 pillars
= l × b = 80 × 30 = 2400cm2
= 7.04 × 24 = 168.96cm2
Area of the side faces:
cost of painting an area of 1 m2 = ₹8.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 9 Mensuration 4

Therefore, cost of painting 168.96m2 area = 72000m3

= 168.96 × 8 = ₹1351.68 The number of boxes be stored in go down
Example 7: Find the height of a cylinder =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑥
whose radius is 7 cm and the total surface
72000
area is 968 cm2 = = 90,000
0.8
Solution: Hence the number of cuboidal boxes that can
Let the height of the cylinder be h
be stored in the godown is 90,000.
The radius r = 7cm
Total surface area = 2𝜋r (h + r) Example 10: A rectangular paper of width
22
968 = 2× 7 × 7 × (7 + ℎ) 14 cm is rolled along its width and a cylinder
968 of radius 20 cm is formed. Find the
7 + h = 44 𝟐𝟐
Volume of the cylinder. (Take π = )
⇒ 7 + h = 22 𝟕
⇒ h = 22 - 7 = 15m 20cm
Volume of cube, cuboid and Cylinder:
Solids Volume
14cm 14cm
Cuboid lbh
cube a3
cylinder 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 Solution:
Volume and capacity: A cylinder is formed by rolling a rectangle
There is not much difference between these about its width. Hence the width of the paper
two words. becomes height and radius of the cylinder is
(a)Volume refers to the amount of space 20 cm.
occupied by an object. Height of the cylinder h = 14cm
Radius r = 20cm
(b)Capacity refers to the quantity that a 22
Volume V = πr2h = 7 × 20 × 20 × 14
container holds.
= 17600 cm3
1 ml= 1cm3.
∴ The volume of Cylinder = 17600cm3
1 L = 1000cm3 Example 11: A rectangular piece of paper
1m3 = 1000000 cm3 = 1000l 11 cm × 4 cm is folded without overlapping
Example 8: Find the height of a cuboid to make a cylinder of height 4 cm. Find the
whose volume is 275 cm3 and base area is volume of the cylinder.
25 cm2 Solution:
Solution: Length of the paper becomes the perimeter of
Volume of the cuboid the base of the cylinder and width becomes
height.
= Area of the Base × height
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Let the radius of the cylinder be r and height
Height of the cuboid = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 be h.
275 Perimeter of the base = 2πr = 11
h = 25 = 11cm 22
= 2× 7 × 𝑟 = 11
Hence the height of the cuboid is 11cm. 77 7
Example 9: A godown is in the form of a ⇒ r = 44 = 4cm
cuboid of measures 60 m × 40 m × 30 m. Volume of the cylinder
How many cuboidal boxes can be stored in = V = πr2h
22 7 7
it if the volume of one box is 0.8 m3? = 7 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 38.5cm3
Solution: Hence, the volume is 38.5cm3
Volume of a box = 0.8m3
Volume of the godown = 60 × 40 × 30

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 9 Mensuration 5

Exercise 9.1 Solution:

The area of the garden
1. A square and a rectangular field = Area of the plot – Area of the house.
with measurements as given in the figure
Area of the plot = a2 [Plot is in square shape]
have the same perimeter. Which field has a
larger area? Here, a = 25m
= 25 ×25 = 625m2
House is in rectangle shape
Area of the house = l× 𝑏
Here, l = 20m; 𝑏 = 15m
Area of the house = 20× 15 = 300m2
Area of the plot = 625 – 300 = 325m2
Cost of developing the garden ₹55 per m2
Solution: ∴ Cost of developing the garden
Area of the square field = a2
= 325 × 55 = ₹17875
Side of the square field = 60m
3. The shape of a garden is rectangular in
Area = 60 × 60 = 3600m2
the middle and semi - circular at the ends as
Perimeter of the rectangle Field = Perimeter
shown in the diagram. Find the area and the
of the square field
perimeter of this garden [Length of
= 4 ×60 = 240m
rectangle is20 – (3.5 + 3.5) metres].
Length of the rectangle field l = 80m
2(l + b) = 240
2(80 + b) = 240
80 + b = 120
b = 120 – 80 = 40m
Area of the rectangle field = l× 𝑏
Solution
= 80 × 40 = 3200m Area of the Garden = Area of the rectangle
Hence, the area of the square field is greater shape + 2 × Area of the semi- circulara
than rectangle field. shape.
2. Mrs. Kaushik has a square plot Area of the rectangle shape =l× 𝑏
with the measurement as shown in the Here, l = 13m [20 – 3.5+3.5 = 13]
figure. She wants to construct a house in 𝑏 = 7m
the middle of the plot. A garden is Area = 13 × 7 91m2
developed around the house. Find the total 𝜋𝑟 2
cost of developing a garden around the Area of the semi-circular shape = 2
22×3.5×3.5
house at the rate of ₹55 per m2 = 7×2
[Radius = half the diameter 7m = 3.5m]
22×3.5×3.5
= = 19.25m2
7×2
Area of the Garden = 91 + 2(19.25)
House
= 91 + 38.5 = 129.5m2
Perimeter of the Garden:
Garden Circumference of the circle + 2×Length of
the rectangle
[ Two semi-circles, make a circle]
Therefore, Perimeter = 2𝜋𝑟 + 2 l

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 9 Mensuration 6

22 22
=2× × 3.5 + 2 × 13 = × 1.4 + 4
7 7
=22 + 26 = 48m = 4.4 + 4 = 8.4m
4. A flooring tile has the shape of a In (b) the ant has to take longer round for
parallelogram whose base is 24 cm and food.
the corresponding height is 10 cm. How
many such tiles are required to cover a floor Exercise 9.2
of area 1080 m2? (If required you can split 1. The shape of the top surface of a table is
the tiles in whatever way you want to fill up a trapezium. Find its area if its parallel
the corners). sides are 1 m and 1.2 m and perpendicular
Solution:
distance between them is 0.8 m.
Area of the flooring tile = bh
Given b =24cm, h = 10cm
∴ Area of the flooring tile
=24 ×10 = 240cm2
Area of the floor
The required tiles = Area of the tiles
1080×10000
= = 45000 [1m2= 10000cm2]
240
Hence, 45000 tiles are required. Solution:
(𝑎+𝑏)
5. An ant is moving around a Area of trapezium A = ℎ × 2
few food pieces of different 𝑎 = 1m; 𝑏 = 1.2m; ℎ = 0.8m
shapes scattered on the floor. ∴ A = 0.8 ×
(1+1.2)
2
For which food-piece would the ant have (2.2)
to take a longer round? Remember, = 0.8 × = 0.8 × 1.1 = 0.88m2
2
circumference of a circle can be obtained 2. The area of a trapezium is 34 cm2 and
by using the expression c = 𝟐𝝅𝒓, where r is the length of one of the parallel sides is
the radius of the circle. 10 cm and its height is 4 cm. Find the length
of the other parallel side.
A

Solution:
(𝑎+𝑏)
Solution: Area of trapezium A = ℎ × 2
Here, we have to find the perimeter of all A = 34m2; 𝑎 = 10cm; 𝑏 = ?; ℎ = 4cm
the shapes. (10+𝑏)
(a) perimeter = 𝜋𝑟 + length of the diameter 34 = 4 × 2
22 34×2
= × 1.4 + 2.8 [d = 2.8⇒ 𝑟 = 1.4𝑐𝑚] = 10 + 𝑏 =
7 4
= 4.4 + 2.8 = 7.2m = 𝑏 = 17 − 10 = 7cm
(b)perimeter = 𝜋𝑟 + Length of the lectangle ∴ The length of the other parallel side is
+ 2 × breadth of the rectangle 7cm.
=
22
× 1.4 + (2.8 + 2 × 1.5) 3. Length of the fence of a trapezium
7
shaped field ABCD is 120 m. If BC = 48 m,
= 4.4 + (2.8 + 3)
CD = 17 m and AD = 40 m, find the area of
= 4.4 + 5.8 = 10.2m
(c) perimeter = 𝜋𝑟 + 2 + 2

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 9 Mensuration 7

this field. Side AB is perpendicular to the 6. Find the area of a rhombus whose side is
parallel sides AD and BC. 5 cm and whose altitude is 4.8 cm. If one of
its diagonals is 8 cm long, find the length of
the other diagonal.

Solution: Solution:
(𝑎+𝑏) Rhombus is also a parallelogram
Area of the field A = ℎ × 2
Therefore, area A = bh
AB(h) = Perimeter – [BC+CD+AD] Given, b = 5cm; h = 4.8cm
h = 120 – [48 + 17 + 40] A = 5 × 4.8 = 24cm2
h = 120 – 105 = 15m. 1
Area of the rhombus: A = 2 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
a and b are the length of the parallel sides.
⇒ a = BC = 48m; b = AD = 40m. Here, A =24 cm2,𝑑1 =8cm; 𝑑2 =?
1
∴ Area of the field A = 15 ×
(48+40) 24 = 2 × 8 × 𝑑2
2
= 15 × 44 = 660 cm 2 24 = 4 × 𝑑2 cm
24
4. The diagonal of a quadrilateral shaped 𝑑2 = = 6 cm
4
field is 24 m and the perpendiculars Hence, length of the other diagonal is 6cm.
dropped on it from the remaining 7. The floor of a building consists of 3000
opposite vertices are 8 m and 13 m. Find tiles which are rhombus shaped and each of
the area of the field. its diagonals are 45 cm and 30 cm in length.
Find the total cost of polishing the floor, if
the cost per m2 is ₹ 4.
Solution:
The tiles are in the shape of rhombus.
1
Area of the tiles: A = 2 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
Here, 𝑑1 =45cm; 𝑑2 = 30cm
Solution: 1
1 A = × 45 × 30
Area of the Quadrilateral = 2 𝑑 (ℎ1 + ℎ2 ) 2
A = 45 × 15 = 675cm2
Given 𝑑 = 24cm; ℎ1 = 13cm& ℎ2 = 8cm
1 Therefore, the area of 3000 tiles
= 2 × 24 (13 + 8) = 675 ×3000 = 20,25,000cm2
1
= 2 × 24 × 21 = 12 × 21 = 202. 5m2
= 252cm2 The total cost to finish the polish of the
∴ Area of the field is 252cm2 floor at the rate of ₹4 per m2
5 The diagonals of a rhombus are 7.5 cm = 202.5× 4
and 12 cm. Find its area. = ₹810
Solution: 8. Mohan wants to buy a trapezium
1 shaped field Its side along the river is
Area of the rhombus: A = 2 𝑑1 × 𝑑2 parallel to and twice the side along the
Given 𝑑1 =7.5cm; 𝑑2 = 12 cm road. If the area of this field is 10500 m2
1
A = 2 × 7.5 × 12 and the perpendicular distance between
the two parallel sides is 100 m, find the
A = 7.5 × 6 = 45cm2 length of the side along the river.
YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard
 Chapter 9 Mensuration 8

Road Jyoti and Kavita divided it in two different

ways. Find the area of this park using both
ways. Can you suggest some other way of
finding its area?

River

Solution:
(𝑎+𝑏)
Area of the trapezium A = ℎ × Figure of Figure of
2 Jyothi Kavitha
Let 𝑎 = x m; 𝑏 = 2x m. Solution:
ℎ = 100m; A = 10500 m2 Method of Jyothi:
(𝑥+2𝑥)
10500 = 100 × 2 Area of the Park = 2 × Area of Trapezium
10500×2 (𝑎+𝑏)
𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 100 Area of trapezium(A) = ℎ × 2
15
3x = 210 ⇒ x = 70 m A =? 𝑎 = 30m; 𝑏 = 15 m; ℎ = m
2
The length of the side along the river is (30 + 15)
= 2x = 2 × 70 = 140m A = 7.5 × 𝑚
2
45
9. Top surface of a raised platform is in the A = 7.5 × 2
shape of a regular octagon as shown in the A = 7.5 × 22.5
figure. Find the area of the octagonal = 168.75m2
surface. Area of the Park = 2 × 168.75m2
= 337.5m2
Method of Kavitha:
Area of the Park
= Area of the square + Area of the
Here, the side of the square = 15m. The
base of the triangle = 15m and its height =
15m.
1
A = a2 + 2 𝑏ℎ
Solution: 1
This platform consists of two similar = 152 + 2 × 15 × 15
trapezium and a rectangle. = 225 + 112.5 = 337.5m2
The parallel sides of trapezium are 5m and 11. Diagram of the adjacent picture frame
11m. has outer dimensions = 24 cm × 28 cm and
(𝑎+𝑏)
Area (A) = ℎ × 2 inner dimensions 16 cm × 20 cm. Find
A= 4 × 2
(5 +11) the area of each section of the frame, if
A = 2 × 16 = 32m2 the width of each section is same.
Length of the rectangle (l) = 11m and
breadth (b) = 5m
3
Area(A) = l × b = 11 × 5 = 55m2
Therefore, the total area = 1
= 2× Area of trapezium + Area of rectangle
2
= 2 × 32 + 55 = 64 + 55
= 119m2
10. There is a pentagonal shaped park as 4
shown in the figure. For finding its area

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 9 Mensuration 9

Solution: = 15,000cm2
In the figure the area of shape 1 and 2 are Hence the cuboidal box (a) requires lesser
equal. And the area of 3 and 4 are also the amount of material.
same.
2. A suitcase with measures 80 cm ×48 cm
All shapes are in trapezium shape of equal
height = 4cm. × 24 cm is to be covered with a tarpaulin
28−20 8 24−16 8 cloth. How many metres of tarpaulin of
[( 2 = 2 = 4 & 2 = 2 = 4)]
width 96 cm is required to cover 100 such
The area of the shape 1 and 2,
(𝑎+𝑏)
suitcases?
A=ℎ × Solution:
2
A =? 𝑎 = 20cm Length of the suitcase l = 80 cm, breadth
𝑏 = 28 cm; ℎ = 4cm b = 48 cm and height ℎ = 24 cm
A=4 ×
(20 + 28) The surface area of the Suitcase
2
= 2(lb +bh +hl)
A = 2 × 48
= 2(80× 48 +48×24 +24×80)
A = 96cm2
= 2(3840 + 1152 + 1920)
The area of the shape 3 and 4,
(𝑎+𝑏) = 13824cm2
A=ℎ × Area of tarpaulin = Area of suitcase
2
A =? 𝑎 = 16cm [Cloth is in rectangular shape with breadth = 96cm]

𝑏 = 24 cm; ℎ = 4cm The tarpaulin required for one suitcase,

(16 + 24) l× 𝑏 = 13824
A=4 × 2 l× 96 = 13824
A = 2 × 40 13824
l= = 144cm = 1.44m
A = 80cm2 96
Therefore, the tarpaulin required to cover
Exercise 9.3 100 suitcases = 1.44× 100= 144m
1. There are two cuboidal boxes as 3.Find the side of a cube whose surface area
shown in the adjoining figure. Which box is 600m2.
requires the lesser amount of material to Solution:
make? Surface area of the cube = 6a2
a = Side of the cube
50cm

600 = 6a2
50cm

a2 = 100
a = √100 10cm.
4. Rukhsar painted the outside of the
60cm 50cm
(a) (b) cabinet of measure 1 m × 2 m × 1.5 m.
Solution:
How much surface area did she cover if
Surface area of Cuboidal Box (a)
she painted all except the bottom of the
= 2(lb +bh +hl)
cabinet?
l = 60cm; b = 40 cm; h = 50 cm
A = 2(60× 40 +40×50 +50×60)
A = 2(2400 +2000 +3000)
A = 2(7400) = 14,800 cm2
Surface area of cuboidal Box (b) A = 6a2
Here, a = 50m
1.5m
A = 6× 502 = 6 × 2500
YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard
2m
 Chapter 9 Mensuration 10

Solution:
Length of the cabinet l =2m Solution:
Breadth b = 1m; height ℎ = 1.5m Both are solid and height of both solids are
Painted area = Surface area of the cabinet – equal.
the area of the bottom Curved surface area of cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
= 2(lb +bh +hl) - lb 22 7
Here, 𝜋 = ; 𝑟 = 2m; ℎ = 7m
7
= 2(2× 1 +1×1.5 +1.5×2) - 2× 1 22 7
=2× ×2×7
= 2(2 + 1.5 + 3) – 2 7
= 2 × 6.5 – 2 = 22 × 7 = 154m2
= 13 – 2 Lateral surface area of cube = 4a2
= 11m2 a = side of the cube = 7m
Hence, the required surface area of the = 4 × a2
cabinet = 11m2 = 4 × 72 = 4 × 49 = 196m2
5. Daniel is painting the walls and ceiling Hence, the cube has larger lateral surface
of a cuboidal hall with length, breadth and area.
height of 15 m, 10 m and 7 m respectively. 7. A closed cylindrical tank of radius 7 m
From each can of paint 100 m2 of area is and height 3 m is made from a sheet of
painted. How many cans of paint will she metal. How much sheet of metal is
need to paint the room? required?
Solution: Solution:
Length of the Hall l =15m Here, we have to find the surface area of
Breadth b = 10m; height ℎ = 7m cylinder.
Painted area = Area of the Hall – Area of Surface area of cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
22
the floor 𝜋 = 7 ; r = 7 m; ℎ = 3 m
= 2(lb +bh +hl) - lb 22
=2× × 7 × (3 + 7)
= 2(15× 10 +10×7 +7×15) - 15× 10 7

= 2(150 + 70 + 105) – 150 = 2 × 22 × 10

= 2 × 325 – 150 = 440 m2
= 650 – 150 Hence, 440m2 metal sheet is required.
= 500 m2 8. The lateral surface area of a hollow
Now, the required number of can cylinder is 4224 cm2.It is cut along its height
Painted area of the Hall and formed a rectangular sheet of width 33
= Area painted by 1 can cm. Find the perimeter of rectangular
500
= 100 = 5 cans sheet?
Hence, 5 cans are required to paint the hall. Solution:
6. Describe how the two figures at the right Lateral surface area = 4224 cm2
are alike and how they are different. Which Hight h 33cm
box has larger lateral surface area? Curved Surface area of the hollow cylinder
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
4224 = 2𝜋𝑟 × 33
4224
7m 2𝜋𝑟 = = 128cm2
7m 33
7m

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

7m
7m 7m
 Chapter 9 Mensuration 11

Now, length of the rectangle sheet = 2𝜋𝑟 Therefore, area of the label = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
and breadth h 22
= 2× × 7 × 16
7
Therefore perimeter = 2(2𝜋𝑟 + h)
= 2× 22 × 16
= 2(128 + 33)
= 44 × 16 = 704 cm2
= 2 × 161
Hence, the area of the label is 704cm2
= 322cm
Hence, the perimeter of the rectangular Exercise 9.4
sheet is 322cm. 1. Given a cylindrical
9. A road roller takes 750 complete tank, in which situation
revolutions to move once over to level a will you find surface
road. Find the area of the road if the area and in which
diameter of a road roller is 84 cm and situation volume.
length is 1 m. (a) To find how much it
can hold.
(b) Number of cement bags required to
plaster it.
(c) To find the number of smaller tanks
that can be filled with water from it.
Solution: Solution:
Curved surface area of the road roller (a) Volume
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ (b) Surface area
22
𝜋 =7;r=
84
𝑐𝑚; ℎ = 100cm (c) Volume
2 2.Diameter of cylinder A is 7 cm, and the
Curved surface area of the road roller height is 14 cm. Diameter of cylinder B is 14
22
=2× × 42 × 100 cm and height is 7 cm. Without doing any
7
calculations can you suggest whose volume
= 2 × 22 × 6 × 100 is greater? Verify it by finding the volume
= 264 × 100 of both the cylinders. Check whether the
= 26400cm2 = 2.64m2 cylinder with greatervolume also has
Therefore, area covered by the road roller greater surface area?
in 750 revolutions 2.64 × 750 = 1980m2
Hence, the area of the road is 1980m2
10.A company packages its milk powder A B
7cm
14cm

in cylindrical container whose base has a

diameter of 14 cm and height 20 cm.
14cm
Company places a label around the
surface of the container (as shown in the Solution:7cm
figure). If the label is placed 2 cm from top Yes, we can say that the volume of cylinder
and bottom, what is the area of the label. B is greater than that of A (and square of
Solution: radius gives more value than previous)
Hight of the container = 20cm. Volume of the cylinder A:
Hight of the Label V = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
22 7
= 20 – (2 + 2) = 20 – 4 = 16cm 𝜋 = 7 ; r = 2 cm.; ℎ = 14cm
14 22 7 7
Radius of the container = = 7 cm V= × 2 × 2 × 14
2 7

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 9 Mensuration 12

V = 77 × 7 60 ×54 ×30
= 6 × 6× 6 = 450
V = 539 cm3
Hence, the required cubes are 450.
Volume of the cylinder B:
5. Find the height of the cylinder whose
V = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
22 14 volume is 1.54 m3 and diameter of the base
𝜋 = 7 ; r = 2 cm.; ℎ = 7cm
is 140 cm?
22
V= 7 ×7×7×7 Solution:
V = 22 × 7 × 7 = 22× 49 Volume of cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
V = 1078 cm3 1.4
Here, Volume = 1.54m3, r = =0.7m
Surface area of the cylinder A: 2
22
[ it is open from the top] 1.54 = × (0.7)2 ℎ
7
Surface area = 𝜋𝑟[2ℎ + 𝑟] 22
22 7 1.54 = × 0.49ℎ
= 7 × 2 [2 × 14 + 3.5] 7

= 11[28 + 3.5] 1.54 = 22 × 0.07ℎ

1.54 1.54
= 11 × 31.5] ℎ= = 1.54 = 1
22×0.07
= 346.5 cm2 Hence, the height of the cylinder is 1m.
Surface area of the cylinder B:
6. A milk tank is in the form of cylinder
[it is open from the top]
Surface area = 𝜋𝑟[2ℎ + 𝑟] whose radius is 1.5 m and length is 7 m.
22 14
= 7 × 2 [2 × 7 + 7] Find the quantity of milk in litres that can
be stored in the tank?
= 22[14 + 7]
= 22 × 21]
= 462 cm2
Hence, cylinder with greater volume also Super Milk
has greater surface area.
3. Find the height of a cuboid whose base
area is 180 cm2 and volume is 900cm3.
Solution:
Volume of the cuboid
= Area of the base × hight Volume of the Tank = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
900 = 180 × height Here, h = 7m, r = 1.5m
900 22
height = 180 = 5m Volume= × 1.52 × 7
7
Hence, the height of the cuboid is 5m =
22
× 1.5 × 1.5 × 7
7
4. A cuboid is of dimensions 60 cm × 54 cm ×
= 22 × 2.25
30 cm. How many small cubes with side 6
cm can be placed in the given cuboid? = 49.5m3
Solution: = 49.5 ×1000 = 49500ltr [ 1m3= 1000ltr]
The volume of the cuboid = l×b×h Hence, the required quantity of milk is
Here, 49500ltr.
l – length = 60cm, b – breadth = 54cm, 7. If each edge of a cube is doubled,
h – height = 30cm (i) how many times will its surface area
l×b×h = 60×54×30 cm3 increase?
Area of the cube of =(side)3 =63
(ii) how many times will its volume increase?
[ a = side = 6cm]
= 6 × 6 × 6 cm3 Solution:
Volume of the cuboid
No. of cubes = Volume of the cube

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard

 Chapter 9 Mensuration 13

(i) Let the edge of the cube be a Solution:

⇒ Surface area of the cube = 6a3 Volume of reservoir =108 𝑚3
When the edge of the cube doubled, then = 108 × 1000 ltr [1m3 = 1000ltr]
surface area of the cube = 6(2a)2 = 24a2 Rate of water pouring = 60ltr/minute
= 60 × 60 per Hour
Hence,
the surface area will increase 4 times. Therefore, the time required to fill the
Volume of the reservoir
(ii) Volume of the cube V = a3 reservoir = Water filled in an hour
When the edge of the cube doubled, then 1,08,000
Volume = (2a)3 = 8a3 = = 30 hours
60×60
Hence, the volume will increase 8 times Hence, it will take 30 hours to fill the
8. Water is pouring into a cuboidal reservoir.
reservoir at the rate of 60 litres per
minute. If the volume of reservoir is 108 m3,
find the number of hours it will take to fill
the reservoir.

YK Notes for Mathematics VIII Standard