PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

NUMBER IN GENERALIZED FORM

 2-DIGIT NUMBER IN GENERALIZED FORM

2 digit number whose tens digit is x and unit digit is y can be written as 10x + y where x ( 0) and y are whole
numbers. Where x is any digit from 1 to 9 in the tens place and y is any of the digit 0 to 9 at the ones place.
(2 Digit) xy = 10x + y (Interchanging) yx = 10y + x
 10 × tens digit + units digit  10 × tens digit + units digit.

Ex. 69 = 10 × 6 + 9
Tens digit Unit digit
(x) (y)

 The sum of a 2-digit number and its reversing number is always a multiple of 11.
(10x + y) + (10y + x) = 11x + 11y = 11(x + y)
 When we divide the resulting number by 11, we get always quotient as (x + y).
Ex. 52 + 25 = 77
77  11 = 7
 x+y=5+2=7
 The difference of a two digit number and its reversing number is always a multiple of 9.
(a) If x > y : Then (10x + y) – (10y + x)
= 10x + y – 10y – x = 9x – 9y = 9(x – y), which is divisible by 9.
(b) If y > x : Then (10y + x) – (10x + y)
= 10y + x – 10x – y = 9y – 9x = 9(y – x), which is divisible by 9.
(c) If y = x : Then (10x + y) – (10x + y)
Thus, the quotient is divisible by 9 and remainder is zero.

 3 DIGIT NUMBERS IN GENERALIZED FORM

A 3 digit number whose hundreds digit is x tens digit is y and units digit is z can be written as 100x + 10y + z
where x ( 0) y and z are whole numbers.
(3 digit number) xyz = 100x + 10y + z (Interchanging) zyx = 100z + 10y + x
100 × hundreds digits + 10 × ten digit + units digit

Ex. 458 = 100 × 4 + 10 × 5 + 8

hundred digit Ten digit Unit digit
(x) (y) (z)

 Subtraction of a 3-digit number from its reversed number is a multiple of 99.

(a) If x > z : Then (100x + 10y + z) – (100z + 10y + x) = 99 (x – z) which is multiple of 99.
(b) If z > x : Then (100z + 10y + x) – (100x + 10y + z) = 99 (z – x) which is multiple of 99.
(c) If x = z : Then difference is 0.
 In general form, 3-digit number is :
xyz = 100 × x + 10 × y + 1 × z = 100x + 10y + z
zyx = 100 × z + 10 × y + 1 × x = 100z + 10y + x and
yzx = 100 × y + 10 × z + 1 × x = 100y + 10z + x
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The sum of the digits of a number is 13, and the difference between the number and that formed by
reversing the digits is 27. Find the numbers.
Sol. Let the original number be 10a + b. When the digits are reversed, that is the digit a occupies the units place and
the digit b occupies the tens place, then the new number formed is 10b + a. It is given in the problem that the
sum of the digits is 10, i.e., a + b = 13  b = 13 – a.
The difference between the old number and the new number is 27, i.e.,
(10a + b) – (10b + a) = 27  9a – 9b = 27  a – b = 3
Substituting in (2) b = 13 – a, we have
a – (13 – a) = 3  2a – 13 = 3
 2a = 13 + 3 = 16  a = 16 = 8
 From (1), b = 13 – 8 = 5
Hence, the original number = 10a + b = 10x 8 + 5 = 80 + 5 = 85.
The number formed on reversing the digits = 58.
Ex.2 The middle digit of a number between 100 and 1000 is zero, and the sum of the other digits is 11.
If the digits be reversed, the number so formed exceeds the original number by 495, find it.
Sol. A three digit number in the generalized form is 100a + 10b + c. Since the middle digit is 0, let the number be
100x + y. If the digits are reversed the number so formed will be 100y + x.
It is given that (the difference of the numbers is 495.)
 100x + y – (100y + x) = 495  100x + y – 100y – x = 495
 99x – 99y = 495  x – y = 5
Also, It is given that the sum of the digits is 11,
 x + y = 11
Solving (1) and (2), we get x = 8, y = 3. Hence the number is 308.
Ex.3 The sum of the digits of a 2-digit number is 8. If the digits are reversed, the new number increases
by 18. Find the number.
Sol. Suppose the units digit = x
Tens digit = y
 The number = 10y + x
The number obtained on reversing the digits = 10x + y
By the given condition,
New number = Original number + 18
10x + y = 10y + x + 18 or 10x + y – 10y – x = 18
or 9x – 9y = 18
or x–y=2 ... (i)
As the sum of the digits is 8
 x+y=8 ... (ii)
Now we find all pairs of digits from 1 to 9 whose difference is 2 and sum is 8.
We find there are only two pairs which satisfy both the conditions.
Thus either x = 3 and y = 5 or x = 5 and y = 3
But x  3 because it does not satisfy (i)
 x = 5 and y = 3
The required number = 35 ...(10 × 3 + 5)
Ex.4 If the number obtained by interchanging the digits of a two-digit number is 18 more than the
original number and the sum of the digits is 8 then what is the original number?

Sol. Let the original number be 10a + b. Then, 'a' is the tens digit and 'b' is the units digit.

Since the sum of the digits is 8, therefore a + b = 8, i.e., b = 8 – a.

So, the original number is 10a + (8 – a).

 the number obtained by interchanging the digits is 10(8 – a) + a,

and so we have {10(8 – a) + a} – {10a + (8 – a)} = 18.

Solving this equation, we get a = 3.

And so, b = 8 – a = 8 – 3 = 5.

Hence, the original number is 10a + b = 30 + 5 = 35.

Ex.5 In a two-digit number, the digit in the units place is four times the digit in the tens place and sum of
the digits is equal to 10. What is the number?

Sol. Let the original number be 10a + b.

Then, b = 4a and a + b = 10.

We put b = 4a in a + b = 10 so that a + 4a = 10, i.e., 5a = 10, i.e., a = 2.

 a = 2 and b = 4a = 8.

Hence, the number is 10a + b = 20 + 8 = 28.

LETTERS FOR DIGITS (CRYPTARITHMS)

Cryptarithms are arithmetic puzzles in which memorial digits are replaced by the letters of the English Alphabet.

 Rules for puzzles

(i) Each latter in the puzzle must stand for just one digit. Each digit must be represented by just one letter.

(ii) The first digit of a number cannot be zero. Thus, we write the number "Fifty Four" as 54 and not as 054
or 0054.

Here, we will deal with the problems of addition and multiplication.

Ex.1 Solve the following cryptarithms:

A
31A B9 +A 8A5
(i) +1 A 3 (ii) + 4 A (iii) +A (iv) +9 4 A
501 65 BA 1A33

31A
Sol. (i) We have, + 1 A 3
501

Here, we have to find the value of A which can take values from 0 to 9.

As A takes values from 0 to 9. Therefore, A + 3 can take values from 3 to 12. Since digit at the units
place of the sum of two digits A and 3 is 1. Therefore, either A + 3 is equal to 1 or A + 3 is a number
between 3 and 12 whose units digit is 1. Clearly, such a number between 3 and 12 is 11.

 A + 3 = 11  A = 8

This value of A satisfies the addition in tens and hundreds columns. Hence, A =8.
 B9
(ii) We have, + 4 A
65
Clearly, 9 + A is a number taking values from 9 to 18. Also, either 9 + A is 5 or it is a two digit number
whose units digit is 5. But, 9 + A is greater than or equal to 9.
 9 + A = 15  A=6
Now, considering tens column, we have
B + 4 + 1 = A  B + 5 = 6  B = 1
Hence, A = 6 and B = 1.
A
+A
(iii) We have, + A
BA
Here, values of two letters A and B are to be found.
In ones column the sum of three A's is a number whose ones digit is A, which is possible only when the
units digit of the sum of two A's is o. This happens only for A = 0 and A = 5 .
If A = 0, then the sum of three A's is O.
Since A + A + A = BA . Therefore, B = 0. This is not possible as BA is a two digit number. So, A = 5.
 A + A + A = BA
3A = BA  3 × A =10 B + A
 15 = 10B + 5  10B =10  B = 1
Hence, A = 5 and B = 1 .
8 A5
(iv) We have, + 9 4 A
1A33
In the ones column the sum of 5 and A is 3. This means that the sum of 5 and A is a two digit number
between 10 and 19 whose units digit is 3. Clearly, such a number is 13.
 5 + A = 13  A = 8
Clearly, this value of A satisfies the addition in tens and hundreds columns.
Ex.2 Solve the cryptarithm: AB + BA = DAD

Sol. Clearly, AB and BA are two digit numbers. So, maximum value of their sum is 99 + 99 + 198. This means
that the number DAD is at most equal to 198. So, D must be equal to 1. Note that D can not be zero as DAD
is a three digit number.
Now, AB + BA = DAD
 (10A + B) + (10B + A) = 1A1
 11A + 11B = 1A1
 11(A + B) = 1A1 ...(i)
Clearly, LHS of this equation is a multiple of 11. So, RHS must be a multiple of 11 having digits at units and
hundreds place as unity. RHS can take ten values viz. 101, 111, 121, 131, ... , 191. Out of these values only
121 is a multiple of 11. Therefore, A = 2.
Substituting A = 2 in (i), we get

11 (2 + B) = 121  2 + B = 11  B = 9

Hence, A = 2, B = 9 and D = 1.
Ex.3 Solve the following Cryptarithms:

1A AB AB
(i) × A (ii) × 6 (iii) × 5
9A BBB CAB

1A
Sol. (i) We have, × A
9A

This means that the product of A with itself is either A or it has units digit as A. Since A = 1 satisfies A × A = 1
but it is not possible as the product is 9A. The other value of A is 6 whose product with itself is a number having
6 at units place.
Taking A = 6 , we have
16
×6
96
Clearly, it satisfies the given product. Hence, A = 6.

AB
(ii) We have, × 6
BBB

This means that 6 × B is a number having its ones digit as B. Such values of B are 2, 4, 6 and 8, because 6 × 2
= 12, 6 × 4 = 24, 6 × 6 = 36 and 6 × 8 = 48. So, we have following cases:
Case-I When B = 2
In this case, we have

AB × 6 = BBB  A2 × 6 = 222
 (10A + 2) × 6 = 222
 60A + 12 = 222
 60A = 210
 2A = 7
7
 A= which is not possible.
2
Case-II When B = 4
In this case, we have
AB × 6 = BBB

 A4 × 6 = 444
 (10A + 4) × 6 = 444
444
 10A + 4 =
6
 10A + 4 = 74
 10A = 70

 A = 7 and B = 4 is the required solution.

Case-III When B = 6
In this case, we have
A6 × 6 = 666
 A6 = 111
This is not possible as LHS is a two digit number and RHS is a three digit number.
Case-IV When B = 8
In this case, we have
AB × 6 = BBB

 A8 × 6 = 888

 A8 = 148

This is not possible as LHS is a two digit number and RHS is a three digit number.

AB
(iii) We have, × 5
CAB

This means that 5 × B is a number whose units digit is B. Clearly, B can take value 5.
Taking B = 5, we have A5 × 5 = CA5
This means that 4 × B is a number whose units digit is B. Clearly, there is no such digit.
 (10A + 5) × 5 = 100C + 10A + 5
 10A + 5 = 20C + 2A + 1
 8A + 4 = 20C
 2A + 1 = 5C ...(i)
 2A + 1 is an odd multiple of 5 [ 2A + 1 is odd]
 2A + 1 = 5, 2A + 1 = 15 [ O < A  9]
 A = 2, A = 7
Putting A = 2 in (i), we get C = 1
 A = 2, B = 5 and C = 1.
Putting A = 7 in (i), we get C = 3
 A = 7, B = 5 and C = 3.
Ex.4 Solve the Cryptarithm:
BA
× B3
5 7 A
Sol. Here, we have to find the values of A and B.
Since ones digit of 3 × A is A. Therefore, A = 0 or A = 5.

Now, BA  B3  57A

 BA  B3 is a three digit number between 500 and 600.

If B = 1, then BA  B3 can have maximum value 19 × 13 = 247. Therefore, B  1. If B = 3, then BA  B3 can

have minimum value 30 × 33 = 990. Therefore, B  3. Thus, we have B = 2.
Putting B = 2 in (i), we get

2A  23  57A
 (20 + A) × 23 = 500 + 70 + A
 460 + 23A = 570 + A
 22A = 1l0
 A = 5.
25
Hence, A = 5 and B = 2 and, ×23
575
Ex.5 Replace the letters by the numerals to make correctly worked example.

1 A7 AB C
A6 B4 C 1A3B5
×3 1 2 34) 9 9 9 6
(i) + 1 72 55 (ii) –5 C 7 D (iii) (iv)
B 5 C D800
9 D0E 8 6 6 6 6
D 2 E 0 31E6
3 F G 0 0 F 0 G0
3 H K 2 4 I3H
LJ K
0

Sol. (i) C = 8 – 5 = 3, E = 4 + 5 = 9, B = 10 – 2 = 8, D = 1 + 6 + 7 = 14,

so D = 4, A = 9 – (1 + 1) = 9 – 2 = 7.
76843
+1 7 2 5 5
9 40 9 8
(ii) D = 15 – 6 = 9, Then obviously, you can easily make out that B = 4, C = 6, and A = 2.
12345
–5679
666 6
(iii) To find C, we observe that 2 × 7 = 14 so C = 4, 2 × A + 1 (carried from units place) = 5.
4
 2A + 1 = 5  2A = 5 – 1 = 4  A = = 2,
2
1 27
×3 1 2
254
127 0
3 8 1 0 0
3 9 6 2 4
Similarly, you can find the replacements for other letters as B = 2, D = 1, E = 7, F = 8, G = 1, H = 9,
K = 6.
(iv) 34 goes into 99, 2 times and 34 × 2 = 68, so A = 2 and D = 6, 9 – 0 = E  E = 9.
Now, 34 goes into 319. 9 times (34 × 9 = 319), so B = 9, H = 6 – 0 = 6, E (= 9) – G = 3,
so G = 9 – 3 = 6, 3 – F = 0, so F = 3. H (= 6) – K = 0, so K = 6, 3 – J = 0,
so J = 3, 1 – L = 0, so L = 1.
297
34) 9 9 9 6
6800
3196
3060
136
136
0

TEST OF DIVISIBILITY

  TEST OF DIVISIBILITY BY 2.
A number is divisible by 2 if its units digit is even, i.e., if its units digit is any of the digits 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
For a number in the generalized form :
(i) A two-digit number 10a + b : is divisible by 2 if 'b' is any of the digits 0, 2,4,6 or 8.
(ii) A three-digit number 100a + 10b + c : is divisible by 2 if 'c' is any of the digits 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
Ex. The numbers 12, 68, 120, 854 are all divisible by 2.

  TEST OF DIVISIBILITY BY 3.

A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. For a number in the generalized form :

(i) A two-digit number 10a + b : is divisible by 3 if (a + b) is divisible by 3.

(ii) A three-digit number 100a + 10b + c : is divisible if (a + b + c) is divisible by 3.

Ex. 21, 54, 123, 351 are all divisible by 3 but none of the numbers 22, 56, 76, 359, 835 divisible by 3.

  TEST OF DIVISIBILITY BY 5.

A number is divisible by 5, if its units digit is either 0 or 5. For a number in the generalized form :

(i) A two-digit number l0a + b : is divisible by 5 if 'b' is either 0 or 5.

(ii) A three-digit number 100a + 10b + c : is divisible by 5, if 'c' is divisible by 5.

Ex. The numbers 15, 80, 110 are all divisible by 5.

  TEST OF DIVISIBILITY BY 9.

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. For a number in the generalized form :

(i) A two-digit number 10a + b : is divisible by 9 if 'a + b' is divisible by 9.

(ii) A three-digits number 100a + 10b + c : is divisible by 9 if 'a + b + c' is divisible by 9.

Ex. The numbers 18, 27, 225, 801 are all divisible by 9.

  TEST OF DIVISIBILITY BY 10.

A number is divisible by 10, if its units digit is 0. For a number in the generalized form :

(i) A two-digit number 10a + b : is divisible by 10, if 'b' is equal to 0.

(ii) A three-digit number 100a + 10b + c : is divisible by 10, if 'c' is equal to 0.

Ex. The numbers 20, 70, 580, 900 are divisible by 10.

  TEST OF DIVISIBILITY BY 11.

A number is divisible by 11, if the difference of its digits in odd places and the sum of its digits in even places is
either 0 or a multiple of 11.
(i) (ii) (iii)
Ex. 3-digit  264  2 6 4
Sum of the digits in odd places – Sum of the digits in even places.
(2 + 4) – 6 = 0
264 is divisible by 11
Ex. 61809  6 1 8 0 9
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(6 + 8 + 9) – (1 + 0) 23 – 1 = 22
61809 is divisible by 11.
 COMPETITION WINDOW

D ivis or D ivis ib lity Condition E xa m ples

4 The last two digits divisible by 4 40832
32 is divisible by 4
6 It is divisible by 2 and by 3 1458
1 + 4 + 5 + 8 = 18 So it is divisible by 3
and the last digit is even, hence the number
is divisible 6
7 Add 5 times the last digit to the rest. 483
48 + (3 × 5) = 63
8 The number formed by last 3 digits of given 34152
number should be divisible by 8 Examine divisibility of just 152
12 It is divisible by 3 and by 4. 324 : (32 × 2 ) – 4 = 60.
13 Add the digits in alternate blocks of three from 2, 911, 272 : – (2 + 272) + 911 = 637
right to left, then subtract the two sms.
15 It is divisible by 3 and by 5. 390 : It is divisible by 3 adn by 5.
19 Add twice the last digit to the rest. 437 : 43 + (7 × 2) = 57.

Ex.1 Find the least value of x for which 7x5462 is divisible by 9 :

Sol. Let the required value be x then (7 + x + 5 + 4 + 6 + 2) = (24 + x) is divisible by 9.
Ex.2 Find the least value of x for which 4832x18 is divisible by 11.
Sol. (Sum of digits at odd places) – (Sum of digits at even places)
(8 + x + 3 + 4) – (1 + 2 + 8) = (4 + x)
which should be divisible by 11, x = 7
Ex.3 What is the unit digit in the product (684 × 759 × 413 × 676)?
Sol. Unit digit in the given product = unit digit in the product (4 × 9 × 3 × 6) = 8.
Ex.4 What is the unit digit in the product (3547)153 × (251)72?
Sol. Required digit = unit digit in (7153 × 172)
Now, 74 gives unit digit 1 and 172 = 1
(7153 × 172) = [(74)38 × 7 × 1]
Required unit digit = (1 × 7 × 1) = 7.
Ex.5 What is the unit digit in (264)102 + (264)103?
Sol. (264)102 + (264)103 = (264)102 × (1 + 264) = (264)102 × 265
Required unit digit = unit digit in [4102 × 5] = [(44)25 × 42] × 5 = 6 × 6 × 5 = 0
Ex.6 Find the total number of prime factors in the product (411 × 75 × 112 ]?
Sol. (2 × 2)11 × 75 × (11)2  (22)11 × 75 × (11)2  222 × 75 × 112
Required number of factors = (22 + 5 + 2) = 29
Ex.7 Find the remainder when 231 is divided by 5?
Sol. 231 = (210 × 210 × 210) × 2  (210)3 × 2 = (1024)3 × 2
Unit digit in 231 = unit digit in [(1024)3 × 2] = 4 × 2 = 8
Now, 8 when divided by 5 gives 3 as remainder
 231 when divided by 5 given remainder = 3.
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 If 21y5 is a multiple of 9, where y is a digit, what is the value of y?
Sol. Since 21y5 is a multiple of 9. Therefore, the sum of its digits is a multiple of 9. i.e. 2 + 1 + y + 5 is multiple of 9.
 y + 8 is a multiple of 9.
 y + 8 = 0, or 9, or 18, or 27, or 36. ...(i)
0, 1, 2, ....., 9.
 y + 8 can take values 8, 9, 10,...17 ...(ii)
from (i) and (ii), we get
y+8=9  y=9–8=1
 y=1
Hence, y = 1

Ex.2 Write the following numbers in the form 10x + y

(i) 908 (ii) 1234
Sol. (i) We have 908 – 8 = 900
 908 – 8 = 10 × 90
 908 = 10 × 90 + 8
 908 = 10 × x + y
Where x = 90, y = 8 Ans.
(ii) We have 1234 – 4 = 1230
 1234 – 4 = 10 × 123  1234 = 10 × 123 + 4
 1234 = 10 × x + y
Where x = 123, y = 4 Ans.

Ex.3 If 24x is a multiple of 3, where x is a digit, what is the value of x?

Sol. It is given that 24x is a multiple of 3

 2 + 4 + x is a multiple of 3

 6 + x is a multiple of 3.

 6 + x = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21,.... ...(i)

But, x is a digit of the number 24x .

 x can take values 0, 1,2,3, ... ,9

 6 + x can take values 6, 7, 8, 9,10, ..., 15 ...(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get

6 + x = 6 or, 9 or, 12 or, 15

 6 +x = 6 or, 6 + x = 9 or, 6 + x = 12 or, 6 + x = 15

 x = 0 or, x = 3 or, x = 6 or, x = 9

Hence, x = 0, 3, 6, 9.
Ex.4 If 24y5 is a multiple of 3, where y is a digit, what might be the value of y?

Sol. Since 24y5 is a multiple of 3.

 2 + 4 + y + 5 is a multiple of 5.  11 + y is a multiple of 3.
 11 + y = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, ....(i)

But, y is a digit of the number 24y5 . So, y can take values 0, 1, 2,..., 9.
 11 + y can take values 11, 12, 13, ... 22. ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
11 + y = 15 or; 18  11 + y = 15 or, 11 + y = 18  y = 4 or, y = 7
Hence, y = 4 or, 7.

Ex.5 If 21y8 is a multiple of 6, where y is a digit, what might be the value of y?

Sol. Clearly, 21y8 has an even digit at units place. So, it is a multiple of 2.

Now, 21y8 will be a multiple of 3, if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3.

 2 + 1 + y + 8 is a multiple of 3  y + 11 is a multiple of 3
 y + 11 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, ...(i)
But, y is a digit. So, y can take values 0, 1, 2, 3,.....,9
 y + 11 = 11, 12, 13, ... , 20 ....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
y + 11 = 12 or, 15 or, 18
 y + 11 = 12 or, y + 11 = 15 or, y + 11 = 18
 y = 1 or, y = 4 or, y = 7  y = 1, 4, 7
Hence, y can take values for, 4 or, 7.

Ex.6 If 2y5 is divisible by 11, where y is a digit, what is the value of y?

Sol. We have, Sum of the digits in odd places = 2 + 5 = 7, Sum of the digits in even places = y.
 Sum of the digits in even places – Sum of the digits in odd places = y – 7.
If 2y5 is divisible by 11, then
y – 7 must be a multiple of 11.
 y – 7 = or, 11 or, 22 or, 33, ...(i)
 y = 7 or, 18 or, 29, ... ...(ii)
But, y is a digit. So, y can take values 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 9
From (i) and (ii), we get y = 7.

Ex.7 Given that the number 148101a095 is divisible by 11, where a is some digit, what are the possible
values of a?
Sol. If 148101a095 is divisible by 11, then
(1 + 8 + 0 + a + 9) – (4 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 5) is a multiple of 11.
 (a + 18) – 11 is a multiple of 11  a + 7 is a multiple of 11
 a + 7= 0 or, 11 or, 22 or. 33, ...(ii)
But,  is a digit of some number. So,  can take one of the values from 0 or 9.
Therefore, a + 7 can take values 7, 8, , ...., 16 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get a + 7 = 11  = 4.
Ex.8 Given that the number 7713a8 is divisible by 4, where a is a digit, what are the possible values of a?
Sol. If 7713a8 is divisible by 4, then the number a8 must be divisible by 4.

We have, a8 = 10a + 8, where a = 0, 1, 2, 3,···,9

 a8 = 8, 18, 28, 38, 48, 58, 68, 78, 88, 98

Clearly, out of these values of a8 only 8,28,48,68 and 88 are divisible by 4.

Hence, possible values of a are 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8.

Ex.9 Given that the number 1735538a05 is divisible by 9, where 'a' is a digit, what are the possible
values of a?
Sol. lf the number 1735538a05 is divisible by 9, then
1 + 7 + 3 + 5 + 5 + 3 + 8 + a + 0 + 5 is a multiple of 9
 a + 37 is a multiple of 9 ...(i)
But, a is some digit of a number. So, a can take values 0, 1, 2, 4, ..., 9.
 a +37 = 37, 38, 39, 40, ... , 46 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
a + 37 = 45  a = 8
Hence, a can take only one value equal to 8.

NUMBER PUZZLES AND GAMES

Ex.1 Use the numeral 5 only three times and the signs +, –,  , × and make the numeral 1.
Sol. 5  ( 5 × 5 ) = 1 or ( 5 × 5)  5
Ex.2 Insert the symbols +, –, × ,  , and parenthesis in the following sequence of numbers so that the
expression equals 100.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Sol. The desired expression is 1 + ( 2 × 3) – 4 + (56  7) + 89
Clearly, the value of the above expression is 100.
Ex.3 Fill in the boxes by 2-digit prime numbers, so that the sum of the
numbers horizontally and vertically is 161.
Sol. The 2-digit prime numbers are: 17 11

11,13,17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59,
61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97. 43

Let the numbers be A, B, C, D, E, f such that A + B + 17 + C + 43 = 161

or A + B + C = 161 – 60 = 101
And D + E + 17 + f + 11 = 161 or D + E + F = 161 – 28 = 133
Now to get A + B + C = 101, we need to select three numbers from the above list of 2-digit prime numbers
whose sum is 101.
One such possible group of numbers is 23, 37, 41.
Again we need to select three numbers from the list such that their sum is 133.
One such possible group of numbers is 13, 47, 73.
 A 23 23
B 37 37
D E 17 F 11 D E 17 F 11 13 47 17 73 11
C 41 41
43 43 43

(a) Each group of numbers selected above can be written in any order.
(b) There may be more than one solution to such type of problems.

Ex.4 Write numerals from 1 to 9 using once in the blank squares in such a way that the sum of each row,
column and diagonal is 15.

Sol. The numerals are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

Find all possible groups of 3 numerals such that the sum of each group is 15. They are (9, 1, 5), (9, 2, 4),
(8, 1, 6), (8, 2, 5), (8, 3, 4), (7, 2, 6), (7, 3, 5) and (6, 5, 4).
The numeral (5) which occurs most will be in the centre. 4 3 8
The numerals (2, 4, 6, 8) which occurs three times will be at the corners. 9 5 1
The other numerals which occur two times will be in the centre squares such 2 7 6

that the given condition is satisfied.

This square is called a (3 × 3) magic square.

Ex.5 Fill in the numbers from 1 to 6 (without repetition) so that each side of the magic triangle adds up
to 12.

Sol. Place the largest numbers, i.e., 4, 5 and 6, at the three corners of the triangle. Now, 4 + 5 = 9, 4 + 6 = 10
and 5 + 6 = 11. Therefore, by placing 3 between the and 5, 2 between 4 and 6, and 1 between 5 and 6 we get
the desired magic triangle.
4

3 2

5 1 6
EXERCISE-1 (FOR SCHOOL EXAMS)
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING

1. If the number 517x324 is completely divisible by 3, then the smallest whole number in place of x will be :

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these

2. If the number 481x673 is completely divisible by 9. Then the smallest whole number is place of x will be :

(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7

3. If the number 97215x2 is completely divisible by 11, then the smallest whole number in place of x will be :

(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 5

4. If the number 91876x2 is completely divisible by 8 then the smallest whole number in place of x will be :

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

5. Which one of the following number is completely divisible by 99.

(A) 3572404 (B) 135792 (C) 913464 (D) 114345

6. Which one of the following number is completely divisible by 45?

(A) 181560 (B) 331145 (C) 202860 (D) 2033550

7. If the number 42573x is exactly divisible by 72, then the minimum value of x is :

(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7

8. If a and b are odd numbers, then which of the following is even :

(A) a + b (B) a + b + 1 (C) ab (D) ab + 2

9. The smallest 3 digit prime number is :

(A) 103 (B) 107 (C) 109 (D) None of these

10. How many of the following numbers are divisible by 132?

264, 396, 462, 792, 968, 2178, 5184, 6336

(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7

11. (51 + 52 + 53 + .... + 100) = ?

(A) 2525 (B) 2775 (C) 3225 (D) 3775

12. What is the unit digit in 7105?

(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9

OBJECTIVE ANSWER KEY EXERCISE -1

Qu e. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans . C D A C D C C A D A A C
EXERCISE-2 (FOR SCHOOL EXAMS)
TRUE FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following statements are true?
(i) If a number is divisible by 3, it must be divisible by 9.
(ii) If a number is divisible by 9, it must be divisible by 3.
(iii) If a number is divisible by 4, it must be divisible by 8.
(iv) If a number is divisible by 8, it must be divisible by 4.
(v) A number is divisible by 18. If it is divisible by both 3 and 6.
(vi) If a number is divisible by both 9 and 10, it must be divisible by 90.
(vii) If a number exactly divides the sum of two numbers, it must exactly divide the numbers separately.
(viii) If a number divides three numbers exactly, it must divide their sum exactly.
(ix) If two numbers are co-prime, at least one of them must be a prime number.
(x) The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is always divisible by 4.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 2? 57,34,60,93,126,365,890,992

2. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 3? 42,73,84,105,314,726,814,915
3. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 5? 30,49,75,210,305,640,704,985
4. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9? 36,90,157,243,514,810,719,936
5. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 10?· 75,80,140,400,670,895,985,990.
1
6. A number of two digits has 3 for its units digit and the sum of digits isof the number itself. What is the number?
7
7. A two-digit number becomes five-sixth of itself when its digits are reversed. The two digits differ by one. What is
the number?
8. A two-digit number exceeds the sum of the digits of that number by 15. If the digit at the units place is double
the digit in the tens place, what is the number?
9. The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by interchanging the positions of its digits
is 63. What is the difference between the two digits of that number?
10. The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by interchanging the digits is 36. What is
the difference between the sum and the difference of the digits of the number if the ratio between the digits of
the number is 1 : 2?
11. Given that the number 35a64 is divisible by 3, where a is a digit, what are the possible values of a?
12. If x is a digit such that the number 18x71 is divisible by 3, find possible values of x.
13. If x is a digit of the number 66784x such that it is divisible by 9, find possible values of x.
14. Given that the number 67y19 is divisible by 9, where y is a digit, what are the possible values of y?
15. If 3x2 is a multiple of 11, where x is a digit, what is the value of x?
16. If 98215x2 is a number with x as its tens digit such that it is divisible by 4. Find all possible values of x.
17. If x denotes the digit at hundreds place of the number 67x19 such that the number is divisible by 11. Find all
possible values of x.
18. Find the remainder when 981547 is divided by 5. Do this without doing actual division.
19. Find the remainder when 51439786 is divided by 3. Do this without performing actual division.
20. Find the remainder, without performing actual division, when 798 is divided by 11.
21. Without performing actual division, find the remainder when 928174653 is divided by 11.
22. Given an example of a number which is divisible by
(i) 2 but not by 4. (ii) 3 but not by 6. (iii) 4 but not by 8. (iv) both 4 and 8 but not by 32.
23. The sum of the ages of Sunita and her brother is 8 years. Sunita is 7 years younger than her brother. Find her age?
24. I am as much older than my brother who is 10 years as I am younger than my father who is 70 years. How old
I am?
25. The sum of the digits of a 2-digit number is 12. If the digits are reversed, the new number decreases by 36. Find
the number.
26. The product of two 2-digit numbers is 1665. The product of their units digit is 35 and that of tens digit is 12.
Find the numbers.
27. If 21y5 is a multiples of 9, where y is a digit, what is the value of y?
28. If 31z5 is a multiple of 9, where z is a digit, what is the value of z?
29. If 31z5 is a multiples of 3, where z is a digit, what might be the values of z?
30. If the three digit number 24x is divisible by 9, what is the value of x?
31. Find the values of the letters in each of the following and give reasons for the steps involved:

A B C
A 1 2 A B 1 2 A A B A B
A B C +A B 1 +6 A B
+1 B × 5 × 6
(i) + A B C (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
B B B B O B 1 8 A 0 9 C A B B B B

32. Replace letters a,b,c by different digits (1 to 9) in the following sum:

a a a
+a a a 4 3
×c a P A T
a a a
a a a 3 b b +E A T
(i) 0 (ii) + a 6 0 (iii)
+a a a 0 0 F E E L
1 c d 4
a b c b a

33. Find Q in the addition

3 1 Q
+1 Q 3
5 0 1

34. Find the digits A and B

B A
×B 3
5 7 A

35. (i) Check the divisibility of 152875 by 9.

(ii) Check the divisibility of 2146587 by 3.
36. If 24y5 is a multiple of 3, where y is a digit, what might be the value of y?
37. If 2x25 is a multiple of 9, where x is a digit, what is the value of x?
38. Find the values of the letters in each of the following and give reasons for the steps involved.

3 A 4 A 1 A A B A B
+ 2 5 + 9 8 × A +3 7 × 3
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
B 2 C B 3 9 A 6 A C A B

A B A B A 1 2 A B 1 2 A
× 5 × 6 +1 B +A B 1 +6 A B
(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
C A B B B B B 0 B 1 8 A 0 9
39. Solve each of the following cryptarithms :

3 7 A B 7
+A B +7 A B
(i) (ii)
9 A 9 8 A

40. Solve that the Cryptarithm 4 × AB  CAB does not have any solution.

41. Use the symbols +, –,  , × and to write the numerals 7 and 9 using 4 fours. For example, 44  44 = 1
or 4 + 4 + 4 – 4 = 10.

42. Use the digits 1 to 9 in ascending order and the symbols +, – and × and for example, 123 + 45 – 67 + 8 = 100.

43. Replace each letter with the correct numerical :

B 3
1 2 A
4 A 7 2 ×B 1 5 37 ) A 5 1
A 2 4 6 7 4 0
B 8 5 C
–5 2 B 7 C 2 5
(i) 9 2 D 6 (ii) (iii) (iv) 1 C D
D E F 0
E 7 7 7 5 1 C D E E F G
2 G 0 0 0
0
H 6 8 K J

44. Fill in the boxes by 2-digit prime numbers so that the sum of the numbers horizontally and vertically is 123.

29
83 A B
C

45. Fill in the boxes by 2-digit prime numbers so that the sum of the numbers horizontally and vertically is 205.

43
C
A B 19 D 73
E
F

46. Place the digits 1 to 9 on the number star so that the three digits on each of the lines add up to

(i) 12 (ii) 13

47. Complete the following image squares :

6 A B A 15 B 5 A 25
C 9 5 C 11 D B 20 C
(i) (ii) (iii)
8 D E 9 E 17 D 10 E
48. Complete the following image squares :

18 A B 15 30 A B C
C 13 12 10 D 20 18 E
(i) D 9 E F (ii) 16 12 10 F
6 G 17 3 6 G H I

49. Complete the magic square so that the sum of the numbers in each row each column and along the diagonals
may to 15

2 A 4
B 5 C
6 D 8

50. Write the nine non repetitive digits in the circles of this triangle in such a way as to have a total of 20 on each side.

b i
c h
d e f g

51. Insert '+' and '–' symbols between the numbers so that the equations become correct.
(i) 5 9 1 7 2 3 = 9
(ii) 1 2 3 4 5 8 = 7
(iii) 8 7 5 4 4 2 = 8
52. Complete the magic square given below :

6 32 44

40 16 4

14 26 2

48 24 10

22 8 34 20

53. Find the values of A, B, C, D and E to complete the number triangle given below :

2
2 2
22 4
2 A 8 2
2 16 64 B 2
2 C D E 32 2

54. Find two numbers whose product is a one-digit number and the sum is a two-digit number.
55. Find three whole numbers whose product and the sum are equal.
PLAYING WITH NUMBERS ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-2 (VIII)-CBSE

 TRUE -FALSE TYPE ANSWERS

(i) F (ii) T (iii) F (iv) T (v) F (vi) T (vii) F

(viii) T (ix) F (x) T

 SUBJECTIVE TYPE A NSWERS

6. 63 7. 54 8. 24 9. 7 10. 8 11. 0, 3, 6, 9

12. 1, 4, 7 13. 5 14. 4 15. 5 16. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9

17. 4 18. 2 19. 1 20. 6 21. 10 22. (i) 10, (ii) 15, (iii) 28, (iv) 48

23. 6 month 24. 40 year 25. 84 26. 37, 45 27. y = 1 28. z = 0 or 9 29. 0, 3, 6 or 9

30. x = 3 31. (i) A = 1, B = 4, C = 8 ; (ii) A = 7, B = 9; (iii) A = 4, B = 7 ; (iv) A = 8, B = 1 ; (v) A = 5, B = 0,

C = 2 ; (vi) A = 7, B = 4.

32. (i) a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 ; (ii) a = 8, b = 4, c = 2, d = 0 ; (iii) A = 8, F = 1, T = 2, L = 4, E = 6, P = 9

33. Q = 8 34. A = 5, B = 2 35. (i) No, (ii) Yes 36. 1, 4 or 7

37. 0 or 9 38. (i) A = 7, B = 6 ; (ii) A = 5, B = 4, C = 1; (iii) A = 6 ; (iv) A = 2, B = 5 ; (v) A = 5, B = 0, C = 1 ;

(vi) A = 5, B = 0, C = 2 ; (vii) A = 7, B = 4 ; (viii) A = 7, B = 9 ; (ix) A = 4, B = 7 ; (x) A = 8, B = 1

39. (i) A = 5, B = 8 ; (ii) A = 2, B = 5 41. 7 = (44  4) – 4

42. 123 + 4 – 5 + 67, 123 + 4 × 5 – 6 × 7 + 8 – 9

43. (i) A = 6, B = 3, C = 7, D = 4, E = 1 ; (ii) A = 7, B = 8, C = 9, D = 9, E = 9 ; (iii) A = 5, B = 2, C = 6, D = 1,

E = 2, F = 5, G = 5, H = 2, K = 7, J = 5 (vi) A = 8, B = 2, C = 1, D = 1, E = 1, F = 1, G = 1

44. A = 23, B = 17, C = 71 45. A = 47, B = 13, C = 23, D = 53, E = 89, F = 31

46. (i) 3, 8, 1, 9, 2, 7, 5, 6, 3, 4, (ii) 3, 9, 1, 8, 4, 6, 5, 7, 3, 2

47. (i) A = 11, B = 10, C = 13, D = 7, E = 12, (ii) A = 5, B = 13, C = 19, D = 3, E = 7

(iii) A = 30, B = 40, C = 0, D = 15, E = 35

48. (i) A = 4, B = 5, C = 7, D = 11, E = 8, F = 14 (ii) A = 2, B = 4, C = 24, D = 8, E = 14, F = 22, G = 26, H = 28, I = 0

49. A = 9, B = 7, C = 3, D = 1 50. a = 5, b = 7, c = 6, d = 2, e = 9, f = 1, g = 8, h = 4, i = 3

6 32 18 44 30

40 16 42 28 4

14 50 26 2 38
52.
48 24 10 36 12

22 8 34 20 46

53. A = 8, B = 16, C = 32, D = 1024, E = 1024

Explanation : Each number is equal to the product of the two nearest numbers in the row just above it.

54. 1 and 9 55. 1, 2 and 3

Important Notes