REVIEWER PUR COM They’ll be the ones who will comprehend

CHAPTER 1 the given message

MULTICULTURALISM 7. FEEDBACK
- Demonstrated by thinking back to your - The response of the decoder towards the
most recent engagement with a person message they received. This can indicate
whose cultural background is different their understanding and feeling towards
from your own. the message provided.
COMMUNICATION
- Can take many forms depending on the
context and purpose. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
- Involves the exchange of information, - Begins when a sender wishes to convey
ideas, thoughts, or feelings between some idea, facts, information or opinion to
individuals or groups. the receiver
- Can be verbal or non-verbal, written, or COMMUNICATION PROCESS
visual. - Refers to the exchange of information
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION: between two or more people.
- The exchange of information between to SEVEN MAJOR ELEMENTS OF
people. COMMUNICATION PROCESS:
1. CONSISTENCY 1. SENDER
- Advances comprehension, proper - “SPEAKER”, The source of the message
understanding, and sharing of information who also does the encoding through
applicable for making decisions. speaking or writing.
2. EXCHANGE 2. MESSAGE
- Effective communication includes - Refers to the information, ideas, feelings,
exchanging thoughts and feelings. opinions, thought, attitude, and view that
3. TWO-WAY PROCESS the sender wants to deliver to the
- Mostly communication is a two-way receiver.
interaction with at least two people; 3. ENCODING
sender and receiver. - The part of transforming abstract opinions
4. VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL and ideas into symbols such as words,
- From written and verbal words to gestures, pictures, signs, and marks.
postures and body language are 4. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
associated with the nature of - The medium or tool transmit the message.
communication. 5. RECEIVER
COMMUNICATION PROCESS: - A person for whom the message is
- The actions we take in order to have targeted in contrast to the sender.
successful communication - The audience of communication process
1. ENCODER that decode the message to perceive
- A person or group of individuals that meaning.
initiates the communication process. 6. DECODING
- Carry the ideas, thoughts, or information - The process of translating an encoded
that need to be conveyed. symbol into the ordinary understandable
2. ENCODING language in contrast to the encoder.
- The process of converting the encoder’s 7. FEEDBACK
ideas or thoughts into words, symbols, - Refers to the response of the receiver or
actions that can be understood by the audience.
decoder. COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS
3. MESSAGE - Refer to how people use language for
- The ideas, thoughts, and information different purposes and also refers to how
transformed into words. language is affected by different time,
4. CHANNEL place, and situation.
- A method of delivering a message from 8 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICAION:
one person to another. 1. INFROMATIVE FUNCTION
5. DECODING - To convey information by imparting facts
- Done by the receiver. This is the process of or knowledge.
understanding the message being - Prove useful in sharing essential
transmitted. information, facts, views and opinions with
6. DECODER the stakeholders, clients and customers.
- A person or group of individuals that are 2. INTRUSIVE FUNCTION
the intended receiver of the message. - Providing essential instructions so that
people can make informed choices
 - About providing essential instructions so - List of principles that help a sender to
that people can make informed choices. communicate effectively her/him message
3. PERSUASIVE FUNCTION to a receiver.
- Used to change the attitude of other 7 C’S OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION:
people and sway them towards their way 1. COMPLETENESS
of thinking. - It should be complete much like when we
4. MOTIVATION FUNCTION provide facts, in order to make the
- Uses a person’s desire to communicate to audience or recipient more knowledgeable
motivate them in coming out of their shell. or aware
5. AESTHETIC FUNCTION 2. CONCISENESS
- Enhances the ability to understand and - When communicating a message, it is not
interpret messages conveyed in cultural necessary to make it lengthier merely to
life, the media and between people. improve comprehension for the recipients.
3. CONSIDERATION
6. THERAPEUTIC FUNCTION/ EMOTIONAL 4. We must think about who would hear or
EXPRESSION receive the message we want to deliver
- Refers to the use of language and other 5. CLARITY
communication tools to express and evoke - Being clear means making sure that what
emotion of the audience. you're saying is understood and cannot be
7. THE REGULATION misunderstood.
- How people use interactions to control the
behavior of other people. 6. CONRETENESS
8. SOCIAL INTERACTION - You must be explicit when crafting your
- allows individuals to communicate or communication and make sure that the
interact with others within a societal reasoning and messaging you use
framework complement, build upon, and support one
another
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS 7. CORRECTNESS
- Is anything within your organization that - All of the information, language, and style
prevents people from receiving or that we convey must be accurate in order
understanding messages, ideas, and for us to achieve error-free
information. communication.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION BARRIES: 8. COURTESY
1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS - Knowing how to communicate with the
- Are those that arise due to certain factors other person with respect and to be polite
like faulty equipment, noise, closed doors because It facilitates communication.
and cabins that cause the information sent
from sender to receiver to become EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
distorted - Is not just about conveying information;
2. PERCEPTUAL BARRIERS it's about doing so ethically, considering
- Are internal biases that influence how we the impact of our words and actions on
perceive other people, ideas, or events. others.
3. EMOTIONAL BARRIERS ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
- Refer to the feelings and emotions that - Communication is about honesty,
prevent us from communicating integrity, respect, and fairness.
effectively. ETHICS
4. CULTURAL BARRIERS - It concerns with the questions right and
- Are obstacles that harm morale and wing, good and bad in human action.
decrease productivity in an organization FOUR APPROACHES FOR ETHICAL MAKING:
through misunderstanding of a cultural UTULITARIAN ETHICS
concept. - is a substantive ethical system which
5. LANGUAGE BARRIERS focuses mainly on the outcomes of ethical
- A sort of invisible wall that divides people decision
not only by the way they speak but also by MORAL DUTY
their different worlds. - It is morality of actions not in what
6. GENDER BARRIERS outcomes we gain for ourselves, but also
- The result of the different ways in which on the law and duty that governs it
the various genders communicate with VIRTUAL ETHICS
one another and are expected to - Is emphasizes an individual’s virtue of
communicate. mind character, and sense of honesty,
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION rather than the rules or consequences
COMMON GOOD APPROACHES calls, video conferences, or group
- It regards all individual as a part of larger discussions.
community and that the own good of each WRITTEN COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
individual in linked to the good of the - Channels is the exchange of information,
community ideas, or messages through written
UNETHICAL COMMUNICATION language in the form of letters, emails,
- Is a word that refers to any vertical or notes, and more.
cores communication that encourages ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
unethical behavior. - Are methods of exchanging information,
messages, or data through electronic
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION technologies such as emails, text
- is essential for building and maintaining messages, video calls, social media, and
relationships, both personally and online chat platforms.
professionally. BROADCAST COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
5 TYPES OF IMPORTANCE OF - refer to methods of distributing
COMMUNICATION: information or content to a large audience
simultaneously, typically through mediums
1. BUILDNIG RELATIONSHIPS such as television, radio, and online
- Are effective communication is the streaming platforms.
foundation of strong relationships, as it FORMAL AND INFORMAL CHANNELS
enables individuals to express their - The distinction between formal and
thoughts and feelings clearly. informal communication channels
2. FACILITATING COLLABORATION highlights the different contexts in which
- Is clear communication it is essential for communication occurs, impacting the tone
effective teamwork, as it helps ensure that and structure of the exchange.
all members understand their roles and CHAPTER 2
responsibilities. VIRTUAL INTERACTION
- Refers to communication and engagement
3. IMPROVING PROBLEM SOLVING that occurs through digital platforms
- Are open dialogue fosters an environment rather than in person.
where diverse ideas and perspectives can CREATION OF GLOBAL VILLAGE
be freely exchanged. - This refers to the concept that distance
4. CONFLIC RESULTION and isolation both hinder across the globe
- Is essential for identifying the root causes from communicating with one another.
of disagreements
5. ENHANCING CLARITY
- Are clear communication being essential INCREASED BUSINESS OPERATIONS
for minimizing misunderstandings in any - This use of communication technology
interaction. allows businesses to explore opportunities
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION in different countries and boost the global
- A crucial skill to have in the modern economy.
information age. Most jobs require you to FEWER CULTURAL BARRIES
communicate in writing through email, - Refers to the reduced obstacles that
formal letters, notes, text messages, or hinder communication and understanding
online messaging. between people from different cultures.
VISUAL COMMUNICATION CAUSES OF CULTURAL BARRIERS:
- Is helpful in ensuring faster 1. LANGUAGE
communication, engaging audiences, - Not speaking the same language (well)
presenting data information, helpful in can cause a myriad of misunderstandings
retaining information and the development and is considered the most crucial barrier
of creativity and imagination in people. in cross-cultural communication
LISTENING COMMUNICATION 2. SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
- is a crucial communication skill that - Non-verbal communication like signs and
involves not just hearing but also actively symbols differ from culture to culture and
processing and understanding the can therefore not be relied upon in
information being conveyed by the communication
speaker. 3. STEREOTYPES AND PREJUDICES
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS: - Are mostly negative images or
ORAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS preconceived notions about a specific
- Involve the verbal exchange of information community, group or culture.
through face-to-face conversations, phone 4. BEHAVIOR AND BELIEFS
 - Cultural differences cause behavioral and - A common term for language varieties,
personality differences like body language, dialects often reflect regional differences.
gestures, mindsets, communication, SOCIAL DIALECTS
manners, and norms, which may lead to - These varieties reflect social class or
miscommunication. group affiliation.
5. ETHNOCENTRISM VARIETIES:
- The process of dividing cultures as “Us” PIDGIN
and “Them”. - A simplified speech used for
6. RELIGION communication between people with
- Differences in religious beliefs and different languages
practices can lead to misunderstandings CREOLE
or conflicts, especially if individuals are - Is a stable natural language that develops
unaware of or disrespectful toward others' from the process of different languages
faiths and traditions.’ simplifying and mixing into a new form
- Develop from pidgins when they become
MULTIEMEDIA COMMUNICATION the native language of a community
- Refers to the combination and REGIONAL DIALECT
transmission of various media content. - Are variations of a language that are
MULTIEMEDIA FORUMS specific to a particular geographical area
- Online platforms that allow users to or region.
engage in discussions using various forms MINORITY DIALECT
of media, - A variety used as a marker of identity,
TYPES OF MULTIMEDIA ELEMENTS USED IN usually alongside a standard variety, by
FORUMS: the members of a particular minority
TEXT ethnic group.
- Refers to alphanumeric characters and INDIGENIZED
symbols used to convey written - An indigenous language, or autochthonous
information language, is a language that is native to a
IMAGES region and spoken by its indigenous
- Are a media type displayed as visual peoples.
information. They can be drawings, LANGUAGE REGISTERS
paintings or photographs. - Refer to the different styles and forms of
AUDIO language that are used in specific
- Any content that is perceived through contexts or settings.
hearing. It consists of spoken words, REGISTERS:
music, sound effects, and any other FORMAL
auditory information - Is often associated with standardized
VIDEO versions of English and is used in formal
- A moving picture with sound, like one on a situations
television, is referred to as a "video." CONSULTATIVE
- Is usually used when there is an expert-
novice relationship between the two
people engaging in the conversation
FROZEN
- Otherwise known as the static register, is
CHAPTER 3 used for very old pieces of discourse, such
VARIETIES as wedding vows, readings from the bible.
- Variants of a language that can be CASUAL
distinguished based on social, historical, - Refers to informal speech used between
spatial or combined factors. people who know each other well.
REGISTERS
- Defined as the level of formality in INTIMATE
language that's determined by the contest - Refers to the informal language used
in which it is spoken or written when talking to close friends, family
LANGUAGE VARIETIES members or romantic partners.
- Refer to the distinct forms of a language FOUR MAIN QUALITIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE
that arise due to factors such as MESSAGE:
geography, social class, ethnicity, and 1. SIMPLICITY
age. - Is the purpose evident? Is the core
DIALECTS message clear?
2. SPECIFICITY
 - Is language specific? Is language concrete, FORMAL COMMUNICATION
rather than abstract? - Is the exchange of official information or
3. STRUCTURE messages between individuals or groups
- Ideas should be organized and easy to by following predefined rules, protocols
follow and standards of communication in an
4. STICKINESS organization.
- The messages should display coherent DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMAL
and unity of ideas. COMMUNICATION:
1. VERTICAL COMMUNICATION
CASUAL COMMUNICATION - It is communication among individuals or
- A relaxed and informal way of interacting groups, where the information flows across
that’s prevalent in our everyday hierarchical levels within the organization.
conversation 2. DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
- Is integral in everyday interactions - It is the information flow from the top-level
INFORMAL COMMUNICATION executives to the bottom-level employees.
- Refers to the exchanging of information It takes the form of instructions, directives,
outside formal channels such as office and goals.
memos or scheduled meetings. 3. UPWARD COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: - It is the information flow from bottom-
1. SINGLE STRAND level employees to top-level executives. It
- Information is passed from one person to takes the form of feedback, suggestions,
the next in a sequence, like a telephone and daily updates.
game. 4. CROSSWISE COMMUNICATION
- Usually slow and distortion prone - It is communication between individuals or
2. GOSSIP CHAIN departments and various functional areas
- Information rapidly spreads through a operating within the organization.
series of interconnected individuals. 5. HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION
3. PROBABILITY CHAIN - It is the information exchange among
- The individual only shares information individuals and groups across the same
among the ones they believe are most hierarchical level in the organization,
likely to pass it to others promoting collaboration and coordination.
4. CLUSTER CHAIN
- Individuals share information within their FORMAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
clusters. - Can be classified under various heads.
EXAMPLES OF INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: Each type has its significance, and
1. FACE-TO-FACE organizations mostly use a combination of
- One of the most common types of two or more types.
exchange among colleagues. They can THREE MAIN FORMAL COMMUNICATION
take place either in the office or outside of CHANNELS ARE:
work. 1. ORAL COMMUNICATION
2. INSTANT MESSAGING - Verbal interaction between individuals and
- Platforms such as Slack, Microsoft Teams, groups.
and Google Chat have recently gained 2. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
immense popularity in encouraging - The process of conveying information
informal communication in the workplace using written or printed words.
3. SOCIAL MEDIA 3. GESTURAL COMMUNICATION
- Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and - Uses non-verbal cues to convey the
LinkedIn can extend connections among hidden meaning behind the message.
colleagues, share news and updates, and
help promote the company’s products or Hello and farewells have always been part
services. of our culture as humans, but as individual
4. WATER COOLER CONVERSATIONS cultures form, Different countries have developed
- Refers to informal communication around several ways to express it.
the water cooler or the coffee machine at 1. TURKEY
the workplace - Is known for its warm hospitality, which is
5. TEAM-BUILDING ACTIVITIES reflected in the unusual ways people greet
- Activities like office outings, volunteer hello and goodbye, including "N'haber"
events and community activities also help and "günaydın."
facilitate informal communication in the 2. EAST ASIA
workplace - When greeting their peers, people from
East Asian nations, such as South Korea
 and Japan, usually bow, the deeper the
bow, the higher the level of respect.
3. PHILIPPINES
- Among their seniors, the phrase
"Mano/Mano po" is used as a gesture of
respect. Mano is applied by touching the
recipient's forehead with the back of the
older hand.
4. FRANCE
- Paris, in particular, is known as the "capital
of love," and this is evident in the way
people there meet—by giving each other
cheek kisses as a symbol of friendship and
connection.
SHOWING APPRECIATION
- Means recognizing and valuing someone's
efforts, actions, or presence.
FORMAL APPRECIATION
- Planned, structured, and often occurs in
professional settings. It is usually reserved
for recognizing significant
accomplishments or contributions.
INFORMAL APPRECIATION
- More personal and spontaneous. It often
occurs in daily interactions and is typically
used for smaller acts of kindness or
contributions.