PRASHANT KIRAD

Electricity
Electric charge: (Sy ol=q)
A physical phenomenon characterized by an excess or deficiency of electrons
in a body.
° It is a scalar quantity.
° The SI unit of charge is the Coulomb (C).

Mag de of el r c ag:

Electric Current:(s bo =i)

The quantity of electric charge 'Q' flowing through a specific cross-sectional
area in unit time 't'.
° It is a scalar quantity.
° The SI unit of current is the Ampere (A).

The direction of electric current is considered opposite to the flow of electrons,

and in a circuit, conventional current flows from the battery's positive terminal
to the negative terminal.
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Q
Sol o :

Electric Potential:(Sy ol=V)

The amount of work done (1 W) when moving a unit positive charge (1C)
from infinity to a specific point.
° It is a scalar Quantity.
° SI unit is volt (V)

Electric Potential Difference: (Sy ol=ΔV)

It quantifies the energy expended per unit of electric charge. Electric
potential, delineated as the variance in electric potential energy between
two locations within an electric field, corresponds to the energy expended
for each charging unit when transporting it from one point to another in an
electrostatic field.
° It is a scalar Quantity.
° SI unit is joules per coulomb.

The measurement of the electric potential difference between two

points in a circuit is accomplished using a device known as a
voltmeter.
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Electric circuit:
An electric circuit is a closed and unbroken loop that facilitates the flow of
electric current. It comprises diverse components, such as a current source
(like a cell or battery), a load (such as a bulb or any appliance), a switch (for
opening or closing the circuit), a fuse, and interconnecting wires, typically
constructed from copper.

° When the switch is closed, the circuit is termed a closed circuit

(allowing the current to flow).
° Conversely, when the switch is open, the circuit is referred to as an
open circuit (preventing the flow of current).

Circuit Diagram:
It is a visual depiction of a circuit wherein various electrical components are
represented by their symbols.

Ohm's Law:
According to this principle, the electric current coursing through a conductor
exhibits a direct proportionality to the applied potential difference across its
terminals, under the condition that physical factors like temperature remain
constant.
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Resistance:(Sy ol=Ω)
It is the characteristic of a conductor that hinders or resists the
movement of electric charge through it. This property is known as
resistance. Resistance is a scalar quantity, and its unit in the International
System of Units (SI) is the ohm, denoted by the symbol Ω.

The resistance of a conductor depends on several factors, including:

1. Length (L): The longer the conductor, the greater the resistance.
2. Cross-sectional Area (A): Wider pathways (larger cross-sectional area
(A) in a conductor make it easier for electric current to flow by reducing
resistance.
3. Material Resistivity (ρ): Different materials have different inherent
resistances. Resistivity is a property of the material itself.
4. Temperature (T): Generally, resistance increases with temperature. This
is a more complex relationship and depends on the material.
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Resistivity:
Resistivity is a property of materials that describes their ability to impede the
flow of electric current. It is denoted by the symbol (ρ) (rho) and is measured in
ohm-meters (Ω⋅m) in the International System of Units (SI). The formula for
resistivity (ρ) is:

R= ρ(L/A)
Resistivity (ρ) is a material property
measuring its resistance to electrical
current flow. Conductors like metals
have low resistivity, allowing easy
current flow, while insulators have
high resistivity. Ohm's Law (I=V/R)
relates current (I), voltage (V), and
resistance (R), where resistance
depends on the material's resistivity
(ρ) length (L), and cross-sectional area (A).

# Secret Questions
Q1) Name the device/instrument used to measure a potential difference. How is it
connected to an electric circuit? [CBSE 2016]
Sol o : The device that is used to measure potential difference is a voltmeter.
A voltmeter is connected in parallel to an electric circuit.

Q2) Many free electrons are present in metals yet no current flows in the
absence of electric potential. Explain the statement with reason. [CBSE 2014]
Sol o : Though there are a large number of free electrons present in a conductor,
their motion is random motion in the absence of potential difference. Their average
velocity is zero. Hence there is no current flowing in a conductor. But when a
potential difference is applied across the ends of the conductor, it sets the
electrons to move in a direction. The motion of charge produces an electric current in
the conductor.
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Q3) List two differences between a voltmeter and an ammeter in a tabular

form. [CBSE 2014]
Sol o :

Q4)

Sol o :

Series Combination:

I=Sam
V=Div

Series combination formula:

Total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.
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1. Adding Resistances: In a series circuit, you just add up all the resistances
to find the total resistance.
2. Total Resistance is Higher: The total resistance in a series is greater than
any single resistor.
3. One Stops, All Stop: If one component in a series circuit stops working,
everything in the circuit stops.
4. Not for Different Devices: Series circuits are not good for devices like
bulbs and heaters because they need different amounts of current.

Parallel Combination:

I=Div
V=Sam

Parallel combination formula: Inverse of

total resistance equals the sum of
inverses of individual resistances

1. Add Inverses: In a parallel circuit, sum the inverses of individual

resistances to find the reciprocal of the total resistance.
2. Lower Total Resistance: The overall resistance in parallel is less than that
of any single resistor.
3. Diverse Currents: Different currents flow through components in parallel.
4. Continued Operation: If one component fails, others continue to operate in
a parallel circuit.

# Secret Questions
Q1) [C8SE 2006)
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Sol o :

Q2)

Sol o :

Heating effect of electric current:

In an electric circuit, the source must continuously provide energy to
maintain current flow. Some energy sustains the current, while the rest
dissipates as heat—known as the heating effect of electric current.

Joule's Law of Heating:

This law indicates that the heat generated in a resistor is:
1. Directly proportional to the square of the current (I) flowing through
the resistance (R).
2. Directly proportional to the resistance (R) in the circuit.
3. Directly proportional to the time (t) for which the current flows.
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Practical applications of the heating effects of electric current include:

Producing Light (Electric Bulb): The bulb features a tungsten filament

with high resistivity and melting point. The application of voltage heats
the filament, making it white-hot and emitting light.

Electric Fuse: A safety device in household circuits, it contains a lead

and tin alloy with a specific melting point. If the current surpasses the
safe limit, the fuse wire heats, melts, and interrupts the circuit,
safeguarding other elements from potential hazards.

Power:
1. Definition of Electrical Power (P): Electrical power (P) is defined as the
rate at which electric charge is consumed or transferred in a circuit per unit
of time.
2. Scalar Quantity: Electrical power is a scalar quantity, meaning it only has
magnitude and no direction.
3. Unit of Electrical Power: The unit of electrical power is the watt (W).
The relationship between power (P), current (I), and resistance (R) is given by
Ohm's Law (P = I^2R).

1. Kilowatt (kW):
- 1 kilowatt (1 kW) is equivalent to 1000 watts (1000 W).
2. Megawatt (MW):
- 1 megawatt (1 MW) is equivalent to (10^6) watts (1,000,000 W).
3. Gigawatt (GW):
- 1 gigawatt (1 GW) is equivalent to (10^9) watts (1,000,000,000 W).
4. Horsepower (HP):
- 1 horsepower (1 HP) is approximately equal to 746 watts (746 W).
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Commercial unit of electrical energy:

1 {ki t -ho (kW )} = 1000 wa -ho (Wh)
Since 1 watt-hour is equal to 3600 joules (J):

1000 {Wh} = 1000 * 3600 J

This simplifies to
1000 {Wh} = 3.6 * 10^6{J}
So, 1 kilowatt-hour is equivalent to (3.6 times 10^6) joules.

Number of units consumed by electric appliances:

Certainly! The number of units consumed by an electric appliance is
calculated by multiplying its power (in kilowatts) by the time
it is in use (in hours). The formula is:
Ene y (kW ) = Pow (kW) * Tim (ho )
For example, if you have a 1.5 kW appliance running for 3
hours:
{Energy (kWh)} = 1.5 {kW} * 3 hours = 4.5 {kWh}

So, the appliance consumes 4.5 kilowatt-hours of energy during that period.

# Top Seven Question:

Q1) What is the function of a galvanometer in a circuit? [CBSE 2019]
Sol o : A galvanometer is used to detect and measure electric currents in a
circuit. It indicates the presence and direction of current flow.
Q2) State Ohm’s law. [Delhi 2016]
Sol o : If the physical conditions of a conductor remain the same then the
current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
b/w the two ends of the conductor.
I ∝ V => V= IR
Q3) The power of a lamp is 60 W. Find the energy in joules consumed by it in 1
s. [CBSE 2014]
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Sol o :

Q4) An electric kettle of 2 kW works for 2 h daily. Calculate the [CBSE 2014]
(a) energy consumed in SI and commercial units
(b) cost of running it in the month of June at the rate of `3.00 per unit.
Sol o :

Q5) (a) Explain why a conductor offers resistance to the flow of current.
(b) Differentiate between conductor, resistor, and resistance.
Sol o : a. When a current is passed through a conductor, the atoms or
molecules of the conductor produce a hindrance in the path of flow of
electrons. This hindrance in the path of the flow of charge is called the
resistance of the conductor.
b. A substance that allows it to pass the charges through them easily is called
a conductor. Resistor: A conductor having some value of resistance is called a
resistor. Resistance: It is the property of any conductor by virtue of which it
opposes the flow of charge through it.
Q6) Two conducting wires of the same material, equal length, and equal
diameter are connected in series. How does the heat produced by the
combination of resistance change? [CBSE 2010]
Sol o :
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Q7) (a) Define the term ‘volt’.

(b) State the relation between work, charge, and potential difference for an
electric circuit. Calculate the potential difference between the two terminals
of a battery, if 100 joules of work is required to transfer 20 coulombs of
charge from one terminal of the battery to the other.
Sol o : a. Potential difference b/w two points in an electric field is said to be 1
volt if the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from one point
to another point is 1 J.

# Competency Based Question:

Q1)

Vinita and Ahmed demonstrated a circuit that operates the two headlights and
the two sidelights of a car, in their school exhibition. Based on their
demonstrated circuit, answer the following questions.
(i) State what happens when switch A is connected to
a) Position 2
b) Position 3
(ii) Find the potential difference across each lamp when lit.
(iii) Calculate the current
a) in each 12 Ω lamp when lit.
b) In each 4 Ω lamp when lit.
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Sol o :
(i) Switch A connected to:
a) Position 2: Both headlights and sidelights are turned on.
b) Position 3: Only the sidelights are on.
(ii) Potential Difference Across Each Lamp When Lit:
The potential difference across each lamp is determined by the voltage
supplied to the circuit. If the car's electrical system operates at a standard
voltage (e.g., 12V), then each lamp receives this voltage when lit.
(iii) Current Calculation:
a) In Each 12 Ω Lamp When Lit:
Ohm's Law (V = IR) can be used to calculate current. If the potential
difference (V) is known and the resistance (R) of the lamp is given, the
current (I) can be found.
b) In Each 4 Ω Lamp When Lit:
Similar to part (a), apply Ohm's Law using the potential difference across the
lamp and its resistance to find the current.
It's crucial to note that without specific values for potential difference (voltage) or other electrical
parameters, exact numerical calculations cannot be performed. You would need these values to substitute
into Ohm's Law (V = IR) to find the current in each lamp.

Q2)

The diagram above is a schematic diagram of a household circuit. The house

shown in the above diagram has 5 usable spaces where electrical connections
are made. For this house, the mains have a voltage of 220 V and the net
current coming from the mains is 22A.
(a) What is the mode of connection to all the spaces in the house from the
mains?
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(b) Spaces 5 and 4 have the same resistance and spaces 3 and 2 have
respective resistances of 20Ω and 30Ω. Space 1 has a resistance double that
of Space 5. What is the net resistance for space 5?
(c) What is the current in space 3?
(d) What should be placed between the main connection and the rest of the
house’s electrical appliances to save them from accidental high electric
current?
Sol o :
(a)The mode of connection to all the spaces in the house from the mains is
Parallel Connections. Elements connected in parallel connections are connected
along numerous paths, and each element has the exact voltage across it,
proportional to the voltage across the network.

(d) Fuse wire should be placed between the main connection and the rest of the
house's electrical appliances to save them from accidental high electric current. The
fuse is positioned in the live wire just after the 'electricity meter' of the customer.