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➢ Charge is a fundamental particle in an atom. It may be positive or negative.

➢ Like charges repel each other.
➢ Unlike charges attract each other.
Coulomb (C): S. I. unit of charge
1 Coulomb charge = Charge present on approx. 6 × 1018 electrons
➢ Charge on 1 electron = Negative charge of 1.6 × 10−19 C
Q = ne
Where Q = Charge (total)
n = No. of electrons
e = Charge on 1 electron
Current (I): The rate of flow of charge is called current.

S. I. unit of current = Ampere (A)

1 A = 1 Cs−1
1 mA = 10−3 A
1 µA = 10−6 A

Electricity 59
Current is measured by Ammeter. Its symbol is
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Ammeter has low resistance and always connected in series.

Direction of current is taken opposite to flow of electrons as electrons were not known
at the time when the phenomenon of electricity was discovered first and current was
considered to be flow of positive charge.
Potential Difference (V): Work done to move a unit charge from one point to another.
1 Volt: When 1 joule work is done
in carrying one Coulomb charge
then potential difference is called
1 volt.
S. I. unit of Potential difference = Volt (V)
1 V = 1 JC−1
1 Volt: When 1 joule work is done in carrying one Coulomb charge then potential difference
is called 1 volt.
Voltmeter: Instrument to measure potential difference.
➢ It has high resistance and always connected in parallel. Symbol is
➢ Cell is the simplest device to maintain potential difference.
➢ Current always flow from higher potential to lower potential.
Symbols of Some Commonly Used Components in Circuit:
Electric cell :
Battery :
Key (open) :
Key (closed) :
Wire joint :

Wire Crossing (without join) :

Electric bulb :
Resistance :
Rheostat :

Ammeter :

Voltmeter :

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Ohm’s Law: Potential difference across the two points of a metallic conductor is
directly proportional to current passing through the circuit provided that temperature
remains constant.
➢ Mathematical expression for Ohm’s law:
V∝ IV
= IR
R is a constant called resistance for a given metal.
➢ V-I graph for Ohm’s law:

Resistance (R): It is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it.
➢ Ohm (Ω): S. I. unit of resistance.
• When potential difference is 1 V and current through the
circuit is 1 A, then resistance is 1 ohm.
Rheostat: Variable resistance is a component used to regulate current without changing
the source of voltage.
Factors on which the Resistance of a Conductor depends:
Resistance of a uniform metallic conductor is
(i) directly proportional to the length of conductor,
(ii) inversely proportional to the area of cross-section,
(iii)directly proportional to the temperature and
(iv)depend on nature of material.
Resistivity (P): It is defined as the resistance offered by a cube of a material of side 1m
when current flows perpendicular to its opposite faces.
➢ Its S.I. unit is ohm-metre (Ωm).

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➢ Resistivity does not change with change in length or area of cross-section but it
changes with change in temperature.
➢ Range of resistivity of metals and alloys is 10−8 to 10−6 Ωm.
➢ Range of resistivity of insulators is 1012 to 1017 Ωm.
➢ Resistivity of alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent metals.
➢ Alloys do not oxidize (burn) readily at high temperature, so they are commonly
used in electrical heating devices.
➢ Copper and Aluminium are used for electrical transmission lines as they have low
resistivity.
Resistors in Series:

When two or more resistors are connected end to end, the arrangement is called series
combination.
➢ Total/resultant/overall/effective resistance in series
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
➢ Current through each resistor is same.
➢ Equivalent resistance is larger than the largest individual resistance.
➢ Total voltage = Sum of voltage drops
V = V1 + V2 + V3
➢ Voltage across each resistor:
V1 = IR1
V2 = IR2 [V1 + V2 + V3 = V]
V3 = IR3 V = IR
V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
∝ IR = I (R1 + R2 + R3)
∝ R = R 1 + R2 + R 3

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Resistors in Parallel:

➢ Voltage across each resistor is same and equal to the applied voltage.
➢ Total current is equal to sum of currents through the individual resistances.
I = I1 + I2 + I3

➢ Reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal to sum of reciprocals of individual

resistances.

➢ Equivalent resistance is less than the value of the smallest individual resistance in the
combination.
Advantages of Parallel Combination over Series Combination
(i) In series circuit, when one component fails, the circuit is broken and none of the
component works.
(ii) Different appliances have different requirement of current. This cannot be satisfied in
series as current remains same.
(iii)The total resistance in a parallel circuit is decreased.
Heating Effect of Electric Circuit
If an electric circuit is purely resistive, the source of energy continually get dissipated
entirely in form of heat. This is known as heating effect of electric current.
As E=P×T ∝ VIt {E = H}
Heat produced, H = VIt {V = IR}
Or Heat produced, H = I2Rt
Joule’s Law of Heating Effect of Electric Current
It states that the heat produced in a resistor is

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(i) directly proportional to square of current, H ∝ I2

(ii) directly proportional to resistance for a given current, H ∝ R
(iii)directly proportional to time for which current flows through the conductor, H ∝ t.
So, H = I2Rt
➢ Heating effect is desirable in devices like electric heater, electric iron, electric bulb,
electric fuse, etc.
➢ Heating effect is undesirable in devices like computers, computer monitors (CRT),
TV, refrigerators etc.
➢ In electric bulb, most of the power consumed by the filament appears a heat and a
small part of it is radiated in form of light.
➢ Filament of electric bulb is made up of tungsten as
(i) it does not oxidize readily at high temperature.
(ii) it has high melting point (3380º C).
➢ The bulbs are filled with chemically inactive gases like nitrogen and argon to
prolong the life of filament.
Electric Fuse: It is a safety device that protects our electrical appliances in case of short
circuit or overloading.
➢ Fuse is made up of pure tin or alloy of copper and tin.
➢ Fuse is always connected in series with live wire.
➢ Fuse has low melting point.
➢ Current capacity of fuse is slightly higher than that of the appliance.
Electric Power : The rate at which electric energy is consumed or dissipated in an electric
circuit.
P = VI
P = I2R =
S.I. unit of power = Watt (W)
1 Watt = 1 volt × 1 ampere
➢ Commercial unit of electric energy = Kilo Watt hour (KWh)
1 KWh = 3.6 × 106 J
1 KWh = 1 unit of electric energy

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QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1. Define S.I. unit of:
(a) Electric current
(b) Potential difference
(c) Resistance
(d) Electric power
(e) Electrical energy consumed
2. Define the term resistivity.
3. Device used for measuring the current is…………….
4. Name the element of filament of a bulb.
5. Write two types of resistors combination.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
1. How the voltmeter and ammeter are connected in a circuit?
2. Why the filament of bulb has high melting point?
3. How does fuse wire protect electrical appliances?
4. Find the number of joules in 1 KWh.
5. Find a relationship between P, I and V.
6. On what factors does resistance of a conductor depend?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
1. State Ohm’s law. Derive relation between I, V and R. Draw the graph between V
and I.
2. What is Joule’s heating effect of current P? Derive its expression.
3. What would be new resistance if length of conductor is doubled and
thickness ishalved?
4. Find the effective resistance between A and B.

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5. Which is the better way to connect lights and other appliances in domestic wiring
and why?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
1. Explain the Joule’s law of heating. How and on what factors does the heat
producedin a conductor depends?
2. In the circuit given below, calculate:

(a) Total effective resistance.

(b) Potential difference across 4Ω, 2Ω.
3. Three resistances of 2Ω, 3Ω and 5Ω are connected in electric circuit. Find:

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(a) maximum effective resistance.

(b) minimum effective resistance.
4. On what factors, the resistance of a conductor depends? Give the
mathematicalexpression. Give the SI unit of resistivity.
VALUE BASED QUESTION
That right Vinay was preparing for his science exam. Suddenly light of his room
went off. His cousin brother Vasu quickly with mobile phone torch found that
fuse has blown. He checked and put a fuse wire. The light come to life again.
Vinay thanked Vasu andcontinued his study.
(a) What was the values displayed by Vasu and Vinay?
(b) What is electric fuse?
(c) What characteristics you would prefer for a fuse wire?
Hints to Long Answer Type Questions
1. H = I2RT
Factors: Current, Resistance, Time.
2. (a) Total effective resistance:
4Ω + 2Ω = 6Ω

R = 3Ω
(b) V (across 4Ω) = IR = 1 × 4 = 4 V
V (across 2Ω) = IR = 1 × 2 = 2 V
3. (a) R = 10Ω

(b) R =

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