UNIT IV

Sustainability through e-mobility

What is Electric vehicle?
Electric vehicle :
 An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses an electric motor powered by a battery
instead of an internal combustion engine.
OR
 An electric vehicle is one powered by an electric motor rather than a traditional
petrol/diesel engine. This electric motor is powered by rechargeable batteries that
can be charged by common household electricity.
 Electric Vehicle Promotion in India
 Electric Vehicles in India are still relatively new. They account for just 1 %
of the total vehicle density. India unveiled the ‘National Electric Mobility
Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020’ in 2013 to address the issues of national
energy security, vehicular pollution, and growth of domestic manufacturing
capabilities.
 We are going to introduce electric vehicles in a very big way. We are
going to make electric vehicles self-sufficient. The idea is that by 2030,
not a single petrol or diesel car should be sold in the country.
Advantages of electric vehicles
 Environmental benefits : EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which can
reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The life cycle emissions of
an EV also depend on the source of electricity used to charge it.
 Cost savings : EVs don't require fuel, so drivers can save money. On
average, drivers save about Rs. 60,000 in fuel costs per year while driving
electric cars.
 Lower maintenance : EVs have fewer moving parts than traditional vehicles,
which means less damage and lower operating costs.
 Better performance : EVs are lighter and have faster acceleration.
 Quieter : EVs are significantly quieter than traditional vehicles because they
don't have an engine.
 Convenient : EVs are convenient to drive because they don't have gears and
you can charge them at home or at a public charger.
 Responsive : The motors in EVs deliver quick acceleration for a responsive
driving experience.
 Reasons for EV development / Environmental
impact
 As modern culture and technology continue to develop, the growing presence
of global warming and irreversible climate change draws increasing amounts of
concern from the world's population. It has only been recently, when modern
society has actually taken notice of these changes and decided that something
needs to change if the global warming process is to be stopped.
 Countries around the world are working to drastically reduce CO2 emissions as
well as other harmful environmental pollutants. Amongst the most notable
producers of these pollutants are automobiles, which are almost exclusively
powered by internal combustion engines and spew out unhealthy emissions.
 According to various reports, cars and trucks are responsible for almost 25% of
CO2 emission and other major transportation methods account for another 12%.
With immense quantities of cars on the road today, pure combustion engines
are quickly becoming a target of global warming blame. One potential
alternative to the world's dependence on standard combustion engine vehicles
are hybrid cars. Cost-effectiveness is also an important factor contributing to the
development of an environment friendly transportation sector.
 Types of Electric Vehicles
 There are four types of electric vehicles available:
1. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
3. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
4. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
 BEVs are also known as All-Electric Vehicles (AEV). These vehicles run
with fully powered by electricity. These are more efficient compared to
hybrid and plug-in hybrids.
 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
 The vehicles powered solely by one or more electric batteries are known
as BEVs. They are more popularly called EVs.
 The chargeable batteries power them, and there is no IC engine (petrol
or diesel-powered). All the power comes from the battery pack, which is
chargeable from the electricity grid.
 The charged battery pack then provides power to one or more electric
motors to run the electric car.
Working Principles of BEV:
 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
 Charging port or vehicle inlet: It is a connector present on the electric
vehicle to allow it to be connected to an external source of electricity for
charging.
 On-board charger: It is an AC-to-DC power electronic converter (often
referred to as a rectifier) that takes the incoming AC electricity supplied
via the charge port and converts it to DC power for charging the traction
battery. Using the battery management system, it regulates the battery
characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge.
 Traction battery pack: It is a high voltage battery used to store energy
in the electric car and provide power for use by the electric traction motor.
 Battery power converter: It is a DC-to-DC power electronic converter
that converts the voltage of the traction battery pack to the higher-voltage
of the DC-bus used for power exchange with the traction motor.
 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
 Power electronics controller: This unit controls the flow of electrical
power in the different power electronic converters in the electric car.
 Motor drive: It is a DC-to-AC converter used to convert power from the
high voltage DC bus to AC power for the operation of motor. The
converter is bidirectional for operating in both driving and regenerative
braking mode.
 Traction electric motor/generator: It is the main propulsion device in
an electric car that converts electrical energy from the traction battery to
mechanical energy for rotating the wheels. It also generates electricity by
extracting energy from the rotating wheels while braking, and transferring
that energy back to the traction battery pack.
 Transmission: For an electric car, usually a single gear transmission
with differential is used to transfer mechanical power from the traction
motor to drive the wheels.
 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
 Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery
provides electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged
and is also used to power the vehicle accessories.
• Regenerative braking: Regenerative braking is a
unique technique that is used in EVs to capture energy
that the vehicle has due to its motion or, in other words,
its kinetic energy that would have been wasted when
the vehicle decelerates or comes to a standstill while
braking.
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) - Parallel Hybrid
HEVs are also known as series hybrid or parallel hybrid. HEVs have both
engine and electric motor. The engine gets energy from fuel, and the
motor gets electricity from batteries. The transmission is rotated
simultaneously by both engine and electric motor. This then drives the
wheels.
Working Principles of HEV:
 The fuel tank supplies energy to the engine like a regular car. The
batteries run on an electric motor. Both the engine and electric motor can
turn the transmission at the same time.
 HEVs can have better fuel economy than conventional vehicles without
sacrificing performance. They can also reduce engine idling when
stopped, and the extra power from the electric motor can allow for a
smaller engine.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
 The PHEVs are also known as series hybrids. They have both engine
and a motor. You can choose among the fuels, conventional fuel (such as
petrol) or alternative fuel (such as bio-diesel). It can also be powered by a
rechargeable battery pack. The battery can be charged externally.
Working Principles of PHEV:
 PHEVs start-up in all-electric mode and make use of electricity until their
battery pack is depleted. Once the battery gets drained, the engine takes
over, and the vehicle operates as a conventional, non-plug-in hybrid.
PHEVs can be charged by plugging into an outside electric power source,
engine, or regenerative braking. When brakes are applied, the electric
motor acts as a generator, using the energy to charge the battery. The
engine’s power is supplemented by the electric motor; as a result, smaller
engines can be used, increasing the car’s fuel efficiency without
compromising performance.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
 FCEVs are also known as Zero-Emission Vehicles. They employ ‘fuel cell
technology’ to generate the electricity required to run the vehicle. The
chemical energy of the fuel is converted directly into electric energy.
Working Principles of FCEV:
 The FCEV generates the electricity required to run this vehicle on the
vehicle itself.
 In contrast to other electric vehicles, FCEVs produce electricity using a
fuel cell powered by hydrogen, rather than drawing electricity from only a
battery.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)