SVERI’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (POLYTECHNIC), PANDHARPUR.

This is to certify that the Project report entitled

“Prepare report on Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles”
Submitted by

Roll no Name of Student Enrollment no

54 Aniket Ankush Sutar 2210740394

It is a bonafide work carried out by above students, under the guidance of MR. A. A. Bhadule and it
is submitted towards the fulfillment of requirement of MSBTE, Mumbai for the award of Diploma in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING at SVERI’s COE (Polytechnic), Pandharpur during the academic year 2024-
2025.

Mr. A. A. Bhadule
Guide

( Mr. A. D. Sapkal) (Dr. N. D. Misal.)

HOD Principal

Place: Pandharpur

Date- / /
 A
Micro project report On

“Prepare report on Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles”

SUBMITTED TO M.S.B.T.E., Mumbai
For the Award of
DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BY

Roll no. Name of Student Enrollment no.

Aniket Ankush Sutar 2210740394

54

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

(Mr. A. A. Bhadule)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NBA ACCREDIATED

SVERI’s College of Engineering (Polytechnic), Pandharpur

Gopalpur Pandharpur-413304
2024-25
AFFILIATED TO

M.S.B.T.E.
Evolution sheet for Micro Project

Academic Year:- 2024-25 Name of Faculty:- Mr. A. A. Bhadule

Course:- MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Course code:- ME6I

Subject:- Automobile engineering Subject Code: (22656)

Semester:- 6 Scheme:- I

Title of Project:- “Prepare report on Electrical &

Hybrid Vehicles”

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

Marks out of
Marks out of 6 4for Total
Roll No Name of students for
performance Out
performance in
In oral/ of 10
group activity
Presentation

54 Aniket Ankush Sutar

( Mr. A. A. Bhadule )
Name and
Signature of
faculty
 CONCLUSION

The strolling price of an electric-powered vehicle is a lot decrease than an equivalent petrol or diesel
vehicle. Electric cars use electricity to charge their batteries in preference to the use of fossil fuels like
petrol or diesel. Electric cars are greater efficient, and combined with the electricity cost manner that
charging an electric-powered vehicle is inexpensive than filling petrol or diesel in your tour
requirements. Using renewable strength assets could make using electric-powered cars greater eco-
friendly. Hybrid cars square measure undoubtedly additional environmentally friendly than internal-
combustion vehicles. Batteries square measure being designed to possess a protracted life. once the
hybrid cars become additional widespread, battery utilization can become economically attainable.
analysis into alternative energy sources like fuel cells and renewable fuels build the long run look
brighter for hybrid cars.

REFERENCES

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle
 https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-hybrid-electric-cars-work
 https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/types-of-electric-vehicles
 https://ackodrive.com/ev-guide/hybrid-electric-vehicles/
 https://www.acko.com/car-guide/what-is-hybrid-car-hybrid-vs-electric-cars-advantages/
 https://www.hse.gov.uk/mvr/topics/electric-hybrid.html
 INDEX

Sr
Title Page No.
No.

1 Introduction 2

2 Types of Electrical Vehicles 3

3 Battery Electrical Vehicle 3

4 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 5

5 Plug -In hybrid Electric Vehicle 7

6 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle 7

How Do Hybrid Electrical Car Works

7 9

8 Applications of the Project 9

9 Conclusion & References 10

  INTRODUCTION

A hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) could be a form of hybrid vehicle that mixes a traditional combustion
engine (ICE) system with an electrical system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence of the electrical
powertrain is meant to attain either higher fuel economy than a traditional vehicle or higher performance.
there's a range of HEV sorts conjointly the} degree to that every operate as an electrical vehicle (EV)
also varies. the foremost common sort of HEV is that the hybrid automobile, though hybrid electrical
trucks (pickups and tractors), buses, boats and craft additionally exist. HEVs build use of efficiency-
improving technologies like regenerative brakes that convert the vehicle's mechanical energy to electrical
energy, that is hold on during a battery or super capacitor. Some sorts of HEV use an interior combustion
engine to show associate electrical generator, that either recharges the vehicle's batteries or directly
powers its electrical drive motors; this mixture is understood as a motor– generator. several HEVs cut
back idle emissions by move down the engine at idle and restarting it once needed; this is often called a
start-stop system.

A hybrid- electrical produces fewer pipage emissions than a comparably sized hydrocarbon automobile
since the hybrid's ICE is sometimes smaller than that of a gasoline-powered vehicle. If the engine isn't
accustomed drive the automobile directly, it will be back-geared to run at most potency, additional rising
fuel economy. Electric vehicles (EVs) have a battery rather than a fuel tank, and an electric- powered
motor rather than an inner combustion engine. Plug-in hybrid electric-powered vehicles (PHEVs) are a
mixture of fuel and electric-powered vehicles so that they have a battery, an electric- powered motor, a
fuel tank, and an inner combustion engine. PHEVs use each fuel and electricity as fuel sources
  Types of Electric Vehicles

Different types of electric-powered vehicles are modified and are advanced constantly giving
customers and capacity customers choices. In today the sector is an increasing number familiar with the
phrases BEV, HEV, PHEV, and FCEV. How does an electric-powered vehicle work? How an electric-
powered car works is rely upon the type.

There are 4 (four) types of electric-powered cars, with the subsequent outline:

 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
1. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), additionally known as All-Electric Vehicle (AEV), runs totally on a
battery and electric powered drive train. These kinds of electric-powered cars do now no longer have
an ICE. Electricity is saved in a big battery percent this is charged with the aid of using plugging into
the energy grid. The battery percent, in turn, offers energy to 1 or greater electric-powered cars to run
the electrical car.

Structure and Main Components Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

 Electric motor
 Inverter
 Battery
 Control Module
 Drive train
 Working Principles of BEV

Power is transformed from the DC battery to AC for the electrical motor The accelerator pedal sends a
signal to the controller which adjusts the vehicle’s velocity by converting the frequency of the AC
energy from the inverter to the motor The motor connects and turns the wheels via a cog When the
brakes are pressed or the electrical vehicle is decelerating, the motor will become an alternator and
produces energy, that's despatched returned to the battery.

 Battery Electric Vehicle Advantages

 extremely quiet
 zero emissions when driving
 gearbox free
 easy and fun to drive
 cheap to run
 lower maintenance cost
 tax-efficient

 Battery Electric Vehicle Disadvantages

 expensive to buy
 limited range, especially in cold conditions
 poor charging infrastructure
 battery life concerns
 embedded energy used in battery manufacturing
 not really zero emissions
 resale value uncertainty

 Examples of BEV

Volkswagen e-Golf, Tesla Model 3, BMW i3, Chevy Bolt, Chevy Spark, Nissan LEAF, Ford Focus
Electric, Hyundai Ioniq, Karma Revera, Kia Soul, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Tesla X, Toyota Rav4.
 2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

This kind of hybrid automobile is regularly known as a popular hybrid or parallel hybrid. HEV has
each an ICE and an electric motor. In these kinds of electric-powered automobiles, the inner
combustion engine receives energy from fuel (gasoline and other sorts of fuels), even as the motor
receives electricity from batteries. The gasoline engine and electric-powered motor concurrently rotate
the transmission, which drives the wheels. The difference between HEV as compared to BEVs and
PHEVs is wherein the batteries in HEV can only charge with the aid of using the ICE, the movement
of the wheels, or an aggregate of each. There isn't any charging port, order that the battery can not be
recharged from out of doors of the system, for instance from the energy grid.
 Structure and Main Components of HEV
 Engine
 Electric motor
 Battery pack with controller & inverter
 Fuel tank
 Control module

 Working Principles of HEV

 Has a gasoline tank that elements gas to the engine like a normal car
 It additionally has a fixed of batteries that run an electric powered motor
 Environment Friendly
 Both the engine and electric powered motor can turn the transmission on at the identical time
 Financial advantage
 Less Reliance on Fossil Fuels
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle advantages
 Regenerative Braking System

 Built From Light Materials

 Smaller Engines
 Automatic Start and Stop

 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Disadvantages

 Less Power
 Costly
 Poorer Handling
 High Maintenance Prices
 Accident from High Voltage in Batteries



 Examples of HEV

Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Prius Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid.
 3. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)


PHEV is a kind of hybrid car that has both an ICE and a motor, regularly known as a series hybrid.
This variety of electric-powered vehicles gives a choice of fuels. This sort of electric-powered vehicle
is powered through a conventional fuel (along with gasoline) or an alternative fuel (such as bio-diesel)
and through a chargeable battery pack. The battery may be charged up with power by plugging into an
electrical outlet or electric-powered car charging station (EVCS). PHEV normally can run in at the
least modes:

 Structure and Main Components of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle






 Electric motor
 Engine
 Inverter
 Battery
 Fuel tank
 Control module
 Battery Charger (if onboard model)
  Working Principles of PHEV

PHEVs normally start-up in all-electric powered mode and function on electricity till their battery % is depleted.
Some models shift to hybrid mode once they attain highway cruising speed, normally above 60 or 70 miles in
keeping with the hour. Once the battery is empty, the engine takes over and the car operates as a conventional,
non-plug-in hybrid. In addition to plugging into an outdoor electric power source, PHEV batteries may be
charged with the aid of using an inner combustion engine or
regenerative braking. During braking, the electric motor acts as a generator, the usage of the power to charge
the battery. The electric-powered motor supplements the engine’s electricity; as a result, smaller engines may be
used, increasing the car’s gasoline performance without compromising performance.

 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle advantages

 zero-emission when driving on batteries

 fuel-efficient in traffic
 comfortable to drive
 affordable to run if doing normal 10/15 mile commutes
 tax-efficient

 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle disadvantages

 relatively costly
 fuel economy is not very good on motorway journeys
 difficult to maintain
 battery life troubles
 embedded energy used in battery manufacturing
 resale worth uncertainty

 Examples of PHEV

Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid, Chevy Volt, Chrysler Pacifica, Ford C-Max Energi, Ford Fusion Energi.
 4. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), additionally called fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) or Zero Emission
Vehicle, are forms of electric powered motors that employ ‘fuel cell technology to generate the energy
required to run the vehicle. In this sort of vehicle, the chemical power of the gas is transformed without
delay into electric-powered energy.

Structure and Main Components of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

 Electric motor
 Fuel-cell stack
 Hydrogen storage tank
 Battery with converter and controller
 Working Principles of FCEV

The operating principle of a ‘fuel cell’ electric-powered vehicle is specific as compared to that of a
‘plug-in’ electric-powered vehicle. This form of electric-powered vehicle is because the FCEV
generates the electricity required to run this vehicle at the vehicle itself.

 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Advantages

 Renewable and Readily Available

 Hydrogen is a Clean and Flexible Energy Source to support Zero-Carbon Energy Strategies
 More Powerful and Energy Efficient than Fossil Fuels
 Highly Efficient when Compared to Other Energy Sources
 Almost Zero Emissions
 Reduces Carbon Footprints
 Fast Charging Times
 No Noise Pollution

 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle disadvantages

 Hydrogen Extraction
 Highly Flammable
 Regulatory Issues
 cost is high

 Examples of FCEV

Toyota Mirai, Hyundai Tucson FCEV, Riversimple Rasa, Honda Clarity Fuel Cell, Hyundai Nexo.
  How Do Hybrid Electrical Car Works ?

Hybrid electrical vehicles square measure supercharged by an interior combustion engine and an
electrical motor, that uses energy hold on in batteries. A hybrid electrical vehicle can not be blocked in
to charge the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the inner
combustion engine. the additional power provided by the electrical motor will doubtless give a smaller
engine. The battery can even power auxiliary hundreds and scale back engine idleness once stopped.
Together, these options end in higher fuel economy while not sacrificing performance

 Applications of this Micro-Project

 Consumer Electronics.

 Public Transportation.
 Flight.
 Electricity Grid.
 Renewable Energy Storage.
 Military.
 Spaceflight.
 Wearable Technology.