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Refractive Index Hollow Prism

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10 views15 pages

Refractive Index Hollow Prism

Uploaded by

aadhivinay
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROJECT

ON

“REFRACTIVE INDEX OF DIFFERENT


LIQUIDS USING HOLLOW PRISM”
INDEX

1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Objective
4. Introduction
5. Basic concepts
6. Materials required
7. Experimental procedure
8. Observation
9. Result
10. Bibliography
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “Refractive index


of different liquids using hollow prism” was completed
under the guidance and supervision by
_____________________________________________
a student of Sri Chaitanya Techno Institution within the
stipulated time as prescribed by the CBSE.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

_______________ ________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I gratefully acknowledge my sincere thanks to our


respected physics teacher for remarkable, valuable guidance
and supervision throughout the project work. I’m also most
indebted to the encouragement, help, suggestion and readily
helpful service provided in performing the experiment.
OBJECTIVE

●This project aims to know the refractive index of


different liquids using a hollow prism.
INTRODUCTION
PRISM
A prism is an optical element. It has polished flat surfaces that
refract light. The traditional geometric shape of a prism has a triangular
base and two rectangular sides. It is called a triangular prism. It can be
made from materials like glass, plastic and fluorite. It can be used to
split light into its components with different polarizations.

NATURE OF LIGHT
Prior to Isaac Newton, it was thought that white light was
colourless and that colour was created by the prism. Newton’s
experiments demonstrated that all the colours already existed in the light
in a heterogeneous fashion, and that “corpuscles” of light were fanned
out because particles with different colours travelled at different speeds
through the prism. It was only later that Young and Fresnel combined
Newton’s particle theory with Huygen’s wave theory to show that colour
is the visible manifestation of light’s wavelength. Newton arrived at his
conclusion by passing the red colour from one prism through a second
prism and found the colour unchanged. From this, he concluded that the
colours must already be present in the incoming light thus, the prism did
not create colours that are already there. He also used a lens and a
second prism to recompose the spectrum back into white light. This
experiment has become a classic example of the methodology
introduced during the scientific revolution. The results of this
experiment dramatically transformed the field of metaphysics, leading to
John Locke’s primary vs secondary quality distinction.
BASIC CONCEPTS

How does a prism work


When light travels from one medium to another medium, it is
refracted and enters the new medium at a different angle. The degree of
bending of the light's path depends on the angle that the incident beam
of light makes with the surface of the prism, and on the ratio between the
refractive indices of the two media.

● This is referred to as Snell's law.

where,
n - refractive index of the material of the prism.
i – the angle of incidence.
r – the angle of refraction.

The refractive index of many materials varies with the wavelength


of the light used. This phenomenon is called dispersion. This causes the
light of different colours to be refracted differently and to leave the
prism at different angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow. This
can be used to separate a beam of white light into its constituent
spectrum of colours. The relation between Refractive Index (n), Angle
of Prism (A) and Angle of Minimum Deviation.
AIM

● To find the refractive index of different liquids using a hollow


prism.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

● Hollow glass prism

● Various liquids like water, benzaldehyde, etc.

● Bell pins

● Drawing board
PROCEDURE

● Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of
drawing pins.
● Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.

● Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.

● Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and


place 2 pins to appear in a straight line.
● Place the prism filled with a given sample of liquid, on the marked
outline ABC.
● Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all 4 pins
appear to be in the same line.
● Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.

● Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.

● Repeat this with different liquids and different angles of incidence


OBSERVATION
Benzaldehyde
S.no a i d
(angle of a (angle of (angle of
prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45

U=sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30)
=1.504
Water
S.no a i d (angle of
deviation)
(angle of (angle of
prism) incidence)
1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
6 60 55 28

U=sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30)
=1.306
RESULTS
Refractive indices at room temperature:
Benzaldehyde

● Actual: 1.546

● Experimental: 1.504

Water

● Actual: 1.33

● Experimental: 1.306
PRECAUTIONS

● The angle of incidence should lie between 35-60 degrees.

● Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in the same line.

● Distance between two points should not be less than 10mm.

● The same angle of the prism should be used for all observations.

● Arrowhead should be marked to represent emergent and incident


rays.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

● https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?brch=6&cnt=1&sim=246&sub=1

● https://pdfslide.net/documents/204529344-hollow-prism-physics-
investigatory-project-class-12-cbse.html
● https://pdfcoffee.com/refractive-index-of-different-liquids-using-
hollow-prism-pdf-free.html
● https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-Projects/Physics/
refractive-index.php

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