Calculus (1) (Math 105)

3.3 Differentiation Rules

Page 1 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

Differentiation Rules
This section introduces several rules that allow us to differentiate constant functions,
power functions, polynomials functions, rational functions, and certain
combinations of them, simply and directly, without having to take limits each time.

3.3.2 Derivative of a Constant Function

Theorem 1:

If 𝑓 has the constant value 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐, then

𝑑𝑓 𝑑
= (𝑐) = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Proof

We apply the definition of the derivative to 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐, the function whose outputs have
the constant value 𝑐 (See the Figure above).

At every value of 𝑥, we find that

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐−𝑐

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = lim = lim 0 = 0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

Example 1

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝜋2 𝑑
[1] = 0, [−3] = 0, [ ] = 0, [−√2] = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 − 1 𝑑𝑥

Page 2 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

3.3.2 Derivative of a Positive Integer Power

Theorem 2:

If 𝑛 is a positive integer, then

𝑑 𝑛
[𝑥 ] = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

Proof: See the Appendix.

The Power Rule is actually valid for all real numbers 𝑛.

Theorem 3:

If 𝑟 is any real number, then

𝑑 𝑟
[𝑥 ] = 𝑟𝑥 𝑟−1
𝑑𝑥

Example 2

Differentiate the following powers of 𝑥.

2 4
1
(a) 𝑥 3 (b) 𝑥 3 (c) 𝑥 √2 (d) (e) 𝑥 −3 (f) √𝑥 2+𝜋
𝑥4

Solution

𝑑
(a) (𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 3−1 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

2 2 1
𝑑 2
( )−1 2
(b) (𝑥 3) = 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑥 3 3

𝑑
(c)
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 √2 ) = √2𝑥 √2−1

𝑑 1 𝑑 4
(d) ( ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 −4 ) = −4𝑥 −4−1 = −4𝑥 −5 = − 𝑥 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4

4 4 7
𝑑 − 4 −( )−1 4 −
(e)
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 ) = − 3 𝑥
3 3 =− 𝑥
3
3

𝜋 𝜋 1
𝑑 𝑑 1+( ) 𝜋 1+( )−1 𝜋 ( ) 1
(f)
𝑑𝑥
(√𝑥 2+𝜋 ) =
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 ) = (1 + 2 ) 𝑥 2 = (1 +
2
) (𝑥 𝜋 ) 2 = (2 + 𝜋)√𝑥 𝜋
2

Page 3 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

3.3.2 Derivative Constant Multiple Rule

Theorem 4:

If 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 and 𝑐 is any real number, then 𝑐𝑓 is also differentiable at 𝑥 and

𝑑 𝑑
[𝑐𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑐 [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using prime notation:
′
(𝑐𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑐𝑓′(𝑥)

Proof: See the Appendix.

Example 3

Differentiate the following powers of 𝑥.

𝜋
(a) −4𝑥 8 (b)
𝑥

Solution

𝑑 𝑑
(a) [−4𝑥 8 ] = −4 [𝑥 8 ] = −4[8𝑥 7 ] = −32𝑥 7
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝜋 𝑑 𝜋
(b) [ ]=𝜋 [𝑥 −1 ] = 𝜋(−𝑥 −2 ) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

Example 4

𝑑
Find
𝑑𝑥
[ √𝑥 ]

Solution

𝑑 𝑑 1 1 (1)−1 1 −1 1
[√𝑥 ] = [𝑥 2 ] = 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 √𝑥

𝑑 1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 [√𝑥 ] = 2
√𝑥

Page 4 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

3.3.2 Derivatives of sums and differences

Theorem 5:

If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable at 𝑥, then so are 𝑓 + 𝑔 and 𝑓 − 𝑔 and

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥))] = [𝑓(𝑥)] + [𝑔(𝑥)];
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[(𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))] = [𝑓(𝑥)] − [𝑔(𝑥)].
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or using prime notation
′
(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑔′ (𝑥)
′
(𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑔′ (𝑥)

Proof: See the Appendix.

Note:
The Sum Rule can be extended to the sum of any number of functions.
For instance, using this theorem twice, we get

(𝑓 + 𝑔 + ℎ)′ = (𝑓 + 𝑔)′ + ℎ′ = 𝑓 ′ + 𝑔′ + ℎ′

Example 5

4
Find the derivative of the polynomial 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1.
3

Solution

𝑑 𝑑 4 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥 3 ) + ( 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 (1) (Sum and Difference Rules)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3

4 8
= 3𝑥 2 + ⋅ 2𝑥 − 5 + 0 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5.
3 3

Page 5 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

 • We can differentiate any polynomial term by term, the way we differentiated
the polynomial in the Example above.

• All polynomials are differentiable at all values of 𝑥.

Checkpoint 1

𝑑
Find the derivative [2𝑥 6 + 𝑥 −9 ].
𝑑𝑥

Solution

Example 6

𝑑 √𝑥−2𝑥
Find the derivative [ ].
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥

Solution

𝑑 √𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑑
[ ] = [1 − 2√𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1 1
= [1] − [2√𝑥] = 0 − 2 ( )=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥 √𝑥

Checkpoint 2

3
Find the derivative of 𝑦 = √𝑥 2.

Solution

Page 6 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

Example 7

4
𝑑𝑔
Calculate | , where 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 −3 + 2√𝑡 − 𝑡 −5 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=1

Solution

We differentiate term-by-term using the Power Rule without justifying the intermediate
1
steps. Writing √𝑡 as 𝑡 2 , we have

𝑑𝑔 𝑑 1 4 1 1 4 9
= (𝑡 −3 + 2𝑡 2 − 𝑡 −5 ) = −3𝑡 −4 + 2 ( ) 𝑡 −2 − (− ) 𝑡 −5
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 5
1 4 9
= −3𝑡 −4 + 𝑡 −2 + 𝑡 −5
5
𝑑𝑔 4 6
| = −3 + 1 + = −
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=1 5 5

Example 8

Does the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 2 have any horizontal tangents? If so, where?

Solution

𝑑𝑦
The horizontal tangents, if any, occur where the slope is zero. We have
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4
= (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 2) = 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Now solve the equation = 0 for 𝑥 :
𝑑𝑥

4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0

4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0

4𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 0,1, −1

Page 7 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

The curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 2 has horizontal tangents at 𝑥 = 0,1, and −1 .

The corresponding points on the curve are (0,2), (1,1), and (−1,1). See the Figure

below.

We will see in Chapter 4 that finding the values of 𝑥 where the derivative of a function
is equal to zero is an important and useful procedure.

Checkpoint 3

At what points, if any, does the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4 have a horizontal tangent

line? (Answer: At 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1)

Page 8 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

Example 9

Find equations of the tangent line and normal line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 √𝑥 at the point
(1,1).

Solution

1 3
The derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 √𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 is

3 3 3 1 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2−1 = 𝑥 2 = √𝑥
2 2 2

3
So the slope of the tangent line at (1,1) is 𝑓 ′ (1) = .
2

Therefore, an equation of the tangent line is

3 3 1
𝑦 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1) or 𝑦 = 𝑥 −
2 2 2

The normal line is perpendicular to the tangent line, so its slope is the negative
3 2
reciprocal of , that is, − . Thus, an equation of the normal line is
2 3

2 2 5
𝑦 − 1 = − (𝑥 − 1) or 𝑦 = − 𝑥 +
3 3 3

We graph the curve and its tangent line and normal line in the Figure below.

Page 9 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

3.3.2 Product and Quotient rules

Theorem 6:

If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions, then 𝑓𝑔 is differentiable and

(𝑓𝑔)′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

Theorem 7:

𝑓
If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions, then is differentiable for all 𝑥 such that 𝑔(𝑥) ≠
𝑔

0, and

𝑓 ′ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)

( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 [𝑔(𝑥)]2

✓ The derivative of a reciprocal function is a special case of the quotient rule

1 ′ 𝑔(𝑥)(1)′ − (1)𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑔′ (𝑥)

( ) = =−
𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2 [𝑔(𝑥)]2

Example 10

Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = (4𝑥 2 − 1)(7𝑥 3 + 𝑥).

Solution

Method 1: (Using the Product Rule)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= [(4𝑥 2 − 1)(7𝑥 3 + 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= (4𝑥 2 − 1) [7𝑥 3 + 𝑥] + (7𝑥 3 + 𝑥) [4𝑥 2 − 1]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (4𝑥 − 1)(21𝑥 + 1) + (7𝑥 + 𝑥)(8𝑥) = 140𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 − 1
2 2 3

Page 10 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

Method 2: (Multiplying First)

𝑦 = (4𝑥 2 − 1)(7𝑥 3 + 𝑥) = 28𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥

Thus,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= [28𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥] = 140𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

which agrees with the result obtained using the product rule.

Example 11

Find 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) .
𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −1 1
(a) 𝑦 = . (b) 𝑦 =
𝑥+5 2𝑥 2 +3𝑥−5

Solution

Applying the quotient rule yields

𝑑 3 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 1 (𝑥 + 5) [𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 1] − (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 1) [𝑥 + 5]
(𝑎) = [ ] = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+5 (𝑥 + 5)2
(𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) − (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 1)(1)
=
(𝑥 + 5)2
(3𝑥 3 + 19𝑥 2 + 20𝑥) − (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 1)
=
(𝑥 + 5)2
2𝑥 3 + 17𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 1
=
(𝑥 + 5)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 4𝑥+3
(b) = ( ) = − (2𝑥 2+3𝑥−5)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 +3x−5

Page 11 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

Example 12

If 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 𝑔(𝑥), where 𝑔(4) = 2 and 𝑔′ (4) = 3, find 𝑓 ′ (4).

Solution

Applying the Product Rule, we get

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = [√𝑥𝑔(𝑥)] = √𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥)] + 𝑔(𝑥) [√𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= √𝑥𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑥 −1/2
2
𝑔(𝑥)
= √𝑥𝑔′ (𝑥) +
2 √𝑥

𝑔(4) 2
So 𝑓 ′ (4) = √4𝑔′ (4) + =2⋅3+ = 6.5
2√4 2⋅2

Checkpoint 4

Differentiate
1−𝑥 2
(a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3)(7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) (b) 𝑦 =
1+𝑥 2

Answer:
(a) 𝑦 ′ = 35𝑥 4 − 72𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 + 42𝑥 − 12
4𝑥
(b) 𝑦 ′ = − (1+𝑥 2)2

Solution

Page 12 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

Second- and Higher-Order Derivatives

• If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a differentiable function, then its derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is also a

function.
• If 𝑓 ′ is also differentiable, then we can differentiate 𝑓 ′ to get a new function
of 𝑥 denoted by 𝑓 ′′ .
✓ So 𝑓 ′′ = (𝑓 ′ )′ .
✓ The function 𝑓 ′′ is called the second derivative of 𝑓 because it is the
derivative of the first derivative.
✓ It is written in several ways:

′′
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ′
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2 = ( )= = 𝑦 ′′ = 𝐷2 (𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝐷𝑥2 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• The symbol 𝐷2 means the operation of differentiation is performed twice.

If 𝑦 = 𝑥 6 , then 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 5 and we have

𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑦 ′ ) = (6𝑥 5 ) = 30𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Thus 𝐷2 (𝑥 6 ) = 30𝑥 4.

𝑑𝑦 ′′ 𝑑3𝑦
• If 𝑦 ′′ is differentiable, its derivative, 𝑦 ′′′ = = , is the third derivative of 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3

with respect to 𝑥.
• The names continue as you imagine, with

(𝑛)
𝑑 (𝑛−1) 𝑑 𝑛 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑦 = 𝑛 = 𝐷𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

denoting the 𝒏th derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 for any positive integer 𝑛.

Page 13 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

 • We can interpret the second derivative as the rate of change of the slope of
the tangent to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at each point.

• You will see in the next chapter that the second derivative reveals whether the
graph bends upward or downward from the tangent line as we move off the point
of tangency.

• In the next section, we interpret both the second and third derivatives in terms
of motion along a straight line.

Example 13

Find the first four derivatives of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2.

Solution

The first four derivatives are

First derivative: 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥

Second derivative: 𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 6

Third derivative: 𝑦 ′′′ = 6

Fourth derivative: 𝑦 (4) = 0.

All polynomial functions have derivatives of all orders. In this example, the fifth and

later derivatives are all zero.

Checkpoint 5

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2. Find 𝑓 (5) (𝑥).

Solution

Page 14 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

SUMMARY OF DIFFERENTIATION RULES

The following table summarizes the differentiation rules that we have encountered
thus far.

𝑑
• (𝑐) = 0, 𝑐 is a constant.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
• 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑥 𝑟−1 , 𝑟 is a real number.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
• [ √𝑥 ] = 2
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
′
• (𝑐𝑓(𝑥 )) = 𝑐𝑓′(𝑥)
′
• (𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑔′ (𝑥)
′
• (𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) − 𝑔′ (𝑥)

• (𝑓𝑔)′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

𝑓 ′ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)

• ( ) (𝑥 ) =
𝑔 [𝑔(𝑥)]2

1 ′ 𝑔(𝑥)(1)′ −(1)𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑔′ (𝑥)

• ( ) = =−
𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2 [𝑔(𝑥)]2

Page 15 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

 Appendix

Page 16 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

3.3.2 Derivative of a Positive Integer Power

Theorem 8:

If 𝑛 is a positive integer, then

𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

Proof

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 . The formula

𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛 = (𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑧 𝑛−1 + 𝑧 𝑛−2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑧𝑥 𝑛−2 + 𝑥 𝑛−1 )

can be verified by multiplying out the right-hand side. Then from the alternative
formula for the definition of the derivative,

′ (𝑥)
𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑧𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛
𝑓 = lim = lim
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧−𝑥 𝑧→𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥

(𝑧 − 𝑥) (𝑧 𝑛−1 + 𝑧 𝑛−2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑧𝑥 𝑛−2 + 𝑥 𝑛−1 )

= lim
𝑧→𝑥 (𝑧 − 𝑥)
= lim (𝑧 𝑛−1 + 𝑧 𝑛−2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑧𝑥 𝑛−2 + 𝑥 𝑛−1 )
𝑧→𝑥

=𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−2 + 𝑥 𝑛−1

=𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑛 terms
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1

Page 17 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi

3.3.2 Derivative Constant Multiple Rule

Theorem 9:

If 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 and 𝑐 is any real number, then 𝑐𝑓 is also differentiable at 𝑥 and

𝑑 𝑑
[𝑐𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑐 [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Proof

𝑑 𝑐𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑐𝑓(𝑥)
[𝑐𝑓(𝑥)] = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim 𝑐 [ ]
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) A constant factor can be
= 𝑐lim
ℎ→0 ℎ moved through a limit sig
𝑑
=𝑐 [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥

3.3.2 Derivatives of sums and differences

Theorem 10:

If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable at 𝑥, then so are 𝑓 + 𝑔 and 𝑓 − 𝑔 and

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = [𝑓(𝑥)] + [𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = [𝑓(𝑥)] − [𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Proof:

𝑑 [𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) + 𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ)] − [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]

[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
[𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)] + [𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑔(𝑥)]
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑔(𝑥)
= lim + lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑑 𝑑
= [𝑓(𝑥)] + [𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Page 18 of 18 Math 105 (Semester 1 2024/2025) Dr. Omar Alsuhaimi