AP Calculus

Unit 1 Limits and Continuity

Notes A
 Calculus 1.1 Can change occur at an instant? Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
The Father(s) of Calculus

Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz

Can Change occur at an instant?
(8, 1300)
1. Mr. Brust’s distance from his house is modeled by the 𝐷(𝑡)
1,200
function 𝐷(𝑡). While riding his bike to the store, he
realizes he dropped his wallet and turns around to 900

Meter
find it. After finding his wallet, he finishes his ride to 600
the store.
300

a. What is his average speed (rate of change) for his 𝑡

2 4 6 8
trip to the store if he arrives after 8 minutes?
Minutes

b. What was his average rate of c. What was his average rate of change
change between 2 and 6 minutes? between 2 and 3 minutes?

Is it possible to know how fast he was going at an instant?

d. Give an example of how to calculate a rate of change that would give a close estimate to
the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑡 = 2.

e. Give a rough estimate of the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑡 = 2.

2. 𝑏(𝑡) represents the buffalo population in the United States where 𝑡 is measured in years
since 1800.
a. What does 𝑏(90) represent? ( ) ( )
b. What does represent?

( ) ( . )
c. What does represent?
.

1
1.1 Can change occur at an instant?
Calculus
Practice

1. Mr. Kelly has decided to quit his job as a teacher and be a social influencer. 𝑣(𝑤)
The number of views on his new channel is modeled by the function 𝑣, 500

Channel Views
where 𝑣(𝑤) gives the number of views and 𝑤 gives the number of weeks 400
since he started the channel for 0 ≤ 𝑤 ≤ 26. The graph of the function 𝑣
is shown to the right. 300
200
a. Draw a tangent line at 𝑤 = 10.
100
𝑤
b. Give a rough estimate of the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑤 = 10.
5 10 15 20 25
Weeks
c. Give an example of how to calculate a rate of change that would give a close estimate to the instantaneous
rate of change at 𝑤 = 5.

2. The height of a raspberry bush can be modeled by the function ℎ, where

ℎ(𝑡)
ℎ(𝑡) gives the height measured in feet and 𝑡 gives the number of
2.5
weeks it was planted for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 12. The graph of the function ℎ is

Height (feet)
shown to the right. 2
1.5
a. Draw a tangent line at 𝑡 = 9.
1

b. Give a rough estimate of the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑡 = 0.5

9. 𝑡
3 6 9 12 15
Weeks
c. Give an example of how to calculate a rate of change that would give a close estimate to the instantaneous
rate of change at 𝑡 = 12.

𝐸(𝑡)
3. The number of people who have entered an amusement park is modeled by
People (thousands)

15
the function 𝐸, where 𝐸(𝑡) gives the number of people in thousands who
have entered the park and 𝑡 gives the number of hours since 10:00 a.m. for 12
0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 11. The graph of the function 𝐸 is shown to the right. 9
6
a. Draw a tangent line at 𝑡 = 3.
3
b. Give a rough estimate of the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑡 = 3. 𝑡
2 4 6 8 10
Hours
c. Give an example of how to calculate a rate of change that would give a close estimate to the instantaneous
rate of change at 𝑡 = 6.

2
4. A basketball player’s free throw attempts can be modeled by 𝑓, where 𝑓(𝑔) is the total number of made free
throws during the season and 𝑔 is the number of games for 0 ≤ 𝑔 ≤ 82.

a. What does 𝑓(50) represent? b. What does

( ) ( )
represent? c. What does
( ) ( . )
.
represent?

5. A monthly electric bill charges for each kilowatt-hour (kWh) used. This can be modeled by 𝑘 where 𝑘(𝑚) is
the kWh used for the month and 𝑚 is the month for 0 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 12.

a. What does 𝑘(8) represent? b. What does

( ) ( )
represent? c. What does
( ) ( . )
.
represent?

6. In a country, the number of deaths in a year can be modeled by 𝑑, where 𝑑(𝑡) is the number of deaths and 𝑡 is
the number of years since 1950 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 50.

a. What does 𝑑(40) represent? b. What does

( ) ( )
represent? c. What does
( ) ( . )
.
represent?

7. A dam has a “dam release” that releases water. The amount of water released can be modeled by 𝑉,
where 𝑉(𝑡) is the volume of cubic liters of water and 𝑡 is the seconds since opening the dam release
for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3600.

a. What does 𝑉(100) b. What does

( ) ( )
represent? c. What does
( ) ( . )
represent? .
represent?

3
1.1 Can change occur at an instant?
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
1. The number of people who have left an amusement park is modeled by the 𝐿(𝑡)
function 𝐿, where 𝐿(𝑡) gives the number of people in thousands who have

People (thousands)
10
left the park and 𝑡 gives the number of hours since 10:00 a.m. for
8
0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 6. The graph of the function 𝐿 is shown to the right.
6
a. Draw a tangent line at 𝑡 = 1. 4
2
b. Give a rough estimate of the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑡 = 1. 𝑡
1 2 3 4 5 6
Hours
c. Give an example of how to calculate a rate of change that would give a close estimate to the instantaneous
rate of change at 𝑡 = 4.

𝑏(𝑡)
2. The population of a community of wild boar is modeled by the function 𝑏,
500

Boar population
where 𝑏(𝑡) gives the number of boar and 𝑡 gives the number of years since
1990. for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 30. The graph of the function 𝑏 is shown to the right. 400
300
a. Draw a tangent line at 𝑡 = 25.
200

b. Give a rough estimate of the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑡 = 25. 100

𝑡
5 10 15 20 25 30
Years
c. Give an example of how to calculate a rate of change that would give a close estimate to the instantaneous
rate of change at 𝑡 = 5.

3. The number of people enlisting in the army each year can be modeled by 𝐸, where 𝐸(𝑡) is the number of new
recruits and 𝑡 is the year since 1980 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 20.

a. What does 𝐸(7) represent? b. What does

( ) ( )
represent? c. What does
( ) ( . )
.
represent?

4. The number of jobs created in the U.S. for the 2021 economy can be modeled by 𝐽, where 𝐽(𝑡) is number of new
jobs and 𝑡 is the month for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 12.

a. What does 𝐽(3) represent? b. What does

( ) ( )
represent? c. What does
( ) ( . )
.
represent?

4
1.1 Can change occur at an instant?
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
1. Mr. Bean wants to be a social influencer. The number of followers he has 𝐹(𝑡)
for his social media platform can be modeled by the function 𝐹, where 5,000
𝐹(𝑡) gives the number of followers and 𝑡 gives the number of months since
4,000

Followers
he created his account for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 24. The graph of the function 𝐹 is
shown to the right. 3,000
2,000
a. Draw a tangent line at 𝑡 = 16.
1,000
𝑡
b. Give a rough estimate of the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑡 = 16.
4 8 12 16 20 24
Weeks
c. Give an example of how to calculate a rate of change that would give a close estimate to the instantaneous
rate of change at 𝑡 = 8.

2. A jogger’s distance while on a run can be modeled by the function 𝑑, where 𝑑(𝑡)
𝑑(𝑡) gives the distance the jogger has ran in meters and 𝑡 gives the number 5000
of seconds the jogger has been running for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1800. The graph of
4000
the function 𝑑 is shown to the right.

Meters
3000
a. Draw a tangent line at 𝑡 = 150. 2000
1000
b. Give a rough estimate of the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑡 = 150. 𝑡
300 900 1500
Seconds
c. Give an example of how to calculate a rate of change that would give a close estimate to the instantaneous
rate of change at 𝑡 = 900.

3. The number of graduating seniors at a high school can be modeled by 𝐺, where 𝐺(𝑡) is the number of graduates
and 𝑡 is the year since 2005 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 25.

a. What does 𝐺(6) represent? b. What does

( ) ( )
represent? c. What does
( ) ( . )
.
represent?

4. A hurricane has formed in the Atlantic Ocean and is headed towards Miami. It’s distance from Miami can be
modeled by 𝐻, where 𝐻(𝑡) is the miles from Miami and 𝑡 is the hours since Monday morning at 9:00 a.m. for
0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 96.
a. What does 𝐻(24) represent? b. What does ( ) ( ) represent? c. What does ( ) ( . )
.
represent?

5
 Calculus 1.2 Defining Limits Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Limits
As 𝑥 approaches ___, 𝑓 𝑥 approaches ___.
y y y

  

  

  
x x x

           
  

lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥

→ → →

𝑓 2 𝑓 2 𝑓 2

Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.

 y
f(x) 1. lim 𝑓 𝑥 2. 𝑓 3
 →

 3. lim 𝑓 𝑥 4. 𝑓 2
x →

         

5. 𝑓 1 6. 𝑓 2




 7. lim 𝑓 𝑥 8. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ →

9. Give an interpretation of the statement lim 𝑓 𝑥 10

→
As 𝑥 approaches 7, 𝑓 𝑥 approaches 10.

A limit does NOT tell us the value of 𝒇 𝒙 . It just tells us what the function approaches!

True or false? 𝑓 1 lim 𝑓 𝑥 in all cases.

→

True or false? 𝑓 1 lim 𝑓 𝑥 in all cases.

→

6
1.2 Defining Limits
Calculus
Practice
Give an interpretation of each statement.
1. lim 𝑓 𝑥 9 2. lim 𝑓 𝑥 3 3. lim 𝑓 𝑥 8
→ → →

Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.

y

 4. 𝑓 2 5. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→

f(x)
 6. lim 𝑓 𝑥 7. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ →
x

        
 8. 𝑓 4 9. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→


 10. lim 𝑓 𝑥 11. 𝑓 1

→

Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.

y
12. lim 𝑓 𝑥

f(x) → 13. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→



14. 𝑓 2 15. lim 𝑓 𝑥
x →
       

16. lim 𝑓 𝑥 17. 𝑓 3
→



18. 𝑓 1 19. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→

Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.

y

20. lim 𝑓 𝑥 21. 𝑓 1
→
f(x)


 22. lim 𝑓 𝑥 23. lim 𝑓 𝑥

x → →

       

24. lim 𝑓 𝑥 25. 𝑓 2
 →



26. lim 𝑓 𝑥 27. 𝑓 3

→
7
 Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.
 y
28. lim 𝑓 𝑥 29. lim 𝑓 𝑥
 → →


f(x)
 30. lim 𝑓 𝑥 31. 𝑓 2
x →

         

32. 𝑓 1 33. lim 𝑓 𝑥
 →



 34. lim 𝑓 𝑥 35. 𝑓 2

→

1.2 Defining Limits Test Prep

36. Let 𝑓 be a function that is defined for all real numbers 𝑥. Of the following, which is the best
interpretation of the statement lim 𝑓 𝑥 8.
→

(A) The value of the function 𝑓 at 𝑥 4 is 8.

(B) The value of the function 𝑓 at 𝑥 8 is 4.

(C) As 𝑥 approaches 4, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 approach 8.

(D) As 𝑥 approaches 8, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 approach 4.

37. Let 𝑓 be a function that is defined for all real numbers 𝑥. Of the following, which is the best
interpretation of the statement lim 𝑓 𝑥 2.
→

(A) As 𝑥 approaches 2, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 approach 1

(B) The value of the function 𝑓 at 𝑥 1 is 2.

(C) The value of the function 𝑓 at 𝑥 2 is 1.

(D) As 𝑥 approaches 1, the values of 𝑓 𝑥 approach 2.

.

8
1.2 Defining Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.
 y


1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. 𝑓(4) =
→


f(x)
 3. 𝑓(−2) = 4. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
x →

         

5. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 6. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
 → →



 7. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8. 𝑓(1) =

→

Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.

 y
f(x) 9. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 10. 𝑓(−2) =
 →

 11. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 12. 𝑓(3) =

x →
         



13. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 14. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ →



 15. 𝑓(2) = 16. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

→

9
1.2 Defining Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.
 y
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. 𝑓(−1) =
 →


f(x)
 3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
x → →

         

5. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 6. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
 → →



 7. 𝑓(−3) = 8. 𝑓(1) =

Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.

 y
f(x) 9. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 10. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
 → →

 11. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 12. 𝑓(−3) =

x →

         

13. 𝑓(−2) = 14. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
 →



 15. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 16. 𝑓(2) =

→

10
 Calculus 1.3 Finding Limits from Graphs Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

What is a one‐sided limit?

A one-sided limit is the ______ a function approaches as you approach a given
_________ from either the ______ or ______ side.

Example 1
y

The limit of 𝑓 as 𝑥 approaches lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝟏
 3 from the left side is 1. →𝟑

   
The limit of 𝑓 as 𝑥 approaches lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝟐

3 from the right side is 2. →𝟑

If the two sides are different? lim 𝑓 𝑥 Does not exist

→𝟑

Example 2
y


a. lim 𝑓 𝑥 b. lim 𝑓 𝑥 c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 

→ → → 


x
           

d. lim 𝑓 𝑥 e. lim 𝑓 𝑥 f. lim 𝑓 𝑥 

→ → → 







g. lim 𝑓 𝑥 h. 𝑓 1 i. 𝑓 2
→

Example 3
Sketch a graph of a function 𝑔 that
y

satisfies all of the following conditions. 

a. 𝑔 3 1 

b. lim 𝑔 𝑥 4 
→

c. lim 𝑔 𝑥 1 x

→
             
d. 𝑔 is increasing on 2 𝑥 3 

e. lim 𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥
→ → 




11
1.3 Finding Limits from Graphs
Calculus
Practice
For 1-3, give the value of each statement. If the value does not exist, write “does not exist” or “undefined.”
y
1. 

a. lim 𝑓 𝑥 b. 𝑓 1 c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 

→ → 

d. lim 𝑓 𝑥 e. 𝑓 1 f. 𝑓 2 x

→        



g. lim 𝑓 𝑥 h. lim 𝑓 𝑥 i. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ → → 



y
2. 


a. lim 𝑓 𝑥 b. 𝑓 1 c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 
→ →


d. lim 𝑓 𝑥 e. 𝑓 3 f. lim 𝑓 𝑥 x

→ →     

    



g. lim 𝑓 𝑥 h. 𝑓 2 i. 𝑓 4 

→ 



y
3. 

b. 𝑓 3


a. lim 𝑓 𝑥 c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 
→ →


d. lim 𝑓 𝑥 e. 𝑓 0 f. lim 𝑓 𝑥 x

→ →     


    



g. lim 𝑓 𝑥 h. 𝑓 1 

→ 



4. Sketch a graph of a function 𝒇 that satisfies all of the following conditions.

a. 𝑓 2 5
y




b. lim 𝑓 𝑥 1
→ 


c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 3 x

→
             


d. 𝑓 is increasing on 𝑥 2 



e. lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥 
→ → 

5. Sketch a graph of a function 𝒈 that satisfies all of the following conditions.

a. 𝑔 1 3
y




b. lim 𝑔 𝑥 2
→ 


c. lim 𝑔 𝑥 5 x

→
             


d. 𝑔 is increasing only on 5 𝑥 3 and 𝑥 1 




e. lim 𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥 
→ → 

12
1.3 Finding Limits from Graphs Test Prep
6. The graph of the function f is shown. Which of the following statements about f is true?

y

(A) lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥 (B) lim 𝑓 𝑥 4
 → → →


(C) lim 𝑓 𝑥 4 (D) lim 𝑓 𝑥 5
→ →

(E) lim 𝑓 𝑥 does not exist.
a →
b x

7. The figure below shows the graph of a function 𝑓 with domain 0 𝑥 6. Which of the following
statements are true?
y
I. lim 𝑓 𝑥 exists.
→
II. lim 𝑓 𝑥 exists.
→
III. lim 𝑓 𝑥 exists.
→

x
     
(A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) I and III only (E) I, II, and III

8. The graph of a function 𝑓 is shown below. For which of the following values of 𝑐 does lim 𝑓 𝑥 2?
→
y

x
          

(A) 0 only
(B) 0 and 4 only (C) 3 and 0 only

(D) 3 and 4 only (E) 3, 0, and 4

13
1.3 Finding Limits from Graphs
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
For 1-2, give the value of each statement. If the value does not exist, write “does not exist” or “undefined.”
1.  y


a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = b. 𝑓(−3) = c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ → 

d. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = e. 𝑓(2) = f. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 

→ → x
         

g. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = h. 𝑓(4) = i. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ → 







 y
2.

a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = b. 𝑓(−2) = c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ → 

d. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = e. 𝑓(−4) = f. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 

→ → x
         

g. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = h. 𝑓(−5) = i. 𝑓(1) = 
→






3. Sketch a graph of a function 𝒇 that satisfies all of the following conditions.

y

a. 𝑓(3) = 4 


b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 
→


c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −4 x

→              


d. 𝑓(−2) is undefined. 


e. lim 𝑓(𝑥) > lim 𝑓(𝑥) 
→ →

14
1.3 Finding Limits from Graphs
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
For 1-2, give the value of each statement. If the value does not exist, write “does not exist” or “undefined.”
1. y

a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = b. 𝑓(−4) = c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ → 


x
d. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = e. 𝑓(2) = f. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ →           


g. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = h. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = i. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 

→ → →


2.  y


a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = b. 𝑓(2) = c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ → 


d. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = e. 𝑓(0) = f. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 
→ →
x
         
g. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = h. 𝑓(−2) = 
→








3. Sketch a graph of a function 𝒇 that satisfies all of the following conditions.

y

a. 𝑓(1) = 2 


b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 
→ 

c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −3 
→ x

             

d. 𝑓 is increasing on 𝑥 < −4 


e. lim 𝑓(𝑥) < lim 𝑓(𝑥) 

→ → 


15
 Calculus 1.4 Finding Limits from Tables Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Calculator required for part of this lesson!
y
If we have the graph, it is easy to see the value of lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 
→

Without the graph, we could use a table of values. 

𝑥 2.9 2.99 3.01 3.1 
𝑓(𝑥) 3.9 3.99 4.01 4.1
   

1. According to the table, what is the value of lim 𝑓(𝑥)?

→

𝑥 −4.4 −4.001 −3.999 −3.5

𝑓(𝑥) 2.43 2.499 2.501 2.68

2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = , create your own table of values to help you evaluate lim 𝑓(𝑥).
→

𝑥 −𝟐. 𝟏 −𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗 −𝟏. 𝟗

𝑓(𝑥) 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟏 Undefined 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟏

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟐𝟏
→

Several ways to find values of a function on a calculator. Here are two:

 Table values (not as accurate, but fast)
 Function Notation

3. The function 𝑓 is continuous and increasing for 𝑥 ≥ 1. The table gives values of 𝑓 at
selected values of 𝑥. Approximate the value of lim cos 𝑓(𝑥) .
→

𝑥 1.99 1.999 2.001 2.01

𝑓(𝑥) 4.85 4.999 5.001 5.15

lim cos 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟔

→

16
1.4 Finding Limits from Tables
Calculus
Practice
Use the table for each problem to evaluate the limit.
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ →

𝑥 8.7 8.999 9.001 9.8 𝑥 −7.5 −7.001 −6.999 −6.5

𝑓(𝑥) −5.8 −5.001 −4.999 −4 𝑓(𝑥) 3.8 3.501 3.499 3.2

3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

→ →

𝑥 −2.1 −2.001 −1.999 −1.9 𝑥 10.7 10.99 11.01 11.3

𝑓(𝑥) −8.7 −8.999 −9.001 −9.4 𝑓(𝑥) 10.3 10.001 9.999 9.6

For each function, create your own table of values to evaluate the limit.
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6. 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

→ →

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8. 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

→ →

Use the information given for each problem to evaluate the limit. Always round (or truncate) answers to
three decimal places!
9. The function 𝑓 is continuous and increasing 10. The function 𝑓 is continuous and decreasing
𝑥 ≥ 0. The table gives values of 𝑓 at selected for 𝑥 ≥ 3. The table gives values of 𝑓 at
values of 𝑥. selected values of 𝑥.

𝑥 6.9 6.999 7.001 7.1 𝑥 4.9 4.999 5.001 5.1

𝑓(𝑥) 3.7 3.999 4.001 4.16 𝑓(𝑥) 2.2 2.001 1.999 1.75

( )
Approximate the value of lim 2 cos 𝑓(𝑥) . Approximate the value of lim 𝑒 .
→ →

17
 11. The function 𝑓 is continuous and decreasing 12. The function 𝑓 is continuous and increasing
for 𝑥 ≥ −5. The table gives values of 𝑓 at for 𝑥 ≥ −7. The table gives values of 𝑓 at
selected values of 𝑥. selected values of 𝑥.

𝑥 −3.1 −3.01 −2.99 −2.8 𝑥 −5.1 −5.001 −4.999 −4.8

𝑓(𝑥) −3.4 −3.499 −3.501 −3.8 𝑓(𝑥) 3.7 3.999 4.001 4.2

Approximate the value of lim ln −𝑓(𝑥) . Approximate the value of lim 𝑓(𝑥).
→ →

1.4 Finding Limits from Tables Test Prep

13. The table below shows values of the function 𝑓 at selected values of 𝑥. Which of the following is
true based on the data from the table?

𝑥 8.9 8.99 8.999 9.001 9.01 9.1

𝑓(𝑥) 0.7 0.8 0.999 2.001 2.01 2.3

(A) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 (B) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2

→ →

(C) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 (D) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
→ → → →

14. The graph of the function 𝑓 is shown to the right. The value y
of lim 2 cos 𝑓(𝑥) is 
→

(A) 0.567

(B) −1.307 

(C) −1.979 x
(D) Does not exist       

15. If [𝑥] represents the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x, then lim [ ]
=
→

(A) −2 (B) −1 (C) 0 (D) 2 (E) the limit does not

exist

18
1.4 Finding Limits from Tables
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Use the table for each problem to evaluate the limit.
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ →

𝑥 −4.1 −4.001 −3.999 −3.9 𝑥 5.95 5.99 6.01 6.1

𝑓(𝑥) 1.8 1.999 2.001 2.2 𝑓(𝑥) −2.7 −2.501 −2.499 −2.2

For each function, create your own table of values to evaluate the limit.
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4. 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

→ →

Use the information given for each problem to evaluate the limit.
5. The function 𝑓 is continuous and increasing 6. The function 𝑓 is continuous and decreasing for
𝑥 ≥ −8. The table gives values of 𝑓 at 𝑥 ≥ −5. The table gives values of 𝑓 at
selected values of 𝑥. selected values of 𝑥.

𝑥 −6.2 −6.001 −5.999 −5.8 𝑥 −2.3 −2.001 −1.999 −1.9

𝑓(𝑥) −1.8 −1.501 −1.499 −1.4 𝑓(𝑥) 9.5 9.001 8.999 8.6

Approximate the value of lim sec 𝑓(𝑥) . Approximate the value of lim 𝑓(𝑥).
→ →

19
1.4 Finding Limits from Tables
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Use the table for each problem to evaluate the limit.
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ →

𝑥 2.95 2.999 3.001 3.05 𝑥 −5.5 −5.001 −4.999 −4.5

𝑓(𝑥) −5.3 −5.01 −4.99 −4.87 𝑓(𝑥) −11.1 −11.001 −10.99 −10.2

For each function, create your own table of values to evaluate the limit.
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4. 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

→ →

Use the information given for each problem to evaluate the limit.
5. The function 𝑓 is continuous and decreasing 6. The function 𝑓 is continuous and increasing for
𝑥 ≥ −10. The table gives values of 𝑓 at 𝑥 ≥ 0. The table gives values of 𝑓 at selected
selected values of 𝑥. values of 𝑥.

𝑥 −5.09 −5.001 −4.999 −4.8 𝑥 0.7 0.999 1.001 1.2

𝑓(𝑥) 5.76 5.501 5.499 5.1 𝑓(𝑥) −1.2 −1.001 −0.999 −0.7

( )
Approximate the value of lim cot 𝑓(𝑥) . Approximate the value of lim 𝑒 .
→ →

20
 Calculus 1.5 Algebraic Properties of Limits and Piecewise Functions
Write your questions
and thoughts here! Notes
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥

lim[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)] = 2 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐

Example 1:
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4 lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 6
𝑥𝑥→−1 𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥→1

𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
The table above gives selected limits of the functions 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔. What is lim �𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥) + �?
𝑥𝑥→1 2

Example 2:
y
The graph of the function 𝑓𝑓 is shown on the

right. What is lim 𝑓𝑓�𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)�?
𝑥𝑥→4 


x
          






Graph of 𝑓𝑓
Example 3:
𝑓𝑓(5) = 1 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 6
𝑥𝑥→5

𝑔𝑔(5) = 2 lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = −1

𝑥𝑥→5

ℎ(5) = 3 lim ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 5

𝑥𝑥→5

The table above gives selected values and limits of the functions 𝑓𝑓, 𝑔𝑔, and ℎ.
What is lim �ℎ(𝑥𝑥)�𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 2𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)�� − ℎ(5) ?
𝑥𝑥→5

Example 4: Piecewise Functions

Piecewise defined functions and limits
√11 − 𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 < −5 ⎧�10 − 𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑥𝑥 < −1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � 𝑥𝑥 + 3 ⎪ 2
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 26 − 5𝑥𝑥
, 𝑥𝑥 ≥ −5 −1 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑒𝑒
5 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ⎨ 7
⎪ 3
⎩ ln 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑥𝑥 > 𝑒𝑒
a. lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = b. lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = a. lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = b. lim+ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥→−5− 𝑥𝑥→−5+ 𝑥𝑥→−1 𝑥𝑥→𝑒𝑒

c. lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = c. lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) =

𝑥𝑥→−5 𝑥𝑥→𝑒𝑒

21
1.5 Algebraic Properties of Limits
Calculus
Practice
Use the table for each problem to find the given limits.
1.
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 1 lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 5
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→−3 𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→−3

a. lim �2𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(−𝑥𝑥)� 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)

𝑥𝑥→3
b. lim �𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥)�
𝑥𝑥→−3

2.
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −1 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 6 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −3
𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥→4 𝑥𝑥→−2
𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓� �
a. lim �𝑓𝑓(2𝑥𝑥) − 𝑓𝑓 � �� b. lim �𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥)
2
�
𝑥𝑥→2 2
𝑥𝑥→2

Use the graph for each problem to find the given limits.
3. 4.
y y
 






 
x x
                 






 

 

Graph of 𝑓𝑓 Graph of 𝑓𝑓

a. lim 𝑓𝑓�𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)� = a. lim 𝑓𝑓�𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)� =

𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→−2

b. lim 𝑓𝑓�𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)� = b. lim 𝑓𝑓�𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)� =

𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥→4

Use the table for each problem to find the given limits.
5.
𝑓𝑓(1) = 4 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −1
𝑥𝑥→1

𝑔𝑔(1) = −2 lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3

𝑥𝑥→1

ℎ(1) = −3 lim ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 6

𝑥𝑥→1

2
a. lim ��𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)� − ℎ(𝑥𝑥)� − 𝑔𝑔(1) b. 𝑓𝑓(1) + lim �−𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)�
𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥→1

22
6.
𝑓𝑓(−2) = 7 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2
𝑥𝑥→−2
𝑔𝑔(−2) = 1 lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = −1
𝑥𝑥→−2
ℎ(−2) = −4 lim ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = −3
𝑥𝑥→−2

a. lim �ℎ(𝑥𝑥)�2𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)�� + ℎ(−2) b. 𝑓𝑓(−2) lim �𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥𝑥)�

𝑥𝑥→−2 𝑥𝑥→−2

Use the piecewise functions to find the given values.

√5 − 𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 < −4 −|𝑥𝑥|, 𝑥𝑥 ≤ −5
7. 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = � 𝑥𝑥 2 − 5, −4 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 2 8. ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = �20 − 𝑥𝑥 2 , −5 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑥𝑥 − 3, 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 2 4𝑥𝑥 − 1, 𝑥𝑥 > 3

a. lim− 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = b. lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = a. lim ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = b. lim ℎ(𝑥𝑥) =

𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥→−4 + 𝑥𝑥→−5+ 𝑥𝑥→−5

c. 𝑔𝑔(2) = d. lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = c. ℎ(3) = d. lim ℎ(𝑥𝑥) =

𝑥𝑥→−4 − 𝑥𝑥→−5−

e. lim+ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = f. lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = e. lim+ ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = f. lim ℎ(𝑥𝑥) =

𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→3

g. lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = h. 𝑔𝑔(−4) = g. ℎ(−5) = h. lim− ℎ(𝑥𝑥) =

𝑥𝑥→−4 𝑥𝑥→3

sin 𝜃𝜃 , 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 1
, 𝑥𝑥 < −2
9. 𝑤𝑤(𝜃𝜃) = �cos 𝜃𝜃 , 𝜋𝜋 < 𝜃𝜃 < 2𝜋𝜋 10. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � 2 ,
𝑥𝑥+6
𝑥𝑥
tan 𝜃𝜃 , 𝜃𝜃 > 2𝜋𝜋 −2 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 0
𝑥𝑥 2 − 4, 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0

a. lim− 𝑤𝑤(𝜃𝜃) = b. 𝑤𝑤(𝜋𝜋) = a. lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = b. lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =

𝜃𝜃→𝜋𝜋 𝑥𝑥→−2 𝑥𝑥→−2−

c. lim+ 𝑤𝑤(𝜃𝜃) = d. lim 𝑤𝑤(𝜃𝜃) = c. lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = d. lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =

𝜃𝜃→𝜋𝜋 𝜃𝜃→2𝜋𝜋− 𝑥𝑥→−2+ 𝑥𝑥→0

e. lim 𝑤𝑤(𝜃𝜃) = f. lim 𝑤𝑤(𝜃𝜃) = e. lim− 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = f. lim+ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =

𝜃𝜃→𝜋𝜋 𝜃𝜃→2𝜋𝜋+ 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0

g. lim 𝑤𝑤(𝜃𝜃) = h. 𝑤𝑤(2𝜋𝜋) = g. 𝑓𝑓(−2) = h. 𝑓𝑓(0) =

𝜃𝜃→2𝜋𝜋

23
1.5 Algebraic Properties of Limits Test Prep
11. If 𝑓𝑓 is a continuous function such that 𝑓𝑓(3) = 7, which of the following statements must be true?

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)−𝑓𝑓(3)
(A) lim 𝑓𝑓(3𝑥𝑥) = 9 (B) lim 𝑓𝑓(2𝑥𝑥) = 14 (C) lim =7
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥−3

2
(D) lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 2 ) = 49 (E) lim �𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)� = 49
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→3

ln 3𝑥𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3
12. If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � , then lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is
𝑥𝑥 ln 3 , 3 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4 𝑥𝑥→3

(A) ln 9 (B) ln 27 (C) 3 ln 3 (D) 3 + ln 3 (E) nonexistent

ln 𝑥𝑥 for 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2
13. If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � 2 then lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is
𝑥𝑥 ln 2 for 2 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4, 𝑥𝑥→2

(A) ln 2 (B) ln 8 (C) ln 16 (D) 4 (E) nonexistent

24
1.5 Algebraic Properties of Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Use the table to find the given limits.
1.
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −3 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 6
→ → → →
( )
a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) + b. lim 𝑓(−𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
→ →

Use the graph to find the given limits.

2.
y

a. lim 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) =

→


         
x
b. lim 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) =
→










Graph of 𝑓
Use the table to find the given limits.
3.
𝑓(3) = −2 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
→

𝑔(3) = −4 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 2

→

ℎ(3) = −6 lim ℎ(𝑥) = 3

→

( )
a. lim + ℎ(3) b. 𝑔(3) + lim ℎ(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)
→ ( ) ( ) →

Use the piecewise functions to find the given values.

⎧ − , 𝑥 < −5 ⎧cos 2𝜃 , 𝜃<
⎪
4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − −5 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 5. ℎ(𝜃) = , <𝜃≤𝜋
⎨ ⎨
⎩√3 − 𝑥, 𝑥≥2 ⎪ sin , 𝜃≥𝜋
⎩
a. lim 𝑔(𝑥) b. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
→ → a. lim ℎ(𝜃) b. lim ℎ(𝑥)
→ →

c. lim 𝑔(𝑥) d. lim 𝑔(𝑥)

→ →
c. lim ℎ(𝜃) d. lim ℎ(𝑥)
→ →

25
1.5 Algebraic Properties of Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Use the table to find the given limits.
1.
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
→ → → →

a. lim 𝑓(−𝑥) +
( )
+𝑓 b. lim 2𝑓(𝑥)𝑓(2𝑥)
→
→

Use the graph to find the given limits.

2.
y a. lim 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) =
→

x b. lim 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) =
→
          

Graph of 𝑓

Use the table to find the given limits.

3.
𝑓(7) = 3 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −3
→
𝑔(7) = −1 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 1
→
ℎ(7) = 2 lim ℎ(𝑥) = −2
→

( )
a. 𝑔(7) − lim b. lim ℎ(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(7)
→ ( ) →

Use the piecewise functions to find the given values.

⎧ − , 𝑥 < −3 ⎧ , 𝜃≤
⎪
4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − −3 < 𝑥 < 1 5. ℎ(𝜃) = tan 𝜃 , <𝜃≤𝜋
⎨ ⎨
⎩√10 − 𝑥, 𝑥≥1 ⎪ cos , 𝜃>𝜋
⎩
a. lim 𝑔(𝑥) b. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
→ → a. lim ℎ(𝜃) b. lim ℎ(𝑥)
→ →

c. lim 𝑔(𝑥) d. lim 𝑔(𝑥)

→ →
c. lim ℎ(𝜃) d. lim ℎ(𝑥)
→ →

26
 Calculus 1.6 Algebraic Manipulation (Limits) Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Direct Substitution Factor and Cancel
1. lim (𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4) 2. lim 6 3. lim 4. lim
→ →
→ →

Limit Does Not Exist

5. lim
→

Special Trig Limits:

sin 𝑥 𝑥
lim =1 lim =1
→ 𝑥 or → sin 𝑥

1 − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 1
lim =0 or lim =0
→ 𝑥 → 𝑥

6. lim 7. lim 8. lim

→ → → ( )

27
1.6 Algebraic Manipulation of Limits
Calculus
Practice
Evaluate each limit.
1. lim (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2. lim (𝑥 + 1) 3. lim 4. lim
→ →
→ →

5. lim 6. lim
( ) 7. lim (3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 8. lim (2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 6)
→ → → →

9. lim 10. lim 11. lim 12. lim

→ → → →

13. lim 14 14. lim 15. lim 16. lim

→
→ → →

28
 17. lim 18. lim 19. lim cos 𝑥 20. lim sin(4𝑥)
→ →
→ →

21. lim 22. lim 23. lim

→ → →

1.6 Algebraic Manipulation of Limits Test Prep

24. Evaluate lim is
→

(A) 0 (B) (C) 𝑒 (D) 3 (E) The limit does not exist.

25. lim 4 is
→

(A) 2 (B) (C) ∞ (D) 0 (E) undefined

26. lim =
→

(A) −∞ (B) 𝑎 (C) 0 (D) ∞ (E) The limit does not exist.

27. lim =
→

(A) 0 (B) (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) Does not exist

29
1.6 Algebraic Manipulation to Find Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Find the value of each limit.
1. lim (2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 5) 2. lim √3𝑥 − 11 3. lim (−5)
→ → →

4. lim 5. lim 6. lim

→ → →

sin( )
7. lim 8. lim
→ →

9. lim
cos( ) sin2( )
→
10. lim
→

30
1.6 Algebraic Manipulation to Find Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Find the value of each limit.
1. lim (4𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) 2. lim 1 3. lim sin(2𝑥)
→ → →

4. lim 5. lim 6. lim

→ → →

7. lim
sin( )
8. lim
cos( ) sin2( )
→ →
9. lim
→

31
 Calculus 1.7 Selecting Procedures (Limits) Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Rationalize Fractions with Radicals
1. lim
√ 2. lim
→ → √

Complex Fractions
3. lim ( 3) 9
→ 4. lim
→

1.7 Selecting Procedures for Determining Limits

Calculus
Practice
Evaluate each limit.
1. lim
√ √ 2. lim √𝑥 + 4
→ → 3. lim
→

32
 4. lim √
→
5. lim 6. lim
→ →

7. lim 8. lim 9. lim

√
→ → →

√ √
10. lim 11. lim
→ →

√
12. lim 13. lim
( )
→
→

1.7 Selecting Procedures for Determining Limits Test Prep

lgebraic Manipulation of Limits
14. lim is
→ √ √

(A) −2√𝑏 (B) −√𝑏 (C) 2𝑏 (D) √𝑏 (E) 2√𝑏

33
1.7 Selecting Procedures for Determining Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Evaluate each imit.
1. lim 2. lim √2𝑥 + 4
→ √ →

3. lim 4. lim
√
→ →

5. lim 6. lim
→
→

7. lim √
→
8. lim
→

9. lim 10. lim

→ →

34
1.7 Selecting Procedures for Determining Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Evaluate each imit.
√
1. lim 2. lim
→ →

3. lim 4. lim
→ →

5. lim 6. lim
→
→

7. lim √2𝑥 − 5 8. lim

→ →

√ √ √
9. lim 10. lim
→ →

35
 Calculus 1.8 The Squeeze Theorem Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Squeeze Theorem: a.k.a. “Sandwich Theorem” or “Pinching Theorem”

If 𝒈 𝑥 𝒇 𝑥 𝒉 𝑥
and if lim 𝑔 𝑥 𝑳 and lim ℎ 𝑥 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

then lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂

1. Find lim 𝑥 cos

→

2. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by 3. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by
𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 3 and ℎ 𝑥 2𝑥 1. 𝑔 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 and ℎ 𝑥 𝑥 3.
If 𝑓 is a function that satisfies 𝑔 𝑥
If 𝑓 is a function that satisfies 𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?
→ 𝑓 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 for 1 𝑥 5, what is
lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?
→

Let 𝑓, 𝑔, and ℎ be the functions defined by 𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 sin , and ℎ 𝑥 for

𝑥 0. All of the following inequalities are true for 𝑥 0. State whether each inequality can be
used with the squeeze theorem to find the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0?
4. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 5. 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 6. 1 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 𝑥 1

36
1.8 The Squeeze Theorem
Calculus
Practice
Evaluate each limit.
1. lim 𝑥 cos 2. lim 𝑥 sin 3. lim 𝑥 sin
→ → →

4. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by 𝑔 𝑥 5. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥 3𝑥 and ℎ 𝑥 2 2𝑥. cos 𝜋 𝑥 2 3 and ℎ 𝑥 𝑥 .
If 𝑓 is a function that satisfies 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
If 𝑓 is a function that satisfies 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
ℎ 𝑥 for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?
→ ℎ 𝑥 for 2 𝑥 0, what is lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?
→

6. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by 𝑔 𝑥 7. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 1 and ℎ 𝑥 𝑥 4𝑥 2 . 𝑥 2𝑥 5 and ℎ 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 4.
If 𝑓 is a function that satisfies 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 If 𝑓 is a function that satisfies 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
ℎ 𝑥 for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓 𝑥 ? ℎ 𝑥 for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?
→ →

8. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by 𝑔 𝑥 9. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by 𝑔 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1 1 and ℎ 𝑥 cos 𝜋𝑥 3. 𝑥 and ℎ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 .
If 𝑓 is a function that satisfies 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
If 𝑓 is a function that satisfies 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 for 0.4 𝑥 0.4, what is lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?
ℎ 𝑥 for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓 𝑥 ? →
→

37
10. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be the functions defined by 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 cos for 𝑥 0. The
following inequalities are true for 𝑥 0. State whether each inequality can be used with the
squeeze theorem to find the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0?
a. 5 sin 𝜋 𝑥 1 𝑓 𝑥 b. 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥

11. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be the functions defined by 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 sin for 𝑥 0. The
following inequalities are true for 𝑥 0. State whether each inequality can be used with the
squeeze theorem to find the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0?
a. 𝑓 𝑥 b. 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥

c. 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 d. 𝑔 𝑥

12. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be the functions defined by 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 cos | |

for 𝑥 0. The
following inequalities are true for 𝑥 0. State whether each inequality can be used with the
squeeze theorem to find the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0?
a. 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 b. 𝑔 𝑥 c. 2 1 𝑔 𝑥 2 1

38
1.8 The Squeeze Theorem
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
1. 𝑔(𝑥) = −3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2. If 𝑓 2. 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥. If 𝑓 is a
is a function that satisfies 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) function that satisfies 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) for
for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓(𝑥)? 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, what is lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
→ →

3. 𝑔(𝑥) = − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − and 4. 𝑔(𝑥) = sin (𝑥 − 1) + 2 and

ℎ(𝑥) = cos(𝜋(𝑥 + 2)) − 3. If 𝑓 is a function ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1. If 𝑓 is a function that
that satisfies 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) for all 𝑥, satisfies 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) for all 𝑥, what is
what is lim 𝑓(𝑥)? lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
→
→

5. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be the functions defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos for 𝑥 ≠ 0. The
following inequalities are true for 𝑥 ≠ 0. State whether each inequality can be used with the
squeeze theorem to find the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0?
a. ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ b. −𝑥 ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥 c. − ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤

6. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be the functions defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos for 𝑥 ≠ 0. The
following inequalities are true for 𝑥 ≠ 0. State whether each inequality can be used with the
squeeze theorem to find the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0?
a. 3 − 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 3 b. −𝑥 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 1 + 𝑥 c. −𝑥 ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥

39
1.8 The Squeeze Theorem
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
1. 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 1 and ℎ(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3. If 2. 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝜋(𝑥 − 1) + 1 and
𝑓 is a function that satisfies 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + . If 𝑓 is a function that
ℎ(𝑥) for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
→ satisfies 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) for −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0,
what is lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
→

3. 𝑔(𝑥) sin 𝜋(𝑥 + 1) − 1 and 4. 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 and

ℎ(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + 2. If 𝑓 is a function that ℎ(𝑥) = 7 − 𝑥 . If 𝑓 is a function that satisfies
𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) for all 𝑥, what is
satisfies 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
lim 𝑓(𝑥)? →
→

5. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be the functions defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos for 𝑥 ≠ 0. The
following inequalities are true for 𝑥 ≠ 0. State whether each inequality can be used with the
squeeze theorem to find the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0?
a. ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥 + b. − ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ c. −𝑥 ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥

6. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be the functions defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin for 𝑥 ≠ 0. The
following inequalities are true for 𝑥 ≠ 0. State whether each inequality can be used with the
squeeze theorem to find the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0?
a. 2(1 − 𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 2 b. −𝑥 ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥

40
 Calculus 1.9 Multiple Representations (Limits) Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
1. If 𝑓 is a piecewise function with two linear “pieces” such that lim 𝑓 𝑥 does not exist, which of
→
the following could be representative of the function 𝑓.
a. b. c.
2𝑥 1, 𝑥 5 𝑥 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 y
𝑓 𝑥 
14 𝑥, 𝑥 5 𝑓 𝑥 10 8 6 1 6 11 16




x
     

| |
2. Find the value of lim
→

1.9 Connecting Multiple Representations of Limits

Calculus
Practice
Evaluate each limit.
| | | |
1. lim 2. lim | |
3. lim
→ → →

| | | |
4. lim 5. lim 6. lim | |
→ → →

41
7. Let 𝑓 be a function where lim 𝑓 𝑥 . Which of the following could represent the function 𝑓?
→
a. b. The two “pieces” are linear. c.
, 𝑥 5 𝑥 4.8 4.9 4.999 5 5.001 5.1 5.2 y
𝑓 𝑥 
4, 𝑥 5 𝑓 𝑥 0 0.2 0.249 4 0.251 0.3 0.5 



 x
      

8. Let 𝑔 be a function where lim 𝑔 𝑥 6. Which of the following could represent the function 𝑔?
→
a. b. The two “pieces” are linear. c.
y
, 𝑥 3 𝑥 2.8 2.9 2.999 3 3.001 3.1 3.2 
𝑔 𝑥 
6, 𝑥 3 𝑔 𝑥 6.2 6.01 6.001 1 4.999 4.9 4.8 



 x
     

9. If ℎ is a piecewise function with two linear “pieces” linear function such that lim ℎ 𝑥 does not exist, which of
→
the following could be representative of the function ℎ?
a. b. c.
𝑥 3, 𝑥 4 y
ℎ 𝑥 𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
13 2𝑥, 𝑥 4 
ℎ 𝑥 4 1 2 1 


x
     

10. If 𝑓 𝑥 | |
for 𝑥 3, then lim 𝑓 𝑥 is
→
2 for 𝑥 3

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 10 (D) Nonexistent

42
1.9 Connecting Multiple Representations of Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Evaluate each limit.
| | | | | |
1. lim 2. lim 3. lim | |
4. lim
→ → → →

5. Let 𝑓 be a function where lim 𝑓 𝑥 4. Which of the following could represent the function 𝑓?
→
a. b. The two “pieces” are linear. c.
, 𝑥 2 𝑥 1.8 1.9 1.999 2 2.001 2.1 2.2 y
𝑓 𝑥 
3, 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥 7.2 7.1 7.001 4 3.999 3.9 3.8 



 x
     

6. If 𝑔 is a piecewise function with two linear “pieces” such that lim 𝑔 𝑥 does not exist, which of the following
→
could be representative of the function 𝑔?
a. b. c.
7 𝑥, 𝑥 6 y
𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2𝑥 14, 𝑥 6 


𝑔 𝑥 2 2 1 1 3 

x
       

43
1.9 Connecting Multiple Representations of Limits
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Evaluate each limit.
| | | |
1. lim 2. lim | |
3. lim 4. lim | |
→ → → →

5. Let 𝑓 be a function where lim 𝑓 𝑥 5. Which of the following could represent the function 𝑓?
→
a. b. The two “pieces” are linear. c.
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 2.8 2.9 2.999 3 3.001 3.1
y

, 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥 4.7 4.9 4.999 5 6.001 6.1 

7, 𝑥 2 


x
     

6. If 𝑓 is a piecewise function with two linear “pieces” such that lim 𝑔 𝑥 does not exist, which of the following
→
could be representative of the function 𝑔?
a. b. c.
2𝑥 1, 𝑥 7 y
𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
𝑥 6, 𝑥 7 


𝑔 𝑥 5 2 1 2 1 

x
       

44
Name: _______________________________ Date:_______________ Period: _____ Review
Mid‐Unit 1 Review – Limits
Lessons 1.1 through 1.9
Reviews do NOT cover all material from the lessons but will hopefully remind you of key points. To be prepared,
you must study all packets from Unit 1.
A salesman tracks the number of cars he sells through the model 𝑐, where 𝑐 𝑚 is number of cars sold
and 𝑚 is the month for 0 𝑚 24.
1. What does 𝑐 10 represent? .
2. What does represent? 3. What does
.
represent?

Evaluate the limit.

√ √ 5. lim
4. lim →
6. lim
→ →

| |
7. lim 8. lim 9. lim
→ → →

45
 sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 𝜋
10. If 𝑓 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 , find the following: a. lim 𝑓 𝑥 b. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ →
cos 𝑥 , 𝑥
c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 d. 𝑓
→

Give the value of each statement. If the value does not exist, write “does not exist” or “undefined.”
y


11. lim 𝑓 𝑥 15. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ → 


12. lim 𝑓 𝑥 16. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ → 


13. 𝑓 3 17. 𝑓 1 x

         

14. 𝑓 2 18. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ 



19. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 and ℎ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1. If 𝑓 is

a function that satisfies 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?
→

CALCULATOR ALLOWED:
20. If 𝑓 𝑥 , create your own table of values to help you evaluate lim 𝑓 𝑥 .
→

𝑥
lim 𝑓 𝑥
→
𝑓 𝑥

46
 Corrective Assignment
Name: _______________________________ Date:_______________
Mid‐Unit 1 Corrective Assignment – Limits and Continuity
ℎ 𝑎
A child’s height can be modeled by the function ℎ, where ℎ 𝑎 gives the
height in inches and 𝑎 gives the child’s age in years for 0 𝑎 18. The 75

Height (inches)
graph of the function ℎ is shown to the right. 60

1. Draw a tangent line at 𝑎 9. 45

30
2. Give a rough estimate of the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑎 9.
15
𝑎
3 6 9 12 15 18
3. Give an example of how to calculate a rate of change that would give a close Years
estimate to the rate of change for 𝑎 17.

A house loan is being paid off each month. The interest being paid each month 𝑚 can be modeled by 𝐼, where
𝐼 𝑚 is the interest payment and 𝑚 is the month for 0 𝑚 360.
4. What does 𝐼 3 represent? .
5. What does represent? 6. What does
.
represent?

Give the value of each statement. If the value does not exist, write “does not exist” or “undefined.”
7. y

a. lim 𝑓 𝑥 b. 𝑓 1 c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 
→ → 


d. lim 𝑓 𝑥 e. 𝑓 3 f. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ → 


g. 𝑓 3 h. lim 𝑓 𝑥 i. 𝑓 4 x
→
         






Sketch a graph of a function 𝒉 that satisfies all of the following conditions.

8.
y


a. lim ℎ 𝑥 ℎ 2 1 
→ 

b. ℎ is constant on 2 𝑥 3 and decreasing everywhere else. 

x

c. ℎ 3 is undefined.              


d. lim ℎ 𝑥 lim ℎ 𝑥 
→ →




47
9. According to the table, what is value of lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?
→
𝑥 3.4 3.001 2.999 2.7
𝑓 𝑥 7.7 7.999 8.001 8.18

𝑥 1, 𝑥 1 a. lim 𝑓 𝑥 b. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ →
10. If 𝑓 𝑥 ln 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑒, find the following:
√𝑥, 𝑥 𝑒 c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 d. 𝑓 𝑒
→

Evaluate the limit.

11. lim 12. lim 13. lim
→ → →

√
14. lim 15. lim
→ →

| |
16. lim 17. lim
→
→

48
 18. Let 𝑓 be a function where lim 𝑓 𝑥 6. Which of the following could represent the function 𝑓?
→
I. II. III.
𝑥 4.8 4.9 4.999 5 5.001 5.1 5.2  y
, 𝑥 5
𝑓 𝑥 
1, 𝑥 5 𝑓 𝑥 6.2 6.1 6.001 2 5.999 5.9 5.8





x
     

(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II only (E) I and III only

19. If 𝑓 is a piecewise linear function such that lim 𝑓 𝑥 does not exist, which of the following could be
→
representative of the function 𝑓?
I. II. III.
2𝑥 1, 𝑥 9 y

𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 

𝑥 14, 𝑥 9 


𝑓 𝑥 3 3 8 12 16 

x
         

(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and III only (E) none

20. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be the functions defined by 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 cos for 𝑥 0. The following
inequalities are true for 𝑥 0. State whether each inequality can be used with the squeeze theorem to find the
limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0?

I. 4 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 4 II. 𝑥 1 𝑔 𝑥 1 𝑥 III. 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥

(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II only (E) I and III only

21. The function 𝑓 is continuous and increasing for 𝑥 0. The table gives values of 𝑓 at selected values of 𝑥.
𝑥 6.5 6.999 7.001 7.5
𝑓 𝑥 6.5 6.001 5.999 5.5
Approximate the value of lim 5𝑒 .
→

49
 

 11. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 12. 𝑓(3) =

Use the following graph to evaluate each problem.
x →
Answers to 1.1 CA #1
1a. check     y 
 graph.     2a. check graph.
f(x) per
1b. ≈ 400 people hour. 9. lim
2b. ≈𝑓(𝑥) = per year.
20 boar 10. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
 → →
( ) ( . )

13. lim (𝑓(𝑥)
) (=. ) 14. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
1c. 2c.
→ →
.  .
 3b. The average rate of change in
3a. The number of new recruits

in 3c. The rate of change of new recruits
number of 11.
new recruits
lim 𝑓(𝑥) per =
year 12. in𝑓(−3)
1987.  → per year 1987. =
x
from 1982 15.
to 1987.
𝑓(2) = 16. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
→
 The
4a.  number
   jobs created
of new  in 4b. The average
 rate of change in
4c. The rate of new jobs created per
 number of new jobs created per
March. month in October of 2021.
month from13.February
𝑓(−2) to June.
= 14. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
 Answers to 1.1 CA #2 →
2a. check graph.
1a. check graph. 
2b. ≈ 333 meters per second.
1b. ≈ 250 followers per week.
( ) ( . )  15. 2c.( ) (
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = . ) 16. 𝑓(2) =
1c. → .
.
3b. The average number of graduates 3c. The rate of change of graduates per
3a. The number of graduates in 2011.
per year from 2006 to 2011. year in 2011.
4b. The average mph between the 24th 4c. The speed of the hurricane (in mph)
4a. Miles from Miami after 24 hours.
and 48th hour. at the 50th hour.
Answers to 1.2 CA #1
1. 3 2. −2 3. undefined 4. 2
5. 0 6. −1 7. −1 8. 2
9. 1 10. −1 11. 3 12. −2
13. 2 14. 0 15. undefined 16. 1.5
Answers to 1.2 CA #1
1. −1 2. undefined 3. −2 4. −3
5. −2 6. 1 7. 2 8. −4
9. 2 10. 2 11. 2 12. 1
13. undefined 14. −1 15. 3 16. −2
Answers to 1.3 CA #1
1a. DNE b. −2 c. 4 d. −2 e. 3 f. 2 g. −3 h. DNE i. DNE
2a. 2 b. −1 c. −1 d. 1 e. −2 f. 2 g. 2 h. DNE i. 4
3. One possible graph:

Double check that each condition is satisfied with your

graph and it passes the vertical line test.

Answers to 1.3 CA #2
1a. DNE b. 2 c. 3 d. −3 e. −1 f. DNE g. −1 h. −1 i. −2
2a. 0 b. DNE c. −2 d. 0 e. 2 f. DNE g. 0 h. 0
3. One possible graph:

Double check that each condition is satisfied with your

graph and it passes the vertical line test.

50
 sin cos a. lim 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) =
→ sin ( )
2(1 −
.nequalities𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑓 (
are 𝑥 ) ≤
true 2 for 𝑥 ≠
8. 0.
lim State 
b.
whether →−𝑥
√ each
−11.1 ≤ 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ≤
inequality
9. 𝑥−10.99 can be used
−10.2
7.lim
→ lim 𝑓(𝑥)  
−5.3  
−5.01 −4.99→ −4.87   𝑥
8. 𝑓(𝑥)
lim  
5.95 −11.001 
5.99lim 
6.01 
6.1
→ 𝑥 −4.1 −4.001 −3.999 −3.9 
→
eorem find
to𝑓(𝑥) the limit
1.8 Graph1.999
the
of 𝑓 of2.001 function
2.2 
𝑥→ approaches
as𝑓(𝑥) −2.7 −2.5010?−2.499 −2.2 51

≤ 𝑓 (For𝑥)each≤ function,
3 create your own x
of values
b.table−𝑥 ≤to𝑓evaluate
(𝑥 ) ≤ the limit.
1+𝑥 c. −𝑥 ≤ 𝑔
Use the table to find the given limits.
     
b. lim 
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) =
  
3. 𝑓(𝑥) →
=
each = 
function, create your own table of values to evaluate
3. For 4. 𝑓(𝑥)the limit.
cos( ) 
2
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(7) = 3 𝑓(𝑥)sin
10. 4. lim
( ) 𝑓(𝑥) = −3
= lim
 →
→

√ 𝑔(7) = −1 √ lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 1
√𝑥  →
10.𝑥 lim
Graphℎ(7)
of 𝑓 = 2 → lim ℎ(𝑥) = −2
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) →
Use the table to find the given limits.
3. 𝑓(𝑥) 10.
𝑓(𝑥) lim
9. lim 𝑔(7) − lim ( )
→a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = b. →lim ℎ(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(7)
=
( → ) → 𝑓(3) = −2 → lim 𝑓(𝑥)
lim= 𝑓(𝑥)
→ 1
→
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑔(𝑥)
lim=𝑓(𝑥)
2 =
→ 𝑔(3) = −4 → →
Use the information given for each problem to evaluate the limit.
ℎ(3) = −6 lim ℎ(𝑥) = 3
5. The function 𝑓 is continuous and decreasing 6. The function → 𝑓 is continuous and increasing for
Use the The table
𝑥 ≥information for each problem
givengives to evaluate the limit.
of 𝑓 at 𝑥 ≥ 0. The table gives values of 𝑓 at selected
Use the piecewise
−10. functions to findvalues
the given values.
5. The function( )𝑓 is continuous and increasing
values of 𝑥. 6. The function 𝑓 is continuous and decreasing for
b.
values
𝑔(3)of
+ lim
𝑥. ℎ(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)
a. selected
lim + ℎ(3)
< −3
𝑥 ≥→
⎧−8.− ( The
) , (table
) 𝑥gives values of 𝑓 at 𝑥 ≥ −5. ⎧ The → ,table gives
𝜃 ≤ values of 𝑓 at
4. 𝑔(𝑥) selected
= 𝑥 values of 𝑥.
− −3 < 𝑥 < 1 5. selected⎪values of 𝑥.
ℎ(𝜃) = tan 𝜃 , < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
𝑥⎨ −5.09 −5.001 −4.999 −4.8 𝑥 ⎨0.7 0.999 1.001 1.2
⎩ 10 − 𝑥, 𝑥≥1 ⎪ cos , 𝜃>𝜋
𝑓(𝑥)√ 5.76 5.501 5.499 5.1 𝑓(𝑥) ⎩ −1.2 −1.001 −0.999 −0.7
𝑥 −6.2 −6.001 −5.999 −5.8 𝑥 −2.3 −2.001 −1.999 −1.9
the piecewise functionsb.to find
a.Uselim 𝑔(𝑥) lim the given values.
𝑔(𝑥)
→ 𝑓(𝑥) −1.8 −1.501 → −1.499 −1.4 a.𝑓(𝑥) 9.5
lim ℎ(𝜃) 9.001 b. 8.999lim ℎ(𝑥) 8.6
𝑥 < −5 → ⎧cos 2𝜃 , 𝜃< →
⎧ − ,
Approximate the value of lim cot 𝑓(𝑥) . Approximate the value of lim 𝑒 ( ) .
→
⎪
4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − −5 ≤ 𝑥 <2 5. ℎ(𝜃) = , <𝜃≤𝜋 →
⎨
Approximate the value of lim sec 𝑓(𝑥) . ⎨
Approximate of lim 𝑓(𝑥).
c. lim 𝑔(𝑥) ⎩√3 − 𝑥, 𝑥d.≥ 2lim→𝑔(𝑥) ⎪ sin , the value
𝜃≥𝜋 →
→ →
⎩
c. lim ℎ(𝜃) d. lim ℎ(𝑥)
a. lim 𝑔(𝑥) b. lim 𝑔(𝑥) →
→ → a. lim ℎ(𝜃) b. lim→ ℎ(𝑥)
→ →
c. lim 𝑔(𝑥) d. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
→ →
c. lim ℎ(𝜃) d. lim ℎ(𝑥)
→ →
graph and it passes the vertical line test.
Double check that each condition is satisfied with your
3. One possible graph:
h. 0 g. 0 f. DNE e. 2 d. 0 c. −2 2a. 0 b. DNE
i. −2 h. −1 g. −1 f. DNE e. −1 d. −3 c. 3 1a. DNE b. 2
Answers to 1.3 CA #2
uate each limit.
| | | | | |
im 2. lim |
3.52 lim 4. lim
→
function where lim 𝑓 𝑥 → → | could
5. Which of the following represent the→ function 𝑓?
→
b. The two “pieces” are linear. c.
y
𝑥 2.8 2.9 2.999 3 3.001 3.1 
2 𝑓 𝑥 4.7 4.9 4.999 5 6.001 6.1 
2 


et 𝑓 be a function where lim 𝑓 𝑥 4. Which of the following could represent the function
  𝑓?  
→
b. The two “pieces” are linear. c.
, 𝑥 2 𝑥 1.8 1.9 1.999 2 2.001 2.1 2.2 y

3, 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥 7.2 7.1 7.001 4 3.999 3.9 3.8 



 x
     
cewise function with two linear “pieces” such that lim 𝑔 𝑥 does not exist, which of the foll
21. 5𝑒 20. E
→ 19. C 18. D
presentative of the function 𝑔?
b. c.
1, 𝑥 7 y

𝑔 6,
is a𝑥piecewise 4 linear5“pieces”6such that
7 function𝑥with two 9 not 10
7 lim 8𝑔 𝑥 does exist, which

of the following
17. 1 16. → 15.
uld be representative of the function 𝑔? 
𝑔 𝑥b. 5 2 1 2 1 
c.
7 𝑥, 𝑥 6 y 

2𝑥 14, 𝑥 6 𝑥 3 4 5 6 7 8 9        

14. 0 13. 12. 6
𝑔 𝑥 2 2 1 1 3 

1 10d. x
DNE 10c.        
0 10b. 8. One possible graph:
4 11. 1 10a. 9. 8
on the 4th month. the 1st and 3rd months.
7i. 3 7h. 3 7g. 4
payment is changing being paid between
7f. 2 7e. 1 7d. 2
at which the interest change of interest
7c. 4 7d. DNE 7a. 4
6. An estimate of the rate 5. The average rate of
the 3rd month. . line at 𝑎 9.
3. 5 inches per year 2.
4. The interest paid on . 1. See graph. Straight
ANSWERS to Mid-Unit 1 Corrective Assignment