1 List The Types Of Memory In A Computer?

 Primary Memory (Main Memory):

Primary memory is the main memory directly accessible by the CPU. It is generally
faster and closer to the CPU in the memory hierarchy. There are two main types:

 RAM (Random Access Memory):

RAM is volatile memory, meaning it loses all data when power is turned off. It
temporarily stores data and programs actively being used by the CPU, allowing
for quick access. There are two main types of RAM:

o DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Must be refreshed thousands of times per

second to retain data.

o SRAM (Static RAM): Faster than DRAM and doesn’t need constant re-
freshing, but it's more expensive.

 ROM (Read-Only Memory):

ROM is non-volatile memory, meaning data is retained even when the computer
is turned off. It stores permanent data needed for booting up the system, such as
firmware. Variants of ROM include:

o PROM (Programmable ROM): Can be programmed once after manu-

facturing.

o EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased and repro-

grammed using UV light.

o EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be

erased and reprogrammed electrically, making it more flexible.

 Secondary Memory (Storage Memory):

Secondary memory stores data long-term and is non-volatile. It is slower but has a much
higher capacity than primary memory. Types of secondary memory include:

 Hard Disk Drives (HDD): Use magnetic storage to store large amounts of data
relatively cheaply.

 Solid-State Drives (SSD): Use flash memory to store data without moving parts,
making them faster and more durable than HDDs.

 Optical Discs: Include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, which store data optic-
ally. Typically used for media storage and software distribution.

 USB Flash Drives: Portable storage that uses flash memory, suitable for transfer-
ring data between computers.

 Memory Cards: Used mainly in mobile devices and cameras, these are compact
flash-based storage.
  Cache Memory:
Cache memory is a small, ultra-fast type of volatile memory located inside or close to the
CPU. It temporarily holds data and instructions that the CPU is likely to reuse. Cache
memory is divided into levels based on proximity to the CPU:

 L1 Cache (Level 1): Closest to the CPU core, very fast but with limited capacity.

 L2 Cache (Level 2): Slightly larger and slower than L1, usually located on the
CPU or in a separate chip.

 L3 Cache (Level 3): Larger than L2 and shared among CPU cores, providing ad-
ditional buffering between the CPU and main memory.

 Virtual Memory:
Virtual memory is a section of the hard drive or SSD allocated to act as an extension of
RAM. When RAM is full, the operating system moves data from RAM to virtual
memory (in a process called paging), allowing the system to handle larger workloads
than the available physical memory.

 Flash Memory:
Flash memory is a non-volatile type of memory found in SSDs, USB drives, and
memory cards. It retains data without power and is often used in portable storage
devices. Flash memory can be reprogrammed and erased electrically.

2 What Are The Five Generations Of Computers?

1. First Generation (1940s - 1950s): Vacuum Tubes

 Technology Used: Vacuum tubes were used for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory.

 Characteristics:

o Large in size, occupying entire rooms.

o High electricity consumption, producing a significant amount of heat.

o Limited processing speed and storage capacity.

 Programming Language: Machine language, a low-level language specific to

the hardware.

 Example: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), UNIVAC

(Universal Automatic Computer).

 Primary Use: Used primarily for scientific calculations, military operations, and
basic data processing.
  Limitations: Frequent overheating, high maintenance, and very limited comput-
ing power compared to later generations.

2. Second Generation (1950s - 1960s): Transistors

 Technology Used: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smal-

ler, faster, and more reliable.

 Characteristics:

o Transistors were much smaller and more energy-efficient than vacuum

tubes, significantly reducing the size of computers.

o Increased processing speed and storage capacity.

o Less heat generation and improved reliability.

 Programming Language: Assembly language and early high-level languages

like FORTRAN and COBOL.

 Example: IBM 7094, UNIVAC 1108.

 Primary Use: Widely used in business, finance, and scientific research due to
improved cost-efficiency.

 Advancements: Transistors allowed computers to move into commercial and

scientific settings due to their reduced size and increased performance.

3. Third Generation (1960s - 1970s): Integrated Circuits (ICs)

 Technology Used: Integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, were in-
troduced, combining multiple transistors onto a single silicon chip.

 Characteristics:

o Further reduction in size, cost, and power consumption compared to

second-generation computers.

o Improved processing speed and reliability.

o Increased versatility in applications with the development of more soph-

isticated operating systems.

 Programming Language: High-level languages like BASIC, C, and Pascal.

 Example: IBM System/360, PDP-8.

 Primary Use: General-purpose computing became more feasible, with applica-

 tions expanding to new fields such as data processing for small businesses and
government administration.

 Advancements: Computers became more accessible to a broader audience, with

significant progress in software development and graphical user interfaces.

4. Fourth Generation (1970s - Present): Microprocessors

 Technology Used: Microprocessors integrated all components of a computer's

CPU onto a single chip, making personal computers (PCs) possible.

 Characteristics:

o Dramatic increase in processing power, speed, and efficiency.

o Significant reduction in size, making personal and portable computers

available.

o Use of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology allowed millions

of transistors on a single chip.

 Programming Language: High-level programming languages like C++ and Py-

thon, alongside evolving software applications and operating systems.

 Example: Apple II, IBM PC, Intel 4004 (the first microprocessor).

 Primary Use: Computers became common in homes, offices, and educational in-
stitutions, used for a wide range of applications including word processing,
spreadsheets, gaming, and communication.

 Advancements: Introduction of the internet, user-friendly operating systems

(e.g., Windows, macOS), and graphical interfaces revolutionized computing.

5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence and

Quantum Computing

 Technology Used: The focus is on artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning,

and quantum computing. It also involves advanced technologies such as neural
networks, natural language processing, and parallel processing.

 Characteristics:

o Emphasis on developing machines that can learn, reason, and make de-
cisions.

o Use of ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, packing billions

of transistors on a single chip.
 o Quantum computing aims to exponentially increase processing power by
leveraging quantum mechanics.

 Programming Language: AI-focused languages like Python, R, Prolog, and

Lisp, along with machine learning frameworks and libraries.

 Example: IBM’s Watson, Google’s DeepMind, D-Wave Quantum Computers.

 Primary Use: Applications in complex problem-solving, robotics, language re-

cognition, and automation in industries like healthcare, finance, and transporta-
tion.

 Advancements: Focused on developing machines that emulate human intelli-

gence, capable of self-learning and adapting, with research in quantum comput-
ing and advancements in AI pushing the boundaries of computational power.

3 What Is The Waterfall Model & List The Stages Of The Waterfall Model In Order?

The Waterfall Model is a linear and sequential approach to software development, intro-
duced by Dr. Winston W. Royce in 1970. This model is often referred to as a “tradi-
tional” approach to software development because each phase in the process must be
completed before moving on to the next. The Waterfall Model is popular for projects
where requirements are well-understood from the beginning and unlikely to change. It is
commonly used in fields like construction and manufacturing, where tasks follow a
structured sequence and changes mid-process can be costly.

Characteristics of the Waterfall Model

 Linear and Sequential: Each phase depends on the deliverables of the previous
one.

 Documentation-Driven: Detailed documentation is created for each stage.

 Rigidity: Once a stage is completed, it is challenging to go back and make

changes.

 Visibility and Clarity: Each phase has specific deliverables and milestones,
making it easy to track progress.

Stages of the Waterfall Model (In Order)

1. Requirement Gathering and Analysis

o Description: In this phase, the project requirements are collected and

documented in detail. This involves understanding what the client or end-
user needs from the software, gathering specifications, and determining
the project's scope.
 o Deliverables: A requirements document that details all functional and
non-functional requirements of the project.

2. System Design

o Description: Based on the gathered requirements, the system's architec-

ture and overall design are created. This phase defines hardware and soft-
ware needs, data flow, system interfaces, and defines specific technical re-
quirements.

o Deliverables: Design documents, including system architecture, database

design, and UI design specifications.

3. Implementation (Coding)

o Description: In this phase, the actual code for the system is written based
on the design documents. Developers build the system's core functions
and integrate various modules to meet the specifications outlined in the
requirements and design stages.

o Deliverables: Source code, initial version of the software application.

4. Integration and Testing

o Description: After coding, the system undergoes rigorous testing to

identify and resolve any bugs, verify functionality, and ensure it meets the
outlined requirements. This includes unit testing, integration testing, sys-
tem testing, and user acceptance testing (UAT).

o Deliverables: Tested software, bug reports, and verification of software

performance.

5. Deployment

o Description: Once the software passes testing, it is deployed to the pro-

duction environment for end-user use. This may involve installation, user
training, and configuration of the software for the client’s environment.

o Deliverables: The final product deployed for real-world use, along with
installation guides and training materials.

6. Maintenance

o Description: After deployment, the software enters the maintenance

phase. This phase includes ongoing support, such as fixing bugs not iden-
tified during testing, adapting the software to new environments, and
making minor updates or enhancements as required.

o Deliverables: Patches, updates, and additional documentation to support

 long-term use.

4 Explain about program development and steps in program development in detail?

Problem Definition and Requirement Analysis

 Objective: Identify the purpose of the program, the problem it aims to solve, and
what users need from it.

 Activities Involved:

o Meet with stakeholders (e.g., clients, users, management) to gather re-

quirements.

o Define functional requirements (what the program should do) and non-
functional requirements (e.g., performance, security).

o Document requirements to ensure clear understanding by the development

team.

 Outcome: A requirement specification document that outlines program goals,

functionality, constraints, and limitations.

2. Feasibility Study

 Objective: Determine if the project is feasible in terms of technical, financial,

and operational aspects.

 Activities Involved:

o Assess the technical requirements and whether the organization has the
necessary resources and expertise.

o Conduct a cost-benefit analysis to decide if the project is worth pursuing.

o Consider risks and how they can be mitigated.

 Outcome: A feasibility report that advises stakeholders on whether to proceed

with development.

3. System Design

 Objective: Plan the architecture, user interface, and detailed design of the pro-
gram.
  Activities Involved:

o High-Level Design (HLD): Focuses on the overall architecture, includ-

ing modules, data flow, and high-level functionalities.

o Low-Level Design (LLD): Delves into the detailed structure of each

module, data structure, algorithms, and individual features.

o Of

o Create UML diagrams, flowcharts, or pseudocode to outline the pro-

gram’s logic and structure.

 Outcome:Has some

4. Coding / Implementation

 Objective: Write the actual code that will form the program based on the design
specifications.

 Activities Involved:

o Choose appropriate programming languages, frameworks, and tools based

on the program’s needs.

o Follow coding standards and best practices to ensure readability, main-

tainability, and consistency.

o Break down the program into smaller parts and assign them to different
developers if working in a team.

o Regularly review code and integrate it with other parts of the program.

 Outcome: A complete set of code that implements the program's functionalities,

ready for testing.

5. Testing

 Objective: Ensure the program works as expected and identify any bugs or is-
sues.

 Activities Involved:

o Unit Testing: Test individual modules or functions to ensure they work

 as intended.

o Integration Testing: Test combined parts of the application to ensure

they work together correctly.

o System Testing: Test the entire system to verify that all requirements are
met.

o User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Have end-users test the program to en-
sure it meets their needs.

o Performance, Security, and Usability Testing: Test for non-functional

requirements.

 Outcome: A verified and validated program, ready for deployment, with issues
identified and resolved.

6. Deployment

 Objective: Release the program for use in a production environment.

 Activities Involved:

o Prepare for installation and deployment, ensuring compatibility with the

target environment.

o Provide training and documentation for end-users and administrators.

o Deploy the program using appropriate deployment methods (e.g., on-

premises, cloud).

o Monitor the deployment for initial feedback and resolve any immediate
issues.

 Outcome: The program is live and accessible to end-users.

7. Maintenance and Support

 Objective: Ensure the program remains functional and relevant over time.

 Activities Involved:

o Corrective Maintenance: Fix bugs and issues that arise during real-
world use.
 o Adaptive Maintenance: Make changes to keep the program compatible
with new hardware, software, or regulatory changes.

o Perfective Maintenance: Improve performance or add new features

based on user feedback.

o Preventive Maintenance: Regular updates and improvements to prevent

future issues.

 Outcome: A well-maintained program that continues to meet user needs and re-
mains reliable.

Program Development Methodologies

Different program development methodologies help organize and guide these steps.
Common ones include:

 Waterfall Model: Follows a linear, sequential approach. Each step must be com-
pleted before moving to the next.

 Agile Methodology: Involves iterative cycles or sprints, allowing for feedback

and adaptation at each stage.

 Scrum Framework: A specific Agile method that uses regular meetings (stand-
ups) and short sprints to facilitate ongoing feedback and rapid iteration.

 DevOps: Combines development and IT operations, emphasizing automation,

continuous integration, and continuous delivery (CI/CD).

a. What Are The Basic Characteristics Of A Computer?

5
b. Explain The Difference Between Data Definition Language (DDL) And Data Manipulation
Language (DML)?

a. Describe How An Algorithm Provides A Step-By-Step Solution To A Problem?

6
b. Explain How Databases Are Used In The Banking Sector For Transaction Processing?

7 Compare Mainframe Computers And Supercomputers In Terms Of Their Functionality?

8 Explain in detail about System Software And Application Software With Examples?

9 Describe how Agile development differs from the Waterfall model in terms of flexibility and
 iteration?
10 Explain the functions of Operating Systems?

11 a. What Is An Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?

b. What Are The Main Types Of Database Management Systems (DBMS)?

12 a. Define Operating system. List any four Operating systems.

b. Discuss The Purpose Of The GRANT And REVOKE Commands In Controlling Access To A
Database?

1.  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is associated with which computer generation?

Answer: c) Fifth
The fifth generation of computers is characterized by the development and imple-
mentation of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Unlike earlier generations, which focused on
hardware innovations, the fifth generation emphasizes the integration of AI and ma-
chine learning. These computers are designed to process natural language and to re-
cognize and respond to complex patterns, enabling technologies such as robotics, ex-
pert systems, and intelligent systems. Japan was a leader in promoting fifth-generation
computing through its ambitious Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) project
in the 1980s.
2.  Which of the following is an example of an embedded system?
Answer: b) Smart watch
An embedded system is a specialized computing system that is part of a larger device
and is dedicated to performing specific tasks. Smart watches, for instance, are de-
signed to monitor health metrics, provide notifications, and serve other specific func-
tions within the constraints of a wearable device. Unlike general-purpose computers,
embedded systems are optimized for efficiency and are commonly found in appli-
ances, automotive systems, and wearable technology.
3.  Computers operate using which type of number system?
Answer: c) Binary
Computers operate using the binary number system, which consists of only two digits:
0 and 1. This is because binary digits correspond well with the digital circuits in com-
puters, where two states—on and off—can represent these two values. All data pro-
cessed by a computer, including numbers, text, and instructions, is ultimately repres-
ented in binary form.
4.  Which type of computer is typically used by large organizations for bulk data
processing?
Answer: c) Mainframe
Mainframe computers are powerful systems used by large organizations for extensive
data processing and high-volume transaction management. They are essential for in-
 dustries such as banking, insurance, and government operations, where processing
large amounts of data quickly and reliably is critical.
5.  The Control Unit (CU) of a CPU is responsible for
Answer: c) Managing instructions
The Control Unit (CU) is part of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and is responsible
for directing and coordinating most of the operations in a computer. It interprets in-
structions from programs and controls the flow of data between the CPU and other
components, such as memory and input/output devices.
6.  Registers in the CPU are used to
Answer: b) Temporarily hold data and instructions
Registers are small, fast storage locations within the CPU used to hold data and in-
structions that are immediately required for processing. They are among the quickest
types of memory in a computer system, as they are directly accessible by the CPU.
7.  Which of the following is the correct order of memory hierarchy from fastest
to slowest?
Answer: a) Cache, RAM, Hard Disk
The memory hierarchy is organized based on speed and proximity to the CPU. Cache
memory is the fastest and closest to the CPU, followed by RAM (Random Access
Memory), which is slower than cache but faster than the hard disk. Hard disks are
much slower than both cache and RAM and are used for long-term storage.
8.  Which type of memory retains its data even when the computer is turned off?
Answer: b) ROM
Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory, meaning it retains data
even when power is lost. It typically contains essential system firmware or software,
like the BIOS, that a computer needs to start up.
9.  An operating system’s primary role is to
Answer: b) Manage hardware resources and provide a user interface
The operating system (OS) acts as a bridge between the computer's hardware and its
users. It manages system resources (such as CPU, memory, and storage) and provides
a user interface for interacting with applications and the system itself. Examples in-
clude Windows, macOS, and Linux.
10.  Which step involves writing the actual source code in a program development
process?
Answer: c) Implementation
The implementation phase is where developers write the source code based on the
software design and specifications. This phase involves programming and integrating
components to ensure they function as planned, often in a high-level language like
Java or Python.
11.  Which of the following is an example of a scripting language?
Answer: b) Python
Python is a high-level scripting language known for its readability and flexibility,
commonly used for automation, web development, data analysis, and more. Unlike
compiled languages, scripting languages are often interpreted and can be used for
rapid prototyping and development.
12.  Which of the following is an example of a high-level programming language?
Answer: b) C++
C++ is a high-level programming language that allows developers to write complex
software with features like object-oriented programming, which makes it ideal for cre-
ating system software, game engines, and other resource-intensive applications.
13.  In the Waterfall model, which of the following is the first phase?
Answer: d) Requirement gathering
The Waterfall model is a linear software development process where each phase must
be completed before moving on to the next. Requirement gathering is the first phase,
where the needs and expectations of the system are collected and documented to en-
sure a clear understanding of the project goals.
14.  MS-DOS is an example of which type of operating system?
Answer: b) Command-line OS
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a command-line operating system
that relies on text-based commands for operation, lacking a graphical interface. It was
widely used in the 1980s and is still popular for specific technical tasks.
15.  Which of the following is an open-source operating system?
Answer: c) Linux
Linux is a widely used open-source operating system, meaning its source code is
freely available and can be modified by users. It is known for stability, security, and
flexibility and is used in a variety of environments, from servers to mobile devices.
16.  Which of the following phases is NOT part of the Waterfall model?
Answer: d) Prototyping
Prototyping is not a standard phase in the Waterfall model. The Waterfall model fol-
lows a structured sequence (e.g., requirements, design, implementation, testing, de-
ployment), whereas prototyping is more common in iterative models, such as Agile.
17.  Which of the following SQL commands is used to create a new table in a data-
base?
Answer: b) CREATE
In SQL, the CREATE command is used to define and create new tables in a database. It
specifies the table’s structure, including its columns and data types.
18.  Which of the following is an example of a database application in the e-com-
merce industry?
Answer: a) Inventory tracking system
In e-commerce, an inventory tracking system is essential for managing stock levels,
orders, and availability in real-time, helping businesses streamline operations and
meet customer demand.
19.  Which of the following is an example of a Relational Database Management
System (RDBMS)?
Answer: b) Microsoft SQL Server
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that or-
ganizes data in tables with rows and columns, facilitating the management of struc-
tured data and supporting SQL queries for data manipulation.
20.  Which of the following is a Data Manipulation Language (DML) command in
SQL?
Answer: c) DELETE
In SQL, the DELETE command is a DML command used to remove specific records
from a table without altering the structure of the table itself. DML commands, such as
INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, are used to manipulate data within a database.

21.  What is the term for the ability of a computer to process data quickly?
Answer: b) Speed
Speed is one of the most crucial characteristics of a computer, allowing it to process
large volumes of data and perform complex calculations in mere seconds. This capab-
ility is central to computing technology, enabling applications in various fields such
as data analysis, scientific research, and real-time operations. The speed of a computer
is primarily determined by its processor and memory capacity.
22.  Why is the ability to store large amounts of data considered an important
characteristic of computers?
Answer: d) It provides easy access to information.
The storage capability of computers allows users to save vast quantities of data and
retrieve it when necessary. This feature enables long-term data retention, ensuring in-
formation is available for analysis, decision-making, and reference over time. In fields
like business, healthcare, and research, large data storage capacity helps maintain or-
ganized, accessible information.
23.  Which of the following is NOT a classification of computers?
Answer: d) Electric computers
Computers are commonly classified based on size, power, and application: supercom-
puters for large-scale calculations, mainframe computers for centralized data pro-
cessing, and personal computers for individual use. The term "electric computers" is
not used as a classification, as all computers inherently rely on electrical power.
24.  What type of computer is primarily used for complex scientific calculations?
Answer: c) Supercomputer
Supercomputers are designed to handle intensive calculations required for scientific
research, weather forecasting, and simulations. They possess significant computa-
tional power and are built to process massive amounts of data at high speeds, making
them suitable for fields like climate modeling, particle physics, and molecular bio-
logy.
25.  What is the primary feature of Fifth Generation computers?
Answer: c) Development of artificial intelligence
The fifth generation of computers is focused on incorporating artificial intelligence
(AI) to enable computers to make decisions, understand human language, and process
complex patterns. This generation emphasizes parallel processing, expert systems, and
advanced AI applications, distinguishing it from previous generations focused mainly
on hardware improvements.
26.  What was a major disadvantage of the First Generation of computers?
Answer: c) They generated a lot of heat
First-generation computers used vacuum tubes, which consumed substantial electrical
power and generated significant heat. This excessive heat often led to malfunctions,
requiring cooling systems and making these computers expensive and challenging to
maintain.
27.  Which type of memory is volatile and loses its data when the power is turned
off?
Answer: a) RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) is volatile memory that requires a continuous power
supply to retain data. When the computer is turned off, any data stored in RAM is
lost, unlike non-volatile memory types such as ROM, which retain data even without
power.
28.  What is the primary purpose of application software?
Answer: b) To perform specific user tasks
Application software is designed to help users complete specific tasks, such as word
processing, data analysis, or graphic design. This type of software is user-focused and
allows individuals to perform various functions beyond managing hardware, which is
the role of system software.
29.  What is one major drawback of the Waterfall model?
Answer: c) It is difficult to implement changes after the development process be-
gins
The Waterfall model is a linear approach to software development, where each phase
must be completed before moving to the next. This rigidity makes it challenging to
address changes or unexpected issues that arise mid-project, leading to difficulties in
accommodating new requirements after development starts.
30.  Agile methodology primarily focuses on
Answer: b) Flexibility and iterative progress
Agile methodology emphasizes iterative development, flexibility, and continuous
feedback. It allows teams to adapt to changing requirements, engage stakeholders
throughout the process, and deliver functional software in incremental cycles, con-
trasting with the rigid structure of models like Waterfall.
31.  Markup languages are primarily used for
Answer: b) Designing and structuring web content
Markup languages, such as HTML and XML, are used to structure and format web
content. They provide a way to define the layout, formatting, and organization of con-
tent on the web, enabling consistent display across different devices and browsers.
32.  Which of the following is a decision symbol in a flowchart?
Answer: c) Diamond
In flowcharts, the diamond symbol represents a decision point where a question or
condition is evaluated, leading to different paths based on the outcome. It is a key
component for visualizing conditional logic in process workflows.
33.  Which of the following is NOT a function of an operating system?
Answer: d) Application development
Operating systems manage resources, schedule tasks, and interface with hardware, but
they are not responsible for developing applications. Application development is a
separate activity performed by programmers using various development tools and en-
vironments.
34.  A real-time operating system (RTOS) is designed for
Answer: b) Immediate processing of tasks
Real-time operating systems (RTOS) prioritize prompt, predictable responses to
events, which is crucial for systems requiring immediate processing, such as embed-
ded systems in medical devices, automotive control systems, and industrial automa-
tion.
35.  Which type of operating system is used in embedded systems?
Answer: b) Real-Time OS
 Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) are commonly used in embedded systems to
ensure timely and deterministic responses to inputs, making them suitable for critical
applications where timing is crucial, such as aerospace, medical, and automotive
devices.
36.  Which operating system is primarily used for Apple devices?
Answer: d) mac OS
macOS is the operating system developed by Apple specifically for its range of
desktop and laptop devices. Known for its robust security, user-friendly interface, and
seamless integration with Apple’s ecosystem, macOS is widely used in Apple’s com-
puting products.
37.  Which of the following is NOT a typical application of a database manage-
ment system?
Answer: b) Real-time video streaming
Database management systems (DBMS) are primarily used for storing, managing, and
retrieving structured data in applications like banking, library management, and air-
line reservations. Real-time video streaming, however, relies more on media servers
and content delivery networks rather than a traditional DBMS.
38.  Which type of DBMS is designed to store and manage data that is structured
as rows and columns?
Answer: c) Relational DBMS
Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) store data in tables consisting of
rows and columns, facilitating easy querying and data manipulation through SQL
(Structured Query Language). Examples include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL
Server.
39.  Who is responsible for defining the structure of a database and ensuring its
performance?
Answer: b) Database administrator
A Database Administrator (DBA) is responsible for the design, structure, and per-
formance optimization of databases. DBAs ensure data integrity, manage database se-
curity, and handle performance tuning to maintain efficient operations within an or-
ganization.
40.  Which of the following is an example of a casual user of a database?
Answer: b) A customer using an online shopping site
A casual user of a database interacts with the system to retrieve information or per-
form basic tasks without accessing the database's underlying structure. For instance, a
customer on an e-commerce site accesses product information through a user-friendly
interface without directly interacting with the database.