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Analysis of Materials Effects on Radio Frequency

Electromagnetic Fields in Human Head

Article in Progress In Electromagnetics Research · January 2012

DOI: 10.2528/PIER12030105

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 121–136, 2012

ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS EFFECTS ON RADIO FRE-

QUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN HUMAN
HEAD

M. T. Islam1, * , H. Z. Abidin1, 2 , M. R. I. Faruque1, 2 , and

N. Misran1, 2
1 Instituteof Space Science (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2 Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract—In this paper, we propose to study the variability of specific

absorption rate (SAR) of a human head due to different materials in
the vicinity of the handset. We include the effects of the human hand,
handset chassis and additional conductive material particularly hand-
ring jewelry. A finite-difference time-Domain (FDTD) method was
used to analyze different positions of the conductive ring materials
within the hand model. Furthermore, the impact of this material
on the performance of an antenna was considered in this study. We
found that including a hand model leads to a significant reduction in
SAR. The hand influences not only SAR distribution but also antenna
performance. Moreover, adding conductive materials to the hand
results in increases in the local SAR values of the head model. The
results suggest that the hand model is important in SAR evaluation
and that having an additional conductive material on the hand may
vary the amount of electromagnetic (EM) energy absorption depending
on the position of the material.

1. INTRODUCTION

Currently, the use of wireless devices, particularly mobile phones, has

increased dramatically. The increasing use of these devices has also
increased the amount of electromagnetic (EM) radiation to which
human bodies are exposed and is accompanied by growing concern
Received 1 March 2012, Accepted 10 May 2012, Scheduled 22 May 2012
* Corresponding author: Mohammad Tariqul Islam (titareq@yahoo.com).
122 Islam et al.

for possible health effects on humans. These effects are related to

the amount of EM energy deposited in the tissue and are generally
evaluated using SAR by averaging the value of the tissue mass. The
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has specified SAR
safety limit of 1.6 W/kg over one gram of tissue, while the International
Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) capped
the limit at 2 W/kg over a tissue volume of ten grams in the shape of
a cube [1, 2].
As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO),
radiofrequency (RF) EM fields, such as those emitted by wireless
communication devices, have become one of the top pollution sources,
which may lead to potential health effects on humans. Based on the
increased risk for glioma (a malignant type of brain cancer associated
with cell phones), the WHO has classified RF EM fields as possibly
carcinogenic to humans. Consequently, many research works were
conducted regarding the interaction between EM energy and human
head [3–5].
Many studies have evaluated the SAR in human body models [5–
10]. Recently, compact antennas with a low SAR have become essential
in the design of handsets. Some studies analyzed the reduction in
SAR using a reflector between a radiator and a head [11–15]. Over
time, different methods have been proposed to reduce the SAR in
human tissue [8–14]. The authors have studied the effects of attaching
additional materials to mobile phones, including the applications
of conducting materials and insertion of ferrite sheets between an
antenna and a human head. Currently, metamaterials, including
electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures, have been proposed for
handset antennas to reduce electromagnetic absorption in the human
body [12, 14–17].
Because the EM field characteristics change as they propagate
through different medias, the effects of conducting materials of different
sizes and shapes close to the human body have been observed by the
authors, and significant changes in the SAR were found in the human
head [16–18]. In related topics, different methods have been proposed,
including the application of different antennas and different metallic
object positions. The FDTD method with scaled models of an adult
head was used to consider the effects of metallic spectacles on adults
and children with a mobile phone placed by the ears [18]. Metallic
implants inside the human head have been found to increase the SAR
in different human head models [18–21].
Recent studies show that the presence of a hand also changes the
radiation performance of a mobile phone and, hence, changes the SAR
in the human head [22–33]. In [34], the SAR values for two different
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 2012 123

human body postures were calculated and resulted in increasing values

of the average peak SAR.
According to the literature, there are numerous factors that may
affect the SAR induced in the human head, such as the antenna
type, the antenna position relative to the human body, implants and
others uncertainties. With the recent research findings that cell phone
radiation may be linked to cancer, it is important to investigate and
monitor any potential effects related to the amount of the EM energy
deposited in the human tissue, in particular of materials and objects
in the proximity area of the RF radiation. Hence in this paper, we
emphasize that the SAR distributions and antenna performance in
different situations with a variety of nearby materials.

2. MODELS AND TECHNIQUES

2.1. Models
The elements of the numerical models in this paper were the head
model, the hand model and a mobile phone model with a dual band
PIFA antenna as a source, as illustrated in Figure 1. The frequency
dependent parameters (the relative permittivity, εr and conductivity,
σ) of the dielectric material was considered, and the values are based
on human tissue measurement data, as described in [35–39]. The head
model is based on the IEEE Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin
(SAM) model, which consists of a shell and brain simulating liquid.
Regularization bodies such as IEEE and, IEC have established product
compliance standards to assess exposure levels due to mobile phones
and have specified the use of SAM phantoms in such assessments.
In the majority studies, the SAR induced by a mobile phone is
computed without a hand. In Ref. [25], the authors have shown that
the inhomogeneous hand can be replaced with a homogeneous hand
model to represent a human hand in real usage conditions, which is

Figure 1. The configuration of the SAM head and hand model with
the antenna at the cheek mode.
124 Islam et al.

Table 1. Parameters of the numerical model.

900 MHz 1800 MHz

εr σ (S/m) εr σ (S/m)
Hand 36.2 0.79 32.6 1.26
SAM shell 3.5 0 3.5 0
SAM liquid 41.5 0.97 40.0 1.40
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor

implemented in this study. The dielectric properties of the tissues

are chosen for the frequency bands used as described in Table 1.
The dielectric compositions of the homogeneous hand used in the
simulations are the average values between dry and wet hands.
An internal dual-band planar inverted F-antenna (PIFA) plate
composed of perfect electric conductor (PEC) is placed at 20 mm from
the head model at the cheek position. The conducted power in this
study was normalized to 1 W and excited at the 900 and 1800 MHz
frequency bands corresponding to the application of a GSM network.
The conductive material investigated in this paper was 10 mm in
diameter with a 2 mm thickness attached to the fingers (thumb, index,
middle, ring and baby). For clarity, the conductive material in this
paper is a ring composed of a PEC.

2.2. Techniques
The goal of this paper is to study the influence of different objects
near the mobile antenna on the radio propagation. We considered
several objects, including the human hand, the handset chassis and
conductive materials. The effects on the SAR are studied through a
determination of the EM fields in a specified tissue domain using a three
dimensional FDTD technique, which is implemented in commercial
software from computer simulation technology (CST MWS) and used
as the main simulation instrument in this paper. With permutations of
the perfect boundary approximation (PBA) and thin sheet technique
(TST), significant developments in the geometry approximation with
computation speed are achieved with highly accurate results. The
non-uniform meshing scheme was adopted such that the majority of
the computation was dedicated to regions along the inhomogeneous
boundaries for fast and perfect analysis. The minimum and maximum
resolutions chosen for the models were 0.1 mm and 0.25 mm in each
dimension.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 2012 125

The local SAR at any point inside human tissue is defined as:
σE 2
SAR( W/kg) = (1)
ρ
where E is the root mean square (rms) amplitude of the induced electric
field (V/m), σ is the electrical conductivity of tissue (S/m) and ρ is
the density of tissue (kg/m3 ).

3. THE EFFECTS OF THE USER’S HAND AND THE

HANDSET CHASSIS

In typical operating positions, most handsets are held by the user with
their fingers on the side of the device. To examine the influences of
the presence of a hand, the study was initially performed without a
ring near the radiation source. Figure 2 shows the SAR distributions
inside the human head model from the top view cutting plane at two
different frequencies. As depicted in Figure 2, the intensity of the
electric field is high in the tissue near the surface of the head close
to the radiation source and attenuates as the electric field propagates
through the tissue. The peak SAR was greater at lower frequency
(900 MHz) and penetrated deeper into the human head compared to
the higher frequency (1800 MHz). The value of the penetration depth
of tissue decreases as the operational frequency increases.

900MHz 1800MHz

8.0924 W/kg 7.3994 W/kg 4.7596 W/kg 4.9406 W/kg

(a) (b) (a) (b)

3.4285 W/kg 4.7664 W/kg 4.7364 W/kg 5.7176 W/kg

(c) (d) (c) (d)

Figure 2. Peak SAR induced at the cheek position for 900 and
1800 MHz, (a) PIFA with head, (b) PIFA with chassis and head,
(c) PIFA with head and hand, (d) PIFA with chassis, head and hand.
126 Islam et al.

Figure 2 also shows that, for the PIFA antenna radiating at

900 MHz, the peak SAR 1 g values for the case without a hand and with
hand model are 8.0924 W/kg and 3.5595 W/kg, respectively while the
SAR 10 g value are 5.6278 W/kg and 2.5245 W/kg, respectively. The
difference of the peak SAR 1 g without and with the hand model is
a remarkable reduction of 56%, whereas, in [25] it was almost a 50%
reduction. As indicated in [37], the peak SAR 1 g in the presence of a
head and hand is 2.856 W/kg. This value was found to be lower than
the result attained in this study. Regarding the SAR differences, it is
interesting to consider the configuration of the hand and head model
geometry as well as the type, position, and size of the mobile phone
antenna. Moreover, it has been reported in [25] that the human hand
significantly alters the near-field of the mobile phone; it may therefore
also affect the absorption pattern and the peak SAR in the head. In
addition, the effect of the index finger position has been an important
factor that is not addressed in detail in this paper. Because the index
finger may be close to the antenna, a slight shift can lead to a strong
variation of the SAR. The hand model geometry and the exact position
of the phone inside the hand must be very precisely defined in order to
obtain highly reproducible results in SAR assessment. For the purpose
of validation, the calculated SAR without the hand model is compared
with the result in [5], which is 9.14 W/kg using the same approach
with dual band PIFA and a homogenous head model. The slight
difference may be due to different antenna geometry and conductivity.
Because communication devices operate with a duty factor of 1/8, all
comparisons results were scaled to 1 W.
To determine antenna performance, the PIFA is simulated for
return loss (S11 ) calculation under free space conditions, followed by
inclusion of the head, hand and chassis, as shown in Figure 3. The
presence of these objects detunes the antenna by shifting the frequency
up to 200 MHz. The return loss is significantly affected by the presence
of the hand, which reduces the magnitude by 17 dB with respect to
free space conditions. Thus, it is important to take this effect into
consideration when designing the antenna of the handset.
The impact of the models on TRP will be addressed in this paper
as related to the SAR. TRP provides a good assessment of the antenna
performance from the system point of view. Figure 4 shows the TRP
number for all cases. Noticeably, the TRP of the PIFA at both excited
frequencies were decreased quickly by approximately 4 dB when the
hand model was included. At 1800 MHz, the plastic chassis led to
an unremarkable change in the TRP, with a difference of less than
0.5 dB. Overall, the PIFA without a hand showed the highest TRP
and conversely resulted in higher values of the SAR, which implies that
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 2012 127

-5

-10

S11 (dB)
-15

-20

-25

-30
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Figure 3. Variation of the return loss with different cases as in Fig. 2,

(a) = C1, (b) = C2, (c) = C3, and (d) = C4.

Figure 4. Effect of different models on radiation performance at 900

and 1800 MHZ.

the hand plays a significant role in determining the handset antenna

performance.

4. DEPENDENCE ON METALLIC RING POSITIONS

4.1. Evaluation of the Peak SAR Magnitude and Position

Before deriving the hand-ring effects on the SAR, the study first
evaluated PEC ring placed at a fixed distance at five different positions,
as shown in Figure 5. Although this ring placement is not realistic, this
study supports the intended investigations of the effects of hand ring
jewelry on the SAR in the next section. When an electromagnetic wave
traveling through free space encounters a different medium, the wave
128 Islam et al.

Figure 5. PIFA indicating different ring positions.

is reflected, transmitted and/or absorbed. This mechanism results in

different SAR distributions on the surface of the head phantom, as
shown in Figure 6. Furthermore, the locations where the maximum
SAR occurred were also determined.

4.2. Evaluations of Hand Ring Jewelry on the SAR and

Antenna Performance
Regarding the variations of the SAR distribution in Figure 6, the
interactions of the EM fields and human head were further assessed
with the hand included to study the effects of hand ring jewelry. A
PEC ring was placed on each finger one at a time at typical positions
whereas jewelry is worn. Tables 2 and 3 contain the peak SAR 1 g,
the total SAR and the tissue power simulated at an output power of
1 W for 900 and 1800 MHz respectively. The dosimetry and safety
limits for RF exposure are based on the averaged SAR values for 1 g
of tissue. In addition, the variations in the peak SAR for 1 g of tissue
were calculated and are presented in Figure 7 to determine which ring
position has a greater impact on the SAR in the human head. The aim
of this section is to focus on the greatest and least significant effects of
hand ring jewelry.
The results show that the attachment of a metallic ring on the
hand affects not only the peak and total SAR in the head but also the
tissue power. As expected, when the total SAR is decreased, the energy
absorption was also reduced. Because the available power, conductivity
and permittivity are fixed, these results show the decreased level of
power absorption as a consequence of the presence of the hand. At a
close proximity, most of the power emitted by the antenna is absorbed
by the hand and radiated away.
In Figure 7, we find that a hand ring attachment leads to the
greatest effects for 900 MHz and causes the peak SAR to increase
up to 14.4% with a ring on the index finger. Moreover, the power
absorbed also shows a maximum at this rings position with 0.275 W.
Concentrating on the higher frequency band, a ring on the ring finger
provides the highest peak SAR increase of 9.8%, while the ring on
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 2012 129

900 MH z 1800 MHz

Without
ring

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

Figure 6. Comparisons of peak SAR distributions without and with

ring attachments at five different positions.
130 Islam et al.

Table 2. Local SAR values on the head surface with a hand ring
attachment at 900 MHz.

Ring of Peak SAR

Total SAR Tissue
different 1g
(W/kg) power (W)
fingers (W/kg)
Without ring 3.5595 0.04718 0.24776
Thumb 4.0243 0.05055 0.26587
Index 4.0748 0.05242 0.27570
Middle 3.9989 0.05036 0.26443
Ring 3.9989 0.05071 0.26668
Baby 3.9790 0.05113 0.26889

Table 3. Local SAR values on the surface of the head with a hand
ring attachment at 1800 MHz.

Ring of Peak
Total Tissue
different SAR 1 g
SAR (W/kg) power (W)
fingers (W/kg)
Without ring 4.7842 0.04360 0.22893
Thumb 4.9889 0.04682 0.24624
Index 5.1485 0.05082 0.26722
Middle 5.0466 0.04681 0.24576
Ring 5.2527 0.04914 0.25840
Baby 4.7812 0.04859 0.25552

the baby finger shows a very small effect, with a change less than
1%. Compared with international standards safety limits, the SAR/1 g
tissue exceeds the limit. However, communication devices operate with
a duty factor of 1/8 and not a continuous wave; thus the results can be
scaled by 1/8th to create a time averaged SAR value. When scaled by
the duty factor, all values are less than the specified limit of 1.6 W/kg.
In addition to the alteration of the SAR and absorption power,
the introduction of a hand ring could affect antenna performance.
Figures 8 and 9 indicate the return loss and radiation pattern for both
frequencies. The resonant frequencies of the lower and higher bands
in the vicinity of the head and hand (without a ring) are 892.5 MHz
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 2012 131

Figure 7. The effects of hand ring jewelry on peak SAR.

Figure 8. Variation of return loss with and without hand ring jewelry.

and 1885 MHz, respectively. Correlated to the highest peak SAR,

the resonant frequency of the antenna with an index finger ring is
912.5 MHz, which is shifted by 20 MHz from the reference frequency
(without a ring). At the higher band, when the ring is placed on the
index finger, the resonant frequency becomes 1942 MHZ and causes the
maximum degradation in the return loss magnitude of approximately
5 dB. Figure 8 also clearly shows that the resonant frequencies are
almost unaffected at lower bands frequencies
Figure 9 shows the effect of a hand ring on the antenna pattern
in the θ-plane for Φ = 0◦ and the Φ-plane for θ = 90◦ . It is evident
that the presence of the ring has a negligible impact on the radiation
pattern. The differences computed for both frequency bands are less
than only 2 dB in all cases.
132 Islam et al.

(i) (ii)
(a)

(iii) (iv)
(b)

Figure 9. Radiation patterns of PIFA due to hand ring jewellery

(i) xz-plane (top view of the head), (ii) xy-plane (front view of the
head). (a) 900 MHz. (b) 1800 MHz.

5. CONCLUSION

This paper has analyzed the variability of the SAR values in the human
head and handset antenna performance. Neglecting the influence of the
hand resulted in an overestimation of the SAR in the head and affected
the antenna performance of the handset. The impact of holding the
mobile phone in a hand reduced the average peak SAR in the head and
thus reduced the power absorbed by the head. The introduction of a
ring worn on the human hand caused the SAR distribution to increase
depending on the position of the ring. Therefore, by means of real life
conditions, SAR assessments with a ring attached to the hand provide
meaningful valuation because wearing jewelry on the hand is common
among mobile phone users. Furthermore, future studies should also
extend this research to the effects of the handset chassis materials
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 2012 133

and shapes on SAR reduction because the present results show some
valuable indications

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