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Physics Project

PHYSICS PROJECT

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amitsengupta443
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36 views15 pages

Physics Project

PHYSICS PROJECT

Uploaded by

amitsengupta443
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS PROJECT

NAME – AMIT KUMAR SENGUPTA


CLASS – XII
ROLL NO – 03
SEC – A
TOPIC – STUDY OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON
WHICH THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE /EMF OF A
CELL DEPENDS ON

SUBMITTED TO – TANMOY DEB


________________________________________________________________________

The success and final outcome of this project required a


lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I
am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the
completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is
only due to such guidance and assistance and I would
not forget to thank them.

I respect and thank Tanmoy Deb Sir, for giving me an


opportunity to do this project work and providing us all
support and guidance which made me complete the
project on time. I would like to express my gratitude
towards Sir for helping me in conducting practicals for
project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends
who supported me all the way and my parents who
helped me financially and encouraged me throughout in
the completion of project.
INDEX
S.NO TOPIC
1. INTRODUCTION
 INTERNAL RESISTANCE
2. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
 OBJECTIVE
 APPARATUS
 THEORY
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 PROCEDURE
 RESULT & INTERFACES
 PRECAUTIONS
 SOURCE OF ERROR
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our
daily

use electronic appliances and the use is

increasing every day. Thus, the


batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly.

Thus, this project report is based on


practical analysis for the factors
affecting the internal resistance of a
cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell


is decreased we can increase the
potential difference across it, and
hence make it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance
offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow
of ions.

 Its SA. unit is Ohm (Ω)

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r),


connected to an external resistance (R) such that
(I) is the current flowing through the circuit,

Internal Resistance, r=E-V+I


PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the
internal resistance of a cell depends.

APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery
eliminator), two one way keys, a rheostat, a
galvanometer, a resistance box, an ammeter, a
cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare,
connecting wires and sand paper

THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the
resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow
of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
 is directly proportional to the distance
between the electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing
surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
 decreases with increase in temperature
of electrolyte.
is inversely proportional to concentration of
..electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r=(E-V)/I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand
paper and make tight connections according to the
circuit diagram.

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell


and make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more
than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point
will not be obtained.

To study variation of internal resistance with


distance of separation

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.


5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.

6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the


rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer.

7. Determine the position of the null point


accurately using a set square and measure the
balancing length (1;) between the null point and
the end P.

8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K; and Ko. At


the same time, take out a small resistance (1-5 W)
from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel
with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and
obtain the null point.

10. Measure the balancing length (lz) from end P.


Record these observations.

11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

12. Then remove the plugs of kevs K; and K>. Wait


for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.

13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain


another set of observations.

To study variation of internal resistance with area


of electrodes

14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the


area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for
each observation.

15. Obtain three such observations by repeating


steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.

To study variation of internal resistance with


concentration of electrolyte

16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease


the concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled
water for different observations.

17. Obtain three such observations by repeating


step 7 to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATION
SL.NO Ammter Position of null point (cm) Shunt Internal
reading With Without Resistance Resistance
(A) R(l1) R(l2) R(Ω) R(Ω)

1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94

2. 0.3 660.5 77.5 2 1.77

3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

Table for effect of separation between electrodes

SL.
NO Separation Balancing Balancing Internal
between point Point Resistance r/d
electrods l1(cm) l2(cm)
d(cm) r(Ω)

1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38

2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38

3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38

Table for effect of temperature


S.L Temperature L1(cm) L1(cm) Resistance Internal Tr
NO. T(◦C) R(Ω) resistance (ΩK)
r(Ω)
1. 1.2 326.3 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
RESULT & INFERENCES
• The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is
equalto E =0.98 Volt.

• The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional


to the separation between the electrodes.

• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional


to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.

• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional


to the temperature of electrolytes.

• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional


to the concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when


the observations are to be taken.

3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E; and E>


should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the
wires.

4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It


should touch the wire gently.

5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a


particular set of observation. If necessary. adjust the
rheostat for this purpose
SOURCE OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross


section and material density throughout its length.

3. End resistances may not be zero.

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