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29 views14 pages

Physics Project File

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vsk794
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ANAND VIDHYA MANDIR,

BHARATPUR(RAJASTHAN)

PHYSICS PROJECT FILE


SESSION:- 2024-2025

NAME: SONU CHAUDHRY


ROLL NO. :
CLASS: 12TH SCIENCE
Topic: to STUDY VARIOUS FACTORS ON WHICH THE
INTERNAL
RESISTANCE/EMF OF A CELL DEPENDS

SUBMITTED BY: SONU CHAUDHRY


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sonu Chaudhry student of class 12 th


Science has successfully completed the project on the
study of various factors on which the internal
resistance/EMF of a cell depends perfectly under the
guidance of teacher during the year 2024-2025.

Teacher’s Signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is heartily thanks to teachers for giving the facilities


and opportunity. Then I would like to thank my physics
teacher, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make it fulfill proof
success suggestions and his instructions has served as
the major contributor towards the completion of this
project.

Sonu Chaudhry
12TH Science
INDEX

S.no. TOPIC

1. Introduction
 Internal Resistance
2. Practical analysis
 Objective
 Apparatus
 Theory
 Circuit Diagram
 Procedure
 Result & Inferences
 Precautions
 Sources of error
3. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use


electronics appliances and the use is increasing
every day. Thus , the batteries need to be made
more powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly.

Thus , this project report is based on practical


analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is


decreased we can increase the potential difference
across it, and hence make it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the


electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
 Its S.I. unit is ohm(Ω).

For a cell of e.m.f (E) and internal resistance (r),


Connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the
current flowing through the circuit,

Internal Resistance (r)= E-V/I

PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a
cell depends.

APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one way
keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, an ammeter,
a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare, connecting wires
and sand paper.

THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
 is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.

 decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.

 is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a cell is given by:


r= (E-V)/I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and
make tight connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure
that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the cell,
otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat
resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that
a null point is obtained on the last wire of potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set
square and measure the balancing length (1) between the
null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and k2. At the same
time, take out a small resistance (1-5Ω) from the shunt
resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null
point.
10. Measure the balancing length (lz) from end P. Record these
observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait for some
time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of
observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of
electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte
at different depths for each observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of
electrolyte
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS

Table for effect of separation between electrodes


S.N Separation Balancin Balancin Internal r/d
o between g Point g Resistan
electrodes l1(cm) Point ce
d(cm) l2(cm) r(Ω)
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38

Table for effect of temperature


S.No Temperat l1(cm l2(cm Resistan Internal Tr
ure ) ) ce Resistan (ΩK)
R(Ω) ce
r(Ω)
1 1.2 326.3 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.4
4
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.9
6
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.8
7
RESULT & INFERENCES
 The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to
E= 0.98 volt.
 The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely to the area of the
electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should,
all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular
set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross section
and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.com
 www.documents.mx
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.docfoc.com
 www.slideshare.net

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