Subnetting

Subnetting is the method of dividing a larger network into small network chunk,
more manageable subnetworks called subnet. It allows network administrators to
better organize and manage network resources and traffic.
An Internet Protocol (IP) address consists of two main parts:
• Network ID: Identifies the overall network.
• Host ID: Identifies individual devices (hosts) within the network.
Subnetting introduces another layer by allocating a portion of the Host ID to define
smaller networks within the larger one. This is achieved by using a subnet mask.

Why is Subnetting important?

Efficient IP Address Allocation: This is accurate. Subnetting helps to allocate IP
addresses based on the specific needs of a subnet, reducing wastage.
Improved Network Performance: Also correct. By reducing the size of the
broadcast domain, unnecessary traffic is minimized, which leads to better overall
performance in the network.
Enhanced Security: Dividing a network into smaller chunks indeed makes it easier
to isolate critical networks and apply specific security policies to different subnets.
Simplified Management: Smaller networks are easier to manage, monitor, and
troubleshoot, as there are fewer hosts and less traffic compared to managing one
large network.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1= 255 = 11111111

Write 138 into binary? Write 192 into binary?
10001010 11000000
• Subnet Mask

• Purpose: Determines how the IP address is divided into network and host parts.
• Example: For a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, the first three octets (255.255.255) are
used for the network ID, and the last octet (0) is used for the host ID.

• Block Size

• Purpose: Identifies the size of each subnet in terms of the number of IP addresses.
• Formula: Block Size = 256 - N, where N is the value of the subnet mask in the last octet.
• Example: For a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (N = 0), the block size is 256.

• Usable IPs

• Purpose: Determines the number of usable IP addresses in a subnet for devices.

• Formula: Usable IPs = (2^n – 2), where n is the number of host bits (zero bits in the
subnet mask).
• Explanation: The subtraction of 2 accounts for the network address and broadcast
address, which cannot be assigned to hosts.

• Network Address

• Purpose: Identifies the starting IP address of a subnet.

• Method: Perform a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and subnet mask.
• Example: For an IP address of 192.168.1.10 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, the
network address would be 192.168.1.0.

• First Usable IP

• Purpose: Identifies the first IP address that can be assigned to a host in a subnet.
• Method: Add 1 to the network address.
• Example: For the network 192.168.1.0/24, the first usable IP is 192.168.1.1.

• Last Usable IP

• Purpose: Identifies the last usable IP address in a subnet.

• Method: Subtract 1 from the broadcast address.
• Example: For a network 192.168.1.0/24, the broadcast address is 192.168.1.255, so the
last usable IP is 192.168.1.254.

• Broadcast IP Address

• Purpose: Identifies the address used to send messages to all devices in a subnet.
• Method: The broadcast address is always the last address in a subnet.
• Example: For a network 192.168.1.0/24, the broadcast address is 192.168.1.255.
Example 1:
IP Address: 192.168.50.0/27
Binary Representation 111111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
• Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.224
• Block Size Calculation:
Block size = 256 - 224 = 32
• Number of Usable IPs (Host):
Usable IPs = (2^n) – 2 n means All off Bits.
Usable IPs = (2^5) - 2 = 32 - 2 = 30.
Example 2:
IP Address: 192.168.100.0/28
Binary Representation 111111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
• Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.240
• Block Size Calculation:
Block size = 256 - 240 = 16
• Number of Usable IPs (Host):
Usable IPs = (2^n) – 2 n means All off Bits.
Usable IPs = (2^4) - 2 = 16 - 2 = 14.
Example 3:
IP Address: 212.12.70.0/23
Binary Representation 111111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
• Subnet Mask:
 255.255.254.0
• Block Size Calculation:
Block size = 256 - 254 = 2
• Number of Usable IPs (Host):
Usable IPs = (2^n) – 2 n means All off Bits.
Usable IPs = (2^9) - 2 = 512 - 2 = 510.
Example 4:
IP Address: 147.25.65.0/20
Binary Representation 111111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
• Subnet Mask:
255.255.240.0
• Block Size Calculation:
Block size = 256 - 240 = 16
• Number of Usable IPs (Host):
Usable IPs = (2^n) – 2 n means All off Bits.
Usable IPs = (2^12) - 2 = 4096 - 2 = 4094.
Example 5:
IP Address: 192.168.50.0/20
Binary Representation 111111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
• Subnet Mask:
255.255.240.0
• Block Size Calculation:
Block size = 256 - 240 = 16
• Number of Usable IPs (Host):
Usable IPs = (2^n) – 2 n means All off Bits.
Usable IPs = (2^12) - 2 = 4096 - 2 = 4094.
Subnetting 10.0.0.0/26
Step No.1 Subnet Mask
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
Step No.2 Block Size 256-
192=64
Step No.3 Host 2^x-2=2^6-2=64-2=62 (X mean all off bits)

Networking
address 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.64 10.0.0.128 10.0.0.192
First IP 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.65 10.0.0.129 10.0.0.193
10.0.0.2 10.0.0.66 10.0.0.130 10.0.0.194
10.0.0.3 10.0.0.67 10.0.0.131 10.0.0.195
10.0.0.4 10.0.0.68 10.0.0.132 10.0.0.196
10.0.0.5 10.0.0.69 10.0.0.133 10.0.0.197
10.0.0.6 10.0.0.70 10.0.0.134 10.0.0.198
10.0.0.7 10.0.0.71 10.0.0.135 10.0.0.199
10.0.0.8 10.0.0.72 10.0.0.136 10.0.0.200
10.0.0.9 10.0.0.73 10.0.0.137 10.0.0.201
10.0.0.10 10.0.0.74 10.0.0.138 10.0.0.202
10.0.0.11 10.0.0.75 10.0.0.139 10.0.0.203
10.0.0.12 10.0.0.76 10.0.0.140 10.0.0.204
10.0.0.13 10.0.0.77 10.0.0.141 10.0.0.205
10.0.0.14 10.0.0.78 10.0.0.142 10.0.0.206
10.0.0.15 10.0.0.79 10.0.0.143 10.0.0.207
10.0.0.16 10.0.0.80 10.0.0.144 10.0.0.208
10.0.0.17 10.0.0.81 10.0.0.145 10.0.0.209
10.0.0.18 10.0.0.82 10.0.0.146 10.0.0.210
10.0.0.19 10.0.0.83 10.0.0.147 10.0.0.211
10.0.0.20 10.0.0.84 10.0.0.148 10.0.0.212
10.0.0.21 10.0.0.85 10.0.0.149 10.0.0.213
10.0.0.22 10.0.0.86 10.0.0.150 10.0.0.214
10.0.0.23 10.0.0.87 10.0.0.151 10.0.0.215
10.0.0.24 10.0.0.88 10.0.0.152 10.0.0.216
10.0.0.25 10.0.0.89 10.0.0.153 10.0.0.217
10.0.0.26 10.0.0.90 10.0.0.154 10.0.0.218
10.0.0.27 10.0.0.91 10.0.0.155 10.0.0.219
10.0.0.28 10.0.0.92 10.0.0.156 10.0.0.220
10.0.0.29 10.0.0.93 10.0.0.157 10.0.0.221
10.0.0.30 10.0.0.94 10.0.0.158 10.0.0.222
10.0.0.31 10.0.0.95 10.0.0.159 10.0.0.223
10.0.0.32 10.0.0.96 10.0.0.160 10.0.0.224
10.0.0.33 10.0.0.97 10.0.0.161 10.0.0.225
10.0.0.34 10.0.0.98 10.0.0.162 10.0.0.226
10.0.0.35 10.0.0.99 10.0.0.163 10.0.0.227
10.0.0.36 10.0.0.100 10.0.0.164 10.0.0.228
10.0.0.37 10.0.0.101 10.0.0.165 10.0.0.229
10.0.0.38 10.0.0.102 10.0.0.166 10.0.0.230
10.0.0.39 10.0.0.103 10.0.0.167 10.0.0.231
10.0.0.40 10.0.0.104 10.0.0.168 10.0.0.232
10.0.0.41 10.0.0.105 10.0.0.169 10.0.0.233
10.0.0.42 10.0.0.106 10.0.0.170 10.0.0.234
10.0.0.43 10.0.0.107 10.0.0.171 10.0.0.235
10.0.0.44 10.0.0.108 10.0.0.172 10.0.0.236
10.0.0.45 10.0.0.109 10.0.0.173 10.0.0.237
10.0.0.46 10.0.0.110 10.0.0.174 10.0.0.238
10.0.0.47 10.0.0.111 10.0.0.175 10.0.0.239
10.0.0.48 10.0.0.112 10.0.0.176 10.0.0.240
10.0.0.49 10.0.0.113 10.0.0.177 10.0.0.241
10.0.0.50 10.0.0.114 10.0.0.178 10.0.0.242
10.0.0.51 10.0.0.115 10.0.0.179 10.0.0.243
10.0.0.52 10.0.0.116 10.0.0.180 10.0.0.244
10.0.0.53 10.0.0.117 10.0.0.181 10.0.0.245
10.0.0.54 10.0.0.118 10.0.0.182 10.0.0.246
10.0.0.55 10.0.0.119 10.0.0.183 10.0.0.247
10.0.0.56 10.0.0.120 10.0.0.184 10.0.0.248
10.0.0.57 10.0.0.121 10.0.0.185 10.0.0.249
10.0.0.58 10.0.0.122 10.0.0.186 10.0.0.250
 10.0.0.59 10.0.0.123 10.0.0.187 10.0.0.251
10.0.0.60 10.0.0.124 10.0.0.188 10.0.0.252
10.0.0.61 10.0.0.125 10.0.0.189 10.0.0.253
Last IP address 10.0.0.62 10.0.0.126 10.0.0.190 10.0.0.254
Broadcast Address 10.0.0.63 10.0.0.127 10.0.0.191 10.0.0.255