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Ip Addressing and Sub Netting

Study metarials for CSE graduate

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18 views4 pages

Ip Addressing and Sub Netting

Study metarials for CSE graduate

Uploaded by

Anwar Hossain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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0.0.0.

0/8 – addresses used to communicate with the local network


127.0.0.0/8 – loopback addresses
127.0.0.1/8 – localhost addresses

A loopback address is a special IP address, 127.0.0.1, reserved by InterNIC for use in testing
network cards. This IP address corresponds to the software loopback interface of the network card,
which does not have hardware associated with it, and does not require a physical connection to a
network. The loopback address allows for a reliable method of testing the functionality of an
Ethernet card and its drivers and software without a physical network.

Subnetting:
Subnetting is the practice of dividing a network into two or more smaller networks. It increases
routing efficiency, enhances the security of the network and reduces the size of the broadcast
domain.

Why Subnetting Required?


 A single broadcast domain – all hosts are in the same broadcast domain. A broadcast sent
by any device on the network will be processed by all hosts, creating lots of unnecessary
traffic.
 Network security – each device can reach any other device on the network, which can
present security problems. For example, a server containing sensitive information
shouldn’t be in the same network as an user workstation.
 Organizational problems – in a large networks, different departments are usually grouped
into different subnets. For example, you can group all devices from the Accounting
department in the same subnet and then give access to sensitive financial data only to hosts
from that subnet.

An IP address is divided into two parts: network and host parts. For example, an IP class A address
consists of 8 bits identifying the network and 24 bits identifying the host. This is because the
default subnet mask for a class A IP address is 8 bits long. (or, written in dotted decimal notation,
255.0.0.0). What does it mean? Well, like an IP address, a subnet mask also consists of 32 bits.
Computers use it to determine the network part and the host part of an address. The 1s in the subnet
mask represent a network part, the 0s a host part.

Dr. Abu Nowshed Chy


Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, CU
Let’s say that we have the IP address of 10.0.0.1 with the default subnet mask of 8 bits (255.0.0.0).
First, we need to convert the IP address to binary:
IP address: 10.0.0.1 = 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000001
Subnet mask 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.0000000
Computers then use the AND operation to determine the network number:

The computer can then determine the size of the network. Only IP addresses that begins with 10
will be in the same network. So, in this case, the range of addresses in this network is 10.0.0.0 –
10.255.255.255.

ping is perhaps the most commonly used tool to troubleshoot a network. Ping (Packet Internet
Groper) is included with most operating systems. It is invoked using a ping command and uses
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) to reports errors and provides information related to IP
packet processing. Ping works by sending an ICMP echo request message to the specified IP
address. If the computer with the destination IP address is reachable, it responds with an ICMP
echo reply message.

CIDR (Classless inter-domain routing) is a method of public IP address assignment. It was


introduced in 1993 by Internet Engineering Task Force with the following goals:

to deal with the IPv4 address exhaustion problem


to slow down the growth of routing tables on Internet routers

Before CIDR, public IP addresses were assigned based on the class boundaries:
Class A – the classful subnet mask is /8. The number of possible IP addresses is 16,777,216 (2 to
the power of 24).
Class B – the classful subnet mask is /16. The number of addresses is 65,536
Class C – the classful subnet mask is /24. Only 256 addresses available.

Some organizations were known to have gotten an entire Class A public IP address (for example,
IBM got all the addresses in the 9.0.0.0/8 range). Since these addresses can’t be assigned to other
companies, there was a shortage of available IPv4 addresses. Also, since IBM probably didn’t need
more than 16 million IP addresses, a lot of addresses were unused.

Dr. Abu Nowshed Chy


Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, CU
Suppose an organization is assigned an address 10.10.0.0/16 and you are the network administrator
of that organization. You are asked to divide the entire network such that it can accommodate at
least 5 subdivision. Now, answer the following question regarding IP address based on your
network design.

1) IP address class = A
2) How many subnets do we need? No. of subnet required = 2^3-2 = 6
3) How many hosts per subnet can accommodate? No. of host in each subnet = 2^13-2 =8190
4) Network address of 3rd subnet = 10.10.96.0
10.10.0.0/16
00001010.00001010.00000000.00000000
. .001
. .010
. .011 =>3rd subnet
. .100
. .101
. .110
. .111
network address = 00001010.00001010.01100000.00000000 = 10.10.96.0

5) Subnet mask of 3rd subnet = /19 or 255.255.224.0


6) Total number of host in each subnet = 2^13-2 = 8190
7) First usable address of 3rd subnet = 10.10.96.1
8) Last usable address of 3rd subnet = 10.10.127.254
00001010.00001010.01111111.11111111
10.10.127.255(This is broadcast address)
so the last usable address of 3rd subnet = 10.10.127.254

9) First two even host address of 3rd subnet = 10.10.96.2 and 10.10.96.4
10) First two odd host address of 3rd subnet = 10.10.96.1 and 10.10.96.3
11) Last two even host address of 3rd subnet = 10.10.127.254 and 10.10.127.252
12) Last two odd host address of 3rd subnet = 10.10.127.253 and 10.10.127.251
13) Broadcast address of 3rd subnet = 10.10.127.255

Dr. Abu Nowshed Chy


Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, CU
General web surfing, email, social media 1 Mbps

Online gaming* 1-3 Mbps

Video conferencing** 1-4 Mbps

Standard-definition video streaming 3-4 Mbps

High-definition video streaming (60fps) 5-8 Mbps

Frequent large file downloading 50 Mbps and up

*A connection with low latency, the time it takes your computer to talk to the game
server, is more important than bandwidth for gaming.
**You'll want at least a 1 Mbps upload speed for quality video conferencing.

Bandwidth is like the size of the hose. The larger it is, the more data you can pull down in a given
time.

Bandwidth is measured in bits per second. Note that bits are different than bytes, the common
measure of file size. One byte equals 8 bits, so 1 megabyte (MB) equals 8 megabits.

If you have a 1 megabit-per-second connection, a 1MB file will take eight seconds to download.

On a 1 Mbps connection, an MP3 file, which might measure about 6MB, will take about 48
seconds to download. A 5 gigabyte, or 5,000MB, movie will take about 11 hours.

Dr. Abu Nowshed Chy


Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, CU

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